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  • 2010-2014  (1,116)
  • 2010  (1,116)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (630)
  • Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften  (440)
  • Cham : Springer International Publishing AG  (327)
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
  • 1
    ISBN: 9783531168173
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 1500 S. , 210 mm x 148 mm
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 2008 ; CD-ROM ; Soziologie ; Sozialer Wandel
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783476053268 , 3476053261
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XI, 372 Seiten)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2010
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Raum
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Kulturwissenschaften ; Naturwissenschaften ; Raum ; Geowissenschaften ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Wissenschaft ; Kunst ; Ästhetik ; Spatial turn ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Einführung
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783476003447 , 3476003442
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (IX, 364 Seiten)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2010
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gedächtnis und Erinnerung
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Neurologie ; Psychologie ; Erinnerung ; Medien ; Geisteswissenschaften ; Musealisierung ; Gedächtnis ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783531924809 , 353192480X
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (235 Seiten)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2010
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Braun, Sebastian Integrationsmotor Sportverein
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Sportverein ; Mädchen ; Migrationshintergrund ; Soziale Integration ; Jugendarbeit ; Vereinssport ; Projekt ; Sociology ; Sociology ; Nordrhein-Westfalen
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9783531924281 , 3531924281
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (228 Seiten) , 12 Abb.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2010
    Series Statement: Jahrbuch für Handlungs- und Entscheidungstheorie
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jahrbuch für Handlungs- und Entscheidungstheorie
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Rationalität ; Sociology ; Political science ; Sociology ; Political Science ; Political Theory ; Aufsatzsammlung
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531921839
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (653S. 45 Abb, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Zick, Andreas, 1962 - Psychologie der Akkulturation
    DDC: 303.482
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology ; Applied psychology ; Social Sciences ; Ohne direkten Regionalbezug Kulturaustausch/Kulturkontakt ; Theorie/Methodik ; Electronic books ; Akkulturation ; Psychologie ; Akkulturation ; Psychologie ; Akkulturation ; Sozialpsychologie
    Abstract: Rezension: Wie eignen sich Menschen kulturelle Umwelten an? Welche psychologischen und sozialen Prozessen laufen ab, wenn Menschen Kulturen wechseln? Wann führt Migration zu Konflikten, wie kann Integration gelingen? Zu diesen Fragen der Akkulturations- und Migrationsforschung bietet der Band eine aktuelle internationale Forschungsübersicht. Auf der Grundlage einer Diskussion von mehr als 170 Theorien der Psychologie und Sozialwissenschaften wird eine sozialpsychologische Theorie der akkulturativen Verortung entwickelt, die den Kulturwechsel als einen Prozess der Aneignung von Räumen versteht. Der Band bietet den derzeit umfassendsten Überblick zur Akkulturationsforschung und ist zugleich eine Einführung in ein neues Forschungsfeld, das weit über die Grenzen der Psychologie reicht. ?Der die Erwartung eines (Standard-)Werkes evozierende Aufdruck 'Psychologie der Akkulturation' auf dem Umschlag ist gerechtfertigt. Das Werk übertrifft die Erwartungen, die ich in es gesetzt habe. Das Lesen war ein intellektuelles Vergnügen, bei dem ich noch einmal viel über (Inter-)Gruppenprozesse gelernt habe. (Prof. Dr. Margarete Boos, Universität Göttingen)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531923536
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (206S. 31 Abb, digital)
    Edition: 2. Auflage
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Gerhards, Jürgen, 1955 - Die Moderne und ihre Vornamen
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Gerhards, Jürgen, 1955 - Die Moderne und ihre Vornamen
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology ; Social Sciences ; Einführung ; Kultursoziologie ; Gerolstein ; Vorname ; Namengebung ; Kultursoziologie ; Geschichte 1894-1994 ; Grimma ; Vorname ; Namengebung ; Kultursoziologie ; Geschichte 1894-1998 ; Gerolstein ; Vorname ; Namengebung ; Geschichte 1894-1994 ; Kultursoziologie ; Grimma ; Vorname ; Namengebung ; Geschichte 1894-1998 ; Kultursoziologie
    Abstract: Die Studie versteht sich sowohl als eine empirische Analyse kultureller Modernisierungsprozesse am Beispiel der Entwicklung von Vornamen, als auch als eine Einführung in die Kultursoziologie, die sich kritisch mit den Prämissen des 'cultural turn' auseinandersetzt und stattdessen auf klassische Theorien und Methoden der Soziologie zurückgreift. Am Beispiel der Vergabe von Vornamen lassen sich kulturelle Modernisierungsprozesse empirisch beschreiben und strukturell erklären: Die traditionellen Ligaturen Familie, Religion und Bindung an die Nation verlieren im Zeitverlauf in der Strukturierung der Vergabe von Vornamen an Bedeutung; Prozesse der Individualisierung und der Globalisierung gewinnen stattdessen an Relevanz. Prof. Dr. Jürgen Gerhards ist Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Makrosoziologie am Institut für Soziologie der Freien Universität Berlin.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531923857
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (498S, digital)
    Edition: 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Islamfeindlichkeit
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Political science ; Sociology ; Social Sciences ; Islam ; Islamfeindlichkeit ; Feindbild ; Ressentiment ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Deutschland ; Gesellschaft ; Islamfeindlichkeit
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531925325
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200S. 4 Abb, digital)
    Edition: 3., vollständig überarbeitete Auflage
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Hitzler, Ronald, 1950 - Leben in Szenen
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Hitzler, Ronald, 1950 - Leben in Szenen
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology ; Social Sciences ; Jugendkultur ; Lebensstil ; Sozialer Wandel ; Jugendkultur ; Lebensstil ; Sozialer Wandel
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531921013 , 3531921010
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (272 pages)
    Series Statement: VS Research
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vollmer, Thomas Das Heilige und das Opfer
    Parallel Title: Print version Das Heilige und das Opfer
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Bonn 2009
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Healing Religious aspects ; Religion and sociology ; Spiritual healing ; Violence Religious aspects ; Weltreligion ; Opferritus ; Gewalt ; Säkularisierung ; Gemeinschaft ; Kultursoziologie ; Electronic books ; Hochschulschrift ; Weltreligion ; Opferritus ; Gewalt ; Säkularisierung ; Gemeinschaft ; Kultursoziologie
    Abstract: Die Frage nach dem Zusammenhang von Religion und Gewalt ist in der postsäkularen Welt wieder aktuell. Die Terroranschläge vom 11. September 2001 sind nur die spektakulärsten in einer Reihe von Geschehnissen, die mit Religion in Verbindung stehen. In den vergangenen Jahren ist religiös legitimierte Gewalt von Angehörigen aller Weltreligionen, von bekennenden Juden, Christen und Muslimen ebenso wie von gläubigen Hindus und Buddhisten, ausgeübt worden. Um den Ausbruch „heiliger Gewalt" verstehen zu können, wird im Anschluss an die Religionstheorie René Girards das Sakralopfer zur Schlüsselkategorie einer soziologischen Re-Lektüre der Weltreligionen. Dabei stellt Thomas Vollmer nicht nur die abrahamitischen Religionen, sondern erstmalig auch die fernöstlichen Glaubensrichtungen in einen vergleichenden „sakrifiziellen" Kontext.Das Buch wendet sich an Dozierende und Studierende der Soziologie, der Politik- und Religionswissenschaften sowie an die interessierte Öffentlichkeit.
    Abstract: Die Frage nach dem Zusammenhang von Religion und Gewalt ist in der postsäkularen Welt wieder aktuell. Die Terroranschläge vom 11. September 2001 sind nur die spektakulärsten in einer Reihe von Geschehnissen, die mit Religion in Verbindung stehen. In den vergangenen Jahren ist religiös legitimierte Gewalt von Angehörigen aller Weltreligionen, von bekennenden Juden, Christen und Muslimen ebenso wie von gläubigen Hindus und Buddhisten, ausgeübt worden. Um den Ausbruch 'heiliger Gewalt' verstehen zu können, wird im Anschluss an die Religionstheorie René Girards das Sakralopfer zur Schlüsselkategorie einer soziologischen Re-Lektüre der Weltreligionen. Dabei stellt Thomas Vollmer nicht nur die abrahamitischen Religionen, sondern erstmalig auch die fernöstlichen Glaubensrichtungen in einen vergleichenden 'sakrifiziellen' Kontext. Das Buch wendet sich an Dozierende und Studierende der Soziologie, der Politik- und Religionswissenschaften sowie an die interessierte Öffentlichkeit.
    Description / Table of Contents: Vorwort; Inhaltsverzeichnis; Einleitung; Religion und Gewalt. Grundriss einer soziologischen Theorie; 1. Zur soziologischen Definition von Religion; 2. Gewalt als Entgrenzungsphänomen. Zur funktionalen Äquivalenz von Gewaltmonopol und archaischem Opfer; 3. Das religiöse Opfer; 4. Zur Soziologie von Kultus und Mythos; 5. Heilige Gewalt und das soziologische »Problem sozialer Ordnungsbildung«; 6. Tod, Sinn und Heilsversprechen. Oder warum die Religion in der Moderne überlebt; 7. »Kosmische« und »Heilige Kriege«. Die Polarität von »Inklusion versus Exklusion«
    Description / Table of Contents: 8. Zwischenbetrachtung. Die Ambivalenz des Sakralopfers und die Elementarformen der GemeinschaftGewalt und Gewaltüberwindung in den Weltreligionen; 1. Judentum, Christentum und Islam; 2. Hinduismus und Buddhismus; Schlussbetrachtung; Literaturverzeichnis;
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531923406
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (298S. 27 Abb, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Vogt, Thomas, 1971 - Kalkulierte Kreativität
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology ; Social Sciences ; Kreativität ; Situativer Kontext ; Handlungstheorie ; Kreativität ; Theorie ; Kreativität ; Situativer Kontext ; Handlungstheorie ; Kreativität ; Theorie
    Abstract: Thomas Vogt arbeitet am Studium generale der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz.
    Abstract: Kreative Menschen gelten oft als unangepasste Individualisten, denen gerne eine gewisse Verrücktheit attestiert wird. Rationale und soziale Motive, die das Handeln in anderen Lebenszusammenhängen prägen, scheinen in kreativen Prozessen keine große Rolle zu spielen. Aber kreative sind immer auch rationale Handlungen. Denn Menschen wählen kreative Handlungsoptionen nur dann, wenn mit ihnen ein höherer subjektiver Nutzen verbunden ist als mit jeder anderen Handlungsalternative. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der Entwurf eines sozialwissenschaftlichen Erklärungsmodells Kreativität auf der Grundlage der Theorie des subjektiv erwarteten Nutzens und psychologischer Kreativitätstheorien.
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531926018
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (287S. 3 Abb, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Interkultur - Jugendkultur
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    Keywords: Social sciences ; Sociology ; Social Sciences ; Kulturzugang Jugendliche/Junge Menschen ; Interkultureller Konflikt ; Identität ; Fachunterricht/Unterrichtsfach ; Musik ; Bildungsziele ; Sozialisation ; Türken ; Ruhrgebiet ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Interkulturelle Erziehung ; Schule ; Heterogenität ; Lerngruppe
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531925752
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (966S. 99 Abb, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Handbuch Netzwerkforschung
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Netzwerk ; Sozialforschung ; Soziales Netzwerk ; Wissenschaftliche Methode ; Unternehmensnetzwerk ; Politik ; Wissenschaft ; Theorie ; Social sciences ; Political science ; Sociology ; Psychological tests and testing ; Social Sciences ; Soziales Netzwerk ; Netzwerkanalyse 〈Soziologie〉 ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Soziales Netzwerk ; Forschung ; Netzwerkanalyse
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821384459
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (235 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: Now in its eighth edition, this pocket-sized reference on key development data for over 200 countries provides profiles of each country with 54 development indicators about people, environment, economy, technology and infrastructure, trade, and finance. It is intended as a quick reference for users of World Development Indicators and the Atlas of Global Development
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821384466
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (235 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: This pocket-sized reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries includes key indicators on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. The volume helps establish a sound base of information to help set priorities and measure progress toward environmental sustainability goals
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821386309
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Abstract: Eighth in a series of annual reports comparing business regulations in 183 economies, Doing Business 2011 measures regulations affecting 10 areas of everyday business activity: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, employing workers, registering property, getting credit, protecting investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, and closing a business. The report updates all 10 sets of indicators, ranks countries on their overall ease of doing business and analyzes reforms to business regulation- identifying which countries are improving strengthening their business environment the most and which ones slipped. Doing Business 2011 includes results on the ongoing research in the area of getting electricity" and illustrates how reforms in business regulations can translate into better outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and the wider economy. It also focuses on how women in particular are affected by complex business regulations
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Shah, Anwar Sponsoring A Race To the Top
    Abstract: Intergovernmental finance is a significant source of sub-national finance in most countries. In both industrial and developing countries, formula based "manna from heaven" general purpose transfers dominate but co-exist with highly intrusive micro-managed "command and control" specific purpose transfers. Both these types of transfers undermine political and fiscal accountability. Reforms to bring in design elements that incorporate incentives for results-based accountability are resisted by both donors and recipients alike. This is because the donors perceive such reforms as attempts at chipping away at their powers and recipients fear such programs will be intrusive. This paper presents conceptual and practical underpinnings of grant designs that could further simplicity, objectivity, and local autonomy objectives while furthering citizen-centric results-based accountability. The paper further highlights a few notable recent initiatives in both industrial and developing countries that embrace such directions for reform. The paper concludes that results-based intergovernmental finance offers significant potential to minimize tradeoffs between local autonomy and accountability while furthering access to merit goods
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Clausen, Bianca Corruption and Confidence in Public Institutions
    Abstract: Well-functioning institutions matter for economic development. In order to operate effectively, public institutions must also inspire confidence in those they serve. The authors use data from the Gallup World Poll, a unique and very large global household survey, to document a quantitatively large and statistically significant negative correlation between corruption and confidence in public institutions. This suggests an important channel through which corruption can inhibit development by eroding confidence in public institutions. This correlation is robust to the inclusion of a large set of controls for country and respondent-level characteristics, and they show how it can plausibly be interpreted as reflecting at least in part a causal effect from corruption to confidence. The authors also show that individuals with low confidence in institutions exhibit low levels of political participation, show increased tolerance for violent means to achieve political ends, and have a greater desire to "vote with their feet" through emigration
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ruta, Giovanni Trade in 'Virtual Carbon'
    Abstract: The fact that developing countries do not have carbon emission caps under the Kyoto Protocol has led to the current interest in high-income countries in border taxes on the "virtual" carbon content of imports. The authors use Global Trade Analysis Project data and input-output analysis to estimate the flows of virtual carbon implicit in domestic production technologies and the pattern of international trade. The results present striking evidence on the wide variation in the carbon-intensiveness of trade across countries, with major developing countries being large net exporters of virtual carbon. The analysis suggests that tax rates of
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Caprio, Gerard, Jr Safe and Sound Banking
    Abstract: Most explanations of the crisis of 2007-2009 emphasize the role of the preceding boom in real estate and asset markets in a variety of advanced countries. As a result, an idea that is gaining support among various groups is how to make Basel II or any regulatory regime less pro-cyclical. This paper addresses the rationale for and likely contribution of such policies. Making provisioning (or capital) requirements countercyclical is one way potentially to address pro-cyclicality, and accordingly it looks at the efforts of the authorities in Spain and Colombia, two countries in which countercyclical provisioning has been tried, to see what the track record has been. As explained there, these experiments have been at best too recent and limited to put much weight on them, but they are much less favorable for supporting this practice than is commonly admitted. The paper then addresses concerns and implementation issues with countercyclical capital or provisioning requirements, including why their impact might be expected to be limited, and concludes with recommendations for developing country officials who want to learn how to make their financial systems less exposed to crises
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kaplinsky, Raphael What Happens When the Market Shifts To China ?
    Abstract: Rapid economic growth in China has boosted its demand for commodities. At the same time, many commodity sectors have experienced declining demand from high-income northern economies. This paper examines two hypotheses of the consequences of this shift in final markets for the organization of global value chains in general, and for the role played in them by southern producers in particular. The first is that there will be a decline in the importance of standards in global value chains. The second is that there will be increasing constraints in the ability of low-income producers to upgrade to higher value niches in their chains. Detailed case studies of the Thai cassava industry and the Gabon timber sector confirm both these hypotheses. It remains to be seen how widespread these trends are across other sectors
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Babecky, Jan Downward Nominal and Real Wage Rigidity
    Abstract: It has been well established that the wages of individual workers react little, especially downwards, to shocks that hit their employer. This paper presents new evidence from a unique survey of firms across Europe on the prevalence of downward wage rigidity in both real and nominal terms. The authors analyse which firm-level and institutional factors are associated with wage rigidity. The results indicate that it is related to workforce composition at the establishment level in a manner that is consistent with related theoretical models (e.g. efficiency wage theory, insider-outsider theory). The analysis also finds that wage rigidity depends on the labour market institutional environment. Collective bargaining coverage is positively related with downward real wage rigidity, measured on the basis of wage indexation. Downward nominal wage rigidity is positively associated with the extent of permanent contracts and this effect is stronger in countries with stricter employment protection regulations
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Patrinos, Harry Anthony Private Education Provision and Public Finance
    Abstract: One of the key features of the Dutch education system is freedom of education - freedom to establish schools and organize teaching. Almost 70 percent of schools in the Netherlands are administered by private school boards, and all schools are government funded equally. This allows school choice. Using an instrument to identify school choice, it is shown that the Dutch system promotes academic performance. The instrumental variables results show that private school attendance is associated with higher test scores. Private school size effects in math, reading, and science achievement are 0.17, 0.28, and 0.18
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Guaqueta, Juliana The Determinants of Wealth and Gender Inequity in Cognitive Skills in Latin America
    Abstract: Wealth and gender inequity in the accumulation of cognitive skills is measured as the association between subject competency and wealth and gender using the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment. Wealth inequity is found to occur not through disparate household characteristics but rather through disparate school characteristics; little evidence is found of an association between wealth and competency within schools. Weak evidence is found of wealth mitigating gender differences through school characteristics. These findings suggest that wealth inequity in the accumulation of cognitive skills is almost exclusively associated with disparate school characteristics and that disparate school characteristics may play a role in accentuating gender inequity
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Tarr, David G Export Restraints On Russian Natural Gas and Raw Timber
    Abstract: Export restraints by the Russian Federation on natural gas and timber have been the source of major controversy between the European Union and the Russian Federation. The analysis of this paper suggests that the export restraints in natural gas very substantially benefit Russia. On the other hand, in raw timber the analysis suggests that a substantial reduction of Russian export taxes would increase Russian welfare. The paper explains that Gazprom has failed to invest adequately, resulting in little development of new gas supplies. The result has been progressively increasing use by Gazprom of Central Asian gas supplies, at progressively higher prices for Russia. The increased prices of gas for Russian consumers have shown that it is crucial for Russia to allow new entrants and to introduce competition in the Russian domestic market. Without export restraints, however, competition among multiple gas suppliers from Russia would erode or eliminate the monopoly profits of the Russian Federation on gas exports. Thus, with a more competitive domestic market, the Russian government would be expected to grant exclusive exporting rights to a single entity (as it presently does with Gazprom) or impose export taxes. Thus, Europe should not expect to achieve cheaper Russian gas as a result of structural reforms within the Russian gas market. A more promising avenue for European energy diversification is new pipeline construction to open up new sources of supply independent of Russia (especially the Nabucco pipeline), and liquefied natural gas purchases
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Levy, Brian Development Strategies
    Abstract: A frontier challenge for development strategy is to move beyond prescribing optimal economic policies, and instead - taking a broad view of the interactions between economic, political and social constraints and dynamics - to identify entry points capable of breaking a low-growth logjam, and initiating a virtuous spiral of cumulative change. The paper lays out four distinctive sequences via which the different dimensions might interact and evolve over time, and provides country-specific illustrations of each. Each sequence is defined by the principal focus of its initial step: 1) State capacity building provides a platform for accelerated growth via improved public sector performance and enhanced credibility for investors; strengthened political institutions and civil society come onto the agenda only over the longer term; 2) Transformational governance has as its entry point the reshaping of a country's political institutions. Accelerated growth could follow, insofar as institutional changes enhance accountability, and reduce the potential for arbitrary discretionary action - and thereby shift expectations in a positive direction; 3) For 'just enough governance', the initial focus is on growth itself, with the aim of addressing specific capacity and institutional constraints as and when they become binding - not seeking to anticipate and address in advance all possible institutional constraints; 4) Bottom-up development engages civil society as an entry point for seeking stronger state capacity, lower corruption, better public services, improvements in political institutions more broadly - and a subsequent unlocking of constraints on growth. The sequences should not be viewed as a technocratic toolkit from which a putative reformer is free to choose. Recognizing that choice is constrained by history, the paper concludes by suggesting an approach for exploring what might the scope for identifying practical ways forward in specific country settings
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Vladimir, Ponczek What are the Links Between Aid Volatility and Growth ?
    Abstract: This paper adds to aid volatility literature in three ways: First it tests the validity of the aid volatility and growth relationship from various aspects: across different time horizons, by sources of aid, and by aid volatility interactions with country characteristics. Second, it investigates the relationship by the level of aid absorption and spending. Third, when examining the relationship between International Development Association aid volatility and growth, it isolates International Development Association aid volatility due to the recipient country's performance from that due to other sources. The findings suggest that, in the long run, on average, aid volatility is negatively correlated with real economic growth. But the relationship is not even. It is stronger for Sub-Saharan African countries than for other regions and it is not present in middle-income countries or countries with strong institutions. For economies where aid is fully absorbed, aid volatility matters for long-run growth; economies with full aid spending also bear a negative impact of aid volatility on long-run growth. Where aid is not fully absorbed, or where it is not fully spent, the aid volatility relationship is not significant. Looking at International Development Association aid separately, the volatility arising from the recipient country's International Development Association performance does not have a causal relationship with growth. In policy terms, the results suggest that low- income countries with weak institutions, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, could benefit from reduced aid volatility or from being better prepared for the volatility that is there
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Nielsen, Hannah Potential Benefits and Risks of Increased Aid Flows To Burundi
    Abstract: Burundi has experienced a significant increase in aid flows in recent years. Currently, about half of the budget is funded by aid, mostly grants. The high external assistance has, however, not yet translated into high and sustainable growth rates. This paper analyzes (i) the policy response of the government to the aid surge and its impact on macroeconomic variables; and (ii) the allocation of external assistance and its implications for growth. Since not all aid affects economic development in the same way, aid disbursements are disaggregated by sector as well as by their lag in impacting growth. The analysis shows that Burundi has mostly spent and absorbed increased aid flows, but has until now not suffered significantly from the possible negative effects of an appreciating exchange rate and the related loss of competitiveness, but the possibility of a Dutch disease effect remains a risk. The country’s low growth performance, despite high aid inflows, is not necessarily a sign that aid is ineffective or exceeding Burundi’s absorptive capacity. It reflects that a large share of aid has been allocated to either humanitarian and emergency aid or long-run growth enhancing sectors. Therefore, the lagged impact of aid on economic growth is not yet visible. Furthermore, the composition of the domestically financed budget is biased toward recurrent spending, and therefore not directly growth enhancing. In addition, low and often unpredictable aid disbursement ratios aggravate the bias away from investment and toward government consumption. To boost short-term growth, the share of aid allocated to productive sectors, such as agriculture and the supporting infrastructure, needs to be increased. Firm commitments and timely disbursements of aid by donors are essential and the Government of Burundi needs to strengthen its capacity and mechanisms for donor coordination
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Freund, Caroline What Constrains Africa's Exports ?
    Abstract: This paper examines the effects of transit, documentation, and ports and customs delays on Africa’s exports. The authors find that transit delays have the most economically and statically significant effect on exports. A one-day reduction in inland travel times leads to a 7 percent increase in exports. Put another way, a one-day reduction in inland travel times translates to a 1.5 percentage point decrease in all importing-country tariffs. By contrast, longer delays in the other areas have a far smaller impact on trade. The analysis controls for the possibility that greater trade leads to shorter delays in three ways. First, it examines the effect of trade times on exports of new products. Second, it evaluates the effect of delays in a transit country on the exports of landlocked countries. Third, it examines whether delays affect time-sensitive goods relatively more. The authors show that large transit delays are relatively more harmful because of high within-country variation
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Serneels, Pieter Do Labor Statistics Depend On How and To Whom the Questions Are Asked ?
    Abstract: Labor market statistics are critical for assessing and understanding economic development. In practice, widespread variation exists in how labor statistics are measured in household surveys in low-income countries. Little is known whether these differences have an effect on the labor statistics they produce. This paper analyzes these effects by implementing a survey experiment in Tanzania that varied two key dimensions: the level of detail of the questions and the type of respondent. Significant differences are observed across survey designs with respect to different labor statistics. Labor force participation rates, for example, vary by as much as 10 percentage points across the four survey assignments. Using a short labor module without screening questions on employment generates lower female labor force participation and lower rates of wage employment for both men and women. Response by proxy rather than self-report yields lower male labor force participation, lower female working hours, and lower employment in agriculture for men. The differences between proxy and self reporting seem to come from information imperfections within the household, especially with the distance in age between respondent and subject playing an important role, while gender and educational differences seem less important
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Murray, Siobhan The Economics of Renewable Energy Expansion in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: Accelerating development in Sub-Saharan Africa will require massive expansion of access to electricity - currently reaching only about one-third of households. This paper explores how essential economic development might be reconciled with the need to keep carbon emissions in check. The authors develop a geographically explicit framework and use spatial modeling and cost estimates from recent engineering studies to determine where stand-alone renewable energy generation is a cost effective alternative to centralized grid supply. The results suggest that decentralized renewable energy will likely play an important role in expanding rural energy access. But it will be the lowest cost option for a minority of households in Africa, even when likely cost reductions over the next 20 years are considered. Decentralized renewables are competitive mostly in remote and rural areas, while grid connected supply dominates denser areas where the majority of households reside. These findings underscore the need to de-carbonize the fuel mix for centralized power generation as it expands in Africa
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kotikula, Aphichoke To What Extent Are Bangladesh's Recent Gains in Poverty Reduction Different From the Past?
    Abstract: The poor in Bangladesh are more likely to belong to households with a larger number of dependents and lower education among household members, be engaged in daily wage labor, own little land, and be less likely to receive remittances. This poverty profile for 2005 is similar to the profile in the mid-1980s and hence at first glance it would appear that little has changed over time. A closer look at national household survey data suggests a more nuanced story. This paper uses the latest two rounds of the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey to decompose the micro-determinants of poverty reduction between 2000 and 2005, closely following a similar analysis using five earlier rounds of the Survey. The comparison of results shows that the spatial distribution of poverty seen in earlier decades has changed with time and the drivers of poverty reduction are different in several respects
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Raddatz, Claudio When the Rivers Run Dry
    Abstract: This paper provides systematic evidence of the role of banks' reliance on wholesale funding in the international transmission of the ongoing financial crisis. It conducts an event study to estimate the impact of the liquidity crunch of September 15, 2008, on the stock price returns of 662 individual banks across 44 countries, and tests whether differences in the abnormal returns observed around those events relate to these banks' ex-ante reliance on wholesale funding. Globally and within countries, banks that relied more heavily in non-deposit sources of funds experienced a significantly larger decline in stock returns even after controlling for other mechanisms. Within a country, the abnormal returns of banks with high wholesale dependence fell about 2 percent more than those of banks with low dependence during the three days following Lehman Brothers' bankruptcy. This large differential return suggests that liquidity played an important role in the transmission of the crisis
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lanjouw, Peter A New Approach To Producing Geographic Profiles of Hiv Prevalence
    Abstract: Sub-national estimates of HIV prevalence can inform the design of policy responses to the HIV epidemic. Such responses also benefit from a better understanding of the correlates of HIV status, including the association between HIV and geographical characteristics of localities. In recent years, several countries in Africa have implemented household surveys (such as Demographic and Health Surveys) that include HIV testing of the adult population, providing estimates of HIV prevalence rates at the sub-national level. These surveys are known to suffer from non-response bias, but are nonetheless thought to represent a marked improvement over alternatives such as sentinel surveys. At present, however, most countries are not in a position to regularly field such household surveys. This paper proposes a new approach to the estimation of HIV prevalence for relatively small geographic areas in settings where national population-based surveys of prevalence are not available. The proposed approach aims to overcome some of the difficulties with prevailing methods of deriving HIV prevalence estimates (at both national and sub-national levels) directly from sentinel surveys. The paper also outlines some of the limitations of the proposed approach
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gutierrez, Mario Building Countercyclical Fiscal Policies in Latin America
    Abstract: This paper reviews the international experience of developed and underdeveloped economies in reducing the pro-cyclicality and deficit bias of fiscal policies and promoting the adoption of effective countercyclical fiscal policy actions. The paper draws lessons and best international practices for building fiscal policy frameworks and adopting feasible countercyclical fiscal policies in Latin America. The authors review the main arguments regarding the proper role and limitations of countercyclical fiscal policies, and offer an evaluation of the international evidence demonstrating the typical pro-cyclicality and deficit bias of fiscal policy. The paper analyzes the international experience with fiscal frameworks, budgetary rules, and other mechanisms for implementing countercyclical fiscal policies, and describes the necessary preconditions for building a stable and effective countercyclical fiscal policy framework in Latin America. The authors review the international best practices for establishing a reliable and effective countercyclical fiscal policy in the region
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Tiwari, Sailesh The Impact of Economic Shocks On Global Undernourishment
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of the 2008 food price spike and the 2009 contraction in global growth on undernourishment rates. The analysis is based on a methodology that uses a calorie-income relationship and income distribution data. The authors find that the 2008 global food price spike may have increased global undernourishment by about 6.8 percent, or 63 million people. Moreover, they show that the sharp slowdown in global growth in 2009 could have contributed to 41 million more undernourished people compared with what would have happened if the economic crisis had not occurred
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Trezzi, Riccardo Estimating the Fiscal Multiplier in Argentina
    Abstract: Argentina's government has resorted to fiscal policy as a countercyclical tool to mitigate the negative impact of the current economic downturn on aggregate demand. Empirical results based on a vector error correction model suggest, however, that the fiscal multiplier is relatively small and short-lived. This could reflect a number of factors, including the higher propensity of households to save during the economic downturn, the implementation lag of public expenditures, particularly of capital expenditures, and the narrow tax base that limits the impact of countercyclical revenue measures on domestic demand
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Love, Inessa What Explains Stock Markets' Vulnerability to the 2007-2008 Crisis ?
    Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of stock markets' vulnerability to the 2007-2008 crisis. Given that the United States (US) was the crisis epicenter, the authors analyze the factors driving the co-movement between US returns and stock returns in 83 countries. The analysis distinguishes between the period before and after the collapse of Lehman Brothers. The findings indicate that the main channel of transmission was financial. There is also evidence of a "wake-up call" or "demonstration effect" in the first stage of the crisis, because countries with vulnerable banking and corporate sectors exhibited higher co-movement with the US market. However, despite a collapse in trade across countries, the analysis does not find support for this channel of transmission
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Sonderholm, Jorn Intellectual Property Rights and the TRIPS Agreement
    Abstract: The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights negotiated in 1986 under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the institutional predecessor of the World Trade Organization, incorporated substantial and uniform protections of intellectual property rights into the international trade system. A large body of contemporary academic literature suggests that intellectual property rights on socially valuable goods such as essential medicines give rise to a number of ethical problems. This review paper seeks to give an overview of these problems. Moreover, it offers an outline and discussion of a number of proposals as to how these problems might be alleviated. The paper is primarily descriptive in character. This means that although a personal perspective is sometimes offered, the primary ambition of the paper is not to argue for, and defend, a particular solution to the issues discussed. The aim is rather to highlight, explain and put into perspective a number of important arguments in the debate on the ethical nature of intellectual property rights so that policy-makers and other stakeholders are relatively well-equipped to make up their own mind on the issue
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Williges, Keith Assessing the Financial Vulnerability To Climate-Related Natural Hazards
    Abstract: National governments are key actors in managing the impacts of extreme weather events, yet many highly exposed developing countries - faced with exhausted tax bases, high levels of indebtedness, and limited donor assistance - have been unable to raise sufficient and timely capital to replace or repair damaged infrastructure and restore livelihoods after major disasters. Such financial vulnerability hampers development and exacerbates poverty. Based on the record of the past 30 years, this paper finds many developing countries, in particular small island states, to be highly financially vulnerable, and experiencing a resource gap (net disaster losses exceed all available financing sources) for events that occur with a probability of 2 percent or higher. This has three main implications. First, efforts to reduce risk need to be ramped-up to lessen the serious human and financial burdens. Second, contrary to the well-known Arrow-Lind theorem, there is a case for country risk aversion implying that disaster risks faced by some governments cannot be absorbed without major difficulty. Risk aversion entails the ex ante financing of losses and relief expenditure through calamity funds, regional insurance pools, or contingent credit arrangements. Third, financially vulnerable (and generally poor) countries are unlikely to be able to implement pre-disaster risk financing instruments themselves, and thus require technical and financial assistance from the donor community. The cost estimates of financial vulnerability - based on today's climate - inform the design of "climate insurance funds" to absorb high levels of sovereign risk and are found to be in the lower billions of dollars annually, which represents a baseline for the incremental costs arising from future climate change
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip The Ethnicity Distraction ?
    Abstract: Much of the research on ethnicity, development and conflict implicitly assumes that ethnic groups act collectively in pursuit of their interests. Collective political action is typically facilitated by political parties able to make credible commitments to pursue group interests. Other work, however, emphasizes the lack of political credibility as a source of adverse development outcomes. Evidence presented here uses partisan preferences across 16 Sub-Saharan African countries to distinguish these positions. The evidence is inconsistent with the credibility of party commitments to pursue collective ethnic interests: ethnic clustering of political support is less widespread than expected; members of clustered ethnic groups exhibit high rates of partisan disinterest and are only slightly more likely to express a partisan preference; and partisan preferences are more affected by factors, such as gift-giving, often associated with low political credibility. These findings emphasize the importance of looking beyond ethnicity in analyses of economic development
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lin, Justin Yifu New Structural Economics
    Abstract: As strategies for achieving sustainable growth in developing countries are re-examined in light of the financial crisis, it is critical to take into account structural change and its corollary, industrial upgrading. Economic literature has devoted a great deal of attention to the analysis of technological innovation, but not enough to these equally important issues. The new structural economics outlined in this paper suggests a framework to complement previous approaches in the search for sustainable growth strategies. It takes the following into consideration: First, an economy's structure of factor endowments evolves from one stage of development to another. Therefore, the optimal industrial structure of a given economy will be different at different stages of development. Each industrial structure requires corresponding infrastructure (both "hard" and "soft") to facilitate its operations and transactions. Second, each stage of economic development is a point along the continuum from a low-income agrarian economy to a high-income industrialized economy, not a dichotomy of two economic development stages ("poor" versus "rich" or "developing" versus "industrialized"). Industrial upgrading and infrastructure improvement targets in developing countries should not necessarily draw from those that exist in high-income countries. Third, at each given stage of development, the market is the basic mechanism for effective resource allocation. However, economic development as a dynamic process requires industrial upgrading and corresponding improvements in "hard" and "soft" infrastructure at each stage. Such upgrading entails large externalities to firms' transaction costs and returns to capital investment. Thus, in addition to an effective market mechanism, the government should play an active role in facilitating industrial upgrading and infrastructure improvements
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Laborde, David Formulas and Flexibility in Trade Negotiations
    Abstract: Many trade negotiations involve large cuts in high tariffs, with flexibilities allowing much smaller cuts for an agreed number of politically-sensitive products. The effects of these flexibilities on market access opportunities are difficult to predict, creating particular problems for developing countries in assessing whether to support a proposed agreement. Some widely-used ad hoc approaches to identifying likely sensitive products - such as the highest-bound-tariff rule - suggest that the impacts of a limited number of such exceptions on average tariffs and on market access are likely to be minor. This paper uses a rigorous specification based on the apparent objectives of policy makers in setting the pre-negotiation tariff. Applying this approach with detailed data allows the authors to assess the implications of sensitive-product provisions for average agricultural tariffs, economic welfare, and market access under the Doha negotiations. The authors conclude that highest-tariff rules are likely to seriously underestimate the impacts on average tariffs, and that treating even 2 percent of tariff lines as sensitive is likely to have a sharply adverse impact on economic welfare. The impacts on market access are also adverse, but much smaller, perhaps reflecting the mercantilist focus of the negotiating process
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Taylor, Ashley Trade and Financial Sector Reforms
    Abstract: The allocation of production across firms is a potentially important explanation of the productivity gap between rich and poor economies. Reforms to trade policy and the domestic financial sector are often both key elements of policy packages aimed at reducing productive distortions. However, the impact of each reform in reallocating production within an economy is usually analyzed independently. This paper asks how do such general equilibrium effects of trade and domestic financial sector reforms interact in terms of their effects on productivity, wages and utility. Motivated by recent firm-level studies, I add two-way linkages between firms’ production and exporting decisions and their financial constraints to a general equilibrium heterogeneous firm trade model. The interaction effects between reforms appear qualitatively important. Trade and domestic financial sector reforms have complementary effects on the average productivity and size of domestic producers. However, if much reallocative work has already been done through a well-functioning financial sector, the marginal benefits of trade liberalisation for wages and household utility are reduced. Improvements in the ability to use exports as pledgeable collateral enhance both the wage and productivity effects of trade reforms. The model also highlights the potential for financial sector reforms in one economy to be exported via the trade channel, affecting decisions to produce or export in the foreign economy and putting downward pressure on foreign real wages
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Rocha, Roberto Designing the Payout Phase of Pension Systems
    Abstract: This paper examines the policy issues, constraints and options facing policymakers in promoting the development of sound markets for retirement products. It discusses the various risks faced by pensioners and the risk characteristics of alternative retirement products and also reviews the risks faced by providers of retirement products and the management and regulatory challenges of dealing with these risks. The paper focuses on policies that could be adopted by developing and transitioning countries where financial and insurance markets are not well developed. It argues for promoting an adequate level of annuitization but avoiding excessive annuitization. It also argues for favoring combinations of payout options, covering different products at a particular point in time as well as different payout options over time. The paper also discusses the choice between centralized and decentralized markets and highlights the basic elements of an effective regulation of risk management
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Stillman, Steven Accounting for Selectivity and Duration-Dependent Heterogeneity When Estimating the Impact of Emigration On Incomes and Poverty in Sending Areas
    Abstract: The impacts of international emigration and remittances on incomes and poverty in sending areas are increasingly studied with household survey data. But comparing households with and without emigrants is complicated by a triple-selectivity problem: first, households self-select into emigration; second, in some emigrant households everyone moves while others leave members behind; and third, some emigrants choose to return to the origin country. Allowing for duration-dependent heterogeneity introduces a fourth form of selectivity - one must now worry not just about whether households migrate, but also when they do so. This paper clearly sets out these selectivity issues and their implications for existing migration studies, and then addresses them by using survey data designed specifically to take advantage of a randomized lottery that determines which applicants to the over-subscribed Samoan Quota may immigrate to New Zealand. The analysis compares incomes and poverty rates among left behind members in households in Samoa that sent Samoan Quota emigrants with those for members of similar households that were unsuccessful in the lottery. Policy rules control who can accompany the principal migrant, providing an instrument to address the second selectivity problem, while differences among migrants in which year their ballot was selected allow for estimation of duration effects. The authors find that migration reduced poverty among former household members, but they also find suggestive evidence that this effect may be short-lived as both remittances and agricultural income are negatively related to the duration that the migrant has been abroad
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Almeida, Rita K Openness and Technological Innovation in East Asia
    Abstract: This paper examines whether the increased openness and technological innovation in East Asia have contributed to an increased demand for skills in the region. The author explores a unique firm level data set across eight countries in Asia and the Pacific region. The results strongly support the idea that greater openness and technological innovation have increased the demand for skills, especially in middle-income countries. In particular, while the presence in international markets has been skill enhancing for most middle-income countries, this is not the case for manufacturing firms operating in China and in low-income countries. The author interprets this to support the premise that if international integration in the region continues to intensify and technology continues to be skilled biased, policies aimed at mitigating the skills shortages should produce continual and persistent increase in skills
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (71 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Pollner, John Designing the Payout Phase of Funded Pension Pillars in Central and Eastern European Countries
    Abstract: Over the past decade or so, most Central and Eastern European countries have reformed their pension systems, significantly downsizing their public pillars and creating private pillars based on capitalization accounts. Early policy attention was focused on the accumulation phase but several countries are now reaching the stage where they need to address the design of the payout phase. This paper reviews the complex policy issues that will confront policymakers in this effort and summarizes recent plans and developments in four countries (Poland, Hungary, Estonia, and Lithuania). The paper concludes by highlighting a number of options that merit detailed consideration
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Shah, Anwar Decentralization (Localization) and Corruption
    Abstract: This paper attempts to improve the understanding and measurement of decentralization and its relationship with corruption in a worldwide context. This is done by presenting the conceptual underpinnings of such relationship as well as using superior and more defensible measures of both decentralization in its various dimensions as well as corruption for a sample of 182 countries. It is the first paper that treats various tiers of local governments (below the inter-mediate order of government) as the unit of comparative analysis. In contrast, previous analyses erroneously focused on subnational governments as the unit of analysis which yields invalid cross-country comparisons. By pursuing rigorous econometric analysis, the paper demonstrates that decentralization, when properly measured to mean moving government closer to people by empowering local governments, is shown to have significant negative effect on the incidence of corruption regardless of the choice of the estimation procedures or the measures of corruption used. In terms of various dimensions of decentralized local governance, political decentralization matters even when we control for fiscal decentralization. Further voice (political accountability) is empirically shown to be more important in combating corruption than exit options made available through competition among jurisdictions
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice North-South Trade-Related Technology Diffusion
    Abstract: This paper examines the impact on total factor productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) and in other developing countries of trade-related technology diffusion from the North) (denoted by NRD), education, and governance, research and development The NRD value for a developing country is an average of R&D stocks in the North, with weights related to openness with the North. Industry-specific NRD is based on the North’s industry-specific R&D, North-South trade patterns, and input-output relations in the South. The main findings are: i) the impact of education and governance on TFP is significantly larger in LAC than in other developing countries, while the opposite holds for NRD; and ii) education, governance and NRD have additional effects on TFP in LAC’s R&D-intensive industries through their interaction with either or both of the other two variables; and iii) since NRD increases with openness and with R&D in the North, both variables raise the South's TFP directly as well as through their interaction with education and governance. These interaction effects imply that increasing the level of any of the three policy variables - education, governance, or openness --results in virtuous growth cycles. These are smallest under an increase in one of these variables, stronger under an increase in two of them and strongest under an increase in all three variables
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Jorgensen, Ole Hagen Health, Demographic Transition and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This paper develops a link between four central components of the demographic transition: survival rates; fertility decisions; altruistic intergenerational transfers from workers toward their parents; and economic growth. An increase in child survival is found to reduce the fertility rate and altruistic transfers, and thereby increase the savings rate and the productivity growth rate. The analysis illustrates the key role of child health in the demographic transition
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Aksoy, M. Ataman The Evolution of Agricultural Trade Flows
    Abstract: Earlier research showed that during the 1980s and 1990s most of the global agricultural trade expansion took place among the industrial countries and among countries within trade blocs. These were also periods of declining agricultural prices. These prices increased during the 2000s, there were continuous trade reforms, and many developing countries started to support their agricultural sectors. This paper analyzes trade flows during the past two decades, and tries to measure whether all these developments have changed the trade balances and the share of different groups within the global trade flows. In addition, it looks at the trade balances on food to see the impact of these changes on net food importing countries. In conclusion, unlike the case with manufacturing, developing countries have not been able to increase their export shares in agriculture as significantly. They have maintained their trade shares by primarily expanding exports to other developing countries
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Macdonald, Kevin Within-School Tracking in South Korea
    Abstract: The 2003 PISA Korea sample is used to examine the association between within-school ability tracking and mathematics achievement. Estimates of a variety of econometric models reveal that tracking is positively associated with mathematics achievement among females and that this association declines for higher achieving females. No evidence of an association between males and tracking is detected. While this association for females cannot be interpreted as a causal effect, the presence of a measurable association indicates the need for further research on tracking in Korea with a particular focus on gender differences
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Webber, Michael Accommodating Migration To Promote Adaptation To Climate Change
    Abstract: This paper explains how climate change may increase future migration, and which risks are associated with such migration. It also examines how some of this migration may enhance the capacity of communities to adapt to climate change. Climate change is likely to result in some increase above baseline rates of migration in the next 40 years. Most of this migration will occur within developing countries. There is little reason to think that such migration will increase the risk of violent conflict. Not all movements in response to climate change will have negative outcomes for the people that move, or the places they come from and go to. Migration, a proven development strategy, can increase the capacity of communities to adapt to climate change. The fewer choices people have about moving, however, the less likely it is that the outcomes of that movement will be positive. Involuntary resettlement should be a last resort. Many of the most dire risks arising from climate-motivated migration can be avoided through careful policy. Policy responses to minimize the risks associated with migration in response to climate change, and to maximize migration’s contribution to adaptive capacity include: ensuring that migrants have the same rights and opportunities as host communities; reducing the costs of moving money and people between areas of origin and destination; facilitating mutual understanding among migrants and host communities; clarifying property rights where they are contested; ensuring that efforts to assist migrants include host communities; and strengthening regional and international emergency response systems
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Nicita, Alessandro Is Protectionism on the Rise ?
    Abstract: To understand the role of trade policies in the crisis of 2008, this paper constructs the overall trade restrictiveness indices for a wide range of countries using their tariff schedules in 2008 and 2009. The index summarizes the trade policy stance of a country, taking into account the share of each good in trade as well as its corresponding import demand elasticity. Results show that there is no widespread increase in protectionism via tariff policies since the global financial crisis has unfolded. While many countries have adjusted tariffs upward on selected products, only a handful of countries, such as Malawi, Russia, Argentina, Turkey and China focus on products that have significant impacts on trade flows. The United States and the European Union, by contrast, rely mainly on anti-dumping duties to shield domestic industries. Overall, while the rise in tariffs and anti-dumping duties in these countries may have jointly caused global trade to drop by as much as US
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Iootty, Mariana Will the Crisis Affect the Economic Recovery in Eastern European Countries ?
    Abstract: Two sources of growth are firm learning and innovation. Using a unique panel data for 1,686 firms in six countries (Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Turkey), this paper applies panel data estimators and Juhn-Murphy Pierce decomposition in order to identify the effects of the global economic crisis on sales growth of innovative and young enterprises in Eastern European countries. The results show that innovative and young firms were significantly more affected by the crisis than non innovative and older enterprises. The authors interpret these results as an indication that the achievement of pre-crisis growth rates in those countries may be difficult
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Dijkman, Miquel A Framework for Assessing Systemic Risk
    Abstract: When faced with financial crises, authorities worldwide tend to respond aggressively with public support measures. Given the adverse impact on moral hazard and market discipline, support measures involving public money are ideally limited to crisis situations involving systemic risk: a disturbance in the financial system that is serious enough to affect the real economy. This note sets out the main characteristics of a systemic risk assessment framework: a simple analytical framework that can be used by authorities with financial crisis management responsibilities in times of financial crisis to assess the extent to which that particular crisis situation poses systemic risk
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gutierrez, Catalina Understanding the Impact of Economic Shocks On Labor Market Outcomes in Developing Countries
    Abstract: In this paper the authors use a search and matching model of multi-sector labor markets, to understand the channels through which economic shocks affect labor market outcomes in developing countries. In the model workers can be employed in agriculture, formal or informal urban jobs, or unemployed. Economic shocks are manifested as either increased turbulence in the formal/informal sectors or a decrease in overall sectoral productivity. By calibrating the model to Indonesia and Mexico, the authors are able to understand how the 1998 Indonesian crisis and the 2001 Mexican recession translated into labor market outcomes. They then venture to simulate how the current financial crisis might affect the allocation of labor and earnings across sectors, in these countries. The results suggest that in both countries past crises have increased the degree of turbulence of the formal sector, increasing job destruction. However, while in Indonesia the crisis affected the overall formal sector productivity, this was not the case in Mexico. This explains the larger blow to formal wages - relative to the size of the shock- witnessed by Indonesian workers. The response of the informal sector was also different: In both countries the informal sector was able to act as a buffer, as relative earnings increased. However, while in Mexico it became much harder to find informal sector opportunities and easier to keep the job once found; in Indonesia turbulence in the informal sector increased substantially increasing the job destruction rate of informal jobs and limiting the cushioning role that the informal sector might have played. The agricultural sector was spared from the shock in both countries. In Indonesia, it actually benefited from an unusual exogenous increase in the price of rise. The simulations show that if either the informal or agricultural sectors are spared from the shocks, large reallocations of labor might occur, and the overall effect of the shock is smaller. Instead, if these sectors can’t buffer the shock, the reallocation of labor is much smaller, but earnings in the formal sector drop substantially. The authors also explore the impact of alternative policies. They find that in relatively flexible markets where informality can be seen more as a choice rather than as queuing, unemployment benefits and informal employment subsidies may have paradoxical effects, by discouraging formal search. Instead, policies targeted at creating informal employment and boo ...
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Knack, Stephen Aid Quality and Donor Rankings
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; Geberländer
    Abstract: This paper offers new measures of aid quality covering 38 bilateral and multilateral donors, as well as new insights about the robustness and usefulness of such measures. The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the follow-up 2008 Accra Agenda for Action have focused attention on common donor practices that reduce the development impact of aid. Using 18 underlying indicators that capture these practices - derived from the OECD-DAC's Survey for Monitoring the Paris Declaration, the new AidData database, and the DAC aid tables - the authors construct an overall aid quality index and four coherently defined sub-indexes on aid selectivity, alignment, harmonization, and specialization. Compared with earlier indicators used in donor rankings, this indicator set is more comprehensive and representative of the range of donor practices addressed in the Paris Declaration, improving the validity, reliability, and robustness of rankings. One of the innovations is to increase the validity of the aid quality indicators by adjusting for recipient characteristics, donor aid volumes, and other factors. Despite these improvements in data and methodology, the authors caution against overinterpretation on overall indexes such as these. Alternative plausible assumptions regarding weights or the inclusion of additional indicators can still produce marked shifts in the ranking of some donors, so that small differences in overall rankings are not meaningful. Moreover, because the performance of some donors varies considerably across the four sub-indexes, these sub-indexes may be more useful than the overall index in identifying donors’ relative strengths and weaknesses
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Milberg, William Trade Crisis and Recovery
    Keywords: Globale Wertschöpfungskette ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Außenhandelsstruktur ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Welt
    Abstract: The recent large and rapid slowdown in economic activity has resulted in even larger and more rapid declines in international trade. As world trade is set to rebound, this paper addresses three questions: (i) Will trade volumes rebound in a symmetric fashion as world economic growth rebounds? (ii) Will the crisis result in a change in the structure of trade, and in particular will it lead to a reversal of the pattern of more diversified sourcing and thus to a consolidation of global value chains? (iii) What policies can improve the prospects for developing country growth in the event that trade volumes do not rebound symmetrically and there is a consolidation of some global value chains?
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Tarr, David G The Political, Regulatory and Market Failures That Caused The US Financial Crisis
    Abstract: This paper discusses the key regulatory, market and political failures that led to the 2008-2009 United States financial crisis. While Congress was fixing the Savings and Loan crisis, it failed to give the regulator of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac normal bank supervisory power. This was a political failure as Congress was appealing to narrow constituencies. In the mid-1990s, to encourage home ownership, the Administration changed enforcement of the Community Reinvestment Act, effectively requiring banks to lower bank mortgage standards to underserved areas. Crucially, the risky mortgage standards then spread to other sectors of the market. Market failure problems ensued as banks, mortgage brokers, securitizers, credit rating agencies, and asset managers were all plagued by problems such as moral hazard or conflicts of interest. The author explains that financial deregulation of the past three decades is unrelated to the financial crisis, and makes several recommendations for regulatory reform
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Love, Inessa The Impact of the Business Environment On Young Firm Financing
    Abstract: This paper uses a dataset of more than 70,000 firms in over 100 countries to systematically study the use of different financing sources for new and young firms, in comparison to mature firms. The authors find that in all countries younger firms rely less on bank financing and more on informal financing. However, they also find that younger firms use more bank finance in countries with stronger rule of law and better credit information, and that the reliance of young firms on informal finance decreases with the availability of credit information. Overall, the results suggest that improvements to the legal environment and availability of credit information are disproportionately beneficial for promoting access to formal finance by young firms
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Fofack, Hippolyte Fiscal Adjustment and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: In light of the proliferation of exceptionally large fiscal stimuli to ward off the recession triggered by the 2008 global economic and financial crisis in most advanced economies, this paper revisits the fiscal adjustment and growth nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using transfer functions, it quantifies expected losses in terms of aggregate output largely attributed to a systematic implementation of pro-cyclical expenditure switching and reducing policies to achieve low deficit targets throughout the decades of adjustments. The results consistently highlight a much higher predicted aggregate output under the hypothesized counter-cyclical fiscal expansion option. This consistent outcome suggests that the output gap would have been significantly smaller in the region if countries had drawn on stop-and-go policies of fiscal expansion to sustainably raise the stock of capital investments
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lopeza, Ramon Trade and Migration With Renewable Natural Resources
    Abstract: Commodity price increases associated with the entry of China, India, and other countries into the world economy have led to increased pressure on common-property renewable natural resources. The problem is particularly worrisome for economies that obtain a large share of their income from the exploitation of natural resources in the production of an exportable commodity. This paper contributes to the analysis by examining the issue in the framework of a general equilibrium dynamic model and by solving for both the steady state and the transition dynamics. The authors show that i) a resource-rich, capital-poor economy is more likely to be subject to a "natural resource curse" and complete (irreversible) depletion of natural resources; ii) the latter's likelihood rises with the relative commodity price and labor inflow; iii) a labor inflow under internal equilibrium results in a higher steady-state capital-labor ratio and manufacturing output, and unchanged natural resources and commodity output; iv) import and export taxes result in larger steady-state natural resources and commodity output and smaller capital stock and manufacturing output, and may prevent complete depletion of natural resources; and v) the latter may also be prevented through capital inflows (foreign aid), labor outflow ( liberalization of the North's immigration policy), improved regulation, technical change, and a production tax
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (61 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Freund, Caroline Regional Trade Agreements
    Abstract: This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on regionalism. The formation of regional trade agreements has been, by far, the most popular form of reciprocal trade liberalization in the past 15 years. The discriminatory character of these agreements has raised three main concerns: that trade diversion would be rampant, because special interest groups would induce governments to form the most distortionary agreements; that broader external trade liberalization would stall or reverse; and that multilateralism could be undermined. Theoretically, all of these concerns are legitimate, although there are also several theoretical arguments that oppose them. Empirically, neither widespread trade diversion nor stalled external liberalization has materialized, while the undermining of multilateralism has not been properly tested. There are also several aspects of regionalism that have received too little attention from researchers, but which are central to understanding its causes and consequences
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz Liquidity Clienteles
    Abstract: Theoretical papers link the liquidity premium to the optimal trading decisions of investors facing transaction costs. In particular, investors' holding periods determine how transaction costs are amortized and priced in asset returns. Using a unique data set containing two million trades, this paper investigates the relationship between holding periods and transaction costs for 66,000 households from a large discount brokerage. The author finds that transaction costs are an important determinant of investors' holding periods, after controlling for household and stock characteristics. The relationship between holding periods and transaction costs is stronger among more sophisticated investors. Households with longer holding periods earn significantly higher returns after amortized transaction costs, and households that have holding periods that are positively related to transaction costs earn both higher gross and net returns. The author shows that there is correlation in the demand for liquid assets across households and, consistent with the notion of flight to liquidity, this demand increases during times of low market liquidity. Households with higher incomes and with higher wealth invested in the stock market supply liquidity when market liquidity is low
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam Are Health Shocks Different ?
    Abstract: In Laos health shocks are more common than most other shocks and more concentrated among the poor. They tend to be more idiosyncratic than non-health shocks, and are more costly, partly because they lead to high medical expenses, but also because they lead to income losses that are sizeable compared with the income losses associated with non-health shocks. Health shocks also stand out from other shocks in the number of coping strategies they trigger: they are more likely than non-health shocks to trigger assistance from a nongovernmental organization and other households, dis-saving, borrowing, asset sales, an early harvest, the pawning of possessions, and the delaying of plans; by contrast, they are less likely to trigger assistance from government. Consumption regressions point to only limited evidence of households not being able to smooth consumption in the face of any shock. However, these results contrast with households' own assessments of the welfare impacts of shocks. The majority said they had to cut back consumption following a shock and that shocks considerably affected their welfare. Only health shocks are worse than a drought in terms of the likelihood of a family being forced to cut back consumption and in terms of the shock affecting a family's well-being "a lot." The poor are especially disadvantaged in terms of the greater damage that health shocks inflict on household well-being. Health shocks stand out too in leading to a loss of human capital: household members experiencing a health shock did not recover their former subjective health following the health shock, losing, on average, 0.6 points on a 5-point scale. The wealthier and better educated are better able to limit the health impacts of a health shock; the data are consistent with this being due to their greater proximity to a health facility
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Hertel, Thomas W Potential Implications of A Special Safeguard Mechanism in the WTO
    Abstract: The Special Safeguard Mechanism was a key issue in the July 2008 failure to reach agreement in the World Trade Organization negotiations under the Doha Development Agenda. It includes both price and quantity-triggered measures. This paper uses a stochastic simulation model of the world wheat market to investigate the effects of policy makers implementing policies based on the Special Safeguard Mechanism rules. As expected, implementation of the quantity-triggered measures is found to reduce imports, raise domestic prices, and boost mean domestic production in the Special Safeguard Mechanism regions. However, rather than insulating countries that use it from price volatility, it would actually increase domestic price volatility in developing countries, largely by restricting imports when domestic output is low and prices high. This paper estimates that implementation of the quantity-triggered measures would shrink average wheat imports by nearly 50 percent in some regions, with world wheat trade falling by 4.7 percent. The price measures discriminate against low price exporters - many of whom are developing countries - and tend to increase producer price instability
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Croser, Johanna Agricultural Distortions in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: For decades, agricultural price and trade policies in Sub-Saharan Africa have hampered farmers’ contributions to economic growth and poverty reduction. Although there has been much policy reform over the past two decades, the injections of agricultural development funding, together with ongoing regional and global trade negotiations, have brought distortionary policies under the spotlight once again. A key question asked of those policies is: How much are they still reducing national economic welfare and trade? Economy-wide models are able to address that question, but they are not available for many poor countries. Even where they are, typically they apply to just one particular previous year and so are unable to provide trends in effects over time. This paper provides a partial-equilibrium alternative to economy-wide modeling, by drawing on a modification of so-called trade restrictiveness indexes to provide theoretically precise indicators of the trade and welfare effects of agricultural policy distortions to producer and consumer prices over the past half-century. The authors generate time series of country level indexes, as well as Africa-wide aggregates. They also provide annual commodity market indexes for the region, and a sense of the relative importance of the key policy instruments used
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: De Rosa, Donato Corruption and Productivity
    Abstract: Using enterprise data for the economies of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, this study examines the effects of corruption on productivity. Corruption is defined as a "bribe tax" and is compared with another form of institutional inefficiency, which is often believed to be closely linked with corruption: the "time tax" imposed on firms by red tape. When testing their effects in the full sample, only the bribe tax appears to have a negative effect on firm-level productivity, while the effect of the time tax is insignificant. At the same time, there is no evidence of a trade-off between the time and the bribe taxes, implying that bribing does not emerge as a second-best option to achieve higher productivity by helping circumvent cumbersome bureaucratic requirements. When the sample is split between European Union and non-European Union countries, the time tax turns out to have a negative effect only in European Union countries and the bribe tax only in non-European Union countries. This suggests that the institutional environment influences the way in which firm behavior affects firm performance. In particular, the impact of bribing for individual firms appears to vary depending on overall institutional quality: in countries where corruption is more prevalent and the legal framework is weaker, bribery is more harmful for firm-level productivity
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gauri, Varun The Publicity "Defect" of Customary Law
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which dispute resolvers in customary law systems provide widely understandable justifications for their decisions. The paper first examines the liberal-democratic reasons for the importance of publicity, understood to be wide accessibility of legal justification, by reviewing the uses of publicity in Habermas’ and Rawls’ accounts of the rule of law. Taking examples from Sierra Leone, the paper then argues that customary law systems would benefit from making the reasons for local dispute resolution practices, such as "begging" from elders, witchcraft, and openness of hearings, more widely accessible. The paper concludes that although legal pluralism is usually taken to be an analytical concept, it may have a normative thrust as well, and that publicity standards would also apply to formal courts in developing countries, which are also typically "defective" along this dimension
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Rogers, F. Halsey The Global Financial Crisis and Development Thinking
    Abstract: The global financial crisis has not only dealt a major blow to the global economy, but also shaken confidence in economic management in the developed world and the economic models that guide it. The crisis has revealed major market failures, especially in the housing bubble and its transmission to the financial system, but also glaring state failures that propagated and exacerbated the crisis. Will the events of the past two years lead to major shifts in thinking about development economics, and should they? This paper assesses that question for several key domains of development thinking, including the market-state balance, macroeconomic management, globalization, development financing, and public spending. On the one hand, changed global circumstances and new awareness of vulnerability should lead to some policy changes, as developing countries take steps to reduce and buffer risks, including risks generated in developed countries. At the same time, the crisis should largely reinforce the Post-Washington Consensus on development that has emerged over the past decade - a world view that aims to achieve private sector-driven growth but sees a facilitating role for the state, promotes engaging with the global economy in ways that advance development, and values pragmatism, experimentation, and evidence-based policymaking over ideology
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Serven, Luis Global Imbalances Before and After the Global Crisis
    Abstract: This paper surveys the academic and policy debate on the roots of global imbalances, their role in the inception of the global crisis, and their prospects in its aftermath. The conventional view holds that global imbalances result primarily from unsustainably high demand for goods in the United States and other rich countries, and that their impending correction must involve major United States trade adjustment and dollar depreciation - although recent literature argues that their extent may be dampened by financial adjustment effects. In contrast, an alternative view portrays global imbalances as the equilibrium result of asymmetries in world asset demand and supply. Absent changes in the deep determinants of these, global imbalances can persist. International capital flow patterns before and during the crisis lend support to the equilibrium view. The paper also examines different hypotheses proposed in the literature on the role of global imbalances in the generation and propagation of the financial crisis. On the whole, the evidence suggests that global imbalances were not among the major causes of the crisis. Lastly, the paper assesses alternative scenarios about the future of global imbalances, considering in particular their potential consequences for developing countries, and the policy measures that these might adopt to enhance their growth prospects in a changing global equilibrium
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Moore, Michael O Implementing Carbon Tariffs
    Abstract: Some governments are considering taxes on imports based on carbon content from countries that have not introduced climate change policies. Such carbon border taxes appeal to domestic industries facing higher charges for their own carbon emissions. This research demonstrates that there are enormous practical difficulties surrounding such plans. Various policies are evaluated according to World Trade Organization compliance, administrative plausibility, help in meeting environmental goals, and ability to deal with domestic pressures. The steel industry is used as a case study in this analysis. All considered policies arguably fail to meet at least one of these constraints, bringing into question the plausibility that a carbon border tax can be practical policy
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anzoategui, Diego Bank Competition in the Middle East and Northern Africa Region
    Abstract: This paper studies the extent of bank competition in the Middle East and Northern Africa region during 1994-2008, using non-structural measures of competition such as the H-statistic and the Lerner index. Both these measures suggest that banking sector competition in the region is lower relative to other regions and has not improved in recent years. An analysis of the determinants of competition across countries suggests that lower levels of competition in the Middle East and Northern Africa are explained by the region’s worse credit information environment and lower market contestability
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gauri, Varun Education, Labor Rights, and Incentives
    Abstract: Since the liberalization of India's economy beginning in the early 1990's, the government has increasingly employed contract workers to perform various state functions, including in the education sector. Yet, little research has been done to examine how courts have reacted to this shift in government labor policy. This paper looks at all reported cases involving contract teachers in the Indian Supreme Court and four High Courts over the last thirty years. It finds that although almost never explicitly overturning precedent, the judiciary in India has increasingly become less sympathetic to contract teachers demands, particularly at the Supreme Court level. The paper then argues that the Court could use its power of judicial review to engage the government in a dialogue, not unlike some of its earlier decisions in the 1980s and early 1990s. The Court can help guide the government to create a labor policy that not only achieve better results for students, but better working conditions for teachers. Such a dialogic approach could potentially be adopted to help reframe the government’s contract labor policy more generally
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Saborowski, Christian Estimates of Trade-Related Adjustment Costs in Syria
    Abstract: The scope and complexity of international trading arrangements in the Middle East, as well as their spotty historical record of success, underscores the urgent need for an adequate understanding of the relative costs and benefits of participation in preferential trading arrangements and, more generally, of changes in domestic import regimes. This paper seeks to address this problem by providing estimates of the adjustment costs associated with two broad classes of hypothetical trade policy scenarios for Syria: participation in preferential trading arrangements, and changes in the domestic import regime. The authors find that the revenue consequences of the first scenario may be substantial. Their analysis of the second scenario suggests that the number of tariff bands can be reduced, while ensuring revenue neutrality, via the introduction of a value added tax of sufficient but reasonable size
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Weiss, Eli Regional Economic Growth in Mexico
    Abstract: There has been substantial research in recent years examining the regional evolution of economic growth across states in Mexico - with a particular focus on the post North American Free Trade Agreement period. There is also a vast literature using cross-country regressions to examine institutional determinants of economic growth, including government transparency, or "corruption," as a key institutional variable. This paper uses more recently available data for Mexican states to both update the general state convergence/divergence literature, and incorporate into the analysis more recently developed state level indicators of institutional factors related to government transparency. The authors do not find a systematic relationship between measures of government transparency and gross domestic product per capita growth in Mexico during 2001-2005; however, they do find that corruption is negatively associated with the level of state gross domestic product per capita. The contrasting results may imply that more years of data are necessary to be able to establish statistically significant relationships between state growth rates and measures of corruption
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cordella, Tito Catalytic Insurance
    Abstract: Why should countries buy expensive catastrophe insurance? Abstracting from risk aversion or hedging motives, this paper shows that catastrophe insurance may have a catalytic role on external finance. Such effect is particularly strong in those middle-income countries that face financial constraints when hit by a shock or in its anticipation. Insurance makes defaults less appealing, relaxes countries' borrowing constraint, increases their creditworthiness, and enhances their access to capital markets. Catastrophe lending facilities providing "cheap" reconstruction funds in the aftermath of a natural disaster weaken but do not eliminate the demand for insurance
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: van Doorn, Ralph Do Middle-Income Countries Continue to have the Ability to Deal with the Global Financial Crisis ?
    Abstract: This paper introduces an "index of macroeconomic space" - demonstrating the ability of a country to run a countercyclical fiscal policy or a fiscal stimulus at any point in time - to show how a sample of 20 mostly middle-income countries had entered the 2008 global financial crisis with different initial conditions that, in turn, determined their ability to respond to this crisis. Since 2008, many have implemented expansionary fiscal policies and have used up available macroeconomic space. Most have had to resort to increased borrowing by the public sector, both externally and domestically. Can the middle-income countries restore their pre-2008 macroeconomic space (to the level given by historical averages of key macroeconomic variables) or contain it from further deterioration in the medium term? In an endeavor to address this question, this paper shows, through illustrative scenarios, that the room to maneuver for some countries is somewhat limited unless they embark on severe, unprecedented fiscal adjustments or they may need more time to do so than current projections seem to suggest
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Olivera, Mauricio Social Security Distortions Onto the Labor Market
    Abstract: This paper identifies and quantifies three distortions caused by the existing social security and social assistance systems in Colombia. These distortions refer to the discrepancy between the cost of formal social security for the employer and the worker's valuation of the received service (social distortion): the differences in social security benefits received by salaried and self-employed formal workers (occupational distortion); and the discrepancy caused by the cost in employing a formal instead of an informal worker (informal distortion). Based on recently collected information concerning Colombian workers' willingness to pay for several packages of social security benefits, the study calculates that social distortions range from 2 to 27 percent of the workers' labor earnings; the occupational distortion amounts to 50 percent of formal salaried workers' earnings; and the informal distortions represent between 45 and 56 percent of formal workers' labor income. Results indicate that valuations of the contributive and noncontributive protection systems play a key role in explaining these distortions. In addition, the Colombian social protection system thereby places a hefty tax on the formal worker (and employer) while transferring resources to the informal worker, but these distortions are not sufficient to revert differentials in earnings among formal and informal workers
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bergoeing, Raphael Why Are Developing Countries So Slow in Adopting New Technologies?
    Abstract: This paper explores how developmental and regulatory impediments to resource reallocation limit the ability of developing countries to adopt new technologies. An efficient economy innovates quickly; but when the economy is unable to redeploy resources away from inefficient uses, technological adoption becomes sluggish and growth is reduced. The authors build a model of heterogeneous firms and idiosyncratic shocks, where aggregate long-run growth occurs through the adoption of new technologies, which in turn requires firm destruction and rebirth. After calibrating the model to leading and developing economies, the authors analyze its dynamics in order to clarify the mechanism based on firm renewal. The analysis uses the steady-state characteristics of the model to provide an explanation for long-run output gaps between the United States and a large sample of developing countries. For the median less-developed country in the sample, the model accounts for more than 50 percent of the income gap with respect to the United States, with 60 percent of the simulated gap being explained by developmental and regulatory barriers taken individually, and 40 percent by their interaction. Thus, the benefits from market reforms are largely diminished if developmental and regulatory distortions to firm dynamics are not jointly addressed
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Xu, Lixin Colin The effects of business environments on development
    Abstract: In the past decade, the World Bank has promoted improving business environments as a key strategy for development, which has resulted in a significant amount of investment in collecting firm-level investment climate surveys across countries. What lessons have emerged from the papers using these new data? The key finding is that the effects of business environments are heterogeneous and depend crucially on industry, initial conditions, and complementary institutions. Some elements of the business environment, such as labor flexibility, low entry and exit barriers, and a reasonable protection from the "grabbing hands" of the government, seem to matter a great deal for most economies. Other elements, such as infrastructure and contracting institutions (courts and access to finance), hinge on their initial status and the size of the market
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Croser, Johanna Novel indicators of the trade and welfare effects of agricultural distortions in OECD countries
    Abstract: Agricultural markets in OECD countries have long been highly distorted by government policies. Traditional weighted average aggregates of the price distortions involved, such as producer and consumer support estimates can be poor indicators of the trade restrictiveness and economic welfare losses associated with them, especially if a country's support estimates vary a lot across the product range. Certainly estimates of trade and welfare effects of price supports can be obtained from sector or economy-wide models using price elasticity estimates, but the results can be contentious if there is no consensus on what model specification and elasticity parameters to use. This paper shows that, if there is a willingness to accept simple assumptions about elasticities, it is possible to generate indicators of the welfare and trade restrictiveness of agricultural policies using no more than the price and quantity data needed to generate producer and consumer support estimates. These new indexes thus provide an attractive supplement to the current policy monitoring regime developed by the OECD Secretariat
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anderson, James E Costs of taxation and benefits of public goods with multiple taxes and goods
    Abstract: The recent public economics literature involves an apparent consensus that income effects reduce the costs of raising revenues and hence increase the desirable level of public good provision. Higher taxes can indeed reduce the demand for leisure - and hence increase the supply of taxed labor - through income effects. However, the consensus is wrong because the income effects of taxes must be considered symmetrically with those from provision of public goods. This paper uses a model with multiple public goods and taxes to derive consistent measures of the marginal benefits of publicly-provided goods and their marginal social costs. With this model, the authors show that either compensated approaches excluding these income effects or uncompensated approaches including them may be used. If an uncompensated measure of the marginal cost of funds is used, however, the benefits of providing public goods should be adjusted with a simple, benefit multiplier not previously seen in the literature. Once this is done, the optimal level of public provision is independent of whether compensated or uncompensated approaches are used. Proper accounting for these income effects - or their omission using a compensated approach - appears to substantially raise the hurdle for government provision where there are substantial taxes bearing on labor
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Advanced biofuel technologies
    Abstract: Large-scale production of crop based (first generation) biofuels may not be feasible without adversely affecting global food supply or encroaching on other important land uses. Because alternatives to liquid fossil fuels are important to develop in order to address greenhouse gas mitigation and other energy policy objectives, the potential for increased use of advanced (non-crop, second generation) biofuel production technologies has significant policy relevance. This study reviews the current status of several advanced biofuel technologies. Technically, it would be possible to produce a large portion of transportation fuels using advanced biofuel technologies, specifically those that can be grown using a small portion of the world's land area (for example, microalgae), or those grown on arable lands without affecting food supply (for example, agricultural residues). However, serious technical barriers limit the near-term commercial application of advanced biofuels technologies. Key technical barriers include low conversion efficiency from biomass to fuel, limits on supply of key enzymes used in conversion, large energy requirements for operation, and dependence in many cases on commercially unproven technology. Despite a large future potential, large-scale expansion of advanced biofuels technologies is unlikely unless and until further research and development lead to lowering these barriers
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kraay, Aart Does respondent reticence affect the results of corruption surveys?
    Abstract: A potential concern with survey-based data on corruption is that respondents may not be fully candid in their responses to sensitive questions. If reticent respondents are less likely to admit to involvement in corrupt acts, and if the proportion of reticent respondents varies across groups of interest, comparisons of reported corruption across those groups can be misleading. This paper implements a variant on random response techniques that allows for identification of reticent respondents in the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey for Nigeria fielded in 2008 and 2009. The authors find that 13.1 percent of respondents are highly likely to be reticent, and that these reticent respondents admit to sensitive acts at a significantly lower rate than possibly candid respondents when survey questions are worded in a way that implies personal wrongdoing on the part of the respondent
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Jin, Yanhong The impact of environmental performance rating and disclosure
    Abstract: Environmental performance rating and disclosure has emerged as a substitute or complement for traditional pollution regulation, especially in developing countries. Using data from China's Green Watch program, this study extends previous research on performance rating and disclosure by considering firms' perceptions of public and market responses to their ratings. The results suggest that the Green Watch has significantly increased market and stakeholder pressures on managers to improve their firms’ environmental performance. More specifically, controlling for the characteristics of locations, firms, and individual managers, the analysis finds that firms with better ratings perceive positive impacts on market competitiveness, overall market value, and relationships with different stakeholders, while the firms with bad ratings are more likely to perceive deterioration. Among these factors, managers perceive a more active role for markets than for stakeholder relations
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Mashup indices of development
    Abstract: Countries are increasingly being ranked by some new "mashup index of development," defined as a composite index for which existing theory and practice provides little or no guidance to its design. Thus the index has an unusually large number of moving parts, which the producer is essentially free to set. The parsimony of these indices is often appealing - collapsing multiple dimensions into just one, yielding unambiguous country rankings, and possibly reducing concerns about measurement errors in the component series. But the meaning, interpretation and robustness of these indices are often unclear. If they are to be properly understood and used, more attention needs to be given to their conceptual foundations, the tradeoffs they embody, the contextual factors relevant to country performance, and the sensitivity of the implied rankings to changing the data and weights. In short, clearer warning signs are needed for users. But even then, nagging doubts remain about the value-added of mashup indices, and their policy relevance, relative to the "dashboard" alternative of monitoring the components separately. Future progress in devising useful new composite indices of development will require that theory catches up with measurement practice
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kraay, Aart The worldwide governance indicators
    Abstract: This paper summarizes the methodology of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project, and related analytical issues. The WGI cover over 200 countries and territories, measuring six dimensions of governance starting in 1996: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. The aggregate indicators are based on several hundred individual underlying variables, taken from a wide variety of existing data sources. The data reflect the views on governance of survey respondents and public, private, and NGO sector experts worldwide. The WGI also explicitly report margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data. Even after taking these margins of error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country and over-time comparisons. The aggregate indicators, together with the disaggregated underlying source data, are available at www.govindicators.org
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Hansson, Ardo China
    Abstract: This paper explores how the ongoing crisis, the policy responses to it, and the post-crisis global economy will impact China's medium-term prospects for growth, poverty reduction, and development. The paper reviews China's pre-crisis growth experience, including its relationship to global economic developments. It discusses the pace, composition, sources, and financing of growth during 1995-2007, and the impact of key external and domestic influences. The paper also analyzes the immediate impact of the global crisis on China's economic performance in 2009 and its likely impact in the short run. It then discusses the government's policy response, with a particular focus on the fiscal and monetary stimulus measures. Finally, the paper explores China's medium-term growth prospects in light of the crisis and the key policies for moving to a robust and sustainable growth path post-crisis
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Adams, Richard H., Jr The economic impact of international remittances on poverty and household consumption and investment in Indonesia
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of international remittances on poverty and household consumption and investment using panel data (2000 and 2007) from the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Three key findings emerge. First, using an instrumental variables approach to control for selection and endogeneity, it finds that international remittances have a large statistical effect on reducing poverty in Indonesia. Second, households receiving remittances in 2007 spent more at the margin on one key consumption good - food - compared with what they would have spent on this good without the receipt of remittances. Third, households receiving remittances in 2007 spent less at the margin on one important investment good - housing - compared with what they would have spent on this good without the receipt of remittances. Households receiving international remittances in Indonesia are poorer than other types of households, and thus they tend to spend their remittances at the margin on consumption rather than investment goods
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: van der Weide, Roy Poverty and inequality maps for rural Vietnam
    Abstract: The objective of the paper is to update the small area estimates of poverty and inequality for rural Vietnam. The new estimates of province and district level poverty for the year 2006, when combined with estimates available for 1999, allow for examination of how poverty has changed in rural Vietnam over the past seven years. The analysis finds that all provinces across the country experienced a noticeable reduction in rural poverty during the period 1999-2006. Some of the largest reductions in poverty are observed for provinces with poverty rates close to the national average. The poorest provinces have also experienced reductions in poverty, albeit at a more modest pace. Provinces and districts with lower levels of inequality in 2006 have seen above average poverty reductions. The authors consider both expenditure and income based measures of poverty and inequality, and find the results to be very similar
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cirmizi, Elena The challenges of bankruptcy reform
    Abstract: The 2008 financial crisis was followed by a global economic downturn, credit crunch, and reduction in cross-border lending, trade finance, remittances, and foreign direct investment, which adversely affected businesses around the world. The consequent increase in the number of firm insolvencies in the financial and corporate sectors highlights the importance of efficient bankruptcy laws. This paper summarizes the theoretical and empirical literature on bankruptcy design, discusses the challenges of introducing and implementing bankruptcy reforms, and presents examples of how policymakers are trying to use the current economic downturn as an opportunity to engage in meaningful reform of the bankruptcy process
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Goldberg, Jessica Identification strategy
    Abstract: How do borrowers respond to improvements in a lender's ability to punish defaulters? This paper reports the results of a randomized field experiment in rural Malawi that examines the impact of fingerprinting borrowers in a context where a unique identification system is absent. Fingerprinting allows the lender to more effectively use dynamic repayment incentives: withholding future loans from past defaulters while rewarding good borrowers with better loan terms. Consistent with a simple model of borrower heterogeneity and information asymmetries, fingerprinting led to substantially higher repayment rates for borrowers with the highest ex ante default risk, but had no effect for the rest of the borrowers. The change in repayment rates is driven by reductions in adverse selection (smaller loan sizes) and lower moral hazard (for example, less diversion of loan-financed fertilizer from its intended use on the cash crop)
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Giné, Xavier Microinsurance
    Abstract: Rainfall index insurance provides a payout based on measured local rainfall during key phases of the agricultural season, and in principle can help rural households diversify a key source of idiosyncratic risk. This paper describes basic features of rainfall insurance contracts offered in India since 2003, and documents stylized facts about market demand and the distribution of payouts. The authors summarize the results of previous research on this market, which provides evidence that price, liquidity constraints, and trust all present significant barriers to increased take-up. They also discuss potential future prospects for rainfall insurance and other index insurance products
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bird, Richard M Subnational taxation in developing countries
    Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on tax assignment in decentralized countries. Ideally, own-source revenues should be sufficient to enable at least the richest subnational governments to finance from their own resources all locally-provided services that primarily benefit local residents. Subnational taxes should also not unduly distort the allocation of resources. Most importantly, to the extent possible subnational governments should be accountable at the margin for financing the expenditures for which they are responsible. Although reality in most countries inevitably falls far short of these ideals, nonetheless there are several taxes that subnational governments in developing countries could use to help ensure that decentralization yields more of the benefits it appears to promise in theory. At the local level, such taxes include property taxes and, especially for larger cities, perhaps also a limited and well-designed local business tax. At the regional level, in addition to taxes on vehicles, governments in some countries may be able to utilize any or all of the following - a payroll tax; a simple surcharge on the central personal income tax; and a sales tax, in some cases perhaps taking the form of a well-designed regional value-added tax. The “best” package for any particular country or subnational government is likely to be not only context-specific and path-dependent, but also highly sensitive to the balance struck between different political and economic factors and interests
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Chauffour, Jean-Pierre Beyond market access
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of the growing success of preferential trade agreements. It revisits what are the defining characteristics of modern preferential trade agreements, which are typically pursued for a diverse array of motives. In particular, the market access justification traditionally used to analyze the desirability and impact of preferential trade agreements misses increasingly important dimensions. The “Beyond Market Access” agenda of preferential trade agreements presents a new and broad set of deep regulatory and policy issues that differs in substance from the removal of tariff and quantitative barriers to trade. Issues related to preferences and discrimination, as well as the nature and implementation of commitments acquire a different meaning in deep preferential trade agreements. This change of paradigm presents significant opportunities and challenges for reform-minded developing countries to use preferential trade agreements to their own advantage
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Delavande, Adeline Eliciting probabilistic expectations with visual aids in developing countries
    Abstract: Eliciting subjective probability distributions in developing countries is often based on visual aids such as beans to represent probabilities and intervals on a sheet of paper to represent the support. The authors conducted an experiment in India that tested the sensitivity of elicited expectations to variations in three facets of the elicitation methodology: the number of beans, the design of the support (pre-determined or self-anchored), and the ordering of questions. The results show remarkable robustness to variations in elicitation design. Nevertheless, the added precision offered by using more beans and a larger number of intervals with a predetermined support improves accuracy
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz The Chrysler effect
    Abstract: Did the U.S. government's intervention in the Chrysler reorganization overturn bankruptcy law? Critics argue that the government-sponsored reorganization impermissibly elevated claims of the auto union over those of Chrysler's other creditors. If the critics are correct, businesses might suffer an increase in their cost of debt because creditors will perceive a new risk, that organized labor might leap-frog them in bankruptcy. This paper examines the financial market where this effect would be most detectible, the market for bonds of highly unionized companies. The authors find no evidence of a negative reaction to the Chrysler bailout by bondholders of unionized firms. They thus reject the notion that investors perceived a distortion of bankruptcy priorities. To the contrary, bondholders of unionized firms reacted positively to the Chrysler bailout. This evidence suggests that bondholders interpreted the Chrysler bailout as a signal that the government will stand behind unionized firms. The results are consistent with the notion that too-big-to-fail government policies generate moral hazard in the credit markets
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