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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Opladen : Westdt. Verl. [urspr.] | Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
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    Language: German
    Note: Erscheint lt. Verlag nicht, 2012,3
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9783531168173
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 1500 S. , 210 mm x 148 mm
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 2008 ; CD-ROM ; Soziologie ; Sozialer Wandel
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531199634
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VIII, 386 S. 29 Abb, online resource)
    Edition: 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage
    Series Statement: Quartiersforschung
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Quartiersforschung
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social Sciences ; Human Geography ; Social sciences ; Human Geography ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Stadtviertel ; Stadtforschung
    Abstract: Theoretische Perspektiven auf das Quartier -- Prozesse, Steuerung und Governance im Quartierskontext -- Quartiere im soziodemographischen Wandel.
    Abstract: Wohnviertel, Stadtquartiere, Kieze: Für BewohnerInnen sind sie nicht mehr und nicht weniger als die lokale Verankerung in der (Groß)stadt und der globalisierten Welt. In der Wissenschaft existieren inzwischen vielfältige Diskurse über den lokalen Nahraum. Ebenso wichtig ist das Quartier als strategische Planungskategorie: Es hat als Meso-Level zwischen Stadt und Individualebene in den letzten Jahren geradezu Karriere gemacht – im Rahmen von Stadtentwicklungsprogrammen ebenso wie in der Wohnungswirtschaft. Mit dem Ziel, einen vertieften Dialog anzustoßen, zeigen die AutorInnen dieser aktualisierten und erweiterten Neuauflage des ersten Bandes der Reihe „Quartiersforschung“ aus der Perspektive verschiedener Fachrichtungen und der Praxis wichtige Themenfelder einer intensivierten Quartiersforschung auf. Das Spektrum der Beiträge reicht von kritisch-raumtheoretischen über kommunale bis hin zu wohnungswirtschaftlich-städtebaulichen Betrachtungen. Der Inhalt -Theoretische Perspektiven auf das Quartier -Prozesse, Steuerung und Governance im Quartierskontext -Quartiere im soziodemographischen Wandel Die Zielgruppen -Dozierende und Studierende der Stadtgeographie, der Stadtsoziologie und verwandter Disziplinen -Akteure aus der Praxis der Stadtplanung, der (Kommunal-)Politik und der Wohnungswirtschaft Der Herausgeber PD Dr. Olaf Schnur vertritt die Professur für Stadt- und Quartiersforschung am Geographischen Institut der Universität Tübingen.
    Description / Table of Contents: Theoretische Perspektiven auf das QuartierProzesse, Steuerung und Governance im Quartierskontext -- Quartiere im soziodemographischen Wandel.
    Note: Literaturangaben , Description based upon print version of record
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531199450
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 392 S. 9 Abb, online resource)
    Edition: 2., überarbeitete und aktualisierte Aufl. 2014
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Handbuch Migrationsarbeit
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Migration ; Social Sciences ; Social work ; Emigration and immigration. ; Political science. ; Sociology. ; Social sciences ; Social work ; Migration ; Migration ; Social Sciences ; Social sciences ; Social work ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Einwanderer ; Interkulturelle Sozialarbeit
    Abstract: MigrantInnenarbeit – eine Einführung -- Theoretische Einführung -- Aktivierung von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Theorie und Praxis -- Fazit.
    Abstract: Deutsche mit Migrationshintergrund und Migrantinnen und Migranten aus verschiedenen Ländern sind Realität geworden in unserer Gesellschaft. Gleichzeitig müssen wir jedoch auch feststellen, dass gesellschaftliche Teilhabe und Chancengleichheit für diese Menschen nicht vorhanden ist. Mit der Anerkennung des Einwanderungslandes Deutschland und der Tatsache der Benachteiligung werfen sich nun Fragen auf. Wie können Benachteiligungen abgebaut werden? Was kann die deutsche Mehrheitsgesellschaft tun und was können die Minderheiten tun? Wie kann ein Gleichgewicht hergestellt werden? Welche Maßnahmen müssen ergriffen werden, um eine Integration im Sinne einer echten Teilhabe zu erreichen? Dieses Handbuch gibt Antworten und Empfehlungen für die praktische Umsetzung der Konzepte. Die zweite Auflage wurde umfassend überarbeitet und aktualisiert. Der Inhalt · MigrantInnenarbeit – eine Einführung · Theoretische Einführung · Aktivierung von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Theorie und Praxis · Fazit Die Zielgruppen · In der Migrations- und Integrationsarbeit tätige Praktiker · Sozialwissenschaftler allgemein, sowie speziell Forschende und Lehrende im Bereich Migration/Integration · Studierende in Studiengängen oder mit Interessenschwerpunkt im Bereich Migration/Integration · Politiker und allgemeine Öffentlichkeit Die Herausgeber Dr. Britta Marschke, Internationale Akademie für innovative Pädagogik, Psychologie und Ökonomie (INA) gGmbH an der Freien Universität Berlin. Dr. Heinz Ulrich Brinkmann, Politologe, Alfter.
    Description / Table of Contents: MigrantInnenarbeit - eine EinführungTheoretische Einführung -- Aktivierung von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Theorie und Praxis -- Fazit.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783531198972 , 3531198971
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VIII, 130 Seiten) , 9 Abb.
    Edition: 3rd ed. 2014
    Series Statement: Qualitative Sozialforschung
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strübing, Jörg Grounded Theory
    DDC: 301.01
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    Keywords: Grounded theory ; Methodologie ; Sociology Methodology ; Psychology Methodology ; Sociology ; Communication ; Political science ; Sociological Methods ; Psychological Methods ; Sociological Theory ; Media and Communication ; Political Science
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783531199900 , 3531199900
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XII, 212 Seiten) , 45 Abb.
    Edition: 3rd ed. 2014
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schäfers, Bernhard Architektursoziologie
    DDC: 306
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    Keywords: Architektur ; Soziologie ; Culture ; Architecture ; Sociology, Urban ; Sociology of Culture ; Architecture ; Urban Sociology
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783531199399 , 3531199390
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 310 Seiten) , 18 Abb.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2014
    Series Statement: Organisation und Gesellschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kompetenz
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Economic sociology ; Sociology ; Economic Sociology ; Sociological Theory ; Sociology
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783531928685
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (256 pages)
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Soziologie ; Kulturanthropologie ; Soziologische Theorie ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Der Göttinger Soziologe Konrad Thomas, dessen scripta minora hier in Auswahl vorliegen, hat für die neuen Problemlagen wie ‚Rivalität und Konkurrenz', ‚Ethnien und Staaten' oder ‚Anthropologie und Soziologie' wichtige Theoreme entwickelt und Interpretationen geliefert. Er zeichnet sich durch einen musikalischen Sinn für den Ton von Einmütigkeit, Spannung oder Streit aus, die Wissenschaftler für die Erforschung der sozialen und kulturellen Welt des Menschen benötigen. Die Spannung zwischen theoretischer Soziologie, die die philosophischen Grundlagen des Faches reflektiert, und soziologischer Theorie, die für das disziplinäre Arbeiten Rahmen und Werkzeug liefert, ist in den Texten von Konrad Thomas präsent.
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783531943107
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (248 pages)
    DDC: 302.231
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    Keywords: Politische Kommunikation ; Politische Beteiligung ; Politische Mobilisierung ; Internet ; Nutzung ; Digitale Spaltung
    Abstract: Die mobilisierende Wirkung digitaler Medien auf die politische Beteiligung der BürgerInnen ist ein Schwerpunkt der politischen Kommunikationsforschung. Im Mittelpunkt der Studie steht die Frage, ob sich mit dem Internet neue Ungleichgewichte in der individuellen politischen Kommunikation ergeben: Erweitern oder schließen sich die sogenannten digitalen Gräben? Wen mobilisiert das Internet zu politischer Kommunikation und wen nicht? Markus Seifert präsentiert auf empirischer Basis neue Erkenntnisse zum Einfluss des Internets auf die politische Teilhabe.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783531915050
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (194 pages)
    DDC: 305.48
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    Keywords: Einwanderer ; Soziale Integration ; Politische Einstellung ; Umfrage ; Mainz
    Abstract: Repräsentative empirische Studien über Ausländer sind selten. Vor diesem Hintergrund liefert die Untersuchung von Claudio Caballero auf Basis der Mainzer Ausländerstudie mit fast 1800 Befragten wertvolle Erkenntnisse über Integrationsformen und grundlegende politische Einstellungen von in Deutschland lebenden Ausländern. Die Befürwortung demokratischer Prinzipien sowie die Akzeptanz politischer Institutionen und Akteure konstituieren die Unterstützung des politischen Systems. Der Autor zeigt, dass ein zwar differenzierter, aber dennoch klar positiver Zusammenhang zwischen gesellschaftlicher Integration und politischer Unterstützung besteht. Hier aufgewachsene Ausländer können prinzipiell einen ähnlichen Sozialisationsprozess wie deutsche Staatsbürger durchlaufen, was die Herausbildung eines vergleichbaren, systemstabilisierenden Sets an Grundeinstellungen wahrscheinlich werden lässt. Hingegen können Ausländer als Folge von Integrationsdefiziten negative Einstellungen gegenüber dem politischen System aufweisen. Der Integrationsförderung kommt insofern eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu, als sie langfristig zur Entwicklung von politischer Unterstützung und somit zur Stabilisierung des politischen Systems beiträgt.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783531927800
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (230 pages)
    Series Statement: Theorie und Praxis öffentlicher Kommunikation
    DDC: 305.809
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    Keywords: Massenmedien ; Soziale Wirklichkeit ; Soziale Konstruktion ; Schlüsselereignis ; Berichterstattung ; Nachrichtenauswahl ; Theorie ; Publizistikwissenschaft ; Ereignis ; Begriff ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Das aktuelle Geschehen, über das die Massenmedien berichten, ist selbst häufig schon eine Folge der vorangegangenen Medienberichterstattung. Zudem findet das aktuelle Geschehen häufig nur deshalb statt, weil die Akteure erwarten, dass die Medien darüber berichten. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem aktuellen Geschehen, der Medienberichterstattung und ihren Folgen ist deshalb komplexer als die Medienwirkungsforschung vermuten lässt. Es ist jedoch nicht beliebig, sondern folgt erkennbaren Konstruktionsprinzipien, die man theoretisch erklären und empirisch nachweisen kann. Die Grundlagen hierfür liefern Begriffe, mit denen man verschiedene Aspekte der dargestellten Realität, der Realitätsdarstellung der Medien und der Realitätswahrnehmung der Bevölkerung unterscheiden, messen, in Beziehung setzen und erklären kann.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783531919089
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (257 pages)
    DDC: 305.8
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    Keywords: Neue Medien ; Jugendkultur ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Jugend ist gegenwärtig nicht nur Offline-Jugend, sondern zugleich Online-Jugend. Auch die in diesem Band im Mittelpunkt stehenden jugendkulturellen Vergemeinschaftungsformen, in deren Rahmen sich Jugendliche selbst darstellen, mit ihrer Identität auseinandersetzen und soziales Miteinander von Gleichgesinnten finden können - sei es HipHop, Gothic, Techno oder sei es neuerdings die Emo- oder Visual Kei-Szene -, sind heute nicht mehr denkbar ohne ihre Erweiterungen im Internet. Insofern sind Jugendkulturen immer auch digitale Jugendkulturen. Freilich nutzen nicht alle jugendkulturellen Gesellungen Internet, Computer und mobile Geräte (Handys, Smartphones, portable Spielkonsolen etc.) in gleichem Maße. Was also sind die Kennzeichen digitaler Jugendkulturen? Zu welchen Zwecken werden überhaupt welche digitalen Medien in welchen Jugendkulturen benutzt? Und: Gibt es tatsächlich eine Cybergeneration?.
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783531919294
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (373 pages)
    DDC: 303.33
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    Keywords: Politische Führung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Westliche Welt ; Fallstudiensammlung
    Abstract: Explorative Studien weisen seit langem darauf hin, dass die Führungsstile von Regierungschefs im internationalen Vergleich deutlich variieren. Dieser Sammelband geht diesem Sachverhalt genauer auf den Grund und zeigt Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede politischer Führungsmuster in komparativer Perspektive auf. In elf Fallstudien werden die Führungsstile in parlamentarischen und präsidentiellen Regierungssystemen, in föderalen und einheitsstaatlichen Ordnungen sowie in etablierten Demokratien und Transformationsstaaten dargestellt. Beiträge zum Stand der interdisziplinären Führungsforschung erschließen zudem den nötigen theoretischen Rahmen, um die Ergebnisse zu erklären.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    ISBN: 9783531933160
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (146 pages)
    DDC: 305.235
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    Keywords: Einwanderer ; Repräsentation ; Migrationshintergrund ; Bevölkerung ; Politische Beteiligung ; Deutschland ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Die politische Partizipation von Migranten und Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund hat in den letzten Jahren zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Doch wo liegen die Fortschritte und wo gibt es Verbesserungsbedarf? In diesem Sammelband befassen sich 18 Politiker, Migrantenvertreter, Aktivisten und Autoren mit der Rolle von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in der Politik der Bundesrepublik. Dabei nehmen sie eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme der gegenwärtigen Repräsentation von Migranten in der deutschen Politiklandschaft vor. Ergänzt wird dies durch Vorschläge für eine bessere Einbindung dieser gesellschaftlichen Gruppe sowie durch Schilderungen persönlicher Erfahrungen. Die Themen der Beiträge reichen dabei vom Verhältnis zwischen Deutschen und Migranten über die Rolle der Medien bis zu Identitätsfragen und der Teilhabe junger Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531199399
    Language: German
    Pages: VI, 310 S. 18 Abb
    Series Statement: Organisation und Gesellschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.3
    Keywords: Social sciences ; Soziologische Theorie ; Fähigkeit ; Organisation ; Netzwerk ; Individuum ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Online-Ressource ; Individuum ; Organisation ; Netzwerk ; Fähigkeit ; Soziologische Theorie ; Online-Ressource
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531199900
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 212 S. 45 Abb, online resource)
    Edition: 3., aktualisierte und erweiterte Aufl. 2015
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Schäfers, Bernhard, 1939 - Architektursoziologie
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Schäfers, Bernhard, 1939 - [Soziologie der Architektur und der Stadt ; [Bd. 1]: Architektursoziologie
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Social Sciences ; Architecture ; Culture. ; Urban planning. ; City planning. ; Social sciences ; Architecture ; Architektur ; Soziologie
    Abstract: Architektur und Architektursoziologie -- Raum und räumliches Verhalten -- Symbole und Zeichen, Semiotik und Architektursprache -- Architektur seit der ‚Doppelrevolution‘ -- Aufbruch in die Moderne -- Grundlagen der Moderne -- NS-Architektur. Unterbrechung der Moderne -- Durchsetzung des Internationalen Stils -- Von der zweiten Gründerzeit zur Postmoderne -- Auf dem Weg zur zweiten Moderne -- Bauen für die Demokratie -- Partizipatives Bauen -- Architektur als Beruf. Baukultur.
    Abstract: Diese Einführung vermittelt in drei Großkapiteln die Grundlagen einer Soziologie der Architektur, liefert einen Überblick über die Epochen seit 1800 und beschreibt die Themen- und Praxisfelder. Dies ist der erste Band der zweibändigen Soziologie der Architektur und der Stadt. Der Inhalt Architektur und Architektursoziologie • Raum und räumliches Verhalten • Symbole und Zeichen, Semiotik und Architektursprache • Architektur seit der ‚Doppelrevolution‘ • Aufbruch in die Moderne • Grundlagen der Moderne • NS-Architektur. Unterbrechung der Moderne • Durchsetzung des Internationalen Stils • Von der zweiten Gründerzeit zur Postmoderne • Auf dem Weg zur zweiten Moderne • Bauen für die Demokratie • Partizipatives Bauen • Architektur als Beruf. Baukultur Die Zielgruppen · Studierende und Lehrende der Soziologie mit Schwerpunkt Stadt- und Architektursoziologie · Alle, die an Architektur als materielle Grundlage des sozialen Lebens interessiert sind Der Autor Prof. em. Dr. Bernhard Schäfers war Leiter des Instituts für Soziologie an der Universität Karlsruhe (TH; jetzt KIT) und Zweitmitglied der Fakultät für Architektur. Er ist Mitglied der Deutschen Akademie für Städtebau und Landesplanung.
    Description / Table of Contents: Architektur und ArchitektursoziologieRaum und räumliches Verhalten -- Symbole und Zeichen, Semiotik und Architektursprache -- Architektur seit der ‚Doppelrevolution‘ -- Aufbruch in die Moderne -- Grundlagen der Moderne -- NS-Architektur. Unterbrechung der Moderne -- Durchsetzung des Internationalen Stils -- Von der zweiten Gründerzeit zur Postmoderne -- Auf dem Weg zur zweiten Moderne -- Bauen für die Demokratie -- Partizipatives Bauen -- Architektur als Beruf. Baukultur.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783531199030 , 353119903X
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XII, 448 Seiten) , 4 Abb.
    Edition: 3rd ed. 2014
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zygmunt Bauman
    DDC: 301.01
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    Keywords: Bauman, Zygmunt ; Moderne ; Soziologische Theorie ; Sociology ; Political science ; Sociological Theory ; Political Theory ; Sociology ; Einführung ; Einführung ; Einführung
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cojocaru, Alexandru Should Income Inequality be Reduced and Who Should Benefit?
    Abstract: This paper examines support for reducing inequality and for income redistribution to specific groups in Europe and Central Asia. The paper uses the Life in Transition Survey to analyze cross-country differences in redistributive preferences and the determinants of individual-level differences in such preferences. The analysis tests for various possible motivations, such as self-interest, beliefs about the fairness of the income-generating process, past social mobility experience, or expectations of future social mobility. Fewer people wanted to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor in 2010 than in 2006 in transition countries. Support for redistribution toward specific groups is highest for the disabled and the elderly, but there is high heterogeneity across countries in support for various redistributive policies, as well as in the alignment between average beliefs and actual policies. The empirical analysis confirms the importance of beliefs about fairness in influencing redistributive preferences, together with self-interest and past and expected social mobility in European Union member states (Western European and new member states), but only to a limited extent in the non-European Union member state group of transition countries. Regarding redistribution to specific groups, self-interest appears to be an important motivation for support for the elderly and families with children, whereas values and beliefs are important drivers of support for the working poor and the unemployed. Although framing matters, the results are broadly robust to alternative measures of support for reducing inequality
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: de Walque, Damien Rewarding Safer Sex
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Barbier, Edward B Poverty and the Spatial Distribution of Rural Population
    Abstract: According to global spatial data sets in 2000 more than one-third of the rural population in developing countries was located on less favored agricultural land and areas. Less favored agricultural lands are susceptible to low productivity and degradation, because their agricultural potential is constrained biophysically by terrain, poor soil quality, or limited rainfall. Less favored agricultural areas include less favored agricultural lands plus favorable agricultural land that is remote, that is, land in rural areas with high agricultural potential but with limited access. The paper presents tests of whether these spatial distributions of rural population influence poverty directly or indirectly via income growth in 83 developing countries from 2000 to 2012. The analysis finds no evidence of a direct impact on poverty, but there is a significant indirect impact via the elasticity of poverty reduction with respect to growth. Reducing poverty requires targeting rural populations in less favored lands and remote areas, in addition to encouraging out-migration in some areas
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Toman, Michael The Need for Multiple Types of Information to Inform Climate Change Assessment
    Abstract: Information on ecosystem characteristics as well as economic statistics is needed to more fully inform decision makers on the impacts of climate change on human well-being. Climate change risks involve potentially large and irreversible as well as highly uncertain impacts that need to be evaluated with information that complements cost-benefit analysis. Information on the irreversibility of impacts also is relevant for evaluating implications for intergenerational equity. In addition, climate change is subject to a large degree of Knightian uncertainty, making it useful to understand how individuals perceive and evaluate climate change risks
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Azevedo, João Pedro Fiscal Adjustment and Income Inequality
    Abstract: The paper combines state-level fiscal data with household survey data to assess the links between sub-national fiscal policy and income inequality in Brazil over the period 1995-2011. The results indicate that a tighter fiscal stance at the sub-national level is not associated with a deterioration in inequality measures. This finding contrasts with the conclusions of several papers in the burgeoning literature on the effects of fiscal consolidation on inequality using national data for OECD economies. In addition, the authors find that a tighter stance is typically positively associated with a measure of "shared prosperity". Hence, the results caution against extrapolating policy implications of the literature focusing on advanced economies to other settings
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bulman, David Transitioning from Low-Income Growth to High-Income Growth
    Keywords: Wachstumspolitik ; Wirkungsanalyse
    Abstract: Is there a "middle income trap"? Theory suggests that the determinants of growth at low and high income levels may be different. If countries struggle to transition from growth strategies that are effective at low income levels to growth strategies that are effective at high income levels, they may stagnate at some middle income level; this phenomenon can be thought of as a "middle income trap." This paper does not find evidence for (unusual) stagnation at any particular middle income level. However, it does find evidence that the determinants of growth at low and high income levels differ. These findings suggest a mixed conclusion: middle-income countries may need to change growth strategies to transition smoothly to high-income growth strategies, but this can be done smoothly and does not imply the existence of a middle income trap
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Amendola, Nicola Durable Goods and Poverty Measurement
    Abstract: The paper focuses on durable goods and their role in the measurement of living standards. The paper reviews the theoretical underpinnings of the methods available to estimate the value of the services flowing from consumer durable goods. It also provides a unified framework that encompasses the acquisition approach, the rental equivalent approach, and the user cost approach. The pros and cons of each method are discussed in the context of poverty and inequality analysis and it is argued that the user cost should receive the highest consideration
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lakner, Christoph Twinning the Goals
    Abstract: In 2013, the World Bank adopted two goals: First, reduce global extreme poverty to 3 percent by 2030. Second, promote shared prosperity defined as the income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population within a country. This paper simulates the global poverty headcount under three growth scenarios for the bottom 40 percent up to 2030. The analysis deploys a set of "shared prosperity premiums," in which the bottom 40 percent in each country grows at a differential rate from the projected growth in the mean. With no distributional change, the global headcount reaches between 6.7 and 4.7 percent in 2030, depending on the average growth scenario used for the simulations. However, if the incomes of the bottom 40 percent grow 2 percentage points faster than the mean, the World Bank' poverty goal is achieved with the global poverty falling to below 3 percent in 2030 in the scenarios which average growth rates are extrapolated from the early 2000s. While such a "shared prosperity premium" is not unprecedented in recent growth spells, maintaining it over 20 years in every country is optimistic. The paper shows that in the baseline growth scenario, the global poverty rate could either reach the 3 percent target, or be close to 10 percent, depending on the "shared prosperity premium
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Qureshi, Zia The Post-Crisis Growth Slowdown in Emerging Economies and the Role of Structural Reforms
    Abstract: This paper constructs indicators of structural bottlenecks arising from barriers to open markets, obstacles to business operations, and constraints to access to finance. Empirical evidence from a sample of 30 emerging economies indicates that barriers to open markets and access to finance are significantly associated with differences in total factor productivity growth in the post-global financial crisis period compared with the pre-crisis period-with countries with fewer barriers showing stronger recovery and resilience. Barriers to access to finance are also associated with differences in the performance of private investment. Reforms to improve the policy framework in these areas, up to the level of the best-ranking countries, could offset the recently observed growth slowdown in emerging economies. These reforms would revitalize potential growth and mitigate the risks from external shocks associated with the global environment in the transition from the global financial crisis
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Messina, Julián Evolving Wage Cyclicality in Latin America
    Abstract: A vector autoregression model with time-varying coefficients is used to examine the evolution of wage cyclicality in four Latin American economies: Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, during the period 1980-2010. Wages are highly pro-cyclical in all countries up to the mid-1990s except in Chile. Wage cyclicality declines thereafter, especially in Brazil and Colombia. This decline in wage cyclicality is in accordance with declining real-wage flexibility in a low-inflation environment. Controlling for compositional effects caused by changes in labor force participation along the business cycle does not alter these results
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kanbur, Ravi How Useful is Inequality of Opportunity as a Policy Construct?
    Keywords: Bildungschancen ; Einkommensverteilung ; Sozialer Indikator ; Ethik
    Abstract: The academic literature on equality of opportunity has burgeoned. The concepts and measures have begun to be used by policy institutions, including in specific sectors such as health and education. It is argued that one advantage of focusing on equality of opportunity is that policy makers are more responsive to that discourse than to equality of outcomes per se. This paper presents a critique of equality of opportunity in the policy context. Although the empirical analysis to which the literature has given rise is useful and is to be welcomed, current methods for quantifying and implementing the concept with a view to informing the policy discourse face a series of fundamental questions that remain unanswered. Without a full appreciation of these difficulties, the methods may prove to be misleading in the policy context
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Dillon, Brian Agricultural Factor Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: This paper uses the recently collected Living Standard Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture Initiative data sets from five countries in Sub-Saharan Africa to provide a comprehensive overview of land and labor market participation by agrarian households and to formally test for failures in factor markets. Under complete and competitive markets, households can solve their consumption and production problems separately, so that household factor endowments do not predict input demand. This paper implements a simple, theoretically grounded test of this separation hypothesis, which can be interpreted as a reduced form test of factor market failure. In all five study countries, the analysis finds strong evidence of factor market failure. Moreover, those failures appear general and structural, not specific to subpopulations defined by gender or geography
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Camacho, Adriana Addressing Access and Behavioral Constraints through Social Intermediation Services
    Keywords: Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Sozialleistungsempfänger ; Rationalität ; Sozialer Dienst ; Chile ; Kolumbien
    Abstract: Social programs are often designed under the assumption that individuals make rational decisions that improve their welfare. Yet, informational and behavioral constraints limit the extreme and chronic poor's access and participation in social programs. This paper reviews the implementation and performance of two "social intermediation services" that were designed to address these constraints, improve beneficiaries' access to social programs, and help the poor surmount poverty: Chile Solidario, the first such service in Latin America, and Red Unidos, implemented later in Colombia. The analysis provides insights on key factors influencing performance, cost effectiveness, and the impacts that such services can be expected to have
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita Climate Change, Soil Salinity, and the Economics of High-Yield Rice Production in Coastal Bangladesh
    Abstract: It is a virtual certainty that sea-level rise will continue throughout the century and beyond 2100 even if greenhouse gas emissions are stabilized in the near future. Understanding the economic impacts of salinity intrusion thus is essential for planning adaptation in low-lying coastal areas around the world. This paper presents a case study in Bangladesh on how climate change leads to the spread of soil salinity and the impact on agricultural production in the coastal region. The analysis is conducted in two stages. The first stage predicts future soil salinity for 69 subdistricts, taking into account climate-induced changes in river salinity, temperature, and rainfall by 2050. The second stage uses econometric analysis to predict the impact of climate-induced increases in soil salinity on the output and price of high-yielding-variety rice. The findings indicate output declines of 15.6 percent in nine subdistricts where soil salinity will exceed 4 deciSiemens per meter before 2050. Without newly developed coping strategies, the predicted changes will produce significant income declines from high-yielding-variety rice production in many areas, including a 10.5 percent loss in Barisal region and a 7.5 percent loss in Chittagong region
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Taaffe, Jessica A Comprehensive Review of Empirical and Modeled HIV Incidence Trends (1990-2012)
    Abstract: An accurate measurement of HIV incidence is a key for policy makers and HIV program managers directing national HIV response. However, there is no perfect method to measure or estimate the rate at which new HIV infections occur in a population. This review compiles and triangulates longitudinal HIV incidence and prevalence data from published studies and trials, national reports and surveys, and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS estimates from the Spectrum model, focusing on 20 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with generalized HIV epidemics. Three main points can be taken from this analysis of HIV incidence trends. First, modeled HIV incidence and nationally reported HIV prevalence levels in young females suggest that national HIV incidence has declined since 2000 in all except three countries analyzed (stable estimated HIV trends in Burkina Faso, Burundi, and Uganda), but trial and survey data suggest that in some demographics, HIV incidence remains critically high. Second, all modeled national HIV incidence curves and most empirically observed trends commenced a downward trajectory prior to the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy programs around 2004, suggesting the contribution of other factors, such as HIV prevention programs and natural epidemic dynamics, to this decline. Third, modeled HIV incidence estimates, including the incidence peaks in the past, exhibit much variation between Spectrum model versions and when new data are added, emphasizing the uncertainty of model outputs and the need to use incidence estimates with caution
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cororaton, Caesar B The Impact of Exogenous Shocks on Households in the Pacific
    Abstract: This paper seeks to provide evidence on the extent of household vulnerability to exogenous economic shocks in the Pacific region and consider policy options that help to manage this risk. Characteristics of the region such as remoteness, small size, dispersion, and urbanizing populations lead to pronounced vulnerabilities. The paper presents macroeconomic and distributional analysis and complements it with results of a micro-simulation model customized for this work based on a model used previously by the World Bank to analyze the impacts of the Food and Fuel Price Crisis. The results of micro-simulations serve to highlight the very high levels of economic vulnerability faced in the region. Impacts of economic shocks are not confined to well-off individuals, but have major impacts on the poor. Even moderate shocks are likely to push sizeable fractions of the population below the poverty line. The shocks considered are not worst case scenarios, but those that can and have occurred frequently. The results show that households are hard hit by increases in oil prices, especially in remote islands where freight costs are higher, while countries on aggregate, and individual households, are exposed to volatility in the prices of the one or two imported food commodities that they depend on. Livelihoods are also often driven by external demand. In particular, many poor households in countries like Papua New Guinea have livelihood strategies centered on cash crops. The results point to the importance of helping households of the Pacific to manage the risk inherent in their lives while prudently using macroeconomic tools at the disposal of the government
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Biller, Dan A Dynamic Spatial Model of Rural-Urban Transformation with Public Goods
    Abstract: This paper develops a dynamic model that explains the pattern of population and production allocation in an economy with an urban location and a rural one. Agglomeration economies make urban dwellers benefit from a larger population living in the city and urban firms become more productive when they operate in locations with a larger labor force. However, congestion costs associated with a too large population size limit the process of urban-rural transformation. Firms in the urban location also benefit from a public good that enhances their productivity. The model predicts that in the competitive equilibrium the urban location is inefficiently small because households fail to internalize the agglomeration economies and the positive effect of public goods in urban production
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ozier, Owen Exploiting Externalities to Estimate the Long-Term Effects of Early Childhood Deworming
    Keywords: Basisgesundheitsversorgung ; Ländliches Gesundheitswesen ; Kinderschutz ; Ernährung ; Bildungsverhalten ; Kenia
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether a large-scale deworming intervention aimed at primary school pupils in western Kenya had long-term effects on young children in the region. The paper exploits positive externalities from the program to estimate the impact on younger children who did not receive treatment directly. Ten years after the intervention, large cognitive effects are found - comparable to between 0.5 and 0.8 years of schooling - for children who were less than one year old when their communities received mass deworming treatment. Because mass deworming was administered through schools, effects are estimated among children who were likely to have older siblings in schools receiving the treatment directly; in this subpopulation, effects are nearly twice as large
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz Foreign Bank Subsidiaries' Default Risk During the Global Crisis
    Keywords: Bankenkrise ; Portfolio-Management ; Bank ; Ausländische Tochtergesellschaft ; Black-Scholes-Modell ; Kreditrisiko
    Abstract: This paper examines the association between the default risk of foreign bank subsidiaries and their parents during the global financial crisis, with the purpose of understanding what factors can help insulate affiliates from their parents. The paper finds evidence of a significant positive correlation between parent banks' and foreign subsidiaries' default risk. This correlation is lower for subsidiaries that have higher capital, retail deposit funding, and profitability ratios and that are more independently managed from their parents. Host country regulations also influence the extent to which shocks to the parents affect the subsidiaries' default risk. In particular, the correlation between the default risk of the subsidiary and the parent is lower for subsidiaries operating in countries that impose higher capital, reserve, provisioning, and disclosure requirements and tougher restrictions on bank activities
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Xu, Lixin Colin Water Quality, Brawn, and Education
    Abstract: Although previous research has demonstrated the health benefits of water treatment programs, relatively little is known about the effect of water treatment on education. This paper examines the educational benefits to rural youth in China of a major drinking water treatment program started in the 1980s, perhaps the largest of such programs in the world. By employing a cross-sectional data set (constructed from a longitudinal data set covering two decades) with more than 4,700 individuals between 18 and 25 years old, the analysis finds that this health program has improved the individuals' education substantially, increasing the grades of education completed by 1.08 years. The qualitative results hold when the analysis controls for local educational policies and resources, village dummies, and distance of villages to schools, and by instrumenting the water treatment dummy with villages' topographic features, among others. Moreover, three findings render support to the brawn theory of gender division of labor: girls benefit much more from water treatment than boys in schooling attainment; youth with an older brother benefit more than youth with an older sister; and boys gain more body mass than girls do from having access to treated water. The program can account for the gender gap in educational attainment in rural China in the sample period. Young people that had access to treated plant water in early childhood (0-2 years of age) experienced significantly higher gains in education than those who were exposed to treated water after early childhood. The estimates suggest that this program is highly cost-effective
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Larson, Donald F Agricultural Policies and Trade Paths in Turkey
    Abstract: In 1959, shortly after the European Economic Community was founded under the 1957 Treaty of Rome, Turkey applied for Associate Membership in the then six-member common market. By 1963, a path for integrating the economies of Turkey and the eventual European Union had been mapped. As with many trade agreements, agriculture posed difficult political hurdles, which were never fully cleared, even as trade barriers to other sectors were eventually removed and a Customs Union formed. This essay traces the influences the Turkey-European Union economic institutions have had on agricultural policies and the agriculture sector. An applied general equilibrium framework is used to provide estimates of what including agriculture under the Customs Union would mean for the sector and the economy. The paper also discusses the implications of fully aligning Turkey's agricultural policies with the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy, as would be required under full membership
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Fritz, Verena Strengthening Public Financial Management
    Abstract: This paper explores two relationships, first between country characteristics and the quality of public financial management ('drivers'), and second between the quality of public financial management systems and expected outcomes ('effects'). On the influence of country characteristics, the paper investigates economic factors (income level, growth, and resource dependency), population size, levels and sources of revenue, and three macro-political characteristics-political stability, regime type, and the presence of programmatic parties. These characteristics jointly explain about 40 percent of the variation in the quality of public financial management across countries. Furthermore, first-difference analysis suggests that countries with lower initial public financial management quality improve at a higher rate over time. This implies that structural factors set the scene for the likelihood of better or worse performance, but also that there is substantial variation among countries sharing certain characteristics and reform opportunities exist even in unfavorable environments. Methodologically, a key limitation is that the direction of causality cannot be fully addressed with the types of data available. On the effects of the performance of public financial management, the paper finds evidence that stronger performance results in better budget credibility, but not in lower deficits. Furthermore, there is no clear evidence regarding operational efficiency. The observed disconnect could be caused by missing complementary state capacities, measurement problems, or other issues, which need to be explored further. Overall, the findings are consistent with the assumption that stakeholder incentives and constellations matter and that reform approaches combining good technical calibration and political economy considerations are likely to influence success in strengthening public financial management
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Balcázar, Carlos Felipe Broken Gears: The Value Added of Higher Education on Teachers' Academic Achievement
    Abstract: Good teachers are essential for high-quality educational systems. However, little is known about teachers' skills formation during college. By combining two standardized tests for Colombian students, one taken at the end of senior year in high s
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Harwood, Alison SME Exchanges in Emerging Market Economies: A Stocktaking of Development Practices
    Abstract: In recent years, many emerging market countries have developed or are in the process of developing SME Exchanges to provide financing to SMEs, but few have succeeded. This paper aims to help stock exchanges and policy makers think through the ke
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the first phase of a series of analytical and evaluation studies contributing to the design of an impact and process evaluation of South Africa's National Adherence Guidelines for Chronic Diseases. The work package is a collaborative effort between the National Department of Health of South Africa, the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Boston University/Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO) and the World Bank. The evaluation seeks to answer which mechanisms, strategies and delivery models work best in different settings in South Africa to improve enrolment in ART after HIV diagnosis, adherence to ART and long-term retention in care. The research was conducted in 2014 and consisted of a literature and data review and semi-structured interviews with key informants and health care clients in five selected provinces (Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, North West, and Western Cape). Based on the evidence, the report provides recommendations for future treatment adherence models and differentiated care in four priority areas: Improving clients' understanding of their treatment; Providing focused counselling and grow accountability; Ensuring that there are tools and strategies to assist client self-monitoring; and Reducing barriers to diagnosis, treatment and care. This research contributed to the development of South Africa's chronic treatment adherence guideline
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy-Environment Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Increasing energy demands and concerns about global warming call for an increase in energy generation from renewable sources. Small hydropower plants represent a significant contribution to meet this demand. But the optimal use of this resource in a sustainable manner still remains a challenge. A cascade of small dams may have detrimental impacts on the environment and water use without implementation of proper mitigation measures and planning. To obtain more insight in the consequences of hydropower cascades and possibilities to improve the cascade planning process in order to reduce such impacts, the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade and the World Bank jointly initiated the study on cumulative impacts and joint operation of small-scale hydropower cascades Supported by the Renewable Energy Development Program (REDP) in Vietnam. Chapter two provides a brief background on the small-scale hydropower development in Vietnam including its current planning procedures, while Chapter three provides a description of the six studied river basins. Chapter four describes the approach, methods and definitions of the study. During the first phase of the study all six rivers were screened for potential significant cumulative impacts. The results of this screening were presented in a separate report, of which the summary is given in chapter five. This screening showed that for four of the rivers significant cumulative impacts can be expected, which merited further detailed analysis. These four rivers are Ngoi Xan, Nam Tha, Nam Chien and Sap. For each of the four detailed study cases a description of the river basin and hydropower cascade has been made, the hydrological and environmental impacts were assessed and opportunities for joint operations quantified. This report presents summaries of the cumulative impact analyses (chapter six) and draws general conclusions with respect to present and future environmental conditions (chapter seven). It also summarizes the results of the optimization modeling for each cascade (chapter eight) and provides recommendations for future planning and cascade operation (chapter nine)
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The global economy is showing signs of recovery, but at an uneven pace; global growth is expected to rise modestly to 2.6 percent in 2014, and an average 3.3 percent in 2015-17. The gradual strengthening of activity in the Euro Area and especially the US will boost demand for exports from developing East Asia and Pacific (EAP), helping the region sustain its growth performance. There are early signs of firming up of economic recovery in Vietnam. GDP growth picked up to a relatively brisk 6.2 percent (y-o-y) in the third quarter of 2014, contributing to an overall growth rate of 5.6 percent for the first nine months of the year. Credit growth continues to come in below target, hampering the State Bank of Vietnam's efforts to carry out credit expansion to support economic growth. The Government has taken some important measures in 2014 to improve business conditions, which are expected to bear fruit from 2015 onward. The Government issued Resolution 19 (March 18, 2014), which prioritizes shortening the time for processing and completion of administrative procedures, reducing administrative costs, and strengthening transparency and accountability of state administrative agencies. The Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) provides a comprehensive framework to identify financial system vulnerabilities and develop appropriate policy responses. Recognizing its importance, in July 2012 the Government of Vietnam invited the World Bank and the IMF to initiate an FSAP for Vietnam. In recent years the Vietnamese economy had shown signs of corporate and financial distress, and slowdown in GDP growth. In response to this, the government announced a comprehensive reform program designed to address the problems faced by the financial and corporate sectors. The FSAP provides a broad set of policy recommendations that can be used to operationalize the SEDP and the banking restructuring program. The recommendations include recapitalization plans, the workout of NPLs, regulatory and other reforms, and the temporary extension of the safety net
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Senegal is located in the Sahel region of West Africa. Between 1970 and 2000, the country suffered prolonged droughts that contributed to rural exodus. Communities in these peri-urban areas, already among the poorest in the country, are the most vulnerable to episodes of heavy rainfall and subsequent flooding. The impact of floods in this situation of uncontrolled urban growth is exacerbated by the lack of a functional storm water drainage system, ineffective land-use policies and non-compliance with the urban planning and development master plan. The negative impact of flooding during the first decade of this century, especially those of 2005, 2009 and 2012, continue to be reflected in existing socio-economic conditions. The World Bank's Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the European Union (EU) are collaborating on a guide for Disaster Recovery Framework (DRF). This guide aims to help governments and partners plan for resilient post disaster recovery while contributing to longer-term sustainable development. It is based on practices gleaned from country experiences in disaster recovery around the world. Following the 2009 floods, the Government of Senegal elaborated its first recovery plan after a post-disaster needs assessment (PDNA) was conducted with the support of the international community. This case study thus uses the 2009 exercise as the point of departure for examining Senegal's policies for recovery and prevention of urban floods
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Violence against women is increasingly being recognized as an urgent public health priority and a significant human rights concern, as well as a major threat to social and economic development. Globally, an estimated 20 percent of all women will face some form of violence during their lifetime, including emotional coercion, physical violence, and sexual violence. The overall objective of the impact evaluation is to identify low-cost and scalable interventions, which demonstrate improvements in social, psychological, and economic functioning of sexual violence survivors in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). To this end, the authors conducted an impact evaluation of a village savings and loans association (VSLA) program to understand its impact on economic, social, and psychological outcomes for a sample of female sexual violence survivors. The impact evaluation had four components: (1) a qualitative needs assessment; (2) a quantitative baseline assessment; (3) a qualitative post-program assessment; and (4) a quantitative post-program assessment. This report presents a brief description of components 1 and 2 and then a full description of the method and results of the impact evaluation focusing on components 3 and 4. In terms of improving the psychological, social, and economic well-being of survivors of sexual violence, this study shows important results in some of the social and economic outcomes, but fewer results than expected for psychological outcomes. One recommendation from these results will be to explore the idea of pairing VSLA with other interventions to work more specifically on the certain outcomes that VSLA may not change on its own
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: SABER-Student Assessment is a component of the SABER program that focuses specifically on benchmarking studentassessment policies and systems. The goal of SABER-Student Assessment is to promote stronger assessment systems that contribute to improved education quality and learning for all. Jordan has focused on increasing student learning outcomes by improving the quality of education in the country. An effective student assessment system is an important component to improving education quality and learning outcomesas it provides the necessary information to meet stakeholders' decision-making needs. In order to gain a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of its existing assessment system, Jordan decided to benchmark this system using standardized tools developed under the World Bank's Systems Approach for Better Education Results(SABER) program. SABER is an evidence-based program to help countries systematically examine and strengthen the performance of different aspects of their education systems. The SABER-Student Assessment framework is built on the available evidence base for what an effective assessment system looks like. The framework provides guidance on how countries can build more effective student assessment systems. The framework is structured around two main dimensions of assessment systems: the types/purposes of assessment activitiesand the quality of those activities. The key policy areas for this student assessment status are as follows: (i) Classroom Assessment; (ii) Examinations; (iii) National Large-Scale Assessment (NLSA); and (iv) International Large-Scale Assessment (ILSA)
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, contributes to the World Bank mission of global poverty reduction by creating opportunities for people to improve their lives through private sector solutions. In Pakistan, IFC's strategy has focused on addressing the key challenges that affect private sector development, from investing in the infrastructure sector, including energy, to enhancing access to finance, with a view to improving the conditions for growth and employment generation. As part of its country program, IFC has focused on increasing access to finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which are the backbone of Pakistan's economy as they constitute more than 90 percent of total private enterprises in the formal industrial sectors and employ over 70 percent of the labor force. Often these SMEs struggle to obtain the financing needed to grow and create jobs. For this reason, IFC has partnered with financial institutions to improve service provision to SMEs and stimulate economic development across the country. Since 2007, IFC has been engaged with HBL, Pakistan's largest private sector commercial bank, and provided financing to strengthen the bank's capital following its privatization, as well as advised on how to scale up the bank's SMEs portfolio in a sustainable manner. The objective of this study is to develop an understanding of the relationship between access to finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and job creation. IFC has analyzed a sample of more than 100 SMEs that obtained loans from its client, Habib Bank Ltd (HBL), in 2009 in Pakistan, at a challenging time for the country
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: IFC, a member of the World Bank Group, seeks to promote private sector led growth in order to support job creation and inclusive growth. In this context, an important priority of IFC in Lebanon is to support small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In Lebanon, SMEs represent 97 percent of the total formal enterprises, employ more than 51 percent of the working population, and are mostly family-owned. Supporting Lebanese SMEs is therefore an important mechanism for increasing employment opportunities, and improved access to finance for SMEs is an essential factor allowing SMEs to grow. As part of its activities in Lebanon, IFC partners with local banks and other financial institutions to (i) broaden their networks and facilitate greater outreach to SMEs; and (ii) offer innovative products that expand financing options for SMEs. Fransabank and IFC have had a long-standing relationship dating back to the 1990s. In 2007, IFC supported Fransabank under the Lebanon Rebuild Program with two facilities including a risk-sharing facility to support the bank's lending to SMEs. IFC's counter-cyclical support not only provided liquidity but also helped restore investor confidence in Lebanon and its private sector in a post-conflict situation. Measuring the impact of IFC's investment and advisory activities can be complex. With the idea of quantifying job creation through financial markets investments in Lebanon, IFC and Fransabank have undertaken this in-depth study. The key objectives of the study are: (i) to measure the job impact on SMEs from increased access to finance; and (ii) to understand the broader development outcomes facilitated by engagements in the financial sector. The results are based on a survey implemented in March 2013, which sampled 73 companies that received loans from Fransabank during 2008 and 2011. The enterprises ranged from very small to medium firms in the service, agribusiness, and manufacturing sectors across the five regions of Lebanon. While it is difficult to draw any definitive conclusions from these findings, the results validate that SMEs are vital and have the potential to contribute significantly to job creation. The findings should also encourage financial institutions like Fransabank to continue supporting SMEs through financing and other services to promote sustained job growth in Lebanon
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report addresses the insolvency of natural persons following this structure: a first part introduces the objectives and nature of the report, deals with general issues, and describes the foundations of a system for the treatment of the insolvency of natural persons. The second part of the report analyzes the core legal attributes of system for the treatment of the insolvency of natural persons: within this system, the most relevant questions are analyzed in depth, namely the design of the system and the institutional framework, access to the system, the participation of creditors, the solutions to the insolvency process, and discharge. The main objective of this report is to provide guidance on the characteristics of an effective insolvency regime for natural persons and on the opportunities and challenges encountered in the development of such a regime. In this regard, the report raises awareness about the importance of a regime for the treatment of the insolvency of natural persons, and explores the advantages and disadvantages of the solutions to the numerous practical issues that have to be confronted in the design of an insolvency regime for natural persons
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: In the boardroom, disagreements are often unavoidable - especially when the board is composed of independent minded, skilled, and outspoken directors. A board that never argues or disagrees is most likely to be an inactive, passive, or inattentive board - in other words, an ineffective board that is neither fulfilling its oversight function nor carrying out its duty of care. If boardroom disagreements and or shareholder conflicts are not dealt with properly, they can devolve into acrimonious disputes that undermine a company's operation and performance. Left unchecked and unattended, these disputes escalate quickly into public matters that can have severe, long-term consequences for the company and its key stakeholders. These disputes can lead to poor performance, scare investors, produce waste, divert resources, cause share values to decline, and, in some cases, paralyze a company. In 2012, the center for effective dispute resolution (CEDR) and the corporate governance group of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) undertook a joint project to explore the causes, nature, and methods of resolving corporate governance disputes. As part of this ongoing project, CEDR and IFC carried out a global survey. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This publication lends itself to careful perusal as well as quick reference. An executive summary enumerates the main points, and callouts in the main text summarize the key messages of individual pages. The report provides an in-depth discussion and further detail, and text boxes, figures, and quotes add enriching perspectives. The two appendixes offer: 1) Basel Committee guidance on the governance of bank subsidiaries, and 2) a selection of recommendations from a past International Finance Corporation (IFC) publication on governance of banks in Southeastern Europe. Finally, the list of references consulted during preparation of this publication may be useful for pursuing a deeper understanding of the issues. It is important to note that this publication reflects the views of bankers, regulators, and others on a deeply complex and complicated issue and is not intended to be a comprehensive or even complete evaluation of the issues explored. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Accounting and Auditing Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This assessment of accounting and auditing practices in Slovenia is part of a joint initiative of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) to prepare Reports on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC). The assessment focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of the accounting and auditing environment that influence the quality of corporate financial reporting and includes a review of both mandatory requirements and actual practice. This is the second A&A ROSC for Slovenia and based on information collected in 2013, early 2014. The first one was published in 2004. As the requirements of the EU acquis communautaire and international standards have already been adopted in the financial sector this assessment focuses on the proper application of these requirements, with the view that improved financial information raises the capacity of regulators to maintain financial stability, and improve the level of trust in the financial system, in the context of an ongoing recapitalization exercise. In the State Owned Enterprises, or SOEs, the report focuses on the requirements applicable to them and how well these are enforced, as well as to what extent the government uses the financial reporting and audit process to monitor SOEs and hold their management teams accountable. This report also considers SMEs financial reporting, including how current requirements compare with the latest revisions to the EU Accounting Directive, which further simplified requirements for smaller companies. Finally, audit oversight and quality assurance systems are assessed, including the feasibility of incorporating the audit oversight body as part of the financial sector supervisor
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This white paper aims to create awareness - among stakeholders including policy makers, utilities, and regulators of the opportunities and challenges of the rooftop solar market. It focuses on implementation options, including public-private partnerships, and discusses practical issues related to planning and implementing rooftop solar initiatives. It discusses policy and technical issues that can help stakeholders make informed decisions, especially in terms of meeting local objectives. It presents how to involve rooftop owners and the private sector in developing the rooftop solar market while drawing on current international rooftop solar experience through case studies and interviews. It offers an overview of the nascent market in India, and specifically the Gujarat rooftop solar program. For more publications on IFC Sustainability please visit www.ifc.org/sustainabilitypublications
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9781464803185
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: Latin American and Caribbean Semiannual Report
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: As usual in this series, Chapter 1 reviews the configuration of global risks and assesses the outstanding short term opportunities and challenges facing the LAC region. A special focus is placed this time around on the difference between exposure and vulnerability to exogenous shocks, with the latter assessed by adjusting exposure for a country’s shock absorption policy capacity. Given the global context and associated concerns with capital flow volatility, in Chapter 2 we take a look at the comparatively more stable components of international flows: FDI and Remittances. The cyclicality and volatility, as well as the joint determinants of FDI and Remittances are reviewed
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 p)
    Series Statement: South Asia Economic Focus
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Gradual removal of stimulus policies continues as developed economies follow their expected path of slow but sustained recovery. After suffering from international portfolio rebalancing triggered by gradual removal of quantitative easing in the US announced in May 2013, India in particular and South Asia more broadly have managed to reduce external vulnerability. However, growth across the region continues to falter while formidable domestic challenges remain to be tackled. The overall short and medium term outlook for South Asia remains cautiously positive. External vulnerabilities are gradually giving way to domestic downside risks as primary concern for growth and macroeconomic stability. Hence, as previous regional economic updates have argued, any positive development in growth will depend on progress isolating domestic threats to and building buffers for macroeconomic stability, strengthening the investment climate, and removing infrastructure bottlenecks. Over the short and medium run, the economic fortunes of South Asian economies will depend in part on financial sector developments. In the short term the key question is how further monetary contraction in the US will affect them. Over the medium run it will be crucial to achieve more robust and efficient financial intermediation to ensure greater resilience to shocks and that resources are allocated to fund major remaining infrastructure gaps. This edition’s focus section attempts to answer the first question and sheds light on risks in the South Asian banking sector
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (292 p)
    Series Statement: Sustainable Energy for All
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: A team of energy experts from 15 agencies worked under the leadership of the World Bank and the International Energy Agency to produce this comprehensive snapshot of the status of more than 170 countries with respect to energy access, action on energy efficiency and renewable energy, and energy consumption. The report’s framework for data collection and analysis will enable us to monitor progress on the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) objectives from now to 2030. The report also shows how different countries can boost progress toward sustainable energy. Reaching universal energy access depends decisively on actions in some 20 'high-impact' countries in Africa and Asia. Attaining the global objectives for energy efficiency and renewable energy hinges on efforts in some 20 developed and emerging economies that account for 80 percent of global energy consumption. Finally, the report identifies a number of 'fast-moving' countries whose exceptionally rapid progress on the triple energy agenda since 1990 provides not just inspiration, but know-how that can help us replicate their success elsewhere
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (140 p)
    Series Statement: State and Trends of Carbon Pricing
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: The report is a one stop shop for learning about key developments and prospects of existing and emerging carbon initiatives. A challenging international carbon market has not stopped the development of domestic carbon pricing initiatives. Today, about 40 national and over 20 sub-national jurisdictions responsible for almost one fourth of global greenhouse gas emissions are putting a price on carbon. Together, these initiatives cover the equivalent of almost 6 gigatons of carbon dioxide, or about 12% of global emissions
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Series Statement: Middle East and North Africa Quarterly Economic Brief
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Ongoing regional tensions, together with a challenging (albeit slightly improving) external environment, have hit the economies of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region hard. Economic growth is slowing, fiscal buffers are depleting, unemployment is rising, and inflation is mounting in seven of the region’s most vulnerable economies-- Egypt, Tunisia, Iran, Lebanon, Jordan, Yemen and Libya. Short-term policy actions such as increasing public sector wages and subsidies—aimed at reducing social tensions--exacerbate the situation, which is driven by long-standing structural weaknesses, including labor market rigidities, complicated and opaque regulations, infrastructure deficiencies, regressive and inefficient subsidies, and inadequate social safety nets. While these countries face an unstable political and macroeconomic environment, the growth slowdown after the Arab Spring creates a unique opportunity to address these structural problems to both create fiscal space and restructure the economy towards job creation and inclusive growth
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p)
    Series Statement: South Asia Economic Focus
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Global recovery remains below expectations and uneven across major advanced economies. Monetary tightening in a recovering US economy and potential deflation in a weak Eurozone constitute sources of risk for developing and emerging market economies. Nonetheless, developing country growth remains fairly robust. Notably, India continues its path towards sustained and faster growth as well as macroeconomic stability thereby paving the way for a solid regional performance in South Asia. While the region’s external position has been further solidified, key domestic challenges include reducing risks on the fiscal side as well as sustaining investment and export growth through structural reform and prudent macroeconomic policy. The overall short and medium term outlook for South Asia points towards continued acceleration with potential downside risks concentrated on the fiscal and structural reform side. Future growth dynamics will increasingly depend on strong investment and export performance. While a challenging task, it may afford South Asia to significantly catch up with the fastest growing region - East Asia and Pacific. This edition’s special focus section takes a macroeconomic look at exports and their potential for becoming a permanent growth pillar in South Asia
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p)
    Series Statement: Middle East and North Africa Quarterly Economic Brief
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: While the focus has been on the recent change in government in Egypt, five countries in the Middle East and North Africa Region, including Egypt, Tunisia, Lebanon, Jordan and Iran are facing a growth slowdown, rising fiscal deficits and debt, and high unemployment and inflation. Continued political turmoil in Egypt and spillovers from the civil war in Syria to Jordan and Lebanon threaten to make their economic situation worse. While easing political tensions in Tunisia and post-election improvements in Iran’s international relations may help these countries, the overall macroeconomic outlook in all five countries for the rest of 2013 is grim
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Series Statement: Middle East and North Africa Economic Monitor
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Compared with the previous three years, 2014 seems hopeful and 2015 could be a turning point for the countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Many countries in MENA will start to benefit from stronger external demand in the high-income economies, as the global economy is set for a rebound in 2014. In the MENA region, higher global demand is expected to boost exports of energy and manufactured products in those countries that have trade linkages with high- income countries. Growth in MENA is expected to reach 3.3 percent in 2014 and further accelerate to 4.6 percent in 2015. Nevertheless, the prospects for growth in MENA could be threatened if long awaited structural problems remain unresolved
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (186 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: In China, growth will gradually moderate, reflecting intensified policy efforts to address financial vulnerabilities and structural constraints, and place the economy on a more sustainable growth path. In the rest of the region, growth will pick up, as exports firm in line with strengthening global activity, and the impact of domestic adjustment in large ASEAN countries eases. Significant uncertainties remain about the sustainability of the global recovery, and global financial conditions are likely to tighten. The short-term priority in several countries is to address the vulnerabilities and inefficiencies created by an extended period of loose financial conditions and fiscal stimulus. In China, the authorities need to strike a balance between containing growing risks from rising leverage and meeting the indicative growth targets. Over the longer term, the focus in most countries must be on structural reforms to enhance export competitiveness. The report’s special section focuses on education & skills development; international migration; and the policy priorities for the Pacific Island Countries
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Series Statement: Africa's Pulse
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Africa’s Pulse is a biannual publication containing an analysis of the near-term macro-economic outlook for the region. It also includes a section focusing on a topic that represents a particular development challenges for the continent. It is produced by the Office of the Chief Economist for the Africa Region
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9780821389065
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (450 p)
    Series Statement: Latin American Development Forum
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This book is available directly from the publisher: Edicioners Gondo Maese Nicolas 9, 45224 Sesena, Toledo http://www.edicionesgondo.com
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  • 66
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Transformando las ciudades con el transporte publico presenta la vision mas actualizada sobre cuando, como y por que las ciudades pueden crecer alrededor de nuevos sistemas masivos de transporte publico. Resalta la integracion entre el uso del suelo y el transporte publico como una de las iniciativas estrategicas mas importantes disponibles para el desarrollo de un futuro urbano mas sostenible. Para lograr una integracion efectiva es necesario tener una vision estrategica, contundente y progresista de la futura ciudad, un marco institucional propicio y unos modelos financieros sostenibles. Las ciudades necesitan prever su futuro a largo plazo, al elaborar visiones que posteriormente se articulan en planes espaciales e iniciativas especificas para el uso de la tierra. Un marco espacial debe guiar las inversiones en el transporte publico y en otros elementos de la infraestructura. El libro brinda lecciones y recomendaciones vitales que se basan en cuidadosos analisis de caso. Expone exhaustivamente tanto los exitos como los desafios relacionados con el desarrollo urbano que el transporte publico fomenta, y lo hace por medio de profundos y detallados estudios de caso en cuanto al diseno y manejo del uso del suelo, tanto en ciudades desarrolladas como en aquellas en vias de desarrollo
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9781464802850
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (178 p)
    Series Statement: Latin American Development Forum
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: El emprendimiento es un determinante fundamental del crecimiento y la creacion de empleo. Pese a que los emprendedores abundan en America Latina y el Caribe, las empresas de la region son mas pequenas y menos propensas a crecer e innovar que las de otras regiones. El crecimiento de la productividad lleva decadas siendo mediocre y el reciente period de auge de las materias primas no ha supuesto una excepcion. Asi pues, la presencia de emprendedores dinamicos sera necesaria para impulsar la creacion de puestos de trabajo de calidad y la aceleracion del crecimiento de la productividad en la region. En El emprendimiento en America Latina: muchas empresas y poca innovacion se estudia el panorama del emprendimiento en America Latina y el Caribe. El libro recurre a nuevas bases de datos que abordan cuestiones como la creacion de empresas, las dinamicas empresariales, las decisiones de exportar y el comportamiento de las corporaciones multinacionales y sintetiza los resultados de un analisis exhaustivo del estatus, las perspectivas y los retos del emprendimiento en la region. Asimismo, el libro suministra herramientas utiles e informacion para ayudar a los profesionales y responsables de las politicas a identificar los ambitos de las mismas que los gobiernos pueden explorar para impulsar la innovacion e incentivar el emprendimiento transformador con potencial de crecimiento elevado
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Abstract: The World Bank Group's fo ...
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (250 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: This report focuses on the risks of climate change to development in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and parts of Europe and Central Asia. Building on earlier Turn Down the Heat reports, this new scientific analysis examines the likely impacts of present day (0.8 Degree C), 2 Degree C and 4 Degree C warming above pre-industrial temperatures on agricultural production, water resources, ecosystem services, and coastal vulnerability for affected populations. Data show that dramatic climate changes, heat, and weather extremes are already impacting people, damaging crops and coastlines, and putting food, water, and energy security at risk. Across the three regions studied in this report, record-breaking temperatures are occurring more frequently, rainfall has increased in intensity in some places, while drought-prone regions are getting dryer. The poor and underprivileged, as well as the elderly and children, are found to be hit the hardest. There is growing evidence that even with very ambitious mitigation action, warming close to 1.5 Degree C above pre-industrial levels by mid-century is already locked into the Earth's atmospheric system, and climate change impacts such as extreme heat events may now be unavoidable. If the planet continues warming to 4 Degree C, climatic conditions, heat, and other weather extremes considered highly unusual or unprecedented today would become the new climate normal-a world of increased risks and instability. The consequences for development would be severe as crop yields decline, water resources change, diseases move into new ranges, and sea levels rise. The task of promoting human development, ending poverty, increasing global prosperity, and reducing global inequality will be very challenging in a 2 Degree C world, but in a 4 Degree C world there is serious doubt whether this can be achieved at all. Immediate steps are needed to help countries adapt to the climate impacts being felt today and the unavoidable consequences of a rapidly warming world. The benefits of strong, early action on climate change -- action that follows clean, low carbon pathways and avoids locking in unsustainable growth strategies -- far outweigh the costs. Many of the worst projected climate impacts could still be avoided by holding warming to below 2 Degree C. But the time to act is now
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Running a business involves continuous growth. Such growth can be organic, stemming from resources created internally in the enterprise. However, in many cases an external development strategy is adopted, based on acquisition of other entities. Such an acquisition may involve creation of a capital group, within which each of the companies maintains its separate legal personality. However, if a capital group is not the optimal form for the given business activity, acquisition of another entity may take form of a business combination. In such case, assets and liabilities of the acquire are directly incorporated into the books of the acquirer. The overriding principle of accounting regulation is primacy of economic substance over legal format. Pursuant to this principle, economic transactions must be recorded in the accounting records in accordance with their economic nature1. In order to determine properly the economic nature of a business combination, an analysis must be performed of economic impacts of such a combination. Economic consequences for merging entities are described in the provisions of commercial law
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The initial hours and days after a humanitarian emergency are generally seen as the most important. Because they affect the rapid deployment of relief to people in need, international trade policies, and the way in which they are implemented, can make an enormous difference to the effectiveness of the humanitarian response, in many cases, the difference between life and death. The same issues that affect trade on a daily basis, such as costly, inefficient and onerous borders procedures, are magnified in times of humanitarian emergencies where speed and reliability of delivery are so critical. Trade also plays a key role in recovery and reconstruction well beyond the initial phase of an emergency. This report surveys three main areas at the intersection of trade-related policies and humanitarian emergencies: (i ) border procedures and trade facilitation; (ii) trade and disaster recovery and reconstruction; and (iii) other trade policies affecting humanitarian response
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Abstract: Given the broad array of issues and the complexity faced by the water sector as a whole (from irrigation to flood protection, to water conservation and hydropower), there is great demand for future exploring the potential of RBF and tackling the questions still unanswered about many of its operational dimensions. This document takes a closer look at some of the practical aspects of implementing various RBF water schemes. Chapter 2 provides an analytical framework to explore if and when RBF can be a viable option, shedding light on some key factors and preconditions that are necessary for RBF to work--with the understanding that it can be used either as an alternative or a complement to a more traditional input-based funding scheme. Chapter 3 then revisits the concepts discussed in the analytical framework through the analysis of various case studies of RBF approaches in different water-related areas. Some of the case studies are based on actual projects already implemented or ongoing, while others are an illustrative elaboration, given the lack of practical cases to use as sources. Chapter 4 presents some conclusions and lessons learned. The key challenges that are likely to be encountered in designing an RBF scheme deal with: the clarity and level of certainty of the relationships from input to output to outcomes (causal links); the ease and availability of measurable indicators; and, consequently, the optimal determination of the necessary incentive(s) to align the goals of the principal with the agents' deliverables. Appendix A presents a glossary of RBF concepts and acronyms. Appendix B presents specific results and indicators which may be relevant for different sectors
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Located in South Asia, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. Pakistan is divided into four provinces, a state and federally and provincially administrated territories. The country is exposed to several types of natural disasters, prominent among which are earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones and landslides. Recurring floods formed the bulk of the natural disasters to have struck Pakistan since the country's formation, with the collective toll of the floods prior to the earthquake of 2005 leaving 6,700 people dead. Windstorms, though less frequent, have also been devastating for Pakistan. As of the earthquake of 2005, the windstorm of 1965 remained the most fatal natural disaster in the country's history, claiming about 10,000 lives. The devastation caused by the earthquake of 2005, however, eclipsed all previous disasters. Reacting decisively to the earthquake, the government established a new reconstruction agency, the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (ERRA) to lead, coordinate and oversee reconstruction. This case study, based on comprehensive literature review and interviews with key stakeholders, presents the highlights of the post-earthquake reconstruction process. It outlines the decision-making processes in recovery planning and extracts best practices and key lessons learned from the experience
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Nonprofit-Organisation ; Kapitalbeschaffung ; Finanzierung ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: This paper seeks to shed new light on the sustainability options, and particularly the financial sustainability options, potentially available to a particular set of social accountabilities (SAcc) organizations. Such organizations tend to operate in less-developed regions of the world and often in situations in which governmental accountability structures and traditions are far from fully established. Though intended as a preliminary thought piece rather than an empirical survey of practice even among this limited array of organizations, the paper nevertheless draws on a wide variety of sources, including a substantial body of literature, numerous interviews, organizational websites, and an analysis of recent trends in nonprofit finance to suggest five concrete strategies that SAcc organizations of this type can usefully consider. The five strategies for SAcc organization financial sustainability can be discerned: (a) Building the brand; (b) selling social accountability services; (c) selling by-products of social accountability services; (d) selling government savings; and (e) securing and managing assets
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz Corporate Governance and Bank Insolvency Risk
    Abstract: This paper finds that shareholder-friendly corporate governance is positively associated with bank insolvency risk, as proxied by the Z-score and the Merton's distance to default measure, for an international sample of banks over the 2004-08 period. Banks are special in that "good" corporate governance increases bank insolvency risk relatively more for banks that are large and located in countries with sound public finances, as banks aim to exploit the financial safety net. Good corporate governance is specifically associated with higher asset volatility, more nonperforming loans, and a lower tangible capital ratio. Furthermore, good corporate governance is associated with more bank risk-taking at times of rapid economic expansion. Consistent with increased risk-taking, good corporate governance is associated with a higher valuation of the implicit insurance provided by the financial safety net, especially in the case of large banks. These results underline the importance of the financial safety net and too-big-to-fail policies in encouraging excessive risk-taking by banks
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten SME Finance in Africa
    Abstract: This paper uses cross-country firm-level surveys to gauge access to financial services and the importance of financing constraints for African enterprises. The paper compares access to finance in Africa and other developing regions of the world, within Africa across countries, and across different groups of firms. It relates firms' access to finance to firm and banking system characteristics and discusses policy challenges
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cull, Robert Benchmarking the Financial Performance, Growth, and Outreach of Greenfield Microfinance Institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the presence and growth of greenfield microfinance institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper uses regressions to benchmark those African greenfields relative to other microfinance providers and finds that greenfields grew faster in terms of deposits and lending, improved their profitability to levels comparable to the top microfinance institutions, and substantially increased their lending to women. The effects were especially strong for greenfields that followed a consultant-led model to establish a deep retail banking presence spanning multiple countries, including the creation of extensive branch networks. Although their loan sizes are somewhat larger than those of most African microfinance institutions, indicating less outreach to the poorest market segments, greenfields have achieved rapid gains in financial inclusion on a broad scale
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Groh, Matthew Testing the Importance of Search Frictions, Matching, and Reservation Prestige through Randomized Experiments in Jordan
    Abstract: Unemployment rates for tertiary-educated youth in Jordan are high, as is the duration of unemployment. Two randomized experiments in Jordan were used to test different theories that may explain this phenomenon. The first experiment tested the role of search and matching frictions by providing firms and job candidates with an intensive screening and matching service based on educational backgrounds and psychometric assessments. Although more than 1,000 matches were made, youth rejected the opportunity to even have an interview in 28 percent of cases, and when a job offer was received, they rejected this offer or quickly quit the job 83 percent of the time. A second experiment built on the first by examining the willingness of educated, unemployed youth to apply for jobs of varying levels of prestige. Youth applied to only a small proportion of the job openings they were told about, with application rates higher for higher prestige jobs than lower prestige jobs. Youth failed to show up for the majority of interviews scheduled for low prestige jobs. The results suggest that reservation prestige is an important factor underlying the unemployment of educated Jordanian youth
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Calderón, César Infrastructure, Growth, and Inequality
    Abstract: Academics and policy makers have long considered an adequate supply of infrastructure services to be essential for economic development. This paper reviews recent theoretical and empirical literature on the effects of infrastructure development on growth and income distribution. The theoretical literature has employed a variety of analytical settings regarding the drivers of income growth, the degree to which infrastructure represents a public or a private good, and the extent of market distortions, notably in capital markets. In turn, the empirical literature has used various econometric methodologies on time-series and cross-section macro and microeconomic data to test for the effects of infrastructure development. However, these empirical tests face challenging issues of measurement, identification, and heterogeneity. Overall, the literature finds positive effects of infrastructure development on income growth and, more tentatively, on distributive equity. Still, the precise mechanisms through which these effects accrue, and their full impact on welfare, remain relatively unexplored
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kee, Hiau Looi Local Intermediate Inputs and the Shared Supplier Spillovers of Foreign Direct Investment
    Abstract: Trade liberalizations have been shown to improve domestic firms' performance through the new varieties of imported intermediate inputs. This paper uses a unique, representative sample of Bangladeshi garment firms to highlight that local intermediate inputs may also enhance domestic firms' performance, through the shared supplier spillovers of foreign direct investment (FDI) firms. An exogenous EU trade policy shock is shown to cause some FDI firms in Bangladesh to expand, which led to better performance of the domestic firms that shared their suppliers. Overall, the shared supplier spillovers of FDI explain 1/4 of the product scope expansion and 1/3 of the productivity gains within domestic firms
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David Evidence on Policies to Increase the Development Impacts of International Migration
    Abstract: International migration offers individuals and their families the potential to experience immediate and large gains in their incomes, and offers a large number of other positive benefits to the sending communities and countries. However, there are also concerns about potential costs of migration, including concerns about trafficking and human rights, a desire for remittances to be used more effectively, and concerns about externalities from skilled workers being lost. As a result there is increasing interest in policies which can enhance the development benefits of international migration and mitigate these potential costs. This paper provides a critical review of recent research on the effectiveness of these policies at three stages of the migration process: pre-departure, during migration, and directed toward possible return. The existing evidence base suggests some areas of policy success: bilateral migration agreements for countries whose workers have few other migration options, developing new savings and remittance products that allow migrants more control over how their money is used, and some efforts to provide financial education to migrants and their families. Suggestive evidence together with theory offers support for a number of other policies, such as lowering the cost of remittances, reducing passport costs, offering dual citizenship, and removing exit barriers to migration. Research offers reasons to be cautious about some policies, such as enforcing strong rights for migrants like high minimum wages. Nevertheless, the paper finds the evidence base to be weak for many policies, with no reliable research on the impact of most return migration programs, nor for whether countries should be trying to induce communal remitting through matching funds
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (84 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Charnovitz, Steve Green Subsidies and the WTO
    Abstract: This paper provides a detailed explanation how the law of the World Trade Organization regulates environmental subsidies with a focus on renewable energy subsidies. The paper begins by discussing the economic justifications for such subsidies and the criticisms of them and then gives examples of categories of subsidies. The paper provides an overview of the relevant World Trade Organization rules and case law, including the recent Canada-Renewable Energy case. The paper also makes specific recommendations for how World Trade Organization law can be improved and discusses the literature on reform proposals. The study finds that because of a lack of clarity in World Trade Organizaion rules, for some clean energy subsidies, a government will not know in advance whether the subsidy is World Trade Organization-legal
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Azuela, Gabriela Elizondo Performance of Renewable Energy Auctions
    Abstract: This paper considers the design and performance of auction mechanisms used to deploy renewable energy in three emerging economies: Brazil, China, and India. The analysis focuses on the countries' experience in various dimensions, including price reductions, bidding dynamics, coordination with transmission planning, risk allocation strategies, and the issue of domestic content. Several countries have turned to public competitive bidding as a mechanism for developing the renewable generation sector in recent years, with the number of countries implementing some sort of auction procedure rising from nine in 2009 to 36 by the end of 2011 and about 43 in 2013. In general, the use of auctions makes sense when the contracting authority expects a large volume of potentially suitable bids, so that the gains from competition can offset the costs of implementation. A study of the successes and failures of the particular auction design schemes described in this paper can be instrumental in informing future policy making
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bhargava, Alok Diet Quality, Child Health, and Food Policies in Developing Countries
    Abstract: Although the importance of diet quality for improving child health is widely recognized, the roles of environmental factors and the absorption of nutrients for children's physical growth and morbidity have not been adequately integrated into a policy framework. Moreover, nutrient intakes gradually affect child health, so it is helpful to use alternative tools to evaluate short-term interventions versus long-term food policies. This article emphasizes the role of diet quality reflected in the intake of nutrients such as protein, calcium, and iron for children's physical growth. Vitamins A and C are important for reducing morbidity. Children's growth and morbidity affect their cognitive development, which is critical for the future supply of skilled labor and economic growth. Evidence on these issues from countries such as Bangladesh, India, Kenya, the Philippines, and Tanzania is summarized. The supply of nutritious foods is appraised from the viewpoint of improving diet quality. Finally, the roles of educational campaigns and indirect taxes on unhealthy processed foods consumed by the affluent in developing countries are discussed
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Latorre, María C CGE Analysis of the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment and Tariff Reform on Female and Male Wages
    Abstract: This study analyzes the impact on male and female wages of tariff reform and the reduction of regulatory barriers faced by domestic and foreign firms operating in business services. The study applies the model to Tanzania and develops a data set that distinguishes labor and wages by gender for 52 sectors and four skill categories. The model is the first to incorporate modern trade theory to assess the gender implications of trade reform. Given that the Dixit-Stiglitz framework results in productivity gains from additional varieties of services, the analysis finds that real wages increase across all worker categories. However, the increase in wages is higher for males than for females, because business services use males more intensively than females. The most skilled (female and male) workers, who are also the most intensively used in the business services sectors, benefit more from the real increases in wages. The model illustrates that as the development process continues and developing countries become more business service oriented, these sectors demand more educated workers and their wages will increase relative to those of unskilled workers. The policy conclusion from this model is that it is crucial to invest in the education of females so their human capital increases and their skills are more marketable in business services and other more technologically modern occupations. Otherwise, the wage gap between males and females would likely widen further
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Quatraro, Francesco Drivers of Entrepreneurship and Post-Entry Performance of Newborn Firms in Developing Countries
    Keywords: Unternehmensgründung ; Entrepreneurship ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Schumpeterismus ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to provide an updated survey of the "state of the art" in entrepreneurial studies with a particular focus on developing countries (DCs). In particular, the concept of "entrepreneurship" is critically discussed, followed by a discussion of the institutional, macroeconomic, and microeconomic conditions that affect the entry of new firms and the post-entry performance of newborn firms. The reviewed literature bears some policy implications for the support of the creation new firms, such as the targeting of policy measures to prospective entrepreneurs who possess high education levels, long previous job experience, and innovative skills. Specifically, for DCs, tailored subsidies and support should be coupled with framework and infrastructural policies that are able to improve the business environment such that new ventures can start and grow
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Nagler, Paula Non-Farm Enterprises in Rural Africa
    Abstract: Although non-farm enterprises are ubiquitous in rural Sub-Saharan Africa, little is yet known about them. The motivation for households to operate enterprises, how productive they are, and why they exit the market are neglected questions. Drawing on the Living Standards Measurement Study - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture and using discrete choice, selection model and panel data estimators, this paper provide answers using data from Ethiopia, Niger, Nigeria, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda. The necessity to cope following shocks, seasonality in agriculture, and household size can push rural households into operating a non-farm enterprise. Households are also pulled into entrepreneurship to exploit opportunities. Access to credit and markets, household wealth, and the education and age of the household head are positively associated with the likelihood of operating an enterprise. The characteristics are also associated with the type of business activity a household operates. Rural and female-headed enterprises and enterprises with young enterprise owners are less productive than urban and male-owned enterprises and enterprises with older owners. Shocks have a negative association with enterprise operation and productivity and a large share of rural enterprises does not operate continuously over a year. Enterprises cease operations because of low profits, a lack of finance, or the effects of idiosyncratic shocks. Overall the findings are indicative that rural enterprises are "small businesses in a big continent" where large distances, rural isolation, low population density, and farming risks limit productivity and growth
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Audoly, Richard Pathways toward Zero-Carbon Electricity Required for Climate Stabilization
    Abstract: This paper covers three policy-relevant aspects of the carbon content of electricity that are well established among integrated assessment models but under-discussed in the policy debate. First, climate stabilization at any level from 2 to 3°C requires electricity to be almost carbon-free by the end of the century. As such, the question for policy makers is not whether to decarbonize electricity but when to do it. Second, decarbonization of electricity is still possible and required if some of the key zero-carbon technologies-such as nuclear power or carbon capture and storage-turn out to be unavailable. Third, progressive decarbonization of electricity is part of every country' cost-effective means of contributing to climate stabilization. In addition, this paper provides cost-effective pathways of the carbon content of electricity-computed from the results of AMPERE, a recent integrated assessment model comparison study. These pathways may be used to benchmark existing decarbonization targets, such as those set by the European Energy Roadmap or the Clean Power Plan in the United States, or inform new policies in other countries. The pathways can also be used to assess the desirable uptake rates of electrification technologies, such as electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, electric stoves and heat pumps, or industrial electric furnaces
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Does Mandating Nondiscrimination in Hiring Practices Influence Women's Employment?
    Abstract: This study explores the relationship between mandating a nondiscrimination clause in hiring practices along gender lines and the employment of women versus men in 58 developing countries. The study finds a strong positive relationship between a nondiscrimination in hiring clause and women' relative to men' employment. The relationship is robust to several controls at the firm and country levels. The results also show sharp heterogeneity in the relationship between the nondiscrimination in hiring clause and women' versus men' employment, with the relationship being much larger in richer countries and in countries with more women in the population as well as among relatively smaller firms
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ferré, Céline Can Conditional Cash Transfers Improve Education and Nutrition Outcomes for Poor Children in Bangladesh?
    Abstract: There is an increasing recognition that investment in human development at an earlier age can have a significant impact on the lifetime earnings capacity of an individual. This notion is the basis for the popularity of conditional cash transfer programs to help boost child health and education outcomes. The evidence on the impact of conditional cash transfers on health and education outcomes, however, is mixed. This paper uses panel data from a pilot project and evaluates the impact of conditional cash transfers on consumption, education, and nutrition outcomes among poor rural families in Bangladesh. Given implementation challenges the intervention was not able to improve school attendance. However the analysis shows that the pilot had a significant impact on the incidence of wasting among children who were 10-22 months old when the program started, reducing the share of children with weight-for-height below two standard deviations from the World Health Organization benchmark by 40 percent. The pilot was also able to improve nutrition knowledge: there was a significant increase in the proportion of beneficiary mothers who knew about the importance of exclusively breastfeeding infants until the age of six months. The results also suggest a significant positive impact on food consumption, especially consumption of food with high protein content
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ralston, Laura Trafficking and Fragility in West Africa
    Abstract: Trafficking is an emerging concern in West Africa. In 2011, 17 percent of all cocaine consumed in Europe-21 tons-passed through the region, for a retail value of US
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ralston, Laura Job Creation in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations
    Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review of the operations that the World Bank has supported to create jobs and promote employment in fragile and conflict-affected situations. A novel approach to identifying projects is presented that enables searching for projects based on stated development objectives, regardless of the sector of the project. Of a sample of 2,166 projects funded by the International Development Association, this resulted in the identification of 98 projects that have specific job creation and employment generation development objectives. Among these projects, 51 percent of countries appearing on the list between 2004 and 2012 have implemented projects. Detailed textual analysis is carried out on the project descriptions and indicators to evaluate how well projects are aligned to the context. The results suggest there is a lack of measurement on outcomes that are particularly relevant for fragile and conflict-affected situations, such as the development of social cohesion, reintegration of those involved or affected by violence, impacts jobs have on the willingness to engage in violence or conflict, perceptions of government accountability, and equitable access to these economic opportunities. Quantitative analysis of the portfolio indicates that there are also systematic differences in the size and resources associated with job creation projects in countries with fragile and conflict-affected situations relative to similar projects in other International Development Association-borrowing countries. Given the mixed empirical evidence on the relationship between jobs and conflict, this report calls for more methodological measurement of the impacts of these programs on stabilization outcomes in the future
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Giles, John Village Political Economy, Land Tenure Insecurity, and the Rural to Urban Migration Decision
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of land tenure insecurity on the migration decisions of China' rural residents. A simple model first frames the relationship among these variables and the probability that a reallocation of land will occur in the following year. After first demonstrating that a village leader' support for administrative land reallocation carries with it the risk of losing a future election, the paper exploits election-timing and village heterogeneity in lineage group composition and demographic change to identify the effect of land security. In response to an expected land reallocation in the following year, the probability that a rural resident migrates out of the county declines by 2.8 percentage points, which accounts for 17.5 percent of the annual share of village residents, aged 16 to 50, who worked as migrants during the period. This finding underscores the potential importance of secure property rights for facilitating labor market integration and the movement of labor out of agriculture
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Basu, Kaushik From Tapering to Tightening
    Abstract: The "tapering talk" starting on May 22, 2013, when Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke first spoke of the possibility of the U.S. central bank reducing its security purchases, had a sharp negative impact on emerging markets. India was among those hardest hit. The rupee depreciated by 18 percent at one point, causing concerns that the country was heading toward a financial crisis. This paper contends that India was adversely impacted because it had received large capital flows in prior years and had large and liquid financial markets that were a convenient target for investors seeking to rebalance away from emerging markets. In addition, India's macroeconomic conditions had weakened in prior years, which rendered the economy vulnerable to capital outflows and limited the policy room for maneuver. The paper finds that the measures adopted to handle the impact of the tapering talk were not effective in stabilizing the financial markets and restoring confidence, implying that there may not be any easy choices when a country is caught in the midst of rebalancing of global portfolios. The authors suggest putting in place a medium-term policy framework that limits vulnerabilities in advance, while maximizing the policy space for responding to shocks. Elements of such a framework include a sound fiscal balance, sustainable current account deficit, and environment conducive to investment. In addition, India should continue to encourage relatively stable longer-term flows and discourage volatile short-term flows, hold a larger stock of reserves, avoid excessive appreciation of the exchange rate through interventions with the use of reserves and macroprudential policy, and prepare the banks and firms to handle greater exchange rate volatility
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Andalón, Mabel Weather Shocks and Health at Birth in Colombia
    Abstract: Poor health at birth has negative long-run effects on individual well-being and is also detrimental for intergenerational mobility. This paper examines whether health outcomes at birth are affected by in utero increased exposure to rainfall and temperature shocks in Colombia, one of the countries in the world with the highest incidence of extreme weather events per year. The paper uses a fixed effects design to gauge the causal effect using variation in fetal exposure to these shocks by municipality and date of birth. The analysis finds negative effects of temperature shocks on birth health outcomes and no effect of rainfall shocks. The results indicate that heat waves lead to a 0.5 percentage point reduction in the probability of being born at full term and a decline of 0.4 percentage point in the probability of newborns classified as healthy. The timing of exposure to the shock matters and it matters differently for different outcomes. These findings are critical to prioritize responses to counteract the negative effects of weather, particularly hot shocks, which are projected to become more frequent and intense with changing climate
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Blankespoor, Brian Protected Areas and Deforestation
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effectiveness of protected areas in slowing tropical forest clearing in 64 countries in Asia/Pacific, Africa, and Latin America for the period 2001-2012. The investigation compares deforestation rates inside and within 10 kilometers outside the boundary of protected areas. Annual time series of these deforestation rates were constructed from recently published high-resolution data on forest clearing. For 4,028 parks, panel estimation based on a variety of park characteristics was conducted to test if deforestation is lower in protected areas because of their protected status, or if other factors explain the difference. For a sample of 726 parks established since 2002, a test also was conducted to investigate the effect of park establishment on protection. The findings suggest park size, national park status, and management by indigenous people all have significant association with effective protection across regions. For the Asia/Pacific region, the test offers compelling evidence that park establishment has a near-immediate and powerful effect
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gaddis, Isis The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization
    Abstract: This paper investigates gender differences in the impact of Brazil' trade liberalization on labor market outcomes. To identify the causal effect of trade reforms, the paper uses difference-in-difference estimation exploiting variation across microregions in pre-liberalization industry composition. The analysis finds that trade liberalization reduced male and female labor force participation and employment rates, but the effects on men were significantly larger. Thereby, tariff reductions contributed to gender convergence in labor force participation and employment rates. Gender differences are concentrated among the low-skilled population and in the tradable sector, where male and female workers are most likely to be imperfect substitutes
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Oseni, Gbemisola Can Agricultural Households Farm Their Way Out of Poverty?
    Keywords: 2010 - 2011 ; Landwirtschaftlicher Familienbetrieb ; Produktivität ; Haushaltsstatistik ; Panel ; Armut ; Nigeria
    Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of agricultural productivity and its link to poverty using nationally representative data from the Nigeria General Household Survey Panel, 2010/11. The findings indicate an elasticity of poverty reduction with respect to agricultural productivity of between 0.25 to 0.3 percent, implying that a 10 percent increase in agricultural productivity will decrease the likelihood of being poor by between 2.5 and 3 percent. To increase agricultural productivity, land, labor, fertilizer, agricultural advice, and diversification within agriculture are the most important factors. As commonly found in the literature, the results indicate the inverse-land size productivity relationship. More specifically, a 10 percent increase in harvested land size will decrease productivity by 6.6 percent, all else being equal. In a simulation exercise where land quality is assumed to be constant across small and large holdings, the results show that if farms in the top land quintile had half the median yield per hectare of farms in the lowest quintile, production of the top quintile would be 10 times higher. The higher overall values of harvests from larger land sizes are more likely because of cultivation of larger expanses of land, rather than from efficient production. It should be noted that having larger land sizes in itself is not positively correlated with a lower likelihood of being poor. This is not to say that having larger land sizes is not important for farming, but rather it indicates that increasing efficiency is the more important need that could lead to poverty reduction for agricultural households
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (77 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Jafari, Yaghoob Estimates of Ad Valorem Equivalents of Barriers Against Foreign Suppliers of Services in Eleven Services Sectors and 103 Countries
    Abstract: A new database on the barriers faced by foreign suppliers of services has been produced by the World Bank. Data for 103 countries are available on 11 of the most important services sectors in international trade. Based on these data and building on the methodology and publications supported by the Australian Productivity Commission, this paper produces estimates of the ad valorem equivalents of the barriers for all these sectors and countries. Compared with estimates available in the literature that are based on assessments of country- and sector-specific barriers to services providers, the estimates expand the set of sectors and more than triple the set of countries for which estimates of the ad valorem equivalents of the services barriers are available
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Carletto, Calogero Informing Migration Policies
    Abstract: Researchers in many fields, such as demography, economics, and sociology, have established various data collection methodologies and principles to answer a range of academic and policy questions on migration. Although the progress has been impressive, some basic challenges remain. This paper addresses some basic, yet fundamental, questions on identification of international migrants and how their various demographic, personal, and human capital characteristics are captured via different data sources. The critical issues are the construction of proper sampling frames in censuses, registers, and surveys and the design of questionnaires in household, labor market, and other relevant surveys. The paper discusses how these data sources can be used to answer policy questions in areas such as labor markets, education, or poverty. The focus is on how some of the existing shortcomings in availability, quality, and relevance of migration data can be overcome via improvements in data collection methods
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