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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evolving Wage Cyclicality in Latin America (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Messina, Julián Evolving Wage Cyclicality in Latin America
    Abstract: A vector autoregression model with time-varying coefficients is used to examine the evolution of wage cyclicality in four Latin American economies: Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, during the period 1980-2010. Wages are highly pro-cyclical in all countries up to the mid-1990s except in Chile. Wage cyclicality declines thereafter, especially in Brazil and Colombia. This decline in wage cyclicality is in accordance with declining real-wage flexibility in a low-inflation environment. Controlling for compositional effects caused by changes in labor force participation along the business cycle does not alter these results
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6978
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wage Rigidity and Disinflation in Emerging Countries (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Messina, Julián Wage Rigidity and Disinflation in Emerging Countries
    Abstract: This paper examines the consequences of rapid disinflation for downward wage rigidities in two emerging countries, Brazil and Uruguay, relying on high quality matched employer-employee administrative data. Downward nominal wage rigidities are more important in Uruguay, while wage indexation is dominant in Brazil. Two regime changes are observed during the sample period, 1995-2004: (i) in Uruguay wage indexation declines, while workers' resistance to nominal wage cuts becomes more pronounced; and (ii) in Brazil, the introduction of inflation targeting by the Central Bank in 1999 shifts the focal point of wage negotiations from changes in the minimum wage to expected inflation. These regime changes cast doubts on the notion that wage rigidity is structural in the sense of Lucas (1976)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5863
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wage Inequality in Latin America : Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464810404
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (226 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Latin American Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: What caused the decline in wage inequality of the 2000s in Latin America? Looking to the future, will the current economic slowdown be regressive? Wage Inequality in Latin America: Understanding the Past to Prepare for the Future addresses these two questions by reviewing relevant literature and providing new evidence on what we know from the conceptual, empirical, and policy perspectives.The answer to the fi rst question can be broken down into several parts, although the bottom line is that the changes in wage inequality resulted from a combination of three forces: (a) education expansion and its eff ect on falling returns to skill (the supply-side story); (b) shifts in aggregate domestic demand; and (c) exchange rate appreciation from the commodity boom and the associated shift to the nontradable sector that changed interfi rm wage diff erences. Other forces had a non-negligible but secondary role in some countries, while they were not present in others. These include the rapid increase of the minimum wage and a rapid trend toward formalization of employment, which played a supporting role but only during the boom.Understanding the forces behind recent trends also helps to shed light on the second question. The analysis in this volume suggests that theeconomic slowdown is putting the brakes on the reduction of inequality in Latin America and will likely continue to do so-but it might not actuallyreverse the region's movement toward less wage inequality
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1039-8
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class (2012)
    Herndon : World Bank Publications | Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821397237
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (240 pages)
    DDC: 305.55098
    RVK:
    MS 1240
    Keywords: Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Mittelstand ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Einkommensentwicklung ; Intergenerationenmobilität ; Lateinamerika
    Abstract: After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive...
    Abstract: social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services.
    Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
    Book
    Book
    Economic mobility and the rise of the Latin American middle class (2013)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821396346 , 082139634X
    Language: English
    Pages: XV, 182 S. , graph. Darst. , 23x15x1 cm
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies
    DDC: 305.55098
    RVK:
    MS 1240
    Keywords: Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Mittelstand ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Einkommensentwicklung ; Intergenerationenmobilität ; Lateinamerika ; Graue Literatur ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Paperback
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/LACEXT/Resources/English_Report_midclass.pdf
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/LACEXT/Resources/English_Report_midclass.pdf
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic mobility and the rise of the Latin American middle class (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 182 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economic mobility and the rise of the Latin American middle class
    DDC: 305.5/5098
    RVK:
    QG 630
    Keywords: Mittelschicht ; Soziale Mobilität ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Lateinamerika ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Lateinamerika Karibischer Raum ; Sozioökonomische Entwicklung ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Gesellschaftliche Prozesse ; Mittelschicht ; Latin America Caribbean ; Socio-economic development ; Socio-economic change ; Social processes ; Middle class ; Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung Wirtschaftswachstum ; Sozialer Aufstieg ; Bildungsniveau/Ausbildungsstand ; Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Economic development Economic growth ; Social advancement ; Education level ; Income distribution ; Social security ; Lateinamerika ; Karibik ; Lateinamerika ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Mittelstand ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Einkommensentwicklung ; Intergenerationenmobilität
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labour market adjustments in Europe (2006)
    Cheltenham, U.K : Edward Elgar
    Details
    ISBN: 9781845428969
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (ix, 247 p) , ill
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Available in another form
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Labour market adjustments in Europe ; [collection of papers and discussions presented at the workshop What helps or hinders labour market adjustments in Europe? Held at the European Central Bank (ECB) in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on 28 and 29 June 2004."]
    DDC: 331.12/042/094
    RVK:
    QV 200
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitslosigkeit ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Arbeitsmarktflexibilität ; Wirtschaftsmodell ; OECD-Staaten ; Europa ; Labor supply Congresses ; Labor market Congresses ; Electronic books ; Konferenzschrift ; Europa ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Soziales System ; Arbeitsangebot ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Europa ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: The group of contributors in this book come from academia and international organizations in Europe and the USA. They focus on trade unions, which affect real-wage flexibility and the provision of training to workers. They also concentrate on employment protection legislation, which discourages firms from firing old workers and also from hiring new ones. The structure of housing market imperfections that can greatly affect regional mobility is also discussed
    Abstract: 1. New monopsony, institutions and training / Alison L. Booth, Marco Francesconi and Gylfi Zoega -- 2. Cyclicality of real wages in the euro area and OECD countries / Julián Messina, Chiara Strozzi and Jarkko Turunen -- 3. Pension systems, social transfer programmes and the retirement decision in OECD countries / Romain Duval -- 4. The effects of employment protection and product market regulations on the Italian labour market / Adriana D. Kugler and Giovanni Pica -- 5. On the determinants of job flows in Europe : sectoral factors and institutions / Ramón Gómez-Salvador, Julián Messina and Giovanna Vallanti -- 6. The effect of home-ownership on labour mobility in the Netherlands / Michiel van Leuvensteijn and Pierre Koning -- 7. The impact of credit constraints on household formation / Nuno C. Martins and Ernesto Villanueva
    Note: "This volume contains a collection of papers and discussions presented at the workshop "What helps or hinders labour market adjustments in Europe?" held at the European Central Bank (ECB) in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on 28 and 29 June 2004"--T.p. verso , Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.4337/9781845428969
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Margins of Labor Cost Adjustment : Survey Evidence From European Firms (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Babecky, Jan The Margins of Labor Cost Adjustment
    Abstract: Firms have multiple options at the time of adjusting their wage bills. However, previous literature has mainly focused on base wages. This paper broadens the analysis beyond downward rigidity in base wages by investigating the use of other margins of labor cost adjustment at the firm level. Using data from a unique survey, the authors find that firms make frequent use of other, more flexible, components of compensation to adjust the cost of labor. Changes in bonuses and non-pay benefits are some of the potential margins firms use to reduce costs. The paper also shows how the margins of adjustment chosen are affected by firm and worker characteristics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5160
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why Firms Avoid Cutting Wages : Survey Evidence from European Firms (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Du Caju, Philip Why Firms Avoid Cutting Wages
    Abstract: Firms very rarely cut nominal wages, even in the face of considerable negative economic shocks. This paper uses a unique survey of fourteen European countries to ask firms directly about the incidence of wage cuts and to assess the relevance of a range of potential reasons for why the firms avoid cutting wages. The paper examines how firm characteristics and collective bargaining institutions affect the relevance of each of the common explanations put forward for the infrequency of wage cuts. Concerns about the retention of productive staff and a lowering of morale and effort were reported as key reasons for downward wage rigidity across all countries and firm types. Restrictions created by collective bargaining were found to be an important consideration for firms in Western European (EU-15) countries but were one of the lowest ranked obstacles in the new EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6976
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Twenty years of wage inequality in Latin America (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Latin America and the Caribbean Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 72 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8995
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Messina, Julian Twenty Years of Wage Inequality in Latin America
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper documents an inverse U-shape in the evolution of wage inequality in Latin America since 1995, with a sharp reduction starting in 2002. The Gini coefficient of wages increased from 42 to 44 between 1995 and 2002 and declined to 39 by 2015. Between 2002 and 2015, the 90/10 log hourly earnings ratio decreased by 26 percent. The decline since 2002 was characterized by rising wages across the board, but especially among those at the bottom of the wage distribution in each country. Triggered by a rapid expansion of educational attainment, the wages of college and high school graduates fell relative to those with primary education. The premium for labor market experience also fell significantly. But the compression of wages was not entirely driven by changes in the wage structure across skill groups. Two-thirds of the decline in the variance of wages took place within skill groups. Changes in the sectoral, occupational, and formal-informal composition of jobs matter for the process of reduction in inequality, but do not fully account for the fall in within-skill variance. Evidence using longitudinal matched employer-employee administrative data suggests that an important driver was falling wage dispersion across firms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8995
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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