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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4722
    Parallel Title: King, Elizabeth M Promotion with and without learning
    Keywords: Dropouts ; Promotion (School) ; Dropouts ; Promotion (School)
    Abstract: "Many educators and policymakers have argued for lenient grade promotion policy - even automatic promotion - in developing country settings where grade retention rates are high. The argument assumes that grade retention discourages persistence or continuation in school and that the promotion of children with lower achievement does not hamper their ability or their peers' ability to perform at the next level. Alternatively, promoting students into grades for which they are not prepared may lead to early dropout behavior. This study shows that in a sample of schools from the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan, students are promoted primarily on the basis of merit. An econometric decomposition of promotion decisions into a component that is based on merit indicators (attendance and achievement in mathematics and language) and another that is uncorrelated with those indicators allows a test of whether parental decisions to keep their child in school is influenced by merit-based or non-merit-based promotions. Results suggest that the enrollment decision is significantly influenced by whether learning has taken place, and that grade promotion that is uncorrelated with merit has a negligible impact on school continuation. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hoque, Mohammad Mainul Longevity and Lifetime Education: Global Evidence from 919 Surveys
    Abstract: Data from 919 household surveys conducted between 1960 and 2012, spanning 147 economies, are used to evaluate the relationship between rising life expectancy at birth and lifetime years of schooling for successive birth cohorts between 1905 and 1988. The study finds significant positive effects of increased life expectancy at birth on lifetime completed years of schooling in 95 percent of the surveys, with significant negative effects found in only 2.3 percent. Rising life expectancy at birth for a birth cohort has intergenerational benefits in that the cohort's children's schooling also increases. Rising life expectancy at birth since 1905 can explain 70 percent of the rising completed years of schooling for those birth cohorts
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Montenegro, Claudio E Economic freedom, human rights, and the returns to human capital
    Abstract: According to T.W. Schultz, the returns to human capital are highest in economic environments experiencing unexpected price, productivity, and technology shocks that create "disequilibria." In such environments, the ability of firms and individuals to adapt their resource allocations to shocks becomes most valuable. In the case of negative shocks, government policies that mitigate the impact of the shock will also limit the returns to the skills of managing risk or adapting resources to changing market forces. In the case of positive shocks, government policies may restrict access to credit, labor, or financial markets in ways that limit reallocation of resources toward newly emerging profitable sectors. This paper tests the hypothesis that the returns to skills are highest in countries that allow individuals to respond to shocks. Using estimated returns to schooling and work experience from 122 household surveys in 86 developing countries, this paper demonstrates a strong positive correlation between the returns to human capital and economic freedom, an effect that is observed throughout the wage distribution. Economic freedom benefits those workers who have attained the most schooling as well as those who have accumulated the most work experience
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3189
    Parallel Title: Vodopivec, Milan Do market pressures induce economic efficiency?
    Keywords: Competition ; Free trade ; Industrial efficiency ; Industries ; Competition ; Free trade ; Industrial efficiency ; Industries
    Note: "January 15, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 16, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank, Policy Research Dept., Transition Economics Division
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p) , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 1449
    Parallel Title: Orazem, Peter F Worker displacement during the transition
    Keywords: Displaced workers ; Displaced workers
    Note: "April 1995"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references (p. 27-28)
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p) , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2087
    Parallel Title: Orazem, Peter F Male-Female differences in labor market outcomes during the early transition to market
    DDC: 331.4/12/094798
    Keywords: Manpower policy ; Manpower policy ; Women Employment ; Women Employment ; Manpower policy ; Manpower policy ; Women Employment ; Women Employment
    Note: "March 1999"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-[30])
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fares, Jean How Are Youth Faring In The Labor Market ?
    Keywords: Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper uses a new standardized micro database for a large set of developing countries to (1) describe the patterns of labor market outcomes for youth, and (2) explain the contributions of supply and demand factors to youth outcomes. The paper shows that youth face various difficulties in transitioning to work. This is reflected in their relatively higher unemployment rate, higher incidence of low paying or unpaid work, and a large share of youth who are neither working nor in school. This is especially true for young girls who are found outside the labor market, some engaged in home production. Finally, the paper also finds that cross-country estimates show that changes in the youth relative cohort size is unlikely to have a large effect on how youth are faring in the labor market
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9418
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hoque, Mohammad Mainul Life Expectancy at Birth and Lifetime Education and Earnings
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Exploiting cross-birth cohort and cross-country variation from a pool of 188 household surveys from 111 countries, this paper measures how life expectancy at birth affects lifetime education and earnings. On average, individuals add one year of schooling for every 8.3 years of increased life expectancy at birth. Lifetime earnings increase by 1.7 percent per year of added life expectancy at birth. The estimates imply that rising life expectancy at birth explains 75 percent of the increase in average years of schooling worldwide for birth cohorts between 1922 and 1987 and 38 percent of the increase in average gross domestic product per capita in the 20th century
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 0230620108 , 9780230620100
    Language: English
    Pages: XX, 229 S. , graph. Darst
    Edition: 1. publ.
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Keywords: Education ; Macroeconomics ; Labor economics ; Development economics ; Education ; Macroeconomics ; Labor economics ; Development economics ; Economics ; Development Economics ; Macroeconomics/Monetary Economics//Financial Economics ; Labor Economics ; Education, general
    Abstract: Literaturverz. S. [219] - 226
    Abstract: This book examines the facts concerning child labor in Latin America₇how it varies over time; across countries; and in comparison to other areas of the world. The rich evidence presented in the book supports the view that the root causes of child labor can be identified, that child labor has identifiable costs that can last across generations, and that there are policy alternatives that can succeed in its eradication. This book aims to improve the understanding of root causes and consequences of persistent child labor and to contribute to the policy debate with the goal of enhancing the current and future welfare of all children in Latin America
    Description / Table of Contents: Changing Patterns of Child Labor Around the World Since 1950Child Labour, Schooling, and Poverty in Latin America -- The Responses of Child Labour, School Enrollment, and Grade Repetition to the Loss of Parental Earnings in Brazil, 1982-1999 -- Dynamics of Child Labour: Labour Force Entry and Exit in Urban Brazil -- How Does Working as a Child Affect Wages, Income and Poverty as an Adult? -- The Inter-Generational Persistence of Child Labour -- The Impact of Child Labour Intensity on Mathematics and Language Skills in Latin America -- The Impact of Cash Transfers on Child Labour and School Enrollment in Brazil -- Limiting Child Labour Through Behavior-Based Income Transfers: An Experimental Evaluation of the PETI Program in Rural Brazil -- The Impact of PROGRESA on Child Labour and Schooling -- Education and Child Labour: Experimental Evidence from a Nicaraguan Conditional Cash Transfer Program -- Policy Options to Eradicate Child Labour and Promote Education in Latin America.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [219]-226)
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