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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (637)
  • Debt Markets  (446)
  • Economic Theory and Research  (443)
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  • 1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Himelein, Kristen Implications of Choice of Second Stage Selection Method on Sampling Error and Non-Sampling Error: Evidence from an IDP Camp in South Sudan
    Schlagwort(e): Cross-Sectional Household Survey ; Displacement ; Economic Theory and Research ; Estimation ; Household Survey Design ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microeconomic Data ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Survey and Sampling Methods ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Kurzfassung: The most common sampling approach for cross-sectional household surveys in the developing world is a stratified two-stage design, where the first stage is usually a sample from a census-based area frame, and the second stage is a random sample of households from each of the areas selected in the first stage. To overcome the problem of outdated census frame information, it is common to conduct a household listing operation within these areas. However, these listing operations come with severe implications for survey costs, timeframe, as well as quality. To avoid such second-stage operations, some surveys choose alternate approaches for their second-stage operation. This paper compares five of these approaches, namely, satellite mapping, segmentation, grid square, the north method, and random walk, through simulations based on a census conducted in a refugee camp in South Sudan. The paper compares the simulated approach with the estimates derived from the actual experiment and finds that all the resulting estimates are biased. Nevertheless, in addition to their practical challenges, the satellite mapping, segmentation, and grid square approaches exhibit the smallest bias. Although random walk shows the worst performance in the simulations, it regains ground in its implementation, especially vis-a-vis the north method, where implementation adds most significantly to its bias. In conclusion, most probability-based methods perform better than non-probability methods like random walk and are therefore preferrable when no traditional household listing can take place. Although it is important to consider the theoretical properties of sampling approaches, implementation is at least as important. Training, implementation modalities, and monitoring of compliance are key factors in the overall performance
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Thomas, Alastair VAT Rate Structures in Theory and Practice
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Theory and Research ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Redistribution ; Reduced Rates ; Tax Law ; Tax Rate ; Tax Reform ; Value Added Tax (VAT)
    Kurzfassung: Most countries' value-added tax (VAT) systems apply reduced VAT rates to a selection of expenditure items in order to achieve distributional goals, and (to a lesser extent) social and cultural objectives. This paper assesses the case for applying reduced VAT rates, with a particular focus on OECD countries where reduced rates feature prominently. It examines both the theoretical and empirical evidence, as well as practical considerations, and concludes that the case for reduced VAT rates is weak. In particular, the optimal indirect tax literature finds no redistributive role for reduced VAT rates when other more direct instruments are available. These theoretical findings are supported by the empirical literature that shows reduced VAT rates to be a poorly targeted means of supporting lower income households, particularly when compared to targeted cash transfer programs. Similarly, reduced VAT rates are unlikely to be a well-targeted way to encourage consumption of merit goods, while they also create significant administrative complexity. These findings have significant implications for tax reform in both developed and developing economies. In particular, where countries have the administrative capacity to implement effectively targeted cash transfer programs, they should use these programs to support poorer households instead of reduced VAT rates
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Andree, Bo Pieter Johannes Machine Learning Imputation of High Frequency Price Surveys in Papua New Guinea
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Agriculture and Food Security ; Economic Shocks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Prices ; Inflation ; Machine Learning Advances ; Macroeconomic Monitoring ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Capabilities to track fast-moving economic developments re-main limited in many regions of the developing world. This complicates prioritizing policies aimed at supporting vulnerable populations. To gain insight into the evolution of fluid events in a data scarce context, this paper explores the ability of recent machine-learning advances to produce continuous data in near-real-time by imputing multiple entries in ongoing surveys. The paper attempts to track inflation in fresh produce prices at the local market level in Papua New Guinea, relying only on incomplete and intermittent survey data. This application is made challenging by high intra-month price volatility, low cross-market price correlations, and weak price trends. The modeling approach uses chained equations to produce an ensemble prediction for multiple price quotes simultaneously. The paper runs cross-validation of the prediction strategy under different designs in terms of markets, foods, and time periods covered. The results show that when the survey is well-designed, imputations can achieve accuracy that is attractive when compared to costly-and logistically often infeasible-direct measurement. The methods have wider applicability and could help to fill crucial data gaps in data scarce regions such as the Pacific Islands, especially in conjunction with specifically designed continuous surveys
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  • 4
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Cavanagh, Jack A Metadata Schema for Data from Experiments in the Social Sciences
    Schlagwort(e): Data Publicaiton ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Interoperable Social Sciences Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Metadata ; Population Sciences ; Program Evaluation ; Randomized Control Trial ; Secondary Research ; Social Sciences Research ; Technology Innovation ; Trial Registration
    Kurzfassung: The use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the social sciences has greatly expanded, resulting in newly abundant, high-quality data that can be reused to perform methods research in program evaluation, to systematize evidence for policymakers, and for replication and training purposes. However, potential users of RCT data often face significant barriers to discovery and reuse. This paper proposes a metadata schema that standardizes RCT data documentation and can serve as the basis for one-or many, interoperable -data catalogs that make such data easily findable, searchable, and comparable, and thus more readily reusable for secondary research. The schema is designed to document the unique properties of RCT data. Its set of fields and associated encoding schemes (acceptable formats and values) can be used to describe any dataset associated with a social science RCT. The paper also makes recommendations for implementing a catalog or database based on this metadata schema
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Steenbergen, Victor What Makes an Investment Promotion Agency Effective? Findings from a Structural Gravity Model
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Theory and Research ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Trade Promotion and Regulation ; Gravity Model ; International Economics and Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment Promotion ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sectoral Foreign Investment Data
    Kurzfassung: Although many countries have established investment promotion agencies over the past two decades, there is little evidence on what characteristics make them effective in attracting foreign direct investment into their home country. To provide new insight into this question, this paper brings together sectoral foreign direct investment data with survey data on investment promotion agency characteristics. Using a structural gravity model framework, it explores the effect of investment promotion agencies' sectoral targeting on inward foreign direct investment stocks over 2013 to 2018, across a sample of 36 middle- and high-income countries. The study finds that investment promotion agency sectoral targeting provides a significant positive effect on the sector's foreign direct investment stock in that country. Yet, a gravity model with country-interaction effects suggests that not all countries are equally effective at promoting investment. The results from the model are used to define two groups: high-performing investment promotion agencies (those with positive, significant effects in attracting foreign direct investment) and other investment promotion agencies (those with insignificant or negative significant effects). Using t-tests, the study considers which investment promotion agency characteristics significantly differ between the two groups. The findings suggest that effective investment promotion agencies are more likely to be private or semi-private agencies. Their mandate tends to be focused narrowly on foreign investment and exclude responsibilities for domestic investment promotion. Such investment promotion agencies are more likely to have a board of directors, and their staff tends to be better compensated. Finally, high-performing investment promotion agencies tend to provide more investor services, partly by engaging smart, sectoral analytics and adopting systems for identifying investor complaints or disputes
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  • 6
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Iacovone, Leonardo Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors: An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program
    Schlagwort(e): Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Competitiveness ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Prior Elicitation ; Private Sector Development ; Randomized Experiment ; Social Policy Evaluation Method
    Kurzfassung: Policymakers often test expensive new programs on relatively small samples. Formally incorporating informative Bayesian priors into impact evaluation offers the promise to learn more from these experiments. A Colombian government program which aimed to increase exporting was trialed experimentally on 200 firms with this goal in mind. Priors were elicited from academics, policymakers, and firms. Contrary to these priors, frequentist estimation can not reject 0 effects in 2019, and finds some negative impacts in 2020. For binary outcomes like whether firms export, frequentist estimates are relatively precise, and Bayesian credible posterior intervals update to overlap almost completely with standard confidence intervals. For outcomes like increasing export variety, where the priors align with the data, the value of these priors is seen in posterior intervals that are considerably narrower than frequentist confidence intervals. Finally, for noisy outcomes like export value, posterior intervals show almost no updating from the priors, highlighting how uninformative the data are about such outcomes
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Schlagwort(e): Case Study Review ; Case-Based Evaluation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Evaluation Design ; Intervention Effectiveness ; Interventions and Outcomes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; World Bank Support To Carbon Finance Case Study
    Kurzfassung: Several myths persist within research and evaluation circles about the power and limitations of evaluation designs that use cases (or case studies) as their primary empirical material (case-based evaluation designs). Using a real-world application, this paper busts two myths regarding the use of case-based designs in evaluations that aim to answer effectiveness questions and unpack the relationships between interventions and observed changes in outcomes (broadly known as causal analysis): that case studies cannot be used for causal analysis and that it is impossible to generalize from case studies. Through a detailed demonstration of how the evaluation of the World Bank's support to carbon finance has been designed and implemented, the paper undoes these preconceived ideas about the inferential, explanatory, and generalizability power of case-based evaluation designs
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  • 8
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: 2209
    Schlagwort(e): COVID-19 Impact ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equity and Development ; Household Survey Data ; Household Survey Design ; Impact of Shocks on Households ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Questionnaire Design ; Shocks and Household Welfare
    Kurzfassung: Beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has experienced multiple global crises in the last few years. As countries adapt to a new normal, multi-topic household surveys should also be adapted to account for the impacts of shocks on household welfare. By reviewing the standard household survey questionnaires included in the guidebook, capturing what matters: essential guidelines for designing household surveys, the authors provide technical guidance on issues to consider when reviewing, designing, or updating questionnaires for household surveys during or after a major shock - relying on lessons learned from the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study program
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Ashwin, Julian Using Large Language Models for Qualitative Analysis can Introduce Serious Bias
    Schlagwort(e): Annotation ; Chatgpt ; Economic Theory and Research ; ICT Applications ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Large Language Models (LLMS) ; LLAMA 2 ; Machine Bias ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Qualitative Analysis ; Rohingya People ; Social Science Research ; Text as Data
    Kurzfassung: Large Language Models (LLMs) are quickly becoming ubiquitous, but the implications for social science research are not yet well understood. This paper asks whether LLMs can help us analyse large-N qualitative data from open-ended interviews, with an application to transcripts of interviews with displaced Rohingya people in Cox's Bazaar, Bangladesh. The analysis finds that a great deal of caution is needed in using LLMs to annotate text as there is a risk of introducing biases that can lead to misleading inferences. Here this refers to bias in the technical sense, that the errors that LLMs make in annotating interview transcripts are not random with respect to the characteristics of the interview subjects. Training simpler supervised models on high-quality human annotations with flexible coding leads to less measurement error and bias than LLM annotations. Therefore, given that some high quality annotations are necessary in order to asses whether an LLM introduces bias, this paper argues that it is probably preferable to train a bespoke model on these annotations than it is to use an LLM for annotation
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Gill, Indermit Making the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework Fit for Purpose
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Debt Sustainability ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Deficit Flow ; Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework ; Overal Public Debt ; Sustainable Development
    Kurzfassung: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund use the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework to assess the sustainability of sovereign debt in about 75 low- and middle-income developing countries. It is overdue for a review, and this paper recommends that it be replaced for three reasons. First, it was designed when official concessional external debt was virtually synonymous with public debt. Over the past decade, however, the marginal cost of borrowing for Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework countries has been defined increasingly by domestic and external debt markets. This has rendered the framework largely obsolete. Second, the framework focuses mainly on external debt, but development outcomes in the framework countries are more closely related to overall public debt. The mission of the World Bank--and, increasingly, the International Monetary Fund--is to improve growth, stability and living standards. So public debt ought to be the principal focus of the revised Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework. Third, causality in the framework countries flows from fiscal deficits to current account deficits rather than the other way around, and the public component constitutes the lion's share of total external debt. To focus on external debt distress in these circumstances is tantamount to tackling the symptom--accumulated current-account deficits--instead of the fundamental cause: fiscal deficits, or the gap between government investment and saving. The experiences of Ethiopia, Ghana and Zambia illustrate the arguments. The paper recommends a framework based on nominal public debt and its dynamics, supplemented with a thorough analysis of international liquidity. Discarding the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework could well be disruptive in the short run. However, the alternative would be worse: retaining an obsolete framework that has failed to anticipate public debt crises and is poorly aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Doumbia, Djeneba Issuer Composition and Stock Market Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Domestic Stock Market Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Outcome of Stock Issuers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equity Issuers ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Issuer Composition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sectoral Diversity ; Stock Market
    Kurzfassung: Does issuer composition change as stock markets grow, and, if so, how An increase in market capitalization may be driven by growth on the intensive or extensive margin. Such growth may also influence the level of market concentration and diversity among listed firms. Using a novel dataset, this paper examines how the number, concentration, and sectoral diversity of issuers change as domestic stock markets grow, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. The results show that an increase in stock market capitalization tends to be associated with only growth on the intensive margin. Greater market activity, however, is linked to entry of new issuers and for low- and middle-income countries, also to marginally lower market concentration. However, there is no evidence that sectoral diversity changes with market size or activity. These findings have important implications for firm financing as stock markets may not necessarily become more inclusive as they grow
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  • 12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Schlagwort(e): Concessional Resources ; Debt Distress ; Debt Markets ; Debt Sustainability ; Debt Transparency ; Economic Forecasting ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Global Growth Outlook ; Governance Standards ; International Economics and Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Kurzfassung: These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass during the Launch of the January 2023 Global Economic Prospects Report on January 10, 2023. He addressed the following topics: global growth outlook; rising levels of debt distress and possible directions to achieve debt transparency and sustainability; the need for greatly expanded resources for developing countries, including deeply concessional resources; and attractive investment climate and governance standards
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  • 13
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Kraay, Aart A New Distribution Sensitive Index for Measuring Welfare, Poverty, and Inequality
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Theory and Research ; Inequality Index ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Index ; Poverty Informatics ; Poverty Reduction ; Shared Prosperity ; Welfare Index
    Kurzfassung: Simple welfare indices such as mean income are ubiquitous but not distribution sensitive. In contrast, existing distribution sensitive welfare indices are rarely used, often because they are difficult to explain and/or lack intuitive units. This paper proposes a simple new distribution sensitive welfare index with intuitive units: the average factor by which individual incomes must be multiplied to attain a given reference level of income. This new index is subgroup decomposable with population weights and satisfies the three main definitions of distribution sensitivity in the literature. Variants on this index can be used as distribution sensitive poverty measures and as inequality measures, with the same simple intuitive units. The properties of the new index are illustrated using the global distribution of income across individuals between 1990 and 2019, as well as with selected country comparisons. Finally, the index can be used to define the "prosperity gap" as a proposed new measure of "shared prosperity," one of the twin goals of the World Bank
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Ablaza, Christine Indonesia's Informal Economy: Measurement, Evidence, and a Research Agenda
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Theory and Research ; Employment and Unemployment ; Informal Economy Literature Review ; Informal Economy Research ; Informal Employment ; Informal Sector Policy ; Informality Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Kurzfassung: Indonesia has made remarkable economic progress since the Asian Financial Crisis. To sustain its growth and achieve high-income status by 2045, it needs to address the long-standing challenge of informality. Doing so will require a coordinated policy approach informed by robust empirical evidence on the underlying causes and consequences of informality. This paper contributes to this agenda by reviewing the state of knowledge on the informal economy in Indonesia. The study focuses on three key areas of relevance to future policies on informality, namely: (1) key definitions and measures, (2) existing data sources, and (3) findings from previous research. The paper identifies remaining gaps in the existing data and empirical literature and uses this to construct an agenda for future work on the subject
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Esposito, Bruno Adaptive Experiments for Policy Choice: Phone Calls for Home Reading in Kenya
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptive Experiments ; Adaptive Sampling ; Automated Calls To Parents ; Early Literacy ; Economic Development Research ; Economic Policy Research Methods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Edtech Policy Choices ; Education ; Education Technology ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multi-Armed Bandits ; Primary Education ; Research Design Parameters
    Kurzfassung: Adaptive sampling in experiments with multiple waves can improve learning for "policy choice problems" where the goal is to select the optimal intervention or treatment among several options. This paper uses a real-world policy choice problem to demonstrate the advantages of adaptive sampling and propose solutions to common issues in applying the method. The application is a test of six formats for automated calls to parents in Kenya that encourage reading with children at home. The adaptive 'exploration sampling' algorithm is used to efficiently identify the call with the highest rate of engagement. Simulations show that adaptive sampling increased the posterior probability of the chosen arm being optimal from 86 to 93 percent and more than halved the posterior expected regret. The paper discusses a range of implementation aspects, including how to decide about research design parameters such as the number of experimental waves
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Khan, Nazmus Sadat Spillover Effects of China's Trade and Growth Shocks on ASEAN Countries: Evidence from a GVAR Model
    Schlagwort(e): Asean Trading Partners ; Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) Countries ; Chinese Trade Shocks ; Consumption ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Global Vector Autoregression (GVAR) ; Growth Shock ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Trade Shock
    Kurzfassung: The paper uses a global vector autoregression model with quarterly time series data from 1994 to 2016 to investigate the spillover effects of Chinese trade and growth shocks on 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries. Time varying trade weights are used to construct the foreign variables in individual country models and structural generalized impulse response functions are used to conduct the dynamic analysis. The results show that a positive shock to Chinese trade and growth has a positive effect on the growth of Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The effect is much weaker and statistically insignificant for other countries
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Computable General Equilibrium ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Global Warming ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Kurzfassung: Policymakers in developing countries face multiple challenges related to climate change. To provide policymakers with reliable recommendations on a variety of climate related policies, the WBG has a diverse and complementary set of models. The analytics range from evaluating the aggregate, sectoral, and welfare effects of mitigation measures to assessing country-specific adaptation needs, considering the impacts of extreme weather events as well as gradual global warming. Key indicators include macroeconomic outcomes, sectoral indicators, co-benefits and poverty and distributional issues. This report summarizes the range of climate and development issues addressed by each model in the WBG suite, revealing both strengths and limitations of individual models, as well as the complementarity among models
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  • 18
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Canavire-Bacarreza, Gustavo Recovering Income Distribution in the Presence of Interval-Censored Data
    Schlagwort(e): Econometrics ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Heteroskedastic Interval Regression ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Income Distribution ; Interval-Censored Data ; Labor Income Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monte Carlo Simulation ; Poverty and Inequality Estimation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Salary Data ; Wages ; Information and Communication Technologies
    Kurzfassung: This paper proposes a method to analyze interval-censored data, using multiple imputation based on a heteroskedastic interval regression approach. The proposed model aims to obtain a synthetic data set that can be used for standard analysis, including standard linear regression, quantile regression, or poverty and inequality estimation. The paper presents two applications to show the performance of the method. First, it runs a Monte Carlo simulation to show the method's performance under the assumption of multiplicative heteroskedasticity, with and without conditional normality. Second, it uses the proposed methodology to analyze labor income data in Grenada for 2013-20, where the salary data are interval-censored according to the salary intervals prespecified in the survey questionnaire. The results obtained are consistent across both exercises
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Schlagwort(e): Capital Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Kurzfassung: The halal economy (HE) plays an important role in Malaysia's economic growth, contributing 7.5 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. Under the Twelfth Malaysia Plan, 2021-2025 (12MP), one of the key strategies to boost Malaysia's economic growth is enhancing the competitiveness of the halal industry to capture a more significant share of the global halal market. The term halal refers to anything that is permissible or lawful under Islamic Law that dictates the way of life of a Muslim (a follower of the Islamic faith). Hence, the scope of the HE is broad and can be defined as an industry that is involved in the provision of halal products and services, including food, clothing and fashion, cosmetics and personal care, travel, and financial services. Consequently, Islamic finance is both parts of the broader HE (Hassan and others, 2021) and can facilitate the development of the HE. This report requested by Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) explores the role of Islamic finance in supporting the development of Malaysia's HE with the objective of informing policy discourse on enhancing existing strategies to increase access to Islamic finance solutions to underserved HE enterprises. The report comprises the following chapters, (1) the current state of the HE; (2) the financing ecosystem of Malaysia's HE, (3) enhancing role of Islamic finance for the HE in Malaysia; and concludes in Chapter 4 with a set of recommendations for stakeholders in Malaysia. While the recommendations focus on Malaysia, they may also be relevant for other developing economies where the HE and Islamic finance are prominen
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  • 20
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Creditworthiness ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Sovereign Debt
    Kurzfassung: The increasing role of the financial sector in the move toward a more sustainable economic model continues apace. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) shock shone a light on the need for all society to correct course, and the financial sector is responding. The pace of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) integration into investment decisions, which has become the prevalent form of sustainable finance, continues to accelerate. These developments reflect changing societal perspectives that challenge the traditionally ingrained investment approaches that have evolved over many decades. Against this backdrop, various financial sector stakeholders continue to evaluate how their role, products, and tools should adapt to this evolving landscape. This paper focuses on sovereign credit ratings and empirically assesses how broad sovereign ESG factors as well as the ESG factors specific to a country's national wealth and management of risks and opportunities related to so-called stranded assets like fossil fuel resources are manifested in sovereign credit rating assessments
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  • 21
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon Emissions ; Debt Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Home Ownership ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Trade ; Trade Facilitation
    Kurzfassung: After a strong start in early 2022, the largest COVID-19 wave in two years and resulting mobility restrictions have disrupted China's growth normalization. The global environment has also significantly worsened following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth is projected to slow sharply to 4.3 percent in 2022. In the face of domestic and external headwinds, China's policymakers should carefully calibrate its policies. In the short term, China should balance COVID-19 mitigation with supporting economic growth. Over the medium term, greater efforts are needed to shift away from the old playbook of stimulus-led investment to boost economic growth. Decisive action to encourage a shift toward consumption, tackle social inequality, and rekindle innovation and productivity growth would help achieve a more balanced, inclusive, and sustainable growth trajectory for China
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Xu, Gang Bureaucrats, Tournament Competition, and Performance Manipulation: Evidence from Chinese Cities
    Schlagwort(e): Amount Of Power ; Development ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth Rate ; Economic Theory and Research ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Gender and Development ; High Population Density ; Industrial Economics ; Industry ; Labor Markets ; Local Economic Growth ; Local Government ; Local Government Budget ; Open Door ; Prior Work Experience ; Public Sector Job ; Quality Of Bureaucracy ; Real Economic Activity ; Real GDP ; Regional Economic Performance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Tournament competition is viewed as motivating bureaucrats in promoting growth. This paper examines how this incentive leads to economic performance manipulation. Using data from Chinese cities, the analysis shows that performance exaggeration increases over the course of the first term of the top bureaucrat, peaking in the last year of his or her term. Winning a tournament competition is behind this performance manipulation: political rivals reinforce each other in exaggerating performance, and political competition intensifies the tendency for manipulation. Performance exaggeration leads to higher chances of promotion, but the ratchet effect (that is, better performance today leading to a higher target tomorrow) and the potential to blame predecessors induce restraint. A good local institutional environment also restrains performance manipulation
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Farah Yacoub, Juan P The Legal Profile of Russian Eurobonds: Engineered against Speed
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Debt Resolution ; Debtor Protection ; Eurobond Stock Provisions ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics and Trade ; International Law ; Law and Development ; Russian Eurobonds ; Russian Federation Default History ; Sovereign Bonds ; Sovereign Debt ; Sovereign Default ; Treaties
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides an overview of the Russian Federation's default history, the legal characteristics of the bonds, and potential issues for litigation should a default materialize. The paper's main argument is that although it is not impenetrable, this Eurobond stock is more protective of the debtor than that of the usual emerging market country. It achieves this through preservation of all the defenses available under current law and the presence of broad language in key provisions. For instance, clauses providing for payment in a different currency if "reasons beyond its control" stop the debtor from paying in the denomination currency have drawn attention. The paper analyzes this and other characteristics, providing initial assessments on how the issues could play out. While the bonds' characteristics could slow progress toward obtaining judgments when compared to other sovereign debts, they do not prevent them. Collecting on the judgments would be, as usual, the harder part. Ultimately, litigation over these debts could last a long time; other creditor versus foreign sovereign episodes involving less debtor-friendly instruments have lasted 15 years, and resolution and recovery would be highly contingent on political factors. Finally, the paper provides non-lawyers a general roadmap of debt litigation against foreign sovereigns in the United States and the United Kingdom
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  • 24
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (74 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Kelse, Jack Multiple Price Lists for Willingness to Pay Elicitation
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple Price List Survey Instrument ; Multiple Price Lists ; Preference Elicitation ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Survey Methods ; Surveycto ; Willingness To Pay
    Kurzfassung: Multiple price lists are a convenient tool to elicit willingness to pay in surveys and experiments, but choice patterns such as "multiple switching" and "never switching" indicate high error rates. Existing measurement approaches often do not provide accurate standard errors and cannot correct for bias due to framing and order effects. This paper proposes to combine a randomization approach with a random-effects latent utility model to detect bias and account for error. Data from a choice experiment in South Africa shows that significant order effects exist which, if uncorrected, would lead to distorted conclusions about subjects' preferences. Templates are provided to create a multiple price list survey instrument in SurveyCTO and analyze the resulting data using the proposed methods
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Ul Haq, Imtiaz Structural Loopholes in Sustainability-Linked Bonds
    Schlagwort(e): Bond Grade Issuers ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Issues ; Greenwashing ; International Financial Markets ; Late Date Penalty ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Sustainability ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation ; Sustainability Performance Targets ; Sustainability-Linked Bonds
    Kurzfassung: Sustainability-Linked Bonds-an innovative debt product that incorporates incentivized sustainability targets-are becoming increasingly popular to encourage issuers to improve their sustainability performance. However, existing Sustainability-Linked Bond structures allow issuers to weaken the link between sustainability and financial outcomes, rendering Sustainability-Linked Bonds less effective. This paper examines two potential structural loopholes on this front: late target dates and call options. The results show that Sustainability-Linked Bonds with coupon step-up penalties, which constitute the majority and benefit most from such features, are more likely to have later target dates and call options embedded. Larger penalties are associated with a greater likelihood of late target dates but not call options, which instead tend to be favored primarily by speculative grade issuers. The paper also provides evidence that issuers with high carbon dioxide emissions are more likely to resort to such structural loopholes. These findings suggest that Sustainability-Linked Bonds, despite incentivized targets, may be prone to greenwashing
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  • 26
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change Economics ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Kurzfassung: Climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts are urgently needed across Southeast Asia. The financial sector can play a critical role in supporting countries in their journey toward greater resilience and sustainability, but it must adapt to do so effectively. This report shows that while sustainable finance has experienced widespread expansion, sustainable financial markets remain small and unable to meet the funding needs of ASEAN-5 economies for their various sustainability objectives. Financial performance is a key driver of sustainable investments for financial institutions, often prioritized over sustainability considerations. This report highlights the importance of developing the financial architecture for sustainability in financial markets
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Schlagwort(e): Business Environment ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: This report provides detailed knowledge on firm-level technology sophistication in Poland, and, by identifying the main barriers and drivers to adoption, it delivers evidence-based policy recommendations to foster technology adoption across different firms and sectors. The analysis based on the TAS is divided into two parts. The main report first describes the new approach to measuring technology sophistication, the structure of the Technology Adoption Survey, and its implementation in Poland. Second, chapter 2 provides key insights from the results by linking technology adoption with productivity, managerial skills, and firms' capabilities. It also investigates heterogeneity in technology sophistication across firms with different characteristics and the main drivers and barriers to adoption. The analysis is enriched by providing an in-depth comparison of technology sophistication between Poland and Korea. Chapter 3 briefly explains the heterogeneity of technology sophistication across sectors in Poland. This report concludes with a policy recommendation chapter that is based on the results of the TAS and the assessment of current policies supporting technology adoption (chapter 4). The second separate report entitled Sectoral approach to the drivers of productivity growth in Polish sectors. A firm-level perspective on technology adoption and firm capabilities complements this report and focuses on the sectoral differences in technology adoption. Each sector, agriculture, food processing, wearing apparel, automotive, pharmaceuticals, trade, financial services, and land transport, is analyzed in detail, not only through the lens of the TAS but also from the perspective of the general economic situation in the sector. Moreover, the series also includes a policy note Do uslug (At your service) The promise of services-led development in Poland that describes the role that the service sector can play in spurring productivity growth
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  • 28
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (11 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Gajderowicz, Tomasz capturing the Educational and Economic Impacts of School Closures in Poland
    Schlagwort(e): COVID-19 Impact On Education ; COVID-19 Learning Loss ; Economic Impact of Learning Loss ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics of Education ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Primary Education ; School Closures ; Secondary Education
    Kurzfassung: The effect of school closures in the spring of 2020 on the math, science, and reading skills of secondary school students in Poland is estimated. The COVID-19-induced school closures lasted 26 weeks in Poland, one of Europe's longest periods of shutdown. Comparison of the learning outcomes with pre- and post-COVID-19 samples shows that the learning loss was equal to more than one year of study. Assuming a 45-year working life of the total affected population, the economic loss in future student earnings may amount to 7.2 percent of Poland's gross domestic product
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  • 29
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Kose, M. Ayhan The Aftermath of Debt Surges
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Burden ; Debt Markets ; Debt Restructuring ; Debt Service ; Debt Sustainability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policy, Institutions and Governance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Repression ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Consolidation ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: Debt in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) is at its highest level in half a century. In about nine out of 10 EMDEs, debt is higher now than it was in 2010 and, in half of the EMDEs, debt is more than 30 percentage points of gross domestic product higher. Historically, elevated debt levels increased the incidence of debt distress, particularly in EMDEs and particularly when financial market conditions turned less benign. This paper reviews an encompassing menu of options that have, in the past, helped lower debt burdens. Specifically, it examines orthodox options (enhancing growth, fiscal consolidation, privatization, and wealth taxation) and heterodox options (inflation, financial repression, debt default and restructuring). The mix of feasible options depends on country characteristics and the type of debt. However, none of these options comes without political, economic, and social costs. Some options may ultimately be ineffective unless vigorously implemented. Policy reversals in difficult times have been common. The challenges associated with debt reduction raise questions of global governance, including to what extent advanced economies can cast their net wider to cushion prospective shocks to EMDEs
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  • 30
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Kose, M. Ayhan What has been the Impact of COVID-19 on Debt? Turning a Wave into a Tsunami
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycle ; Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Debt Markets ; Disease Control and Prevention ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Trends ; Global Recession ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Pandemic Impact ; Private Debt ; Public Debt
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on debt, puts recent debt developments and prospects in historical context, and analyzes new policy challenges associated with debt resolution. The paper reports three main results. First, even before the pandemic, a rapid buildup of debt in emerging market and developing economies-dubbed the "fourth wave" of debt-had been underway. Because of the sharp increase in debt during the pandemic-induced global recession of 2020, the fourth wave of debt has turned into a tsunami and become even more dangerous. Second, five years after past global recessions, global government debt continued to increase. In light of this historical record, and given large financing gaps and significant investment needs in many countries, debt levels will likely continue to rise in the near future. Third, debt resolution has become more complicated because of a highly fragmented creditor base, a lack of transparency in debt reporting, and a legacy stock of government debt without collective action clauses. National policy makers and the global community need to act rapidly and forcefully ensure that the fourth wave does not end with a string of debt crises in emerging market and developing economies as earlier debt waves did
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  • 31
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon Policy and Trading ; Debt Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Assessment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Financial Markets ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Sovereign Debt
    Kurzfassung: The framework presented in the report is intended to bridge the gap between what sovereign investors will view as appropriately ambitious actions and what issuing countries see as achievable targets. The framework is intended to help investors with their decision-making and can inform Ministries of Finance and their debt management offices (DMOs) about what investors want to know regarding their country's sustainability performance. The report findings may also inform creation of financial instruments and market analyses beyond sovereign sustainability-linked bonds (SLBs) and are relevant for a broad range of stakeholders. These include regulators, credit rating agencies, academics, as well as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society groups which can be affected by the types of indicators selected and outcomes of government policies
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Finance ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative ; United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
    Kurzfassung: This evaluation provides an early-stage assessment of the Sustainable Development Finance Policy (SDFP) of the International Development Association (IDA), which went into effect July 1, 2020. A steep rise in debt vulnerabilities in IDA-eligible countries over the past decade highlighted weaknesses in the previous policy, the Non-Concessional Borrowing Policy (NCBP), and precipitated IDA deputies' request for adaptation in IDA's allocation and financial policies through the SDFP. The SDFP improves on the NCBP by broadening country coverage to include more countries at risk of debt distress, and it includes domestic debt, which has been an important factor in rising debt stress for IDA-eligible countries. The SDFP is intended to enhance incentives to address country-specific drivers of debt stress. This evaluation assesses whether there is scope to improve the design and implementation of the SDFP and whether potentially vulnerable countries are excluded from performing necessary performance and policy actions (PPAs), given the speed at which some IDA-eligible countries have moved to higher levels of debt distress. The evaluation also assesses whether PPAs are systematically targeting the most important country-specific drivers of debt stress and offers principles that to guide future PPAs
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  • 33
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Finance ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation
    Kurzfassung: This note assesses competitive dynamics and potential impediments in Chile's financial sector in order to provide actionable policy recommendations. This note contains both a quantitative as well as qualitative assessment of competition. The quantitative assessment explores market characteristics and dynamics, including market structure and concentration, cross-ownership and vertical integration, and customer conditions/consumer power. The quantitative assessment is complemented by a qualitative analysis of the regulatory and institutional framework to understand how private and public interventions shape market dynamics and result in specific market outcomes, including efficiency, degree of market power and consumer mobility (Figure 1). The note will focus primarily on the retail banking sector as well as payment systems and discuss competitive dynamics in other parts of the financial sector only to the extent that they affect these two areas, for example in the context of financial conglomerates
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  • 34
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Calice, Pietro Nature-Related Financial Risks in Brazil
    Schlagwort(e): Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Biodiversity ; Corporate Borrowing ; Debt Markets ; Ecosystem Services ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Risk ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters
    Kurzfassung: Biodiversity loss and associated economic costs are increasingly recognized as a source of financial risks. This paper explores how and to what extent Brazilian banks are exposed to the loss of biodiversity through their lending to non-financial corporates. The results suggest that such exposures are material. Forty-six percent of Brazilian banks' non-financial corporate loan portfolio is concentrated in sectors highly or very highly dependent on one or more ecosystem services. Output losses associated with the collapse in ecosystem services could translate into a cumulative long-term increase in corporate nonperforming loans of 9 percentage points. Moreover, 15 percent of Brazilian banks' corporate loan portfolio is to firms potentially operating in protected areas, which could increase to 25 percent should conservation gaps close, and 38 percent should all priority areas become protected. Finally, 7 percent of corporate loans are to firms for which environmental controversies have been recorded. While preliminary, the results have important policy implications for both Brazilian banks and Banco Central do Brasil
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (23 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Islamaj, Ergys What Types of Capital Flows Help Improve International Risk Sharing?
    Schlagwort(e): Aid Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Concessional Finance and Global Partnerships ; Debt Flows ; Debt Markets ; Equity Capital ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Foreign Direct Investment ; International Economics and Trade ; International Risk Sharing ; Official Development Assistance ; Remittances
    Kurzfassung: Cross-border capital flows are expected to lead to increased international risk sharing by facilitating borrowing and lending in global financial markets. This paper examines risk-sharing outcomes of various types of capital flows (foreign direct investment, portfolio equity, debt, remittance, and aid flows) in a large sample of emerging market and developing economies. The results suggest that remittances and aid flows are associated with increased international risk sharing. Other types of capital flows are not consistently correlated with better risk-sharing outcomes. These findings are robust to the use of different econometric specifications, country-specific characteristics, and other controls
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  • 36
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Timilsina, Govinda How Much does Physical Infrastructure Contribute to Economic Growth? An Empirical Analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Growth Drivers ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobile Phone ; Telecommunications ; Transport Infrastructure
    Kurzfassung: Existing literature on the relationship between infrastructure and economic growth is inconclusive. This study evaluates the contributions to economic growth of three main categories of infrastructure-transport, electricity, and telecommunications-using data from 87 countries over 1992-2017. Compared with existing studies, this study uses more recent data, includes new types of infrastructure such as mobile phones, and provides separate estimates for developing and developed countries. The pooled mean group estimator, which tests for the weak exogeneity of the infrastructure variables, is employed. The key finding of the study is that an increase in infrastructure, especially electricity generation capacity and telecommunications, has significant positive effects on gross domestic product. Infrastructure has a larger effect in more recent years (1992-2017) than in earlier years (1970-1991), and the effects of infrastructure are higher in developing economies than in industrialized economies
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Debt and Creditworthiness Study
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Domestic Debt ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: Analyzing public debt in low-income developing countries (LIDCs) is like solving a puzzle with many missing pieces. Forty percent of LIDCs have not published any sovereign debt data in the last two years. Public debt data disclosed in different publications show discrepancies of up to 30 percent of GDP across sources, and relative to the records of relevant authorities. Over 15 LIDCs have outstanding collateralized debt but no details of the collateralization are provided in official statistics. Restructuring of bilateral and commercial debt is often handled privately. All these problems have different origins and implications. Yet, they all amount to a lack of transparency. The international community has become acutely aware of the importance of debt transparency after recent cases of "hidden debt" The "Tuna Bond" case in Mozambique highlighted the dangers of inadequate debt transparency. In 2016 two large previously unreported loans totaling 1.15 billion US Dollars -equal to about 9 percent of the country's GDP-were revealed. As a result, donor support was frozen, the economy plunged, and the government was forced to make deep cuts in public spending. The biggest losers were poor Mozambiquans. Nontransparent public debt can quickly alter the lives of millions of ordinary citizens. This report is the first comprehensive assessment of debt transparency in LIDCs. It presents a complete picture of the current challenges and the pending policy agenda for all stakeholders. It draws upon new databases and surveys to take stock of key gaps in debt reporting, borrowing practices and legal frameworks, offering a detailed and timely view on the current state of debt transparency in LIDCs. It also synthesizes recent studies and policy discussions on debt transparency and offers practical policy recommendations required to further improve debt transparency in LIDCs
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Samano, Agustin International Reserves and Central Bank Independence
    Schlagwort(e): Central Bank Independence ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Exchange Rate Regime ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics and Trade ; International Reserves ; Public Sector Development ; Reserve Accumulation ; Sovereign Debt
    Kurzfassung: This paper proposes a novel theory of reserve accumulation that emphasizes the role of an independent central bank. Motivated by a positive correlation between reserve accumulation and central bank independence in Latin America, the paper develops a quantitative sovereign default model with an independent central bank that can accumulate a risk-free foreign asset. The findings show that if the central bank is more patient than the government and as patient as households are, in equilibrium, the government issues more debt than what is socially optimal, and the central bank accumulates reserves to undo government over-borrowing. A key insight is that the government can issue more debt for any level of reserves but chooses not to because doing so would increase sovereign spreads, making it more costly to borrow. Quantitatively, the analysis finds that the central bank independence channel accounts for 75 percent of the average reserve levels observed in Mexico from 1994 to 2017. Finally, the paper shows that accumulating reserves improves social welfare. Welfare gains come from reducing the costs of front-loading public spending
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  • 39
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Jolliffe, Dean Under what Conditions are Data Valuable for Development?
    Schlagwort(e): Development Data ; Economic Theory and Research ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Public Service Delivery ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Statistics
    Kurzfassung: Data produced by the public sector can have transformational impacts on development outcomes through better targeting of resources, improved service delivery, cost savings in policy implementation, increased accountability, and more. Around the world, the amount of data produced by the public sector is increasing at a rapid pace, yet their transformational impacts have not been realized fully. Why has the full value of these data not been realized yet This paper outlines 12 conditions needed for the production and use of public sector data to generate value for development and presents case studies substantiating these conditions. The conditions are that data need to have adequate spatial and temporal coverage (are complete, frequent, and timely), are of high quality (are accurate, comparable, and granular), are easy to use (are accessible, understandable, and interoperable), and are safe to use (are impartial, confidential, and appropriate)
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Kose, M. Ayhan A Mountain of Debt: Navigating the Legacy of the Pandemic
    Schlagwort(e): Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Debt Markets ; Deficits ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic Impact ; Pandemic Response ; Private Debt ; Sovereign Debt
    Kurzfassung: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a massive increase in global debt levels and exacerbated the trade-offs between the benefits and costs of accumulating government debt. This paper examines these trade-offs by putting the recent debt boom into a historical context. It reports three major findings. First, during the 2020 global recession, both global government and private debt levels rose to record highs, and at their fastest single-year pace, in five decades. Second, the debt-financed, massive fiscal support programs implemented during the pandemic supported activity and illustrated the benefits of accumulating debt. However, as the recovery gains traction, the balance of benefits and costs of debt accumulation could increasingly tilt toward costs. Third, more than two-thirds of emerging market and developing economies are currently in government debt booms. On average, the current booms have already lasted three years longer, and are accompanied by a considerably larger fiscal deterioration, than earlier booms. About half of the earlier debt booms were associated with financial crises in emerging market and developing economies
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Debt ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Industrial Economics ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a review and assessment of the current literature on the macroeconomic impact of natural disasters in the Caribbean, including other non-Caribbean studies that may have implications for it. It also discusses, in view of existing studies, what factors may make Caribbean economies more resilient to these extreme events, as well as whether there are damage thresholds beyond which recovery will be more difficult. Finally, recommendations are provided for future data collection and research that might provide further light on the issues
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  • 42
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Schlagwort(e): Capital Markets ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Securities Markets Policy and Regulation
    Kurzfassung: The Philippines corporate debt and equity markets will need to grow to provide alternative financing sources to support the strongly growing economy and emphasis on infrastructure spend. Capital markets deepening will be an essential pre-requisite for the country's continued economic development. Well-functioning capital markets ensure the optimal allocation and pricing of capital. This enables retail and wholesale pools of capital to be efficiently deployed in a manner that maximizes returns for such owners of capital against their risk profile. Furthermore, there are a number of technical and operational issues that can be addressed, that can significantly improve the enabling environment for and functioning of the capital markets. The result of these factors has been a lack of focus in policy development and implementation that has hampered capital market development. Key issues include: a lack of commitment to reform from key stakeholders that has impeded the development of markets and market infrastructure; an onerous tax environment that has deterred issuance and investment; a continuing need to improve investor confidence by strengthening the quality of supervision and enforcement for market intermediaries and market operators; cumbersome regulatory requirements and processes around issuance, particularly debt issuance; and outdated and inefficient trading and post-trading infrastructure, and governance concerns regarding market operators. In order to effect meaningful change, a capital markets champion is required. This champion should be cognizant of the relevance of capital markets to the country and possess the will and vision to drive legislative, regulatory, and tax reforms. In addition, a commitment to initiate a change in the ownership and governance of key exchanges and enforce policy against entrenched interests will provide considerable impetus for development
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Alacevich, Michele Early Development Economics Debates Revisited
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Kurzfassung: Development economics in its early years created the image of a fierce fight between advocates of contrasting theories or approaches- "balanced growth" vs. "unbalanced growth" or "program loans" vs. "project loans." This view has the merit to highlight such conflicts in great detail; yet it fails to take into account the reality of development economics as it was practiced in the field. This paper reassesses these old conflicts by complementing the traditional focus on theoretical debates with an emphasis on the practice of development economics.A particularly interesting example is the debate between Albert Hirschman, one of the fathers of the "unbalanced growth" approach, and Lauchlin Currie, among the advocates of "balanced growth" on how to foster iron production in Colombia in the 1950s. An analysis of the positions held by these two economists shows that they were in fact much less antithetical than is usually held and, indeed, were in some fundamental aspects surprisingly similar. Debates among development economists during the 1950s thus must be explained-at least partially-as the natural dynamics of an emerging discipline that took shape when different groups tried to achieve supremacy-or at least legitimacy-through the creation of mutually delegitimizing systemic theories
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  • 44
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Hoekman, Bernard Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the World Trade Organization. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the regulatory preconditions for benefiting from market opening. The authors argue that prospects for multilateral services liberalization would be enhanced by making national treatment the objective of World Trade Organization services negotiations, thereby clarifying the scope of World Trade Organization commitments for regulators. Moreover, liberalization by smaller and poorer members of the World Trade Organization would be facilitated by complementary actions to strengthen regulatory capacity. If pursued as part of the operationalization of the World Trade Organization's 2006 Aid for Trade taskforce report, the World Trade Organization could become more relevant in promoting not just services liberalization but, more importantly, domestic reforms of services policies
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Hoekman, Bernard Services Trade And Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Kurzfassung: The competitiveness of firms in open economies is increasingly determined by access to low-cost and high-quality producer services - telecommunications, transport and distribution services, financial intermediation, etc. This paper discusses the role of services in economic growth, focusing in particular on channels through which openness to trade in services may increase productivity at the level of the economy as a whole, industries and the firm. The authors explore what recent empirical work suggests could be done to enhance comparative advantage in the production and export of services and how to design policy reforms to open services markets to greater foreign participation in a way that ensures not just greater efficiency but also greater equity in terms of access to services
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (82 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Finance, Financial Sector Policies, And Long-Run Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs
    Kurzfassung: The first part of this paper reviews the literature on the relation between finance and growth. The second part of the paper reviews the literature on the historical and policy determinants of financial development. Governments play a central role in shaping the operation of financial systems and the degree to which large segments of the financial system have access to financial services. The paper discusses the relationship between financial sector policies and economic development
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  • 47
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Anderson, Kym Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy
    Kurzfassung: Australia's lackluster economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an anti-trade, anti-primary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sector assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. The changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programs in that period. Although the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in the export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries
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  • 48
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bayly, C.A Indigenous And Colonial Origins of Comparative Economic Development
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropologists ; Anthropology ; Anthropology ; Cities ; Corporate Law ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; E-Business ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Historians ; Historiography ; Industrial Development ; Law and Development ; Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Philosophy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Writers ; Anthropologists ; Anthropology ; Anthropology ; Cities ; Corporate Law ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; E-Business ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Historians ; Historiography ; Industrial Development ; Law and Development ; Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Philosophy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Writers ; Anthropologists ; Anthropology ; Anthropology ; Cities ; Corporate Law ; Cultural Policy ; Culture & Development ; E-Business ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Historians ; Historiography ; Industrial Development ; Law and Development ; Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Philosophy ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Writers
    Kurzfassung: This paper concerns the institutional origins of economic development, emphasizing the cases of nineteenth-century India and Africa. Colonial institutions-the law, western style property rights, newspapers and statistical analysis-played an important part in the emergence of Indian public and commercial life in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These institutions existed in the context of a state that was extractive and yet dependent on indigenous cooperation in many areas, especially in the case of the business class. In such conditions, Indian elites were critical in creating informal systems of peer-group education, enhancing aspiration through the use of historicist and religious themes and in creating a "benign sociology" of India as a prelude to development. Indigenous ideologies and practices were as significant in this slow enhancement of Indian capabilities as transplanted colonial ones. Contemporary development specialists would do well to consider the merits of indigenous forms of association and public debate, religious movements and entrepreneurial classes. Over much of Asia and Africa, the most successful enhancement of people's capabilities has come through the action of hybrid institutions of this type
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  • 49
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ashraf, Nava Finding Missing Markets (And A Disturbing Epilogue)
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: In much of the developing world, many farmers grow crops for local or personal consumption despite export options that appear to be more profitable. Thus many conjecture that one or several markets are missing. This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial conducted by DrumNet in Kenya that attempts to help farmers adopt and market export crops. DrumNet provides smallholder farmers with information about how to switch to export crops, makes in-kind loans for the purchase of the agricultural inputs, and provides marketing services by facilitating the transaction with exporters. The experimental evaluation design randomly assigns pre-existing farmer self-help groups to one of three groups: (1) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services, (2) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services except credit, or (3) a control group. After one year, DrumNet services led to an increase in production of export oriented crops and lower marketing costs; this translated into household income gains for new adopters. However, one year after the study ended, the exporter refused to continue buying the cash crops from the farmers because the conditions of the farms did not satisfy European export requirements. DrumNet collapsed in this region as farmers were forced to sell to middlemen and defaulted on their loans. The risk of such events may explain, at least partly, why many seemingly more profitable export crops are not adopted
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  • 50
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Devarajan, Shantayanan Aid, Growth, And Real Exchange Rate Dynamics
    Schlagwort(e): Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects
    Kurzfassung: Devarajan, Go, Page, Robinson, and Thierfelder argued that if aid is about the future and recipients are able to plan consumption and investment decisions optimally over time, then the potential problem of an aid-induced appreciation of the real exchange rate (Dutch disease) does not occur. In their paper, "Aid, Growth and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics," this key result is derived without requiring extreme assumptions or additional productivity story. The economic framework is a standard neoclassical growth model, based on the familiar Salter-Swan characterization of an open economy, with full dynamic savings and investment decisions. It does require that the model is fully dynamic in both savings and investment decisions. An important assumption is that aid should be predictable for intertemporal smoothing to take place. If aid volatility forces recipients to be constrained and myopic, Dutch disease problems become an issue
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Porto, Guido Agro-Manufactured Export Prices, Wages And Unemployment
    Schlagwort(e): Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates the impacts of world agricultural trade liberalization on wages, employment and unemployment in Argentina, a country with positive net agricultural exports and high unemployment rates. In the estimation of these wage and unemployment responses, the empirical model allows for individual labor supply responses and for adjustment costs in labor demand. The findings show that a 10 percent increase in the price of agricultural exports would cause an increase in the Argentine employment probability of 1.36 percentage points, matched by a decline in the unemployment probability of 0.75 percentage points and an increase in labor market participation of 0.61 percentage points. Further, the unemployment rate would decline by 1.23 percentage points (by almost 10 percent). Expected wages would increase by 10.3 percent, an effect that is mostly driven by higher employment probabilities. This indicates that the bulk of the impacts of trade reforms originates in household responses in the presence of adjustment costs, and that failure to account for them may lead to significant biases in the welfare evaluation of trade policy
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  • 52
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (71 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Saleth, R. Maria Quantifying Institutional Impacts And Development Synergies In Water Resource Programs
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization
    Kurzfassung: The success of development programs, including water resource projects, depends on two key factors: the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from other closely related programs. Existing methodologies have limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which quantifies both the roles that institutions play in impact generation and the extent of impact synergies that flows from closely related programs within a unified framework. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka in order to evaluate the impacts of three water-related programs and the roles of 11 institutions in the context of food security. The results provide considerable insights on the relative role of institutions and the flow of development synergies both within and across different impact pathways. The methodology can also be used to locate slack in impact chains and identify policy options to enhance the impact flows
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Raddatz, Claudio Credit Chains And Sectoral Comovement
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Adverse effect ; Bankruptcy ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Business cycles ; Central Bank ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Interest rate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Risk neutral ; Value added ; Access to Finance ; Adverse effect ; Bankruptcy ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Business cycles ; Central Bank ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Interest rate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Risk neutral ; Value added ; Access to Finance ; Adverse effect ; Bankruptcy ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Business cycles ; Central Bank ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Interest rate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Risk neutral ; Value added
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides evidence of the presence and relevance of a credit-chain amplification mechanism by looking at its implications for the correlation of industries. In particular, it tests the hypothesis that an increase in the use of trade-credit along the input-output chain linking two industries results in an increase in their correlation. The analysis uses detailed data on the correlations and input-output relations of 378 manufacturing industry-pairs across 44 countries with different degrees of use of trade credit. The results provide strong support for this hypothesis and indicate that the mechanism is quantitatively relevant
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  • 54
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Dollar, David Lessons From China For Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip ; Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip ; Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip
    Kurzfassung: China has been the most successful developing country in this modern era of globalization. Since initiating economic reform after 1978, its economy has expanded at a steady rate over 8 percent per capita, fueling historically unprecedented poverty reduction (the poverty rate declined from over 60 percent to 7 percent in 2007). Other developing countries struggling to grow and reduce poverty are naturally interested in what has been the source of this impressive growth and what, if any, lessons they can take from China. This paper focuses on four features of modern China that have changed significantly between the pre-reform period and today. The Chinese themselves call their reform program Gai Ge Kai Feng, "change the system, open the door." "Change the system" means altering incentives and ownership, that is, shifting the economy from near total state ownership to one in which private enterprise is dominant. "Open the door" means exactly what it says, liberalizing trade and direct investment. A third lesson is the development of high-quality infrastructure: China's good roads, reliable power, world-class ports, and excellent cell phone coverage throughout the country are apparent to any visitor. What is less well known is that most of this infrastructure has been developed through a policy of "cost recovery" that prices infrastructure services at levels sufficient to finance the capital cost as well as operations and maintenance. A fourth important lesson is China's careful attention to agriculture and rural development, complemented by rural-urban migration
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Emran, M. Shahe The Extent of The Market And Stages of Agricultural Specialization
    Schlagwort(e): Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides empirical evidence of nonlinearity in the relationship between crop specialization in a village economy and the extent of the market (size of the urban market) relevant for the village. The results suggest that the portfolio of crops in a village economy becomes more diversified initially as the extent of the market increases. However, after the market size reaches a threshold, the production structure becomes specialized again. This evidence on the stages of agricultural diversification is consistent with the stages of diversification identified in the recent literature for the economy as a whole and also for the manufacturing sector. The evidence highlights the importance of improving farmers' access to markets through investment in transport infrastructure and removal of barriers to trading
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  • 56
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Medvedev, Denis Preferential Liberalization And Its Economy-Wide Effects In Honduras
    Schlagwort(e): Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy ; Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy ; Bilateral trade ; Comparative advantage ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Income ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Open economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Safety nets ; Trade liberalization ; Trade policy
    Kurzfassung: This paper quantifies the likely benefits of trade and investment liberalization in a small, poor, open economy, using the accession of Honduras to the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement as a case study. The results show that bilateral trade liberalization with the United States is likely to have almost no effect on welfare in Honduras, while the reciprocal removal of protection vis-a-vis the rest of Central America would lead to significantly larger gains. Potential gains from increased net foreign direct investment inflows overwhelm those expected from trade reform alone, particularly if the new foreign direct investment generates productivity spillovers. However, if it is to replace Honduran investment rather than complement domestic capital formation, growth performance is unlikely to improve and may even suffer. The paper's results identify several areas for policy attention by Honduran policy makers to make the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement more development-friendly. These include carefully considering the budgetary implications of trade reform, widening social safety nets to counter the trends toward increasing income inequality, and sequencing the reforms to ensure a close alignment of Honduras' comparative advantage on the regional and global markets
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  • 57
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ezemenari, Kene The Fiscal Impact of Foreign Aid In Rwanda
    Schlagwort(e): Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Foreign direct investment ; Government revenue ; International Bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public investment ; Public investments ; Tax ; Tax rate ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Foreign direct investment ; Government revenue ; International Bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public investment ; Public investments ; Tax ; Tax rate ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Foreign direct investment ; Government revenue ; International Bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public investment ; Public investments ; Tax ; Tax rate
    Kurzfassung: The inflow of large quantities of foreign aid into Rwanda since 1994 can have potential adverse effects such as aid dependency via a significant negative effect on tax efforts and on public investments. This paper carries out a theoretical and empirical study to examine these issues. The theoretical part develops a model in which the recipient government decides on the optimal level of tax and optimally allocates total government revenue between current expenditure and public investment. The theoretical model makes it possible to empirically test whether an increase in aid is likely to reduce the optimal tax rate and the proportion of public expenditure allocated to public investment. The econometric analysis uses time series data on Rwanda to show, in line with other studies in the literature, a negative relationship between increased aid and the tax rate; but the magnitude of the effects are extremely small. In the case of Rwanda, reforms to the tax administration and expansion of the tax base have had mitigating effects. As far as the effect on public investment, the overall effect was negative in the past; however, since 1995 the direction of this effect has changed
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  • 58
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Byrd, William A Responding To Afghanistan's Opium Economy Challenge
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population
    Kurzfassung: Opium, Afghanistan's leading economic activity, lies at the heart of the challenges the country faces in state building, governance, security, and development. With their narrow law enforcement focus and limited recognition of development, security, and political implications, current global counter-narcotics polices impose a heavy burden on Afghanistan. This paper first provides a summary overview of Afghanistan's opium economy and the factors determining rural households' decisions on cultivating opium poppy. It then discusses the dynamic evolution of the Afghan drug industry in recent years, in particular its consolidation around fewer, powerful, politically-connected actors and the associated compromising of parts of some government agencies by drug industry interests. The paper reviews the experience with different counter-narcotics interventions, analyzes some proposals not yet tried in Afghanistan, and draws lessons and policy implications. Unfortunately there are no "silver bullets"-easy, quick, or one-dimensional solutions, and a longer-term horizon along with sustained commitment and resources will be required in order to phase out the opium economy over time. The paper concludes by putting forward some broad principles and approaches of a "smart strategy" against drugs in Afghanistan
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  • 59
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Helble, Matthias Heterogeneous Quality Firms And Trade Costs
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Kurzfassung: There is increasing empirical evidence that vertical product differentiation is an important determinant of international trade. However, the economic literature so far has solely focused on the case in which quality trade stems from differences between countries. No studies investigate the role of quality trade between similar economies. This paper first develops a simple theoretical trade model that includes vertical product differentiation in a heterogeneous-firm framework. The model yields three main predictions for trade between similar economies. First, exported goods are of higher quality than goods sold on the domestic market. Second, larger economies have on average higher export qualities compared with smaller economies. Third, with increasing trade costs higher quality goods are exchanged. For all three effects, strong empirical support is found using detailed export trade data of the United States and 15 European Union countries
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  • 60
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Coulibaly, Kalamogo Productivity Growth And Economic Reform
    Schlagwort(e): Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial sector ; GDP ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Production function ; Productivity ; Productivity Growth ; Total factor productivity ; Trade reforms ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial sector ; GDP ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Production function ; Productivity ; Productivity Growth ; Total factor productivity ; Trade reforms ; Competitiveness ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial sector ; GDP ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Production function ; Productivity ; Productivity Growth ; Total factor productivity ; Trade reforms
    Kurzfassung: Trade, financial, and exchange rate reforms are shown to have exerted a positive impact on the growth of total factor productivity in Rwanda during the period 1995-2003. Based on a constant returns-to-scale Cobb-Douglas production function, this paper regresses total factor productivity on indices of trade, financial, and exchange rate reforms. The analysis determines that trade reforms and financial reforms each contributed positively to improvements in total factor productivity. The data also suggest that the allocation of official development assistance to human capital made a significant contribution to productivity. In contrast, the appreciation of the real exchange rate of the late 1980's hindered productivity or the growth of TFP. Taken together, the findings for Rwanda presented in this paper show that the strong growth of the past decade has not just been due to a "bounce back" effect following the genocide. The results support the notion that policies favorable to trade development, a deepening of the financial sector, and formation of human capital have been effective for increasing aggregate productivity of the economy and stimulating growth in Rwanda. For sustained growth, the Rwandan authorities should continue to build on these policies, while also taking care to maintain an appropriate exchange rate
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  • 61
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Zhao, Longyue Trade Remedies And Non-Market Economies
    Schlagwort(e): Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Kurzfassung: In 2007, the United States Department of Commerce altered a 23-year old policy of not applying the countervailing duty law to non-market economies, and initiated eight countervailing and antidumping duty investigations on Chinese imports. The change brings heated debate on trade remedy policies and issues of non-market economies. This study focuses on the first countervailing duty case on imported coated free sheet paper from China and analyzes the implications of this test case for United States-China bilateral trade, and industrial policies in transitioning market economies. The paper also provides a brief review of the economics of subsidies, World Trade Organization rules on subsides and countervailing measures, and United States countervailing duty laws applied to non-market economies. While recently acceded countries should review their domestic development policies from the perspective of economic efficiency and comply with the World Trade Organization rules, it is also important to further clarify the issues of non-market economies under the multilateral trading system, and pay keen attention to the rules negotiations in the current World Trade Organization Doha Development Round
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  • 62
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Timilsina, Govinda R A General Equilibrium Analysis of Demand Side Management Programs Under The Clean Development Mechanism of The Kyoto Protocol
    Schlagwort(e): Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity ; Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity ; Clean energy ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Cost of electricity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electric utilities ; Electricity savings ; Emission ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Energy conservation ; Energy prices ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental consequences ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price of electricity
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes the economic and environmental consequences of a potential demand side management program in Thailand using a general equilibrium model. The program considers replacement of less efficient electrical appliances in the household sector with more efficient counterparts. The study further examines changes in the economic and environmental effects of the program if it is implemented under the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, which provides carbon subsidies to the program. The study finds that the demand side management program would increase economic welfare if the ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is 0.4 or lower even in the absence of the clean development mechanism. If the program's ratio of unit cost of electricity savings to price of electricity is greater than 0.4, registration of the program under the clean development mechanism would be needed to achieve positive welfare impacts. The level of welfare impacts would, however, depend on the price of carbon credits the program generates. For a given level of welfare impacts, the registration of the demand side management program under the clean development mechanism would increase the volume of emission reductions
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  • 63
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Henson, Spencer Linking African Smallholders To High-Value Markets
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Rural Development ; Smallholder ; Smallholder farmers ; Smallholder participation ; Smallholders ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Rural Development ; Smallholder ; Smallholder farmers ; Smallholder participation ; Smallholders ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Rural Development ; Smallholder ; Smallholder farmers ; Smallholder participation ; Smallholders ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply chain ; Supply chains
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides the results of an international survey of practitioners with experience in facilitating the participation of African smallholder farmers in supply chains for higher-value and/or differentiated agricultural products. It explores their perceptions about the constraints inhibiting and the impacts associated with this supply chain participation. It also examines their perceptions about the factors affecting the success of project and policy interventions in this area, about how this success is and should be measured, and about the appropriate roles for national governments, the private sector, and development assistance entities in facilitating smallholder gains in this area. The results confirm a growing 'consensus' about institutional roles, yet suggest some ambiguity regarding the impacts of smallholder participation in higher-value supply chains and the appropriateness of the indicators most commonly used to gauge such impacts. The results also suggest a need to strengthen knowledge about both the 'old' and 'new' sets of constraints (and solutions) related to remunerative smallholder inclusion, in the form of the rising role of standards alongside more long-standing concerns about infrastructure and logistical links to markets
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  • 64
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Loening, Josef Nonfarm Microenterprise Performance And The Investment Climate
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Agricultural sector ; Capital stock ; Community survey ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Households ; International Bank ; Job opportunities ; Labor Markets ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural sector ; Capital stock ; Community survey ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Households ; International Bank ; Job opportunities ; Labor Markets ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural sector ; Capital stock ; Community survey ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Households ; International Bank ; Job opportunities ; Labor Markets ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses uniquely matched household, enterprise and community survey data from four major regions in rural Ethiopia to characterize the performance, constraints and opportunities of nonfarm enterprises. The nonfarm enterprise sector is sizeable, particularly important for women, and plays an important role during the low season for agriculture, when alternative job opportunities are limited. Returns to nonfarm enterprise employment are low on average and especially so for female-headed enterprises. Women nevertheless have much higher participation rates than men, which attest to their marginalized position in the labor market. Most enterprises are very small and rely almost exclusively on household members to provide the required labor inputs. Few firms add to their capital stock or increase their labor inputs after startup. Local fluctuations in predicted crop performance affect the performance of nonfarm enterprises, because of the predominant role played by the agricultural sector. Enterprise performance is also affected by the localized nature of sales and limited market integration for nonfarm enterprises. The policy implications of these and other findings are discussed
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  • 65
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Vagliasindi, Maria The Effectiveness of Boards of Directors of State Owned Enterprises In Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises ; Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises ; Board member ; Boards of Directors ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial performance ; Firm performance ; Governance ; Governance arrangements ; Independent directors ; Law and Development ; Little attention ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Private Partnerships ; Private Sector Development ; Private enterprises
    Kurzfassung: This paper aims to shed some new light on the conditions needed to ensure the effectiveness of Boards of Directors of state owned enterprises with a focus on infrastructure sectors. In the case of developing countries, empirical studies have found evidence of positive links between the composition of the Board of Directors and financial performance. Yet the lack of solid theoretical foundations, and in some cases poor data availability, makes the conclusions of most studies weak. Several policy recommendations emerge from the review of the economic literature and evidence from case studies. First, the introduction of a sufficient number of independent directors emerges as an important corporate governance milestone. Empowering them to exercise effective monitoring of management, however, may prove to be a formidable challenge for of state owned enterprises. More attention to board procedures, particularly related to the Board selection and evaluation process, is essential, to produce the necessary insulation of Boards from government interference. Ensuring sufficient continuity of services to directors is particularly crucial to improve corporate governance. In addition, other factors that may reduce directors' ability to monitor corporate activities, such as the age profile and the number of Boards on which they sit, need to be handled more carefully
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  • 66
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: H. Adams, Jr., Richard The Demographic, Economic And Financial Determinants of International Remittances In Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Level of poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Level of poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Level of poverty ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances
    Kurzfassung: What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received
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  • 67
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Niimi, Yoko Determinants of Remittances
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; Internal Migrants ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Vulnerability ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; Internal Migrants ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Vulnerability ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; Internal Migrants ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Vulnerability
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the determinants of remittance behavior for Vietnam using data from the 2004 Vietnam Migration Survey on internal migrants. It considers how, among other things, the vulnerability of a migrant's life at the destination, their link to relatives back home, and the time spent at the destination affect remittances. The paper finds that migrants act as risk-averse economic agents and send remittances back to the household of origin as part of an insurance exercise in the face of economic uncertainty. Remittances are also found to be driven by a migrant's labor market earnings level. The paper highlights the important role of remittances in providing an effective means of risk-coping and mutual support within the family
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  • 68
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Toto Same, Achille Mineral-Rich Countries And Dutch Disease
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Economic Developments ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Gross domestic product ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Public finance ; Transparency ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Economic Developments ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Gross domestic product ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Public finance ; Transparency ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Economic Developments ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Gross domestic product ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Public finance ; Transparency
    Kurzfassung: Referring to the original context of Dutch Disease, the term refers to the fears of de-industrialization that gripped the Netherlands as a result of the appreciation of the Dutch currency that followed the discovery of natural gas deposits. Expansion of petroleum exports in the 1960s not only crowded out other exports, it actually reduced other exports disproportionately and fueled the fears of dire consequences for Dutch manufacturing. In the case of Equatorial Guinea, the secondary sector represents about 2 percent of the gross domestic product, manufacturing represents less than 1 percent, and oil represents more than 95 percent. The negative impact of the Dutch Disease in this context would be limited given the structure of the economy and on the contrary may even be a good thing because it fuels the structural transformational process of the economy, which is needed in Equatorial Guinea. This paper argues that the ongoing Dutch Disease is a natural and necessary reallocation of resources in the economy of Equatorial Guinea. The magnitude of negative macroeconomic consequences of the Dutch Disease depends on the country's economic structure and stage of development. In a country where the manufacturing sector barely exists or where the non-oil primary sector is structurally deficient, as has been the case of Equatorial Guinea, there is little to fear about the disease. The oil boom is a blessing, given that oil revenues when properly managed can play a special and critical role in overall economic development and poverty reduction in low-income countries. To promote good governance in the management of the country's oil wealth, the government may wish to adhere to clear standards of accountability and transparency; especially by complying with the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI++)
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  • 69
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (63 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Filmer, Deon Assessing Asset Indices
    Schlagwort(e): Privater Konsum ; Affiliated organizations ; Assets ; Debt Markets ; Durable goods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Public Disclosure ; Statements ; Yield ; Affiliated organizations ; Assets ; Debt Markets ; Durable goods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Public Disclosure ; Statements ; Yield ; Affiliated organizations ; Assets ; Debt Markets ; Durable goods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Public Disclosure ; Statements ; Yield
    Kurzfassung: This paper compares how results using various methods to construct asset indices match results using per capita expenditures. The analysis shows that inferences about inequalities in education, health care use, fertility, child mortality, as well as labor market outcomes are quite robust to the specific economic status measure used. The measures-most significantly per capita expenditures versus the class of asset indices-do not, however, yield identical household rankings. Two factors stand out in predicting the degree of congruence in rankings between per capita expenditures and an asset index. First is the extent to which per capita expenditures can be explained by observed household and community characteristics. In settings with small transitory shocks to expenditure, or with little measurement error in expenditure, the rankings yielded by the alternative approaches are most similar. Second is the extent to which expenditures are dominated by individually consumed goods such as food. Asset indices are typically derived from indicators of goods which are effectively public at the household level, while expenditures are often dominated by food, an almost exclusively private good. In settings where private goods such as food are the main component of expenditures, asset indices and per capita consumption yield the least similar results, although adjusting for economies of scale in household expenditures reconciles the results somewhat
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  • 70
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ratha, Dilip Beyond Aid
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating
    Kurzfassung: Given Sub-Saharan Africa's enormous resource needs for growth, poverty reduction, and other Millennium Development Goals, the development community has little choice but to continue to explore new sources of financing, innovative private-to-private sector solutions, and public-private partnerships to mobilize additional international financing. The paper suggests several new instruments for improving access to capital. An analysis of country creditworthiness suggests that many countries in the region may be more creditworthy than previously believed. Establishing sovereign rating benchmarks and credit enhancement through guarantee instruments provided by multilateral aid agencies would facilitate market access. Creative financial structuring, such as the International Financing Facility for Immunization, would help front-load aid commitments, although these may not result in additional financing in the long run. Preliminary estimates suggest that Sub-Saharan African countries can potentially raise USD 1-3 billion by reducing the cost of international migrant remittances, USD 5-10 billion by issuing diaspora bonds, and USD 17 billion by securitizing future remittances and other future receivables. African countries that have recently received debt relief however need to be cautious when resorting to market-based borrowing
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  • 71
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Docquier, Frederic Is Migration A Good Substitute For Education Subsidies?
    Schlagwort(e): Brain drain ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Immigration ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Skilled workers ; Social Development ; Brain drain ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Immigration ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Skilled workers ; Social Development ; Brain drain ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Immigration ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Skilled workers ; Social Development
    Kurzfassung: Assuming a given educational policy, the recent brain drain literature reveals that skilled migration can boost the average level of schooling in developing countries. This paper introduces educational subsidies determined by governments concerned by the number of skilled workers remaining in the country. The theoretical analysis shows that developing countries can benefit from skilled emigration when educational subsidies entail high .fiscal distortions. However when taxes are not too distortionary, it is desirable to impede emigration and subsidize education. The authors investigate the empirical relationship between educational subsidies and migration prospects, obtaining a negative relationship for 105 countries. Based on this result, the analysis revisits the country specific effects of skilled migration upon human capital. The findings show that the endogeneity of public subsidies reduces the number of winners and increases the magnitude of the losses
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  • 72
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Shilpi, Forhad Migration, Sorting And Regional Inequality
    Schlagwort(e): Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: Using household level data from Bangladesh, this paper examines the differences in the rates of return to household attributes over the entire welfare distribution. The empirical evidence uncovers substantial differences in returns between an integrated region contiguous to the country's main growth centers, and a less integrated region cut-off from those centers by major rivers. The evidence suggests that households with better observed and unobserved attributes (such as education and ability) are concentrated in the integrated region where returns are higher. Within each region, mobility of workers seems to equalize returns at the lower half of the distribution. The natural border created by the rivers appears to hinder migration, causing returns differences between the regions to persist. To reduce regional inequality in welfare in Bangladesh, the results highlight the need for improving connectivity between the regions, and for investing in portable assets of the poor (such as human capital)
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  • 73
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Demombynes, Gabriel Connecting The Unobserved Dots
    Schlagwort(e): Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Debt Markets ; Earnings Inequality ; Education ; Education for All ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Survey ; Labor Markets ; Minimum wage ; Primary Education ; Salaried employment ; Salaried workers ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Union membership ; Wage distribution ; Wage employment ; Wage inequality ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Debt Markets ; Earnings Inequality ; Education ; Education for All ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Survey ; Labor Markets ; Minimum wage ; Primary Education ; Salaried employment ; Salaried workers ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Union membership ; Wage distribution ; Wage employment ; Wage inequality ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Debt Markets ; Earnings Inequality ; Education ; Education for All ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Survey ; Labor Markets ; Minimum wage ; Primary Education ; Salaried employment ; Salaried workers ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Union membership ; Wage distribution ; Wage employment ; Wage inequality
    Kurzfassung: There are several possible explanations for the observed changes in inequality, the returns to education, and the gap between the wages of informal and formal salaried workers in Argentina over the period 1980-2002. Largely due to the lack of evidence for competing explanations, skill-biased technical change is the most likely explanation for the increases in the returns to education that occurred in the 1990s. Using a semi-parametric re-weighting variance decomposition technique and data from the Permanent Household Survey, the authors show that during the same period there was an increase in the returns to unobserved skill. This finding lends support to the hypothesis that skill-biased technical change has been a main driver of increases in inequality in Argentina. The pattern of changes suggests that the growth in returns to unobserved skill may have been partly responsible for the relative deterioration of informal salaried wages during the 1990s
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  • 74
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Beck, Thorsten Bank Competition And Financial Stability
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Theory makes ambiguous predictions about the relationship between market structure and competitiveness of the banking system and banking sector stability. Empirical studies focusing on individual countries provide similarly ambiguous results, while cross-country studies point mostly to a positive relationship between competition and stability in the banking system. Where liberalization and unfettered competition have resulted in fragility, this has been mostly the consequence of regulatory and supervisory failures. The advantages of competition for an efficient and inclusive financial system are strong, and regulatory and supervisory policies should focus on an incentive-compatible environment for banking rather than try to fine-tune market structure or the degree of competition
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  • 75
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Beck, Thorsten Who Gets The Credit?
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies
    Kurzfassung: While the theoretical and empirical finance literature has focused almost exclusively on enterprise credit, about half of credit extended by banks to the private sector in a sample of 45 developing and developed countries is to households. The share of household credit in total credit increases as countries grow richer and financial systems develop. Cross-country regressions, however, suggest a positive and significant impact on gross domestic product per capita growth only of enterprise but not household credit. These two findings together partly explain why previous studies have found a small or insignificant effect of finance on growth in high-income countries. In addition, countries with a lower share of manufacturing, a higher degree of urbanization, and more market-oriented financial systems have a higher share of household credit. It is thus mostly socio-economic trends that determine credit composition, while policies influencing banking market structure and regulatory policies are not robustly related to credit composition
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  • 76
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Moreno-Dodson, Blanca Assessing the Impact of Public Spending on Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint ; Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint ; Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint
    Kurzfassung: The goal of this paper is to understand better, at the empirical level, how public spending contributes to growth by focusing on both the level and composition of public spending, in connection to the dynamics of GDP per capita growth. It attempts to answer two specific questions: (a) What are the policy conditions under which public spending contributes positively to growth? and (b) What are the public spending components that have a stronger and longer-lasting impact on growth? The analysis is applied to a sample of seven fast-growing developing countries: Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Botswana, and Mauritius, which have been among the top performers in the world in terms of GDP per capita growth during the period (1960-2006). The rationale for this country sample selection is twofold. The first hypothesis is that, given their positive growth achievements over a relatively long time period, perhaps it is more straightforward to establish a link to public spending in those countries. Second, it is expected that the findings of the analysis will provide lessons regarding the level and composition of public spending that can be useful for other countries where growth has been less rapid. Assessing what role public spending has played in a dynamic growth context may indeed be enlightening for other cases as well. The paper is structured as follows. The first section is an introduction that provides relevant facts and information about the seven countries during the period of analysis, based on seven individual country case studies. Section II presents the theoretical background behind the empirical analysis. Section III focuses on the empirical methodology, function specification, and variables selected. Section IV is dedicated to the results obtained with the cross-country analysis and some specific country results, as well as some comparisons with previous findings by other authors. Finally, Section V draws policy implications and concludes
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  • 77
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Mattoo, Aaditya Currency Undervaluation And Sovereign Wealth Funds
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Enforcement ; Exchange ; Exchange rate ; Exchange rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Government action ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; Investments ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Subsidies ; Trade Law ; World trade
    Kurzfassung: Two aspects of global imbalances - undervalued exchange rates and sovereign wealth funds - require a multilateral response. For reasons of inadequate leverage and eroding legitimacy, the International Monetary Fund has not been effective in dealing with undervalued exchange rates. This paper proposes new rules in the World Trade Organization to discipline cases of significant undervaluation that are clearly attributable to government action. The rationale for WTO involvement is that there are large trade consequences of undervalued exchange rates, which act as both import tariffs and export subsidies, and that the WTO's enforcement mechanism is credible and effective. The World Trade Organization would not be involved in exchange rate management, and would not displace the International Monetary Fund. Rather, the authors suggest ways to harness the comparative advantage of the two institutions, with the International Monetary Fund providing the essential technical expertise in the World Trade Organization's enforcement process. There is a bargain to be struck between countries with sovereign wealth funds, which want secure and liberal access for their capital, and capital-importing countries, which have concerns about the objectives and operations of sovereign wealth funds. The World Trade Organization is the natural place to strike this bargain. Its General Agreement on Trade in Services, already covers investments by sovereign wealth funds, and other agreements offer a precedent for designing disciplines for these funds. Placing exchange rates and sovereign wealth funds on the trade negotiating agenda may help revive the Doha Round by rekindling the interest of a wide variety of groups
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  • 78
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Brunner, Gregory Gordon The Market For Retirement Products In Australia
    Schlagwort(e): Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Australia introduced a mandatory retirement savings scheme in 1992. This built on pre-existing voluntary occupational plans. The new scheme has been very successful in expanding coverage and mobilizing large financial savings that are equal to close to 100 percent of GDP. However, Australia does not impose restrictions on payout options. The payout phase used to be dominated by lump sum withdrawals, which accounted for 80 percent of benefit payments as recently as 2002. But pension payments increased in recent years and now represent 45 percent of total payments. The vast majority of these pension payments take the form of term annuities and allocated annuities. The latter are similar to phased withdrawals in Chile but run for fixed terms of up to 25 years rather than for lifetime terms. The demand for life annuities and lifetime phased withdrawals is very limited. The paper discusses the factors that have shaped the pattern of demand for retirement products, including the availability of the universal age pension and the effect of clawback provisions, the impact of the high level of home ownership, and the widespread preference of retiring workers for reliance on self-annuitization. The paper also reviews the prudential regulation of superannuation funds and life insurance companies
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Knack, Stephen Sovereign Rents And The Quality of Tax Policy And Administration
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Kurzfassung: The availability of windfall revenues from natural resource exports or foreign aid potentially weakens governments' incentives to design efficient tax systems. Cross-country data for developing countries provide evidence for this hypothesis, using a World Bank indicator of "efficiency of revenue mobilization." Aid's negative effects on the quality of tax systems are robust to correcting for potential reverse causality, to changes in the sample, and to alternative estimation methods. Fuel export revenues are also associated with lower-quality tax policy and administration, but this finding is somewhat sensitive to outliers. Non-fuel resource exports, in contrast, show no relationship to the efficiency of revenue mobilization
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (110 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Butler, Monika Annuities in Switzerland
    Schlagwort(e): Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System
    Kurzfassung: Switzerland's pension system has attracted considerable attention, mainly due to its reliance on a three-pillar structure. A relatively small pay-as-you-go system (first pillar) is complemented by a mandatory, employer-based, fully funded occupational pension scheme (second pillar). The main goal of this paper is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the Swiss pension system. Particular emphasis is placed on the second pillar and its role in the provision of old age benefits within the Swiss social security system. The paper shows, for example, that a typical individual with an uninterrupted career can expect a net (after-tax) replacement rate of at least 70 percent. Occupational pension plans are highly regulated. Minimum interest rate requirements and minimum conversion rates (at which the accumulated retirement balances are transformed into annuity streams) introduce many elements of defined benefit plans into notionally defined contribution schemes. The resulting money's worth ratios are very high (with the exception of single males). Switzerland also has a high annuitization rate by international standards (approximately 80 percent). However, due to high fragmentation of the scheme and non-uniform accounting practices, some aspects of the system are not very transparent. The paper sheds light on the financial health of the pension system and the evolution of the regulatory framework in the past two decades
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  • 81
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Yeyati, Eduardo Levy Emerging Market Liquidity And Crises
    Schlagwort(e): Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs ; Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs ; Bid ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Market ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Illiquidity ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Liquidity ; Markets and Market Access ; Mutual Funds ; Portfolio ; Private Sector Development ; Securities ; Trading ; Trading Costs
    Kurzfassung: Whereas conventional wisdom argues that markets shut down during crises, with sellers struggling to find buyers, we find that markets continue to operate during financial turmoil, even in narrow and volatile emerging economies. Simple event studies indicate that both trading volume and trading costs increase in crisis times. Prices change more with each dollar transacted (pushing the Amihud illiquidity measure up) and bid-ask spreads widen. More generally, econometric estimates show that large price downturns, typical of crises, are associated with higher trading activity and increased trading costs, with trading activity declining only later as crises progress. Thus, while trading activity tends to be negatively related to trading costs during tranquil times (and across securities), this relation appears to break down during crises. These results are consistent with the analytical literature on portfolio rebalancing by heterogeneous agents in times of crises
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Buckley, Robert M Is Accra A Superstar City?
    Schlagwort(e): Adverse Effects ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Elasticity ; Equations ; Gross Domestic Product ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Inflation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Underestimates ; Adverse Effects ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Elasticity ; Equations ; Gross Domestic Product ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Inflation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Underestimates ; Adverse Effects ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Elasticity ; Equations ; Gross Domestic Product ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Inflation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Underestimates
    Kurzfassung: A recent study of house price behavior in U.S. cities by Gyourko, Mayer, and Sinai (2006) raises questions about so-called superstar cities in which housing is so inelastically supplied that it becomes unaffordable, as higher-income families outbid residents. We consider the case of Accra, Ghana, in this light, estimating the elasticity of housing supply and discussing the implications for growth and income distribution. There is not a great deal of data available to examine trends in Accra, so our method is indirect. First, we use a variant of the traditional monocentric city model to calculate the elasticity of Accra's housing supply relative to those of other similarly-sized African cities. This suggests that housing supply responsiveness is much higher elsewhere. This muted supply responsiveness is consistent with the observed higher housing prices. Second, we estimate a number of traditional housing demand equations and reduced form equations. Placing a number of restrictions on the equations allows us to infer Accra's housing supply elasticity. Taken together, our approaches suggest that lower-income families in Accra have such poor housing conditions because the market is extremely unresponsive to demand. Although the outcomes we have traced-high housing prices and low quality-are not unusual relative to the other developed country superstar cities, they are extreme. The welfare costs are considerable, so much so that in addition to direct housing market effects, these policies also appear to have potentially significant implications for the achievement of more equitable growth
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Li, Ying Aid Inflows And The Real Effective Exchange Rate In Tanzania
    Schlagwort(e): Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements
    Kurzfassung: Tanzania is well placed to receive a significant increase in aid inflows in coming years. Despite the potential for the additional aid inflows to raise income levels in the country, increasing them may bring about structural changes in the economy that may be unwelcome. One such change is an appreciation of the real exchange rate that leads to a contraction of traditional export sectors and a loss of export competitiveness. This paper employs a reduced-form equilibrium real exchange rate approach to explain movements in Tanzania's real effective exchange in recent decades. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between aid inflows and the real effective exchange rate. The authors find that the long-run behavior of the real effective exchange rate is influenced by terms of trade movements, the government's trade liberalization efforts, and aid inflows. Positive terms-of-trade movements are associated with an appreciation, periods of improving trade liberalization are associated with a depreciation, and increases in aid inflows are associated with a depreciation in the real effective exchange rate. Although the last result is non-standard, it is not empirically unique and does have theoretical underpinnings. A detailed analysis of this relationship over the last decade shows that the Bank of Tanzania's response to aid inflows is likely the main reason for the finding
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  • 84
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Beck, Thorsten Foreign Bank Acquisitions And Outreach
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities
    Kurzfassung: Between 1995 and 2005, foreign bank participation in Mexico rose from 2 percent of bank assets to 83 percent, as the top five largest banks were acquired by foreigners. This paper examines the link between foreign bank acquisitions and banking outreach. Using quarterly country, bank, and bank-municipality-level data, the authors find some contrasting patterns. As foreign bank participation rose due to foreign acquisitions, the number of municipalities with bank presence increased but the number of loan and deposit accounts fell for the country as a whole and for banks after they became foreign. The drop in the number of loans, however, was partially off-set by an increase in domestic bank loans. Further, the decline in loan and deposit accounts was more pronounced in more rural and poorer areas. Finally, only very rich and urban areas experienced an increase in branches after foreign acquisition
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Hoff, Karla Joseph E. Stiglitz
    Schlagwort(e): Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2001 Nobel Laureate in Economics, helped create the theory of markets with asymmetric information and was one of the founders of modern development economics. He played a leading role in an intellectual revolution that changed the characterization of a market economy. In the new paradigm, the price system only imperfectly solves the information problem of scarcity because of the many other information problems that arise in the economy: the selection over hidden characteristics, the provision of incentives for hidden behaviors and for innovation, and the coordination of choices over institutions
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  • 86
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Stephanou, Constantinos Bank Financing To Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises (Smes) In Colombia
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Bank Financing ; Bank Lending ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Finance Companies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Private Credit ; Public Policy ; Risk Management ; Access to Finance ; Bank Financing ; Bank Lending ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Finance Companies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Private Credit ; Public Policy ; Risk Management ; Access to Finance ; Bank Financing ; Bank Lending ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Finance Companies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Private Credit ; Public Policy ; Risk Management
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this paper is to shed light on current trends and policy challenges in the financing of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by banks in Colombia. The paper is motivated by the well-documented financing gap for SMEs, whose causes are complex and multi-dimensional. Based on data collection and interviews with the authorities, a representative sample of banks, and other relevant entities, the authors analyze the evolution and characteristics of this market in recent years. Bank financing to SMEs is becoming a strategic segment for Colombian credit institutions. The current business and risk management models for SME lending are still relatively underdeveloped, but greater sophistication is expected as the market matures. Important institutional and policy constraints to SME lending remain, but are not yet binding. In order to address these constraints before they "begin to bite", the authors identify and describe a potential policy reform agenda
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines
    Schlagwort(e): Armut ; Messung ; Theorie ; Malawi ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas
    Kurzfassung: The theory and evidence supporting a relativist approach to poverty measurement are critically reviewed. Various sources of welfare interdependence are identified, including the idea of "relative deprivation" as well other (positive and negative) welfare effects for poor people of belonging to a better-off group. An economic model combines informal risk sharing with the idea of a "positional good," and conditions are derived in which the relative deprivation effect dominates, implying a relative poverty measure. The paper then reviews the problems encountered in testing for welfare effects of relative deprivation and discusses the implications of micro evidence from Malawi. The results are consistent with the emphasis given to absolute level of living in development policy discussions. However, relative deprivation is still evident in the data from this poor but unequal country, and it is likely to become a more important factor as the country develops
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  • 88
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Brunner, Gregory Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a review of the design and experience of risk-based pension fund supervision in several countries that have been leaders in the development of these methods. The utilization of risk-based methods originates primarily in the supervision of banks. In recent years it has increasingly been extended to other types of financial intermediaries including pension funds and insurers. The trend toward risk-based supervision of pensions is closely associated with movement toward the integration of pension supervision with that of banking and other financial services into a single national authority. Although similar in concept to the techniques developed in banking, the application to pension funds has required modifications, particularly for defined contribution funds that transfer investment risk to fund members. The countries examined provide a range of experiences that illustrate both the diversity of pension systems and approaches to risk-based supervision, but also a commonality of the focus on sound risk management and effective supervisory outcomes. The paper provides a description of pension supervision in Australia, Denmark, Mexico and the Netherlands, and an initial evaluation of the results achieved in relation to the underlying objectives
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Liu, Lili Subnational Insolvency
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt restructuring ; Defaults ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial distress ; Insolvency ; Insolvency law ; Insolvency mechanisms ; Insolvency procedures ; Public Disclosure ; Strategic Debt Management ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt restructuring ; Defaults ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial distress ; Insolvency ; Insolvency law ; Insolvency mechanisms ; Insolvency procedures ; Public Disclosure ; Strategic Debt Management ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt restructuring ; Defaults ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial distress ; Insolvency ; Insolvency law ; Insolvency mechanisms ; Insolvency procedures ; Public Disclosure ; Strategic Debt Management
    Kurzfassung: Subnational insolvency is a reoccurring event in development, as demonstrated by historical and modern episodes of subnational defaults in both developed and developing countries. Insolvency procedures become more important as countries decentralize expenditure, taxation, and borrowing, and broaden subnational credit markets. As the first cross-country survey of procedures to resolve subnational financial distress, this paper has particular relevance for decentralizing countries. The authors explain central features and variations of subnational insolvency mechanisms across countries. They identify judicial, administrative, and hybrid procedures, and show how entry point and political factors drive their design. Like private insolvency law, subnational insolvency procedures predictably allocate default risk, while providing breathing space for orderly debt restructuring and fiscal adjustment. Policymakers' desire to mitigate the tension between creditor rights and the need to maintain essential public services, to strengthen ex ante fiscal rules, and to harden subnational budget constraints are motivations specific to the public sector
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  • 90
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (68 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Vittas, Dimitri Upgrading The Investment Policy Framework of Public Pension Funds
    Schlagwort(e): Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency ; Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency ; Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency
    Kurzfassung: Public pension funds have the potential to benefit from low operating costs because they enjoy economies of scale and avoid large marketing costs. But this important advantage has in most countries been dissipated by poor investment performance. The latter has been attributed to a weak governance structure, lack of independence from government interference, and a low level of transparency and public accountability. Recent years have witnessed the creation of new public pension funds in several countries, and the modernization of existing ones in others, with special emphasis placed on upgrading their investment policy framework and strengthening their governance structure. This paper focuses on the experience of four new public pension funds that have been created in Norway, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. The paper discusses the safeguards that have been introduced to ensure their independence and their insulation from political pressures. It also reviews their performance and their evolving investment strategies. All four funds started with the romantic idea of operating as 'managers of managers' and focusing on external passive management but their strategies have progressively evolved to embrace internal active management and significant investments in alternative asset classes. The paper draws lessons for other countries that wish to modernize their public pension funds
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Amin, Mohammad Competition And Demographics
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying
    Kurzfassung: Mainstream economics views demographic changes in the structure of households as of little relevance for the behavior of firms or the functioning of markets. The present paper dispels this view by arguing that changes in the number of non-workers could affect the intensity with which consumers search for best prices and therefore the level of competition. The author also analyzes the relationship between income and competition, which some studies suggest is negative. The author argues that the negative relationship is most likely due to the demographic factors discussed
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Arbache, Jorge Is Africa's Economy at a Turning Point?
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; economic expansion, economic growth, economic performance, External Shocks, growth performance, growth rates, income, inflation, low-income countries, middle-income economies ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; economic expansion, economic growth, economic performance, External Shocks, growth performance, growth rates, income, inflation, low-income countries, middle-income economies ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; economic expansion, economic growth, economic performance, External Shocks, growth performance, growth rates, income, inflation, low-income countries, middle-income economies
    Kurzfassung: In this paper, Arbache, Go, and Page examine the recent acceleration of growth in Africa. Unlike the past, the performance is now registered broadly across several types of countries-particularly the oil-exporting and resource-intensive countries and, in more recent years, the large- and middle-income economies, as well as coastal and low-income countries. The analysis confirms a trend break in the mid-1990s, identifying a growth acceleration that is due not only to favorable terms of trade and greater aid, but also to better policy. Indeed, the growth diagnostics show that more and more African countries have been able to avoid mistakes with better macropolicy, better governance, and fewer conflicts; as a result, the likelihood of growth decelerations has declined significantly. Nonetheless, the sustainability of that growth is fragile, because economic fundamentals, such as savings, investment, productivity, and export diversification, remain stagnant. The good news in the story is that African economies appear to have learned how to avoid the mistakes that led to the frequent growth collapses between 1975 and 1995. The bad news is that much less is known about the recipes for long-term success in development, such as developing the right institutions and the policies to raise savings and diversify exports, than about how to avoid economic bad times
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  • 93
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Fujii, Tomoki How Does Vietnam's Accession To The World Trade Organization Change The Spatial Incidence of Poverty?
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting
    Kurzfassung: Trade policies can promote aggregate efficiency, but the ensuing structural adjustments generally create both winners and losers. From an incomes perspective, trade liberalization can raise gross domestic product per capita, but rates of emergence from poverty depend on individual household characteristics of economic participation and asset holding. To fully realize the growth potential of trade, while limiting the risk of rising inequality, policies need to better account for microeconomic heterogeneity. One approach to this is geographic targeting that shifts resources to poor areas. This study combines an integrated microsimulation-computable general equilibrium model with small area estimation to evaluate the spatial incidence of Vietnam's accession to the World Trade Organization. Provincial-level poverty reduction after full liberalization was heterogeneous, ranging from 2.2 percent to 14.3 percent. Full liberalization will benefit the poor on a national basis, but the northwestern area of Vietnam is likely to lag behind. Furthermore, poverty can be shown to increase under comparable scenarios
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Brownbridge, Martin Fiscal Policy For Growth And Development In Tajikistan
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending
    Kurzfassung: Tajikistan's economy has recovered strongly after the collapse of the 1990s, but sustaining rapid economic growth over the long term and reducing poverty present major challenges for policymakers. This paper contributes to the debate over the strategic role for fiscal policy to play in meeting these challenges, utilizing the "fiscal space" approach to assess the long-term potential for expanding public provision of growth-promoting goods and services and evaluating the priorities for public spending. It also analyzes the long-term risks to fiscal sustainability, from external public debt and the quasi fiscal deficit of the electricity sector. The paper contends that institutional reforms in key areas, notably public financial management, tax administration, and the energy sector, are crucial for generating fiscal space and for ensuring that higher levels of public spending are translated into stronger economic growth and poverty reduction. The priorities for government spending should be education, health, and the maintenance of the core networks of the existing infrastructure for energy and transport, rather than new public investment projects
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Fafchamps, Marcel Isolation And Subjective Welfare
    DDC: 360
    Schlagwort(e): Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True ; Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True ; Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True
    Kurzfassung: Using detailed geographical and household survey data from Nepal, this article investigates the relationship between isolation and subjective welfare. This is achieved by examining how distance to markets and proximity to large urban centers are associated with responses to questions about income and consumption adequacy. Results show that isolation is associated with a significant reduction in subjective assessments of income and consumption adequacy, even after controlling for consumption expenditures and other factors. The reduction in subjective welfare associated with isolation is much larger for households that are already relatively close to markets. These findings suggest that welfare assessments based on monetary income and consumption may seriously underestimate the subjective welfare cost of isolation, and hence will tend to bias downward the assessment of benefits to isolation-reducing investments such as roads and communication infrastructure
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: van Dam, Rein Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Institutions In Denmark
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the move towards risk-based supervision of pension institutions in Denmark. Although Denmark has not adopted a comprehensive model to assess risk it has developed a number of building blocks which it uses for risk-based assessment. The motivations for improving risk assessment include a desire to identify emerging problems, and concerns about the solvency of pension institutions. In Denmark there is extensive use of guaranteed minimum returns in both the accumulation and payout phases which create substantial obligations on pension institutions, and focus attention on the integrity and solvency of the institutions which provide them. In conjunction with freeing up investment restrictions and moving towards market valuation of assets, the supervisor has introduced a 'traffic light' stress test model which calculates the effect of several market scenarios - the red test which is the more plausible and the yellow test which is possible but less likely. In addition to the use of the traffic light system, there has been a growing emphasis on the adequacy of internal risk control systems and greater reliance on market discipline. Pension institutions have sought to reduce their exposure to market volatility by better matching of assets and liabilities. There is a much better understanding of the risks inherent in the pension institutions' portfolios, and there has been a substantial increase in the use of hedging instruments
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Keefer, Philip The Development Impact of The Illegality of Drug Trade
    Schlagwort(e): Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug Trade ; Drug trafficking ; Drugs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Narcotic ; Narcotic drug ; Narcotic drugs ; Organized crime ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Violence ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug Trade ; Drug trafficking ; Drugs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Narcotic ; Narcotic drug ; Narcotic drugs ; Organized crime ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Violence ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug Trade ; Drug trafficking ; Drugs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Narcotic ; Narcotic drug ; Narcotic drugs ; Organized crime ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Violence
    Kurzfassung: This essay reviews many of the less considered consequences of the war on drugs, particularly the consequences for developing countries, and weighs them against the evidence that exists regarding the likely efficacy of current strategies to curb drug use and trade. The most important unintended consequences of drug prohibition are the following. First, the large demand for drugs, particularly in developed countries, generates the possibility of massive profits to potential drug providers. Since they cannot be organized freely and under the protection of the law, they resort to the formation of organized crime groups, using violence and corruption as their means of survival and expansion. In severe cases, the challenge to the state is such that public stability and safety are severely compromised. Second, prohibition and its derived illegal market imply the expropriation of endowments and resources used to produce and trade drugs. In many instances, this entails the transfer of wealth from poor to rich countries and from poor peasants to rich (and ruthless) traders. Third, criminalization can exacerbate the net health effects of drug use. These consequences are so pernicious that they call for a fundamental review of drug policy around the world
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  • 98
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Le, Tuan Minh Expanding Taxable Capacity And Reaching Revenue Potential
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Policy ; Tax administration ; Tax base ; Tax collection ; Tax expenditures ; Tax reforms ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Policy ; Tax administration ; Tax base ; Tax collection ; Tax expenditures ; Tax reforms ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Tax ; Tax Policy ; Tax administration ; Tax base ; Tax collection ; Tax expenditures ; Tax reforms ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Kurzfassung: An effective tax system is fundamental for successful country development. The first step to understand public revenue systems is to establish some commonly agreed performance measurements and benchmarks. This paper employs a cross-country study to estimate tax capacity from a sample of 104 countries during 1994-2003. The estimation results are then used as benchmarks to compare taxable capacity and tax effort in different countries. Taxable capacity refers to the predicted tax-gross domestic product ratio that can be estimated with the regression, taking into account a country's specific economic, demographic, and institutional features. Tax effort is defined as an index of the ratio between the share of the actual tax collection in gross domestic product and the predicted taxable capacity. The authors classify countries into four distinct groups by their level of actual tax collection and attained tax effort. This classification is based on the benchmark of the global average of tax collection and a tax effort index of 1 (when tax collection is exactly the same as the estimated taxable capacity). The analysis provides guidance for countries with various levels of tax collection and tax effort
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Reuter, Peter Can Production And Trafficking of Illicit Drugs Be Reduced Or Merely Shifted?
    Schlagwort(e): Addiction ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug control programs ; Drug trafficking ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heroin ; Illicit Drugs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Trafficking ; Addiction ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug control programs ; Drug trafficking ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heroin ; Illicit Drugs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Trafficking ; Addiction ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Corruption ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Drug ; Drug control programs ; Drug trafficking ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heroin ; Illicit Drugs ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Development ; Trafficking
    Kurzfassung: The production of cocaine and heroin, the two most important drugs economically, has been concentrated in a small number of poor nations for 25 years. A slightly larger number of developing nations have been affected by large-scale trafficking in these two drugs. This paper reviews what is known about drug control programs and considers non-traditional options. The usual array of programs for suppressing drug problems, enforcement, treatment, harm reduction and prevention have been assessed almost exclusively in wealthy nations. Although treatment has been shown to be cost-effective, it is of minimal relevance for reducing the drug problems of nations such as Afghanistan, Colombia, Mexico or Tajikistan, which are primarily harmed by production and trafficking rather than consumption. Efforts to reduce drug production and trafficking have not been subject to systematic evaluation but the best interpretation of the available evidence is that they have had minimal effect on the quantities produced or trafficked. It is reasonable to conclude that international drug control efforts can do more to affect where these drugs are produced rather than the quantity. If that is the case, and given that spreading a specific level of production or trafficking to more rather than fewer nations probably decreases global welfare, it may be appropriate to consider a less aggressive stance to current producers and to make strategic decisions about the location of an industry producing a global bad
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Straub, Stephane Infrastructure And Economic Growth In East Asia
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines whether infrastructure investment has contributed to East Asia's economic growth using both a growth accounting framework and cross-country regressions. For most of the variables used, both the growth accounting exercise and cross-country regressions fail to find a significant link between infrastructure, productivity and growth. These conclusions contrast strongly with previous studies finding positive and significant effect for all infrastructure variables in the context of a production function study. This leads us to conclude that results from studies using macro-level data should be considered with extreme caution. The Authors suggest that infrastructure investment may have had the primary function of relieving constraints and bottlenecks as they arose, as opposed to directly encouraging growth
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