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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (853)
  • Kalliope (Nachlässe)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (853)
  • Environment  (641)
  • Rural Development  (262)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (853)
  • Kalliope (Nachlässe)
  • BSZ  (1)
  • GBV  (1)
  • KOBV  (1)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global RApid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report : Mw 6.3 Herat Earthquake Sequence in Afghanistan, October 2023 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Damages ; Earthquake ; Environment ; Grade Methodology ; Herat Province ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Following the Herat province (Western Afghanistan) earthquake sequence of October 7 to 15, 2023, the World Bank carried out a remote desk-based assessment of the physical damages using the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) methodology. The objective of the assessment is to develop a model-based estimate of the direct physical (economic) damages to residential buildings (houses), non-residential buildings (e.g., education, health, worship, commercial, industrial assets) and infrastructure (e.g., transport, power, water, telecommunications), and to evaluate the spatial distribution of damages in order to support the development of a roadmap for recovery and reconstruction. This report summarizes the key findings of the assessment
    DOI: 10.1596/40816
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unlocking Floating Solar Photovoltaics Potential in India (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Anchoring and Mooring ; Energy ; Energy Resources Development ; Energy Yield ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Floating Solar Photovoltaics ; FSPV Ecosystem ; HSE ; Inverter ; Power Plants
    Abstract: This report builds a compelling case for India to look beyond land and institute an ecosystem that supports the installation and operationalization of floating solar photovoltaics (FSPV) power plants. Since these plants are installed on the underutilized surfaces of large water bodies, no land needs to be diverted from other uses. The installation of FSPVs also spurs job creation and catalyzes the development of a domestic value chain as some of the components, such as floaters, need to bemanufactured close to installation sites. They also provide a range of other benefits as they generate relatively more power than ground-mounted solar plants (due to the cooling effect of water) and better utilize shared infrastructure such as transmission systems, wherever available
    DOI: 10.1596/40817
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Net Zero Energy by 2060 : Charting the Path of Europe and Central Asia Toward a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Decarbonization ; Energy ; Energy Transition ; Environment ; Gas Security ; Renewable Energy ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Since February 2022, geopolitical events have made clear Europe's need to diversify its energy sources and avoid excessive dependence on fossil fuel imports. The drop in Russian natural gas flows to Europe in 2022 marked the single largest supply shock in the history of global gas markets. It caused a significant increase in prices of electricity and heating services for consumers across the continent. With Europe's high reliance on imported natural gas, reestablishing energy security is a paramount objective. But how security can be achieved is subject to many uncertainties. Although Central Asia is not as dependent on gas imports as other parts of the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region, it has not been spared an energy crisis. Chronic underinvestment and the harshest winter conditions in decades resulted in significant blackouts in power and heating during the winter of 2022/23. -- This report analyzes the implications of the 2022/2023 energy crises over the short and long term, observing possible energy scenarios through 2060 in the Bank's ECA region and examining three key questions: -- What is the state of energy security in ECA in the wake of recent geopolitical events? -- What will it take to decarbonize the ECA energy system? -- What are the main uncertainties?
    DOI: 10.1596/41089
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate Immobility Traps : A Household-Level Test (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Letta, Marco Climate Immobility Traps: A Household-Level Test
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Causal Forests ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Migration ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Data ; Housing Finance ; Immobility Traps
    Abstract: The complex relationship between climate shocks, migration, and adaptation hampers a rigorous understanding of the heterogeneous mobility outcomes of farm households exposed to climate risk. To unpack this heterogeneity, the analysis combines longitudinal multi-topic household survey data from Nigeria with a causal machine learning approach, tailored to a conceptual framework bridging economic migration theory and the poverty traps literature. The results show that pre-shock asset levels, in situ adaptive capacity, and cumulative shock exposure drive not just the magnitude but also the sign of the impact of agriculture-relevant weather anomalies on the mobility outcomes of farming households. While local adaptation acts as a substitute for migration, the roles played by wealth constraints and repeated shock exposure suggest the presence of climate-induced immobility traps
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10724
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Turning Risks into Reward : Diversifying the Global Value Chains of Decarbonization Technologies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rosenow, Samuel Kaspar Turning Risks into Reward: Diversifying the Global Value Chains of Decarbonization Technologies
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Decarbonization ; Decarbonization Technologies ; Energy ; Energy Finance ; Environment ; Export Strength Index ; Global Value Chains ; Net-Zero Emissions
    Abstract: Reaching net-zero emissions by 2050 requires unprecedented scaling up in the global deployment of critical decarbonization technologies, such as solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. This challenge is currently rife with both risks and rewards: while securing an adequate supply of these technologies has become an urgent policy priority for many countries, their high-growth global value chains also offer lucrative benefits for those able to meet the burgeoning global demand. Although recent policy responses have sought to nearshore production to reduce risks and capitalize on rewards, this paper instead lays out an evidence-based strategy to help diversify the global value chains of decarbonization technologies across countries with latent production capabilities and resource endowments. To that end, it constructs a new dataset of traded products, components, and materials associated with decarbonization technologies; develops new indexes capturing countries' current export strengths and future diversification potential in these global value chains; and highlights products with supply risks due to high market concentration levels and those with development rewards in terms of their potential for growth, knowledge spillovers, and technological upgrading. Taken together, the evidence supports the idea that there is plenty of opportunity to diversify these value chains across a larger number of countries to avoid the risks associated with reliance on only a few countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10696
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Delayed Learning about Climate Uncertainty Impacts Decarbonization Investment Strategies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bauer, Adam Michael How Delayed Learning about Climate Uncertainty Impacts Decarbonization Investment Strategies
    Keywords: Adjustment Costs ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Price ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Risk ; Environment ; Green Investment ; Stochastic Modeling
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement established that global warming should be limited to "well below" 2?C and encouraged efforts to limit warming to 1.5?C. Achieving this goal presents a significant challenge, especially given the presence of (i) economic inertia and adjustment costs, which penalize a swift transition away from fossil fuels, and (ii) climate uncertainty that, for example, hinders the ability to predict the amount of emissions that can be emitted before a given temperature target is passed, which is often referred to as the remaining carbon budget. This paper presents a modeling framework that explores optimal decarbonization investment strategy when both delayed learning about the remaining carbon budget and adjustment costs are present. The findings show that delaying learning about the remaining carbon budget impacts investment in three ways: (i) the cost of policy increases, especially when adjustment costs are present; (ii) abatement investment is front-loaded relative to the certainty policy; and (iii) the sectoral allocation of investment changes to favor declining investment pathways rather than bell-shaped paths. The latter effect is especially pronounced in hard-to-abate sectors, such as heavy industry. Each of the effects can be traced back to the carbon price distribution inheriting a "heavy tail" when the remaining carbon budget is learned later in the century. The paper highlights how climate uncertainty and adjustment costs combined result in a more aggressive least-cost strategy for decarbonization investment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10743
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Colombia Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment, 2024 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: CHVA ; Climate and Health ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Health Risks ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: The objective of this Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment (CHVA) is to assist decision-makers in Colombia with planning effective adaptation measures to deal with climate-related health risks. This assessment includes sub-national considerations for health-related climate action (see Annex A for the methodology). Sub-national considerations are given for Colombia's 32 departments (see Figure 1). It also incorporates data from a Climate and Health Economic Valuation conducted by the World Bank to estimate of the potential economic costs of health impacts arising from projected changes in temperature and precipitation (see Annex B for the methodology). The findings from this CHVA are organized under four sections. Section I characterizes the climatology in Colombia, highlighting observed and projected climate exposures relevant to health. Section II describes key climate-related risks to health, including nutrition and food security, vector-borne diseases (VDBs), water-borne diseases, increasing temperatures, air quality, and zoonotic diseases. Section III analyzes the adaptive capacity and readiness of Colombia's health system to prevent and manage climate-related health risks. Recommendations are discussed in Section IV
    DOI: 10.1596/41249
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Liberia Country Climate Development Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Finance ; Inlcusive Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience
    Abstract: This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) examines Liberia's development trajectory through the lens of the country's vulnerability to climate change. It identifies Liberia's development risks and opportunities, models various scenarios of climate impact and intervention, and proposes ways to strengthen resilience and finance climate actions that support Liberia's development aspirations of inclusive growth and poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/41241
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental Policy under Weak Institutions (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Karayalcin, Cem Environmental Policy under Weak Institutions
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Policy
    Abstract: Developing countries are facing mounting pressures to incorporate environmental concerns into their policy reform agendas. This paper finds that common environmental policies, such as levying taxes to reduce the excessive exploitation of natural assets, can be self-defeating when (i) institutions are weak and (ii) the general equilibrium effects of such policy actions are overlooked. This seemingly paradoxical result is driven by fundamental mechanisms in structural transformation frameworks, without the need for strong assumptions. It also carries a clear policy implication: environmental policies should be considered within a country's broader development context, rather than in isolation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10719
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Responsibility Sharing and the Economic Participation of Refugees in Chad (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Coulibaly, Mohamed Responsibility Sharing and the Economic Participation of Refugees in Chad
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Disaster Risk Management ; Environment ; Flood and Drought Risk Management ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The Global Compact on Refugees recognizes the importance of responsibility sharing for hosting, protecting, and assisting refugees, while emphasizing the potential of economic participation to reduce the cost of humanitarian assistance. This note explores the relative importance of aid in caring for refugees hosted in Chad and the importance of the incomes earned by the refugees. It finds that the combination of aid and self-earned incomes falls far short of a minimum standard of living (the poverty line) as a consequence of which the vast majority of refugees lives in abject poverty. It is also finds that although refugees are hosted in camps with relatively few economic opportunities, self-generated income covers 54 percent of the poverty line and aid only 14 percent. As Chad has adopted a policy of refugee inclusion and dispersion, the note then explores how much these progressive policies might increase the income earning potential of refugees. This is found to be substantial. Economic participation policies are estimated to reduce refugee poverty from 88 to 50 percent (thus increasing the self-sufficiency of refugees dramatically), while increasing the incomes generated by poor refugees by more than 50 percent. The greatest participation benefits will be realized when refugees move to areas with more economic potential
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10727
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Blueprints for Private Investment in Ecosystem Restoration : Lessons from Case Studies (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Ecosystem Restoration ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing Needs ; Nature Loss ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment
    Abstract: Ecosystem restoration is critical to the global ambition of halting and reversing nature loss. Tremendous efforts have been deployed globally to conserve the remaining rainforests, grasslands, rivers and lakes, reefs and mangroves, and other ecosystems that are critical for safeguarding biodiversity and the ecosystem services that humanity depends on. However, the extent of environmental degradation is such that recovering the productivity of ecosystems where it has been lost is equally important - for nature, communities, and economic sectors. While restoration is often viewed as the purview of the public sector, this report demonstrates opportunities for private sector investment. It aims to shift the perception that restoration finance is limited to grant funding from domestic and international public sources only. Drawing on case studies, it highlights the investment drivers and entry points for private finance in restoration projects. The financing models presented also point to opportunities for replication and scaling. This report is a product of the Finance Task Force of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The United Nations Decade aims to drive the restoration of one billion hectares of degraded land between now and 2030. The role of the Finance Task Force, chaired by The World Bank, is to catalyze action that can contribute to unlocking the capital needed to meet the United Nations Decade's goals
    DOI: 10.1596/41251
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring the Emissions and Energy Footprint of the ICT Sector : Implications for Climate Action (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Carbon Emissions ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Digitalization ; Energy Footprint ; Environment ; GHG ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; ICT Sector ; Information and Communication Technologies
    Abstract: Digitalization is increasing rapidly worldwide, requiring more energy, and resulting in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. According to International Telecommunication Union (ITU) two thirds of the world's population are now online. Estimates of the internet and communication technology (ICT) sector's share of global carbon emissions vary across the literature ranging from 1.5 to 4 percent. Based on the data and estimates in this report at least 1.7 percent of global emissions stem from the ICT sector. Meanwhile, one-third of the world's population, or 2.6 billion people, remain unconnected to the internet. The large majority, about 94 percent, live in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), and less than 20 percent of LMICs have modern data infrastructure, such as co-location data centers and access to cloud computing. Connecting people in these countries will require more infrastructure and devices, which will further increase demand for scarce energy resources and drive emissions even higher if targeted interventions are not implemented. The objective of this report is two-fold. First, the report breaks down the energy and emissions profile of the sector and assesses the 30 highest emitting countries for telecommunications while providing global estimates for other ICT sector segments. The report uses a key framework for categorizing energy use and emissions, the greenhouse gas protocol corporate standard. Second, the report addresses the policy and regulatory implications inferred from this data and the examination of these issues through several country case studies
    DOI: 10.1596/41238
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    Managing Flood Risks : Leveraging Finance for Business Resilience in Malaysia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Climate Adaptation ; Environment ; Flood Risks ; Natural Disasters ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Resilience
    Abstract: Building resilience to natural disasters is imperative for sustainable private sector development and growth in Malaysia. Floods have been Malaysia's most frequent natural disaster, accounting for 85 percent of all natural disasters since 2000. This report looks holistically at the challenges of adaptation to climate change for businesses, exploring the complementarity among the public sector, the financial sector, and the private sector efforts in managing flood risks. It does so by using a range of complementary analyses that bring together the private sector perspective drawn from a firm-level survey, the financial sector perspective based on a survey of financial institutions (both banks and insurers and takaful operators), along with macro-modelling estimates of the aggregate impacts of future floods. The report concludes with a roadmap for policy action to strengthen private sector resilience and enhance the management of flood risks for businesses, zooming in on policies for the financial sector
    DOI: 10.1596/41223
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The World Bank Group in Papua New Guinea : Country Program Evaluation, Fiscal Years 2008-23 (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nonextractive Sectors ; Resilience
    Abstract: Papua New Guinea has abundant resources in the form of oil and mineral wealth. But a complex set of factors, including systemic gender inequality, underinvestment in non-extractive sectors, and fragility compounded by vulnerability to disasters caused by natural hazards act as barriers to sustainable and inclusive growth of the country. This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of World Bank Group support to Papua New Guinea between fiscal year FY08 and FY23. It assesses the Bank Group's development effectiveness in addressing the above three core themes, namely: (i) lack of investment in Papua New Guinea's non-extractive sectors and their poor performance, (ii) the economic exclusion of women and gender-based violence (GBV) issues associated with it, and (iii) unmitigated risks of disaster from natural hazards, and violence, and conflict. The report answers three specific questions. The first explores the extent to which the Bank Group adapted its engagement in line with key constraints, including in relation to development partners, changes in country context, and lessons from experience. The second focuses on the results of Bank Group support and explanatory factors for results under each them, answered by applying a gender lens where relevant. The third question explores the extent to which the Bank Group successfully identified and addressed conflict, violence, and disaster from natural hazards risks. The report offers key lessons to inform the World Bank Group's future engagement with the country: (i) Data gaps need to be addressed to inform sound policy making and effective programming in Papua New Guinea. (ii) Declining governance quality and increasing bilateral aid will require the World Bank to reassess how it supports key policy reforms to achieve development impact, including through using DPOs. (iii) The Bank Group could elevate its impact on gender equality and GBV by shifting from a project-centric approach to a strategic country engagement approach. (iv) The negative effects that compound and interrelated risks pose to achieving development aims need to be addressed more comprehensively
    DOI: 10.1596/41274
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trading in Green : Policy Notes on Climate Change and Trade in Indonesia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Green Goods ; Green Technologies ; Green Trade ; International Economics and Trade ; Low-Carbon
    Abstract: Although Indonesia's economy has diversified over the past decades, natural resource extraction remains a key sector for both the domestic economy as well as international trade. Indonesia's ability to diversify away from primary products, reduce carbon emissions, adapt to climate change, and transition to a low-carbon economy is strongly interlinked with trade and trade policy. To position itself to benefit from the global transition to a non-carbon economy, Indonesia needs to adapt to new sources of international demand, adjust its existing productive capabilities, and cultivate new green industries. This note analyzes the carbon content of Indonesia's trade flows
    DOI: 10.1596/41156
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  • 16
    Online Resource
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    The Macroeconomic Impact of Climate Shocks in Uruguay (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Giuliano, Fernando The Macroeconomic Impact of Climate Shocks in Uruguay
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Shocks ; Droughts ; Econometrics ; Economic Forecasting ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Floods ; Macro-Structural Model ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Uruguay is an economy that is vulnerable to precipitation patterns, as evidenced during the country's historic 2022/23 drought. Yet, and despite its rich macroeconomic and climate data environment, the country does not have a consistent macroeconomic model to address the aggregate impact of climate shocks, let alone the expected additional impact from climate change. This paper intends to fill this gap by integrating climate shocks into the World Bank's Macro-Fiscal Model, its workhorse structural macroeconomic projection model. Building on existing country studies on the sectoral effects of droughts and floods, the analysis finds that the volatility of a simulated Uruguayan economy only subject to historical climate shocks reaches 22 percent of the historical volatility of gross domestic product. Moreover, as climate shocks are only one of many shocks that can simultaneously affect an economy, incorporating exogenous macroeconomic shocks into historical climate shocks exacerbates volatility and increases potential losses. Gross domestic product can fall by 2.3 percent under a combined negative climate and macroeconomic shock of the type witnessed once every six years on average, and 4.1 percent under a once-in-40-years combined negative shock. Climate change compounds these effects going forward, worsening the magnitude of the downside risks from droughts by between 18 and 30 percent, although estimates incorporating climate change are subject to large uncertainty. The order of magnitude of these effects calls for a more systematic consideration of climate shocks in macroeconomic projections and fiscal risk assessments for Uruguay
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10740
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  • 17
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    Cambodia : Recommendations to the National Roadmap for Electric Mobility Transition (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In December 2021, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) published Cambodia's Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN), which outlines the country's vision in achieving a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. As part of the long-term strategies to achieve net-zero emissions, the RGC set targets for decarbonizing the transportation sector through a combination of measures, including electrifying 70 percent of motorcycles, and 40 percent of cars and urban buses by 2050. It also aims to have 30 percent of mode share by public transport in cities by 2050
    DOI: 10.1596/41263
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  • 18
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    Territorial Development : A Report on the Territorial Development Approach to Accelerate Economic Growth and Development in the Kingdom of Lesotho (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Demographics and Aging ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth and Planning ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Human Development and Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy ; Urban and Rural Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: This report begins with an Executive Summary, which introduces the territorial development approach and the rationale for applying it in Lesotho's development context before going on to summarize key takeaways and recommendations. It is followed by four chapters: chapter 1, Introduction, lays out the country context, presenting in brief Lesotho's economic and demographic situation, population projections, governmental structure, and poverty profile and the government's goals. Chapter 2, territorial development framework and analysis in Lesotho, discusses the territorial development approach, its objectives, and the challenges it aims to address before presenting a customized 2 by 2 territorial framework for Lesotho and explaining how it can be applied. Chapter 3, analyzing Lesotho's Challenges through a Territorial Lens, lays out a spatial analysis centering on four development challenges: economic opportunities, internal connectivity and regional integration, access to basic services, and climate preparedness. To highlight the challenges, the chapter includes 4D heat maps linked to density, distance, disparity, and disaster risk. It also summaries case studies and real-life applications of the territorial development approach in Lesotho. Full case studies are in an annex. Chapter 4, recommendations, covers guiding principles and recommendations based on the territorial development approach and analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/41248
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  • 19
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    Resilience Rating System : A Methodology for Building and Tracking Resilience to Climate Change - Synthesizing Key Lessons from IDA19 Piloting (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Environment ; IDA19 ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rating System ; Resilience ; RRS
    Abstract: In response to the growing recognition that measuring inputs, such as climate finance, is not enough to capture the impacts of investments, the World Bank Group developed the Resilience Rating System (RRS). Developed over a two-year, multi-sectoral consultative process through close collaboration with internal and external actors, the RRS methodology aims to guide investment decisions and improve climate resilience in project design and outcomes. The methodology report is publicly available. The RRS evaluates and rates investment projects from C to A+, based on their resilience attributes in two complementary dimensions. The resilience of rating considers a project's design, reflecting the confidence that it will achieve its expected objectives and maximize development benefits in the face of climate and disaster risks. The resilience through rating considers a project's outcomes and reflects its contribution to improving climate resilience in the broader community, sector and systems, and to driving transformational adaptation. Combining the two dimension ratings provides an overall project rating, from CC to A+A+
    DOI: 10.1596/41225
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Blended Finance for Climate Investments in India (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Environmental Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Blended Concessional Finance ; Clean Energy ; Climate Investments ; Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Housing ; Solar Power ; Waste-To-Energy
    Abstract: The document collection focuses on the concept of blended finance for climate investments, emphasizing the need for innovative financial mechanisms to address climate change. It discusses the potential of blending public and private capital to mobilize investment in climate-related projects, aiming to achieve both environmental and financial returns. The collection explores various models and case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of blended finance in driving sustainable development and combating climate change on a global scale
    DOI: 10.1596/41194
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    Charting a Blue Course : Investment Projects for the Blue Economy Transition in Sao Tome e Principe (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Artisanal Coastal Fleet ; Blue Cabotage ; Blue Economy ; Blue Tourism ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Environment ; Investment Projects ; STP
    Abstract: The Democratic Republic of Sao Tome e Principe (STP) is the smallest independent island state in Africa, having gained independence in 1975, following the Seychelles. STP has a predominantly young population. However, as an island micro-state, the country faces many development problems specific to islands and small countries, such as weak governance capacity, the inability to provide basic services to the population, and a lack of adequate infrastructure (ports, electricity, airports). Additionally, high production and distribution costs of goods and services, including food products, exacerbate the poverty level of the population. The virtually nonexistent corporate structure and undiversified, highly dependent economy make the country vulnerable to exogenous shocks. To address these challenges, STP developed and adopted a Transition Strategy for the Blue Economy in December 2019. This strategy aims to establish the coherence of public policies linked to oceanic resources with the policies of other sectors, such as fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, and energy. The purpose of this paper is to consolidate the analysis of the three investment projects prioritized for inclusion in the National Investment Plan for the Blue Economy. While the report does not imply endorsement of these projects by the World Bank and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), its primary objective is to illuminate the drivers of cost and benefit associated with the priorities already identified by the government of Sao Tome e Principe
    DOI: 10.1596/41183
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    Clean and Climate Resilient Transport : Identifying Policy Priorities for Indonesia (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Resilient Transport ; Decarbonization ; Environment ; Green Growth ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Road and Bridge Infrastructure
    Abstract: At five percent of energy emissions, transport is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia. The rapid growth in vehicle fleet-personal passenger vehicles in particular is driving road transport emissions. Indonesian cities are suffering from severe congestion, air quality issues, and increasing numbers of road accidents and fatalities. Private transport dependence is increasing in Indonesian cities. The growth in Indonesia's urban population has led to a growth in urban area boundaries, suboptimal spatial patterns, and increased travel distances. The availability and quality of public transport is highly deficient and largely left to fragmented unorganized players with old and poorly maintained minivans (angkot). Electric vehicle mobility has been identified as a major prospective area of development for Indonesia. The market response has been timid so far and, despite the government electrification plans, the EV market uptake as a fraction of total vehicle sales is small Large gains in both economic development and climate mitigation benefits are possible through a more structured approach towards urban mobility
    DOI: 10.1596/41179
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    Climate Change Adaptation : What does the Evidence Say? (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rexer, Jonah Climate Change Adaptation: What does the Evidence Say?
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change Impacts ; Diversification ; Environment ; Meta-Analysis ; Public Goods ; Reallocation ; Technology Adoption ; Transfers
    Abstract: Adapting to climate change is an increasingly urgent policy priority in lower- and middle-income countries. This systematic review summarizes the current state of the literature on adaptation to climate change, and conducts a quantitative meta-analysis of the effectiveness of climate adaptation. The meta-analysis reveals that observed adaptations offset 46 percent of climate losses on average, with firms using more effective adaptation strategies than households and farmers. The review identifies several key lessons. First, purely private adaptations to climate shocks tend to be less effective than those from public infrastructure and services, although neither by itself is generally sufficient to fully offset the effects of climate change. Second, some adaptations may reduce climate losses in the present, but in the long-run, households, firms, and farmers might be better-served by reducing their climate exposure. Third, the literature tends to focus on adaptation by households and farmers, neglecting firms. Finally, productivity losses from climate shocks may be offset if capital and labor can adjust across sectors and locations, but constraints on these reallocations have not been sufficiently studied
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10729
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    Mobilizing Climate Finance for Railways (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Emissions and Transport ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Green Growth ; Rail Greenhouse Gas Analysis ; Railways ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Railways are a low carbon way to access opportunities and move goods to markets. To realize the benefits of railways in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), an estimated USD 25-80 billion of investment annually will be needed. Many organizations and investors want to support green activities and a variety of climate finance sources and instruments have been developed todo just that. However, railways have had limited success in accessing climate specific financing instruments. This report examines the experience in attracting financing from climate-specific financing instruments of railways in LMICs. The review encompasses private sector climate finance, whose resources could potentially meet the entire rail financing gap, as well as carbon markets, and other results-based climate finance and climate funds
    DOI: 10.1596/41321
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    Our Digital Earth : Insights and Opportunities from the World Settlement Footprint (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Earth Observation ; Environment ; ICT Applications ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Hazards ; World Settlement Footprint (WSF)
    Abstract: Earth observation is a crucial source of accurate and up-to-date information of Earth's natural and manmade environments that are critical when planning for, responding to, and mitigating the effects of natural hazards. Satellites that regularly collect images of the entire globe combined--with machine learning algorithms to process them more efficiently--have the potential to provide timely, standardized, verifiable, and scalable information. This report focuses on the use of Earth observation to identify built-up areas exposed to natural hazards. It describes the World Settlement Footprint (WSF) suite of derived datasets, developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA), the Google Earth Engine team, and the World Bank. These gridded datasets capture the extent of built-up areas from 1985-2015 and again for 2019, estimated building heights, impervious surfaces, and estimated population. Earth observation derived information is particularly useful for standardized and recurring World Bank operations. The report looks at several World Bank operations, and the key insights provided through analysis incorporating the various WSF suite products
    DOI: 10.1596/41229
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    Nepal Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis : Technical Annex (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; CPGA ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Preparedness ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Response ; Risk ; Social and Livelihood Support ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Crisis preparedness is cral to preventing shocks from becoming crises. Investments in ex ante preparedness are especially relevant in countries like Nepal that face high levels of exposure and vulnerability to a range of risks. In seeking to identify opportunities to strengthen the Government of Nepal's (GoN's) capacity to prepare for crisis events in an effective and timely manner, this Technical Annex presents findings from the application of the Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis (CPGA) diagnostic in the country. It provides details on findings and entry points across the five componnts of crisis preparedness. For a summary, please refer to the accompanying CPGA Nepal Briefing Note. Following a brief description of the CPGA methodology, the Technical Annex presents a summary of findings from each CPGA component alongside identification of entry points and opportunities to strengthen crisis preparedness in the country. To provide a holistic assessment of preparedness, the CPGA focuses on five core components of crisis preparedness. These are (i) Legal and Institutional Foundations, (ii) Understanding and Monitoring Risks, (iii) FinancialPreparedness, (iv) Primary Response, and (v) Social and Livelihood Support
    DOI: 10.1596/41192
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    Does Global Warming Worsen Poverty and Inequality? : An Updated Review (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trinh, Trong-Anh Does Global Warming Worsen Poverty and Inequality? An Updated Review
    Keywords: Chronic Poverty ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Global Warming ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Transient Poverty
    Abstract: This paper offers an updated and comprehensive review of recent studies on the impact of climate change, particularly global warming, on poverty and inequality, paying special attention to data sources as well as empirical methods. While studies consistently find negative impacts of higher temperature on poverty across different geographical regions, with higher vulnerability especially in poorer Sub-Saharan Africa, there is inconclusive evidence on climate change impacts on inequality. Further analysis of a recently constructed global database at the subnational unit level derived from official national household income and consumption surveys shows that temperature change has larger impacts in the short term and more impacts on chronic poverty than transient poverty. The results are robust to different model specifications and measures of chronic poverty and are more pronounced for poorer countries. The findings offer relevant inputs into current efforts to fight climate change
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10697
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    In Most Low- and Middle-Income Countries Pollution Levels Are Higher in Wealthier Areas (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrer, Arnold Patrick In Most Low- and Middle-Income Countries Pollution Levels Are Higher in Wealthier Areas
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Ambient Air Pollution ; Economic Concentration ; Environment ; Large Cities ; Pollution Management and Control ; Urban Environment
    Abstract: Air pollution is a major threat to health, and the dangers are particularly acute in low- and middle-income countries. However, little is known about how the burden of pollution is spread across the wealth distribution in these countries. This paper uses new data providing high-resolution wealth estimates for more than 100 low- and middle-income countries, combined with equally high-resolution estimates of air pollution, to estimate how wealth is correlated with ambient air pollution around the world. The findings show that on average air pollution is positively correlated with wealth, but the relationship is highly heterogeneous across countries. The fact that air pollution and wealth are both disproportionately high in urban areas, where economic activity is largely concentrated, appears to drive this relationship. When the analysis is limited to anthropogenic sources of pollution, the relationship becomes less heterogeneous and more systematically positive. The paper also examines the relationship between pollution exposure and wealth within large cities around the world. Again, the findings show substantial heterogeneity across cities. The paper explores several hypotheses for this heterogeneity but does not find a single explanation. Economic concentration within cities appears to explain some of the relationship. Cities with more concentrated economic opportunity tend to have more positive correlations between pollution and wealth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10689
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    Algeria Diagnostic on Climate and Disaster Risk Management (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Environment ; Mena ; Natural Disasters ; Risk Management
    Abstract: The Algeria Disaster Risk Management Diagnostic was developed as part of World Bank technical assistance to the Algerian government. The diagnostic offers a concise overview of the country's disaster risk profile, delves into the macroeconomic implications of disasters, outlines Algeria's advancements in disaster risk management (DRM), and highlights ongoing challenges within the DRM sector. This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Algeria's DRM sector and identify key priority areas to enhance the country's resilience. This diagnostic was developed through a robust partnership between the World Bank and the National Delegation for Major Risks (DNRM) under the Algerian Ministry of Interior, Local Authorities and Territorial Development (MICLAT) from 2021 to 2023. It represents the culmination of an extensive review of over 500 documents, a comprehensive multi-stakeholder consultation workshop conducted in July 2021, and bilateral interviews held between March and October 2021 with the DNRM and all DRM stakeholders in Algeria. An initial version was completed in November 2021, which was further refined in 2022 and 2023 based on feedback received from Algerian counterparts through additional discussions, email correspondences, and recommendations from World Bank experts
    DOI: 10.1596/40883
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    Climate Shocks and the Poor : A Review of the Literature (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Triyana, Margaret Climate Shocks and the Poor: A Review of the Literature
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Distributional Impact ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Meta Analysis ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty
    Abstract: There is a rapidly growing literature on the link between climate change and poverty. This study reviews the existing literature on whether the poor are more exposed to climate shocks and whether they are more adversely affected. About two-thirds of the studies in our analyzed sample find that the poor are more exposed to climate shocks than is the rest of the population and four-fifths of the studies find that the poor are more adversely affected by climate shocks than is the rest of the population. Income and human capital losses tend to be concentrated among the poor. These findings highlight the potential long-term risk of a climate-change induced poverty trap and the need for targeted interventions to protect the poor from the adverse effects of climate shocks
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10742
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    Overcoming Left-Behindedness : Moving beyond the Efficiency versus Equity Debate in Territorial Development (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez-Pose, Andres Overcoming Left-Behindedness: Moving beyond the Efficiency versus Equity Debate in Territorial Development
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Efficiency ; Equity Territories ; Growth ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Rural Development ; Regional Urban Development ; Regions ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Territorial development theory and practice have witnessed significant change in recent times. This change has increasingly put the spatial dimension at the center of development policies. Although agglomeration-focused policies derived from urbanization and agglomeration economics were once prominent, their empirical limitations have become increasingly apparent. Greater territorial polarization and pervasive left-behindedness have underscored the need for a more inclusive territorial development approach, prompting increased interest in understanding and addressing regional disparities to ensure more equitable economic growth. This paper synthesizes the growing interest in territorial development, which has driven the adoption of what are increasingly place-based and place-sensitive approaches to development. The paper also emphasizes the need for complementarity between efficiency-driven and equity-focused interventions, while highlighting emerging topics in regional economics research, including the role of institutions, agency, and external megatrends such as the green transition. The paper concludes by advocating a place-sensitive approach that tailors policies to regional challenges, promoting economic potential, diversification, and inclusivity across all regions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10734
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    Behavior Change in Solid Waste Management : A Compendium of Cases (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Policies ; Pollution ; Solid Waste ; Waste Management ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: Today the world faces unprecedented challenges in waste management while the state of the municipal waste management sector globally is a matter of concern. To reverse current trends related to waste generation, pollution, and resource management, active collaboration between the various waste actors including governments, civil society, and the private sector will be required along with sustained behavior change. This compendium is designed to help decision-makers - including policy makers, policy professionals, and practitioners-investigate, understand, and respond to waste management challenges in their communities through interventions considering a behavioral science lens. The document contains short case studies that uncover and highlight where and what behavioral tools were applied along three main challenges, that is, getting people to generate less waste, getting people to use waste services, and getting people to be more sustainable with their waste
    DOI: 10.1596/41271
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    The Impact of Climate Change on Work : Lessons for Developing Countries (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Feriga, Moustafa Amgad Moustafa Ahmed Moustafa The Impact of Climate Change on Work: Lessons for Developing Countries
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Labor ; Environment ; Labor Demand ; Labor Supply ; Productivity
    Abstract: What is the impact of climate change on labor Reviewing the evidence, this paper finds five areas of potential impact. Climate change may have an immediate effect on labor demand, labor supply and time allocation, on-the-job productivity, and income and vulnerability among the self-employed. In the medium term, climate change may lead to a reallocation of labor across economic activities and across space. Impact estimates typically rely on fixed effect estimation. These estimates require care when interpreted as they typically reflect the short-term direct impact of past events and abstract from potential adaptation. The paper discusses emerging work trying to address this, analyzing the responses by firms, farms, households, and workers. Together, the existing evidence points toward six potential areas of government response. Potential labor policies include green jobs, green skills, labor-oriented adaptation, flexible work regulation, labor market integration, and social protection. The paper concludes by setting out avenues for future research in this field
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10682
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    Trade, Outsourcing, and the Environment (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Artuc, Erhan Trade, Outsourcing, and the Environment
    Keywords: Border Carbon Adjustment ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Tariffs ; Carbon Tax ; CO2 Emission Leakage ; Environment ; Environment and Trade ; Environmental Policy ; International Economics and Trade ; Law and Development ; Tax Law
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the effects of carbon taxation and border carbon adjustments in a setting where firms can choose to respond to taxation by abating or by outsourcing part of their production. For this, this paper sets up a general equilibrium trade model, calibrated with world trade and input-output data that features a discrete choice production structure, where the producers choose between outsourcing or abating emission-intensive intermediate production steps. The paper finds that border adjustments that cannot target scope 3 emissions can lead to outsourcing, and thus leakage, further down the value chain, but nevertheless induce higher abatement both in the countries that impose the border adjustment and in the ones affected by it
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10665
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    Are Regional Fiscal Multipliers on EU Structural and Investment Fund Spending Large? : A Reassessment of the Evidence (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fiuratti, Frederico Are Regional Fiscal Multipliers on EU Structural and Investment Fund Spending Large? A Reassessment of the Evidence
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Covid-19 Economic Recovery Package ; Environment ; EU Economies ; European Union ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Fiscal Multiplier ; Green Issues ; Monetary Union ; Short-Term Regional Fiscal Stimulus ; Social Risk Management ; Sustainable Green Growth
    Abstract: The European Commission's "NextGenerationEU" COVID-19 recovery package has underscored interest in the size of regional fiscal multipliers in Europe. While the objective of these funds is the long-term transformation toward more sustainable green growth and digitalization in EU economies, several recent papers have also focused on their short-term stimulatory effects and have estimated large short-term regional multipliers on historical EU structural and investment fund spending. This has contributed to a view that EU funds can boost growth substantially not only in the long term, but also in the short term in countries receiving large flows, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper reevaluates the evidence by estimating regional short-term multipliers using recent data on EU fund spending and a leave-one-out predicted disbursement schedule instrument. In contrast with much of the recent literature, there is little evidence of large relative GDP multipliers at either the national or subnational level in the short term. This is despite a strong response of regional investment to EU funds, which often increases euro for euro. The results suggest that expectations should be tempered on using EU structural and investment funds as a tool for short-term regional fiscal stimulus, and instead policy makers may want to focus on the long-term benefits of EU funds, in line with their original purpose
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10658
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    Connecting People to Projects : A New Approach to Measuring Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ragui, Assaad Connecting People to Projects: A New Approach to Measuring Women's Employment in the Middle East and North Africa
    Keywords: Employment Survey Questionnaire ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender Informatics ; Household Enterprises ; Labor Market Panel Surveys ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Survey Design ; Women's Employment
    Abstract: Innovations to date in detecting women's employment have focused primarily on improving individual-level questions. This paper explores an alternative approach, using data on household enterprises and asking who participates in these activities. This research uses the latest waves of the Labor Market Panel Surveys for the Arab Republic of Egypt (2018) and Tunisia (2014). The research questions are (1) How do men's and women's employment rates change when adding enterprise-based detection questions to standard individual-level questions (2) Was the additional market employment detected with project-based approaches classified as subsistence work with individual measurement approaches (3) For which women is additional employment detected using project-based approaches The paper presents descriptive results on work based on the different approaches. It also estimates changes in state (being reclassified as working) from adding enterprise-level data. The findings show large increases in employment rates for rural women in both countries when including enterprise-based detection questions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10659
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    Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Mocha, May 2023, Myanmar : Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Cyclonic Storm ; Environment ; Grade Methodology ; Natural Disasters ; Rakhine State ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Extremely severe cyclonic storm Mocha made landfall as a Category 4-equivalent cyclone in the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale on Sunday May 14, 2023, at 07:07 UTC (14:07 local time) around Sittwe city, the capital of Rakhine State, Myanmar. Given the fragile and conflict-affected situation with limited access in Myanmar, the World Bank has adopted the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) methodology to estimate damages arising from Cyclone Mocha. GRADE is a remote, desktop analysis to estimate damage to capital stock. This report summarizes the results of the GRADE conducted to assess damages following the impact of Extremely severe cyclonic storm Mocha in Myanmar during May 2023
    DOI: 10.1596/40921
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    Somalia Economic Update, Eighth Edition : Integrating Climate Change with Somalia's Development: The Case for Water (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Food Security ; Fragile Recovery ; Pollitical Challenges ; Water Resources ; Water Security
    Abstract: Somalia has remained on a strong economic reform path despite the various global and exogenous shocks that have continued to buffet the economy. Recurrent climate-related shocks, such as cycles of droughts, floods, locusts' infestation, higher international commodity prices, as well as increased insecurity and conflict, have interrupted the country's growth trajectory. However, this has not deterred the country's commitment to continue advancing reforms to strengthen key economic institutions and promote macroeconomic stability and recovery. As a result, Somalia has continued to make progress toward meeting the conditions for achieving the heavily indebted poor country (HIPC) completion point in December 2023. Within the framework of resilience, the eighth edition of the World Bank's Somalia economic update series provides an in-depth analysis of recent economic developments and growth outlook and makes a case for integrating climate change with Somalia's growth agenda. This report highlights macroeconomic policies and reforms that promote inclusive growth and institutional building including enhancing fiscal space for development priorities while strengthening expenditure controls; strengthening financial integrity; integrating Somalia into the global financial system; and improving debt management
    DOI: 10.1596/40852
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    Just Transition : Issues for Central Banks and Financial Regulators (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Calice, Pietro Just Transition: Issues for Central Banks and Financial Regulators
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Finance ; Energy ; Energy Transition ; Environment ; Financial Regulators ; Social Changes
    Abstract: Recent calls on central banks and financial regulators to use the tools at their disposal to help mitigate the negative economic and social impacts of climate policies are based on several false analogies between the energy transition and the "just" energy transition. The same false analogies explain why voluntary efforts to incorporate just transition considerations into private financial decisions and products copying approaches from climate finance have so far failed to gain traction. None of the above invalidates the just transition as a political aspiration. However, only the government has the legitimacy and authority to identify the regions or sectors where the negative impacts of the energy transition are to be mitigated, determine the extent and instruments for this mitigation, and adjust them over time in line with shifting social preferences. This is an essentially political task that cannot be delegated to technocratic agencies. Nevertheless, within the parameters established by the government, central banks and financial regulators can play a supporting role by ensuring accurate data on the social impact of the energy transition, enforcing disclosure requirements, sensitizing financial firms to just transition--related risks, and raising awareness among financial firms. However, they must be cautious not to overstep their mandate, and remain mindful of the limitations of their toolkit and of the risks and potential unintended consequences of their actions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10685
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    Trading Towards Sustainability : The Role of Trade Policies in Indonesia's Green Transformation (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Environment ; Green Transformation ; International Economics and Trade ; Plastic Substitutes ; Sustainability ; Trade ; Trade Policies ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Climate change - and efforts to mitigate and adapt to it - will affect global flows of trade and Indonesia's ability to transition to a more environmentally sustainable economy on its path to become a high-income economy is, therefore, interlinked with trade policy. Environmental policy stringency (EPS) is increasing around the globe - a crucial challenge lies in harmonizing these with sustained economic growth, yet both goals can be reached. Although trade flows facilitate emissions, they are also a critical part of the solution, including through trade in environmental goods (EGs) and plastic substitutes - with important economic spillovers. This report provides a detailed analysis of the role of trade and trade policy on EGs and plastic substitutes in Indonesia's green transition. Chapter one describes the need for, and urgency of, this transition, by looking at the carbon intensity of Indonesia's trade, the impacts of environmental policies of Indonesia and key trading partners, and the roles of EGs. Chapter two examines where Indonesia stands on the level of trade in EGs and plastic substitutes and the competitiveness of EGs trade. Chapter three explores trade agreements and tariffs and simulates potential impacts of tariff reforms - including through multilateral actions. Chapter four examines what non-tariff measures (NTMs) apply on the products including inputs of firms exporting EGs and assesses which NTMs may be costly. Finally, chapter five concludes with policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/40925
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    Costing Disasters : Hedonic Pricing, Neighborhood Effects, and the Nepal Gorkha Earthquakes (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Floreani, Vincent A Costing Disasters: Hedonic Pricing, Neighborhood Effects, and the Nepal Gorkha Earthquakes
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Hedonic Price ; Housing Prices ; Imputed Rent ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microsimulation ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Neighborhood Effects ; Spatial Economics ; Welfare
    Abstract: Disasters are frequent and clearly harmful in developing countries, but precisely estimating their overall cost and distributional impact is challenging. This paper proposes a microsimulation approach to do so rapidly, borrowing concepts from both poverty analysis and urban economics. Because housing prices reflect the present value of a specific bundle of living conditions, local earnings opportunities, and local access to services, their change in the aftermath of a disaster can be interpreted as a measure of the welfare cost incurred by households. A hedonic pricing function is used to estimate such changes based on the destruction experienced by the dwellings themselves, but also on the overall destruction suffered by their surrounding areas. The first element captures the damage from worse living conditions, whereas the second captures the loss from diminished earnings opportunities and access to services. The proposed approach is illustrated by estimating the cost of the 2015 Gorkha earthquakes in Nepal. Overall, the estimated impact is comparable to that from the official assessment. But its spatial distribution is significantly different due to the pivotal influence of neighborhood effects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10668
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    Madagascar Urbanization Review : Leveraging Cities as Drivers of Growth and Structural Transformation (2024)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Madagascar urbanization review
    Keywords: Verstädterung ; Stadtentwicklung ; Stadtplanung ; Politische Planung ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; City Development Strategies ; Environment ; Government Capacity ; Integrated Approach ; Sustainable Urban Growth ; Urban Development ; Urban Policies ; Urbanization ; Madagaskar
    Abstract: The Madagascar Urbanization Review aims to: - Contribute to the 2019 National Policy for Urban Development (Politique National de Developpement Urbain), the main policy document outlining the priorities for cities in Madagascar. - Serve as a diagnostic tool to identify the key barriers to sustainable and equitable urban growth in the country - Offer a set of recommended investment priorities and their sequencing, to support governments in making informed decisions on the future development of cities. - Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. - Promote an integrated approach to urban development and improve government capacity. - Help city leaders and national policy makers to: i. Think strategically about the opportunities offered by urbanization; ii. Address key bottlenecks that are holding back the potential benefits of urbanization; iii. Develop plans to address cities' most pressing issues; and iv. Build consensus between the national and local levels to drive the urban policy agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/41220
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    Niger Country Environmental Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Deforestation ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Forest Degradation ; Land Degradation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Capital
    Abstract: Niger is a fragile country, marked by a poorly diversified economy and extreme poverty. Climate change, rapid demographic growth, and weak governance are major threats to Niger's growth. These changes have led to human losses, decreased soil productivity, and increased competition for access to resources. Moreover, many rural communities have grappled with a land tenure system with often unclear and overlapping rights, a lack of land use classification and registry, and an absence of monitoring and enforcing by local institutions. It is important to note that the rapid population growth and the recent COVID pandemic have put additional pressure on food security and natural resources. Natural capital is crucial for the Nigeriens' livelihoods and food security. Degradation of cropland and pastureland is a key problem in Niger. This Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) aims to analyze critical environmental challenges that threaten sustainable economic growth in Niger and to propose actions to address them. It focuses on three government priorities that require in-depth analysis and immediate response: land degradation, deforestation and forest degradation, and climate change
    DOI: 10.1596/39588
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    Climate Toolkits for Infrastructure PPPs : Road Sector (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Toolkit ; Environment ; PPP ; Public-Private Partnerships ; Road Sector
    Abstract: The toolkit contains three modules covering the major climate entry points (i.e., alignment with climate policies; incorporation of climate considerations in the project selection; and appraisal of climate effects in the project's economics and financing), followed by a fourth module that provides climate-related key performance indicators (KPIs) applicable to road projects. Every module is divided into steps, outlining the logical order of the process, that are implemented using specific tools. The tools contained in this toolkit have different formats, depending on the task they serve, and many are accompanied by reference libraries. The toolkit also provides ready-to-use reporting templates to assist in the implementation of the process and the documentation of results. Module 1 presents a two-step process, with tools to assist users with mapping climate policies, and screening projects' alignments with such policies, to identify areas where corrective actions may be needed. Module 2 contains five steps designed to assist users in assessing climate risks, defining strategies to reduce them, estimating the carbon footprints of projects at a preliminary stage, and designing strategies for climate mitigation actions. Module 3, which provides a two-step approach (comprising three tools) to guide users on how to prioritize climate strategies and check their economic soundness. Module 4 presents a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) for all the above processes that are specific to road projects and are meant to serve as entry points for the relevant activities
    DOI: 10.1596/40025
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    Global Rapid Post-Disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) Report : Mw 7.8 Turkiye-Syria Earthquake - Assessment of the Impact on Syria (Results as of February 20, 2023) (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Earthquake ; Environment ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Impacts ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Natural Disaster ; Syria
    Abstract: Following the magnitude (Mw) 7.8 Turkiye-Syria Earthquake on February 6, 2023 and the Mw 6.3 earthquake on February 20, 2023, the World Bank carried out a remote, desk-based assessment of the physical damages in Syria using the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) methodology. The objective of the assessment is to develop a model-based estimate of the direct physical damages to residential buildings (houses) and non-residential buildings caused by the event, and to evaluate the spatial distribution of damages. In this report, direct physical damage is quantified using the gross capital stock, which is the replacement cost of an asset newly rebuilt based on current unit costs and construction practice, and although it does include fixed and mobile industry capital, it does not take into account transport equipment, or technological changes et cetera Reconstruction costs are expected to be proportionately higher for non-residential than residential buildings, due to the possibility of upgrades and build back better practices (because a large share of its capital stock and production technologies are outdated). Estimates of direct damages, presented in this report, do not include costs associated with humanitarian and emergency response, or the losses associated with economic flows (for example, business interruption). As of February 20, 2023, the confirmed death toll across Turkiye and Syria surpassed 47,000 deaths, with 6,599 fatalities and 14,500 injuries in Syria. In northwest Syria, this includes 4,525 reported deaths and 8,424 reported injuries, with many still trapped under the rubble. More details on the fragility and crisis dynamics and how these amplified the earthquakes' impacts are discussed in the Annex B of this GRADE report
    DOI: 10.1596/39529
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    Trade, Emissions, and Environmental Spillovers : Issue Linkages in Regional Trade Agreements* (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lundberg, Clark Trade, Emissions, and Environmental Spillovers: Issue Linkages in Regional Trade Agreements*
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Policy ; Montreal Protocol ; Ozone Depleting Substances ; Regional Trade Agreement ; Trade Liberalization
    Abstract: Reducing trade barriers offers tremendous potential for economic growth and productivity gains. However, higher incomes and increased industrial output can negatively impact the environment. This paper studies the impacts of trade liberalization on the emissions of ozone depleting substances regulated under the Montreal Protocol. While freer trade might challenge the gains achieved by the Montreal Protocol by increasing domestic use of ozone depleting substances, environmental provisions in regional trade agreements linked to Montreal Protocol participation might mitigate such negative environmental outcomes. The paper provides causal evidence that signing a new regional trade agreement leads to increases in consumption of ozone depleting substances relative to Montreal Protocol targets. Environmental provisions aimed at controlling ozone depleting substances offset the increase in consumption of ozone depleting substances observed in regional trade agreements without such provisions. The findings show that the effect is rooted in preventing a "reduction in overcompliance" with the Montreal Protocol observed in regional trade agreements without provisions. The findings also show that cumulative exposure to trade agreements, especially those with ozone depleting substances provisions, increases the speed at which countries ratify the Montreal Protocol amendments
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10319
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    Scalable Tracking of CO2 Emissions : A Global Analysis with Satellite Data (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dasgupta, Susmita Scalable Tracking of CO2 Emissions: A Global Analysis with Satellite Data
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Co2 Emissions ; Environment ; Local and Regional Co2 Tracking ; OCO-2 ; Satellite-Based Carbon Dioxide Measurement ; Urban Emissions Tracking ; Urban Pollution
    Abstract: This paper extends recent research on satellite-based carbon dioxide measurement to an easily updated template for tracking changes in carbon dioxide concentrations at local and regional scales. Using data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 satellite platform and a large sample of urban areas, a comparison of trend estimation models suggests that the template can use a simple model that estimates trends directly from satellite data pre-filtered to isolate local concentration anomalies. Illustrative applications are developed for a long-period trend model and a short-period model focused on change in the most recent year. In addition, the paper estimates carbon dioxide emissions for thousands of urban areas and identifies cities whose emissions performance is above or below expectation. Although the tracking model is "simple," it requires software and hardware that are beyond the means of many interested stakeholders. For this reason, the World Bank's Development Economics Vice Presidency has established an open web facility that pre-filters data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2satellite and publishes monthly mean concentration anomalies for all terrestrial cells of a 25-kilometer global grid. The website will also publish annual carbon dioxide tracking reports for urban areas and provide information that links the 25-kilometer global grid cell IDs to IDs for urban areas and national administrative units (levels 0, 1, and 2)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10297
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    Efficiency and Equity in Urban Flood Management Policies : A Systematic Urban Economics Exploration (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Liotta, Charlotte Efficiency and Equity in Urban Flood Management Policies: A Systematic Urban Economics Exploration
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Disaster Risk Management ; Environment ; Flood Control ; Hazard Risk Management ; Inequality ; Land Use Zoning ; Municipal and Civil Engineering ; Risk-Based Insurance ; Subsidized Insurance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Urban Floods ; Urban Housing and Land Settlements ; Urban Poverty ; Welfare
    Abstract: Flood exposure is likely to increase in the future as a direct consequence of more frequent and more intense flooding and the growth of populations and economic assets in flood-prone areas. Low-income households, which are more likely to be located in high-risk zones, will be particularly affected. This paper assesses the welfare and equity impacts of three flood management policies-risk-based insurance, zoning, and subsidized insurance-using an urban economics framework with two income groups and three potential flood locations. The paper shows that in a first-best setting, risk-based insurance maximizes social welfare. However, depending on flood characteristics, implementing a zoning policy or subsidized insurance is close to optimal and can be more feasible. Subsidizing insurance reduces upward pressure on housing rents but increases flood damage, and is recommended for rare floods occurring in a large part of a city. Zoning policies have the opposite effect, avoiding damage but increasing housing rents, and are recommended for frequent floods in small areas. The social welfare impact of choosing the wrong flood management policy depends on the location of floods relative to employment centers, with flooding close to employment centers being particularly harmful. Implementing flood management policies redistributes flood costs between high- and low-income households through land markets, irrespective of who is directly affected. As such, they are progressive in terms of equity, compared to a laissez-faire scenario with myopic anticipations, in the more common scenario where poorer populations are more exposed to urban floods. But their impacts on inequality depend on flood locations and urban configuration. For instance, in a city where floods are centrally located and low-income households live in the city center, subsidized insurance would mitigate a surge in inequality, whereas a zoning policy could substantially increase inequalities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10292
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    Do Cash Transfer Programs Protect from Poverty in the Case of Aggregate Shocks? : A Study on Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pfutze, Tobias Do Cash Transfer Programs Protect from Poverty in the Case of Aggregate Shocks? A Study on Typhoon Yolanda in the Philippines
    Keywords: Aggregate Shock ; Cash Transfer Program ; Environment ; Extreme Poverty Prevention ; Natural Disasters ; Philippines Conditional Cash Transfer Program ; Poverty ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Typhoon Yolanda
    Abstract: Cash transfer programs are regarded as providing effective protection against poverty and household-specific negative income shocks. Little research has been done on their performance in situations of aggregate negative shocks. This paper assesses the performance of the Philippines' Conditional Cash Transfer Program in the aftermath of typhoon Yolanda in 2013. Using triple difference techniques, it finds that the program effectively protected households affected by the storm from falling into extreme poverty. It had the largest effect on nonfood consumption
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10281
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    Pacific Island Countries : Financial Stability and Resilience in Turbulent Times (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; COVID-19 ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Transition ; Vulnerabilities
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of the stability of the financial systems of selected Pacific Island Countries (PICs) in the context of COVID-19 and emerging risks. The report brings together an analysis of information provided by the central banks of the PICs covered by this study over the last two years. The purpose of the study is to assess the financial stability and vulnerabilities and to provide technical guidance to the PIC authorities to assist in their financial sector policy response. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the financial systems of the PICs. Chapter 2 presents an analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 on the financial systems of the PCIs and the policy responses to the pandemic. Chapter 3 looks at the challenges of transitioning from the pandemic to normal policy settings. Chapter 4 provides a set of bespoke policy recommendations with the aim of enhancing the ability to deal with financial sector risks and vulnerabilities. Finally, Chapter 5 puts forward recommendations for the assessment of climate and environmental related risks on the PICs. The report finds that the pandemic has negatively impacted economic growth in the PICs, challenging financial stability. Due to various relief measures adopted by governments in the region, and the lagged economic impact of the pandemic, the PICs' financial sectors do not yet fully reflect the risks to bank profitability and asset quality, which could materialize over 2022-23. Response and
    DOI: 10.1596/39455
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    Steering the Human Development Strategy for a Sustainable Green Economy in the Slovak Republic (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Active Labor Market Program ; Adult Skills Development ; Basic Green Skills ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Educational Outcome Policy ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Green Transition Skills Development ; Human Capital Crisis ; Science and Technology Development ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training, Digital Skills Development ; Social Protections and Labor, Economics of Education
    Abstract: The rippling effects of multiple overlapping crises on the economy, declining education outcomes, and inability of the education system to meet the upcoming needs of the labor market puts the Slovak Republic in a human capital crisis. There is a misalignment between the supply and outcomes of the education system and requirements of the labor market. Education-to-work pathways through vocational and tertiary education are insufficient to prepare students for the green economy transition. Education-to-work pathways need to be flexible to align worker choices with needs of the labor market. This policy note provides a deep dive into the education situation in the Slovak Republic and proposes specific policy recommendations aiming at the skilling and reskilling toward the green and digital agenda, utilizing European and international experiences in this area
    DOI: 10.1596/39823
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    Making Waves : An Evaluation of the World Bank's Support for the Blue Economy (2012-23) Approach Paper (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Climate Change Impact ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Coastal and Marine Resources ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Fisheries ; Global Protein Supply ; Maritime Industries ; Ocean Freight ; Risk To Ocean Economies ; Sustainable Oceans ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Marine and coastal resources are critical for human survival. The economies of many coastal developing countries and small island developing states rely heavily on maritime industries, associated trade, and tourism. In coastal and island developing countries, small-scale fisheries and other ocean sectors support a significant number of jobs and livelihood opportunities. Marine and coastal resources also provide critical ecosystem services on which the ocean economy relies. Yet historically, ocean-based sectors have expanded without sufficient consideration for sustainability, negatively impacting marine and coastal environments. Moreover, the negative impacts of climate change are exacerbating the serious threats posed to ocean economies. Coastal developing countries and small island developing state economies that heavily rely on tourism were negatively affected by COVID-19, and while there were some positive environmental effects, these have been short lived. Critical knowledge and skills gaps undermine the ability of many countries to sustainably manage their marine and coastal resources. Addressing the threats posed to marine and coastal resources is politically challenging since coastal areas attract many competing uses and diverging interests. The purpose of this evaluation is to assess how well the World Bank is supporting the sustainable and inclusive development of ocean and coastal economies to inform the future development of the blue economy approach
    DOI: 10.1596/39779
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    Assessing the Benefits and Costs of Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Resilience : A Guideline for Project Developers (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Strategic Environmental Assessment/Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Building Resilience ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Environment ; Nature Based Solutions ; Pollution Management and Control ; Resilience
    Abstract: This document aims to guide the design, implementation, and use of studies to value the benefits and costs of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) for climate resilience projects. Reliable quantification of the costs and benefits of NBS for climate resilience can facilitate further mainstreaming of these interventions by articulating the value proposition of NBS across sectors, improve impact evaluation, and for identifying additional funding and financing for projects. This report provides an overview of methods and approaches, along with a decision framework to guide the design of NBS cost and benefit assessment. The decision framework presented should enable project developers to come up with a cost-effective approach for quantifying the benefits and costs of NBS that is effective and convincing in the context of climate resilience projects. To illustrate this in practical applications, eight case studies from World Bank projects are also included to better show how different valuation methods are applied in the field
    DOI: 10.1596/39811
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    Environment and Natural Resources Supplementary Guidance Note for Risk and Resilience Assessments (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Environment ; Natural Resource Management ; Risk and Resilience
    Abstract: This supplementary guidance note is based on the report, Defueling Conflict: Environment and Natural Resource Management as a Pathway to Peace (2022), which was funded by the State and Peacebuilding Fund. This document is intended to encapsulate the key ideas to support Risk and Resilience Assessment (RRA) teams to collect knowledge on and deepen and nuance the treatment of the environment and natural resources in RRAs. Additional examples and analyses are available in the original report
    DOI: 10.1596/39719
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    The COVID-19 Mark on Urban Mobility : A Tale of two Cities' Journey to Recovery (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stokenberga, Aiga The COVID-19 Mark on Urban Mobility: A Tale of two Cities' Journey to Recovery
    Keywords: Big Data ; COVID-19 Impact ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Mobility ; Pre and Post-Pandemic Travel ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Transport Policy ; Urban Transport
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed mobility patterns in the Bogota and Buenos Aires metropolitan areas, as shown by the differences between the October 2019, 2020, and 2021 indicator values derived from call detail record-based origin-destination matrices. The differences between 2019 and 2020 were more notable than between 2019 and 2021 on most mobility indicators, demonstrating a reversal of the pre-pandemic mobility habits. However, by late 2021, the return to pre-pandemic levels was still very partial in the case of public transport use (especially so in Buenos Aires), while in Bogota the pandemic appeared to have induced a permanent-and increasing-shift to nonmotorized modes. Other mobility indicators that appear to have changed more permanently in Bogota include the lower average distances traveled and the relatively higher importance of non-home-based mobility. In the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, the key persistent changes include the lower overall trip generation rates and specifically peak-hour travel, and the higher relative weight of travel to work and school compared to other travel purposes. These findings are partly explained by the underlying policy and regulatory context in the two cities and are relevant for designing transport policy in the post-pandemic context, including in terms of public transport route and schedule planning, cycleway network expansion, and, more broadly, the leveraging of big data as a complement to traditional mobility surveys
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10484
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    Building Regulations in Sub-Saharan Africa : A Status Review of the Building Regulatory Environment (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Building Regulations ; Environment ; Hazards ; Infrastructure and Law ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Law and Development ; National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Regulatory Frameworks ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Urban Development ; Vulnerabilities
    Abstract: Buildings should provide safe, comfortable, and healthy environments for people to live and work. They are an essential component of societies and economies, housing critical infrastructure necessary to keep governments and businesses in operation. At the same time, buildings are the first line of defense against natural hazards and climate impacts for the general population. The scope of this report is limited to regulatory frameworks in Sub-Saharan Africa countries, with a focus on buildings rather than on specialized construction types such as infrastructure for water, energy, transport, or communications. The report focuses on the technical aspects of the regulatory frameworks: market and financial solutions fall beyond its scope. Chapter 1 of the report describes the components, concepts, and desired outcomes of building regulatory frameworks. Chapter 2 explains the evolution of the building regulation environment in Sub-Saharan Africa and the region-specific hazards and risks that the regulatory environment must respond to. Chapter 3 presents data on the building regulatory environment for each country in the region. It covers all aspects of the building regulatory cycle: from the legally adopted building regulations that exist, to what they cover, to the implementation of regulations through compliance and enforcement mechanisms. Chapter 4 offers guidance on how to improve and update building regulatory frameworks. Chapter 5 contains region-specific conclusions and recommendations for strengthening building regulatory frameworks because of the analyses carried out in Chapters 3 and 4. Additionally, Appendix A summarizes key data for each country
    DOI: 10.1596/39900
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    Advancing Disaster Risk Financing in Sint Maarten (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Disaster Risk Finance ; DRF ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Disaster Risk Modeling ; Insurance Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Public Financial Management
    Abstract: Historical losses due to hurricanes have been significant in Sint Maarten (SXM) since 1960, with the most severe impact having been experienced in 2017 following Hurricane Irma. The objective of this report is to provide recommendations to the Government of Sint Maarten (GoSXM) for the formulation of a country-specific comprehensive disaster risk financing (DRF) strategy based on the assessment of the legislative, financial management, fiscal, and insurance market environment in SXM. It is envisioned that this report will be used as a planning tool for the potential development of an all-encompassing DRF strategy that would equip the GoSXM with information and instruments to manage contingent liabilities posed by disasters
    DOI: 10.1596/40149
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    Urban Flood Risk Handbook : Assessing Risk and Identifying Interventions (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Environment ; Flood Hazard ; Flood Risk Assessment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Infrastructure Interventions ; Natural Disasters ; Project Management ; Urban Areas ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This Urban Flood Risk Handbook: Assessing Risk and Identifying Interventions is a roadmap for conducting an urban flood risk assessment in any city in the world. It includes practical guidance for a flood risk assessment project, covering the key hazard and risk modeling stages as well as the evaluation of different flood-mitigating infrastructure intervention options and management of the project. The Handbook has been developed based on lessons learned from implementing urban flood risk assessments around the world in a diversity of contexts. It is intended for a wide variety of practitioners: project managers, city officials, and anyone else interested in conducting a strategic study of a city's flood risk and developing potential solutions for it. We expect this Handbook tocontribute to the understanding of urban flood risk, make this specialized knowledge more accessible to a wider public, and support the process of building cities that are not only capable of withstanding floods but also provide safe, inclusive, and sustainable environments for all their residents
    DOI: 10.1596/40141
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 59
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    Malawi Economic Monitor, July 2023 - Powering Malawi's Growth : Rapidly and Sustainably Increasing Energy Access (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Cyclone Freddy ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Environment ; Foreign Exchange ; Inflation ; Kwacha ; Macro-Fiscal Crisis ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: The Malawi Economic Monitor (MEM) provides an analysis of economic and structural development issues in Malawi. This 17th edition was published in July 2023 and is part of an ongoing series published twice each year. The publication intends to foster better-informed policy analysis and debate regarding the key challenges that Malawi faces in its endeavor to achieve inclusive and sustainable economic growth
    DOI: 10.1596/40068
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  • 60
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    A Strategic Roadmap for Advancing Multi-hazard Impact-based Early Warning Systems and Services in the Caribbean (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Early Warning ; Environment ; Forcasting ; MHEWS ; Multi Hazard ; Natural Disasters ; Precipitation Grid
    Abstract: As a region that is impacted by multiple shocks, multi-hazard early warning systems (MHEWS) that provide timely, actionable information are critical to protecting lives, assets and livelihoods in the Caribbean. As the region experiences the compound and cascading effects of multiple hazards, the need to find cost-effective ways to improve regional and national impact-based MHEWS is growing. Although a few Caribbean Community (CARICOM) countries have an operational MHEWS dealing with hydrometeorological hazards, there is not yet an operational system addressing an ensemble of multiple hazards of different origins such as hydrometeorological, geophysical or biological in a MHEWS context. This roadmap focuses on achieving people-centered and self-sustaining regional impact-based MHEWS that ensure participation from gender groups, community leaders, vulnerable groups, and the private sector. It is centered around ten strategic initiatives which, implemented together, can help transform national and regional delivery of the MHEWS required for the Caribbean to thrive. This roadmap presents these initiatives, the vision, inclusive guiding principles, and an analysis of the social and economic benefits of EWS. Finally, it makes recommendations for implementing
    DOI: 10.1596/40058
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  • 61
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    Chad Economic Update - Special Chapter : Improving Resilience to Floods (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Disaster Risks ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Floods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Outlook ; Poverty Impact ; Resilience
    Abstract: This 2023 Economic Update for Chad is articulated in two chapters, plus a spotlight. The first chapter presents the recent economic and poverty developments as well as the outlook from 2023 to 2025. This chapter is followed by a summary of the macroeconomic-poverty impact analyses for Chad in the World Bank Sahel Country Climate and Development Report (2022). The second chapter offers a deep dive on Chad's disaster risk profile and the drivers that make floods an increasingly important threat to economic growth and provides policy options to reduce the impact of floods and improve resilience
    DOI: 10.1596/40053
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  • 62
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    Detox Development : Repurposing Environmentally Harmful Subsidies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (302 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Deforestation ; Energy ; Environment ; Fertilizer ; Fisheries ; Fossil Fuels ; Government Spending ; Malaria ; Oceans ; Pollution ; Subsidies
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 63
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    Activating Alignment : Applying the G-20 Principles for Sustainable Finance Alignment with a Focus on Climate Change Mitigation (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2185
    Keywords: Alignement Tools ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; G-20 ; Sustainable Finance
    Abstract: The first action in the G-20 Sustainable Finance Roadmap proposes six high-level principles for the development and global coordination of approaches to align investments with sustainability goals. "Alignment approaches" are national and international frameworks for the financial sector that aim to monitor global sustainable finance flows and ensure that they are contributing to the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and other international sustainable finance objectives. These approaches increasingly leverage "alignment tools," which include but are not limited to (a) taxonomies (or classifications) of private sector activities that can be labeled as achieving environmental and social objectives; (b) certifications and labels that confirm that products or services have met environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards; (c) disclosure frameworks that guide private sector entities to manage and report on their ESG performance; and (d) transition frameworks that help the private sector design a credible shift to low-carbon technologies and practices. The tools can then be applied in different ways-ranging from national-level regulations to voluntary private sector-led initiatives, to corporate-level practices. The tools can be applied by investors and finance providers for different purposes at different levels: at the "asset level" (as in determining whether a project or activity is compatible with a relevant sustainable finance taxonomy or due diligence framework); the "entity level" (as inwhether a corporate or financial institution has a robust low-carbon transition plan and adheres to the International Labour Organization (ILO) Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work); or "portfolio level" (as in whether an index is aligned with a credible temperature objective or supports poverty reduction). The G-20 Voluntary Principles for Developing Alignment Approaches provide a common foundation for ensuring these alignment approaches are robust and consistent
    DOI: 10.1596/40402
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  • 64
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    Valuing Green Infrastructure : A Case Study of the Vakhsh River Basin, Tajikistan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Energy ; Environment ; Green Infrastructure ; Hydro Power ; Landscape Restoration ; Sustainable Land Management ; Vakhsh River ; Water
    Abstract: This report outlines the main results of a study conducted to assess the potential role of landscape restoration/nature-based solutions/green infrastructure in the Vakhsh River Basin, Tajikistan, to reduce the impacts of soil erosion on the hydropower cascade, increase agricultural productivity, improve livelihoods, and inform about investment opportunities. This assessment finds sediment sources and loadings in the Vakhsh River Basin, considers the potential correlation between soil erosion and sedimentation in hydropower reservoirs, proposes possible and cost-effective landscape restoration measures, and estimates the value of ecosystem services provided. The study also presents recommendations for implementing the proposed interventions for the Vakhsh River Basin and for scaling up to other degraded areas throughout the country
    DOI: 10.1596/40350
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  • 65
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    Sustainable Cities : Urban Areas and Climate Change in Sierra Leone (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Environment ; GHG ; Low-Carbon ; Natural Disasters ; Resilience ; Sustainable Cities
    Abstract: Sierra Leone is highly vulnerable to natural hazards whose impacts are exacerbated by unplanned rapid urbanization. The main victims of climate change risks and impacts in urban Sierra Leone are the urban poor who also bear the brunt of multiple crises such as Ebola and Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19). In response to these impacts, local councils are front and center in implementing climate action activities in Sierra Leone. Therefore, this report situates local councils at the center of climate action. By focusing at the urban and community level, it has three objectives: (i) Identify the risks and impacts of climate change, (ii) Explore what local councils are already doing, and (iii) Determine what they could do more of, or better
    DOI: 10.1596/40310
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  • 66
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    Hiking Market Research and Opportunities in Cabo Verde (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: General Economy, Macroeconomics, and Growth Study
    Keywords: Adventure Tourism ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Hiking Sector ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tourism and Ecotourism ; Travel
    Abstract: The World Bank, in coordination with the Government of Cabo Verde, has partnered with the Adventure Travel Trade Association (ATTA) to develop a research study about the current status of the adventure tourism sector in Cabo Verde, particularly the hiking segment. The purpose of this research is to understand the potential of Cabo Verde as an adventure travel destination and the island of Santo Antao as a world-class hiking hotspot. The methodology followed a four-pronged approach to incorporate the vision of travelers visiting the country, the trade industry and international tour operators, a technical expert analysis, and secondary research of the hiking sector globally. The analysis provides a roadmap to advise the country's stakeholders in taking the relevant decisions to accelerate the path to achieve this objective
    DOI: 10.1596/40283
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  • 67
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    Enhancement of Resilient Urban Planning and Infrastructure Investments in Urban Areas in Kenya - Guidance Note on Mainstreaming Resilience into Urban Planning (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Guidelines ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Resilient Infrastructure ; Resilient Urban Planning
    Abstract: This 'Guidance Note on Mainstreaming Resilience into Urban Planning' forms one of a suite of reports developed by AECOM for the World Bank Group under the 'Enhancement of Resilient Urban Planning and Infrastructure Investments in Urban Areas in Kenya' assignment and constitutes Deliverable 7. Aimed at municipal-level planners in Kenya, this guidance note includes activities, considerations, and examples of good practice from within Kenya and other contexts to support municipal governments with mainstreaming resilience within the urban planning system. While the primary audience is municipal-level urban planners, this guidance note is likely to be helpful and relevant to other planning system stakeholders, including developers, local politicians, government ministries, departments and agencies, community leaders, other built environmental professionals, and the general public. Throughout, the Guidance Note focusses on mainstreaming resilience. In other words, this document is not, and should not be used as, a general 'how-to' guide for urban planning. While some advice is provided within it that may be more applicable beyond the topic of resilience and/or comprises basic good practice in urban planning, that text is nevertheless included as a means to build resilience as a primary outcome
    DOI: 10.1596/40307
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    Air Quality Management in Tajikistan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; AQM ; Dushanbe ; Emission Reduction ; Emission Sources ; Environment
    Abstract: The Air Quality Management (AQM) system in Tajikistan needs strengthening in its key policy and institutional as well as technical aspects to reduce health impacts of air pollution in the most polluted airsheds (Dushanbe and other urban centers). The World Bank's first engagement to strengthen Tajikistan's AQM aims to develop a better understanding of the priorities and needs in addressing air pollution and to support the government of Tajikistan in identifying key air pollution reductionmeasures. This summary report and the attached presentation detail the outcomes of Tajikistan's first AQM study, which is envisioned to continue. The study provides recommendations for all components of the AQM framework based on an analysis of the current status and gaps. It provides: 1) air quality (AQ) monitoring and population exposure assessment, 2) source attribution, 3) emissions-reduction interventions, and 4) recommendations to strengthen AQM Policies. The study prioritizes fine dust particles (PM2.5) due to their significant health impacts
    DOI: 10.1596/40244
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    The Enduring Impacts of a Big Push during Multiple Crises : Experimental Evidence from Afghanistan (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bedoya, Guadalupe The Enduring Impacts of a Big Push during Multiple Crises: Experimental Evidence from Afghanistan
    Keywords: Big Push Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Extreme Poverty Intervention ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Poverty ; Livestock Ownership ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategy ; Productive Asset Transfer ; Reproducibile Research Repository ; Rural Development ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: How do proven strategies to improve the economic conditions of ultra-poor households hold up against the increasing severity and co-incidence of economic, security, and climate shocks Five years after receiving an economic livelihoods package, and shortly prior to the 2021 regime change, "ultra-poor" women in Afghanistan continued to have significantly higher levels of consumption, assets, market work participation, financial inclusion, children's school enrollment, and women's psychological well-being and empowerment, relative to the control group. Households boost resilience by diversifying productive activities and the program improves equality by reducing the gaps between ultra-poor and non-ultra- poor households across multiple dimensions. The results illustrate how an increasingly popular approach to improve the conditions of the very poor through a one-off "big push" intervention can strengthen household resilience through multiple shocks in one of the most fragile settings worldwide
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10596
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  • 70
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    Conflict Pollution Hotspots in Iraq : Land Remediation for Livelihoods Restoration (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Contaminated Land ; Electrokinetic Separation ; Environment ; Excavation ; GIS ; Hotspots Mapping ; Land Remediation ; Landfarming ; Livelihood Impacts ; Natural Source Zone Depletion ; Phytoremediation ; Pollution Hotspots ; Pollution Management and Control ; Soil Vapor Extraction ; Soil Washing
    Abstract: Successive conflicts in Iraq were characterized by tactics to damage its oil and industrial assets that not only led to huge economic loss, but pollution of environmental resources (air, land, and water) on an unprecedented scale. The Damage and Needs Assessment (DNA) carried out by the World Bank Group (WBG) in 2017, estimated damages to the environmental resources at IQD85 billion (US73 dollars million) and sectoral losses because of the conflict at IQD3.5 trillion (US3 dollars billion). Further, this assessment estimated that up to 47 percent of natural forests in the country may have been destroyed and large areas of land have been contaminated by land mines and hazardous chemicals. Unless these contaminated sites (also referred as 'environmental hotspots' in this document) are identified and remediated and/ or managed appropriately as part of the broader reconstruction program of Iraq, it is likely that the negative impacts (both economic and environmental) will be felt for generations to come. In addition, creating better environmental conditions and investments in human and physical capital is crucial for the economic diversification, job creation and healthy citizens for a stable and sustainable development of post-conflict Iraq. The main objective of this report is to present a broad framework and suggested prioritization for the remediation and/or management of environmental hotspots in Iraq. The recommendations have been informed by a detailed inventory and assessment of hotspots carried out by the Ministry of Environment (MoE), Government of Iraq (GoI) with capacity building support provided through the Advisory Services and Analytical (ASA) work of the World Bank. The work involved analysis of the scale and significance of contamination in the conflict affected governorates of Al Anbar, Babil, Baghdad, Diyala, Kirkuk, Nineveh and Salah Al-Din and identifying essential elements of a program for the remediation, management of environmental hotpots in the country
    DOI: 10.1596/40621
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    The Brazil of the Future : Towards Productivity, Inclusion, and Sustainability (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Demographic Change ; Diversity ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Inclusivity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Megatrends ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Sustainable Growth ; Technological Change
    Abstract: In 2022, Brazil celebrated its 200th anniversary. What will Brazil celebrate at its 220th anniversary, in 2042? Following the recent elections there is a window of opportunity for reforms that will shape Brazil's development over the next decades. "The Brazil of the Future: Towards Productivity, Inclusion, and Sustainability" takes a long-term perspective on Brazil's development, exploring how prudent actions today can generate opportunities for a more prosperous, inclusive, and sustainable society over the next 20 years. The report aims to stimulate public debate about a virtuous cycle for 2042, illustrated by four alternative future scenarios. With the right reforms Brazil can become an economic powerhouse that offers opportunities for all. A more inclusive social contract can facilitate critical reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/40602
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    Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Country Climate and Development Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2163
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Resilience ; DRC ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Fragile Countries ; Low-Carbon ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) aims to support DRC's efforts to achieve its development goals within a changing climate by quantifying the impacts of climate change on the economy and highlighting policies and interventions needed to strengthen the country's climate resilience on many different levels. The report captures the interplay between DRC's development, climate challenges, and climate policies, with the objective of identifying synergies and tradeoffs. The CCDR supports the strategic vision of the Government of DRC as articulated in its 2030 National Strategic Development Plan ("Plan National Strategique de Developpement" (PNSD)) to reach middle-income country (MIC) status by 2035, and by 2050, become a diversified inclusive economy spurred by sustainable growth. It identifies the priorities needed in order to launch the most impactful, cost-effective actions to boost adaptation, build resilience, and foster low-carbon growth, while delivering on broader development goals. These are critical objectives, especially in fragile countries such as the DRC
    DOI: 10.1596/40599
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    Greening Public Administration with GovTech : Embracing a Green Digital Transition: Guidance Note - Volume 1 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 39458
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Digital Technologies ; E-Government ; Environment ; Governance ; Govtech ; Green Transition ; ICT Applications ; Information and Communication Technologies
    Abstract: Governments are increasingly seeking opportunities to leverage digital technologies to build a greener future. This guidance note provides useful advice to policy makers underlining adequate leadership and commitment are crucial to implement coordinated GovTech and Green policies. The climate change impacts of digitalization can provide the benefits of green digital service delivery, paperless administration, and the efficiency of integrated services for a reduction of the carbon footprint. The guidance note will focus on "greening Public Administration through GovTech" defined as GovTech policies, initiatives, and/or solutions that embrace environmental considerations by design, maximizing the green benefits and considering the potential negative impacts, for example through digitalization of government processes. This guidance note is centered around three main topics: (i) the green government process through digital solutions; (ii) greening digital service delivery; and (iii) identifying policy mechanisms to mainstream green digital approaches throughout government systems
    DOI: 10.1596/40594
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    Informality in Indonesia : Levels, Trends, and Features (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hapsari, Indira Maulani Informality in Indonesia: Levels, Trends, and Features
    Keywords: Agricultural Informality ; Cross-Country Informality Analysis ; Employment ; Growth ; Informality ; Macroeconomics ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets
    Abstract: Informality is a multidimensional development challenge with features that potentially differ across workers, firms, and countries. This paper first briefly summarizes the literature, discusses the multiple existing definitions of informality, and adapts the cross-country analytical framework on informality to the context of Indonesia. It then uses several novel datasets and a range of modeling approaches to capture the levels and trends of both output and employment informality in Indonesia. It further contributes to the existing literature by estimating informality in Indonesia at the regional, provincial, and sectoral levels. Those estimates were then benchmarked to the levels, trends, and features of the informal sector in emerging markets and developing economies to examine whether the major features of the informal sector in Indonesia deviate from those observed in other emerging markets and developing economies. The paper finds that despite the declining trend, both output and employment informality remain elevated and broadly above the comparator countries in the region. Informality in Indonesia is mostly concentrated in agriculture and low-skilled services and is associated with higher poverty at the provincial level. There also appear to be productivity, education, and salary gaps between formal and informal workers. Moreover, markets are not segregated as informal firms compete strongly with formal ones. Finally, informality seems to pose macroeconomic challenges as tax efforts and financial sector depth remain below the averages for emerging markets and developing economies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10586
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    Pathways to Climate-Resilient Economic Inclusion : A Framework for Integrating Climate Action in Economic Inclusion Programs (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 37151
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate-Resilient ; Economic Inclusion ; Environment ; Labor Markets ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Economics
    Abstract: Climate change disproportionately impacts people living in poverty, threatening to plunge more than 130 million more people into extreme poverty by the end of this decade. In response, governments seek to align poverty alleviation efforts with climate adaptation and mitigation objectives, and are focusing on poor and vulnerable populations, particularly women. Economic inclusion (EI) approaches (a bundle of multidimensional interventions that support poor individuals, households, and communities to increase incomes and assets) can play an important role in addressing the challenges at the intersection of climate resilience and poverty reduction. This publication explores the links between climate change and economic inclusion and proposes pathways through which EI programs can more strategically support climate resilience. It presents a framework for Climate-Resilient Economic Inclusion that can help inform the design of both existing and new EI programs and provides practical examples of how EI programs align their design and operations with the framework
    DOI: 10.1596/40542
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    Silver Hues : Building Age-Ready Cities - EAP Regional Paper (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2201
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Aging Urban Populations ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Environment ; Fuels ; Sustainable Cities ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Urban Climate Change ; Urban Development ; Urban Expansion ; Urban Health Emergencies
    Abstract: Four major trends are shaping our world: demographic transition, urban expansion, technological advancement, and frequent shocks from health and climate emergencies. Among the demographic shifts, aging is particularly significant as life expectancy increases, and fertility rates decline. Additionally, the increasing urbanization of the world, with two-thirds of the population projected to live in cities by 2050, exacerbates the impact of aging on urban areas. Furthermore, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by widespread integration of information, communication, and technology into our daily lives, has a crucial role in the future of development. Lastly, the simultaneous occurrence of these trends, such as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic and growing natural disasters, is having a significant impact on cities, countries, and regions. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) call for the creation of inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities. The World Bank report, "Silver Hues: Building Age-Ready Cities," maps global trends and their implications for urban areas and aligns with SDG Goal 11 "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable" and the "United Nations Decade of Healthy Ageing (2021-2030)". It provides guidance for city governments on how to create age-ready cities, filling a gap in the policy research on aging in urban areas. This note has been curated from the Silver Hues report. It summarizes the report's key analysis, insights and findings and is tailored for audiences interested in the East Asia Pacific (EAP) region
    DOI: 10.1596/40526
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    Romania Country Climate and Development Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2163
    Keywords: Anti-Money Laundering ; Biodiversity ; Climate Change ; Climate Smart Agriculture ; Decarbonization ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Energy ; Energy+ ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Forest Ecosystems ; Green Growth Finance ; High-Income Country ; Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) ; Low-Carbon ; Net Zero ; Resilient Cities
    Abstract: This report explores how climate action, in line with Romania's goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2050, interacts with the country's growth and development path. It further suggests priority actions to reduce carbon emissions and build resilience, while supporting inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction. This is the first Climate Country and Development Report (CCDR) to cover a European Union member state and a high-income economy
    DOI: 10.1596/40500
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 78
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    Europe and Central Asia Macro Poverty Outlook : Country-by-country Analysis and Projections for the Developing World, Annual Meetings 2023 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2119
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Debt Indicators ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Environment ; Fiscal Indicators ; GDP ; GHG ; Inflation ; Life Expectancy At Birth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Indicators ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This edition of the Macro Poverty Outlooks periodical contains country-by-country forecasts and overviews for GDP, fiscal, debt and poverty indicators for the developing countries of the Europe and Central Asia region. Macroeconomic indicators such as population, gross domestic product and gross domestic product per capita, and where available, other indicators such as primary school enrollment, life expectancy at birth, total greenhouse gas emissions and inflation, among others, are included for each country. In addition to the World Bank's most recent forecasts, key conditions and challenges, recent developments and outlook are briefly described for each country in the region
    DOI: 10.1596/40474
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 79
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    Tackling Plastics Pollution : Towards Experience-Based Policy Guidance (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Circular Economy ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Insurance ; Institutional Capacity ; Marine Environment ; Plastic Pollution ; Plastics Lifecycle ; Plastics Policies ; Public and Private Stakeholders ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Waste Management
    Abstract: The growth and impacts of plastic pollution have emerged as a major environmental challenge globally. Plastic pollution has a wide range of impacts on public health, ecosystems, biodiversity, and economies and can occur during each stage of the plastic lifecycle, from extraction of raw materials, production and use through to end-of-life. Many countries have started to implement policies to manage plastic pollution and its impact, but as yet there is little evidence about their effectiveness or guidance on their application. The purpose of this report is to review the experiences and lessons learned from the development and implementation of policies to manage plastic pollution and provide evidence-based policy guidance. The structure of this report is as follows. Following the Introduction, Chapter 2 provides an overview of plastics and their uses and impacts, entry points for plastic pollution control, and the basics of plastics policies. Chapter 3 examines the experience and lessons learned from policy making and implementation in the set of country case studies, supplemented by information from relevant literature. It identifies what policy aspects have worked and which were less effective or missing across the design, implementation, enforcement, monitoring, reporting and evaluation of policies. Chapter 4 summarizes key issues regarding plastics policies and concludes with considerations for the guidance of a successful policy design and implementation process to manage plastic pollution
    DOI: 10.1596/40458
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 80
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    Building a Future for Women in South Asia's Plastics Waste Management (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Environment ; Inclusive Development ; Materials Management ; Plastic Pollution Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Vulnerable Women Inclusion ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Waste Management
    Abstract: This report focuses on the role of key stakeholders (policy makers, waste management practitioners, civil society, informal workers' organizations, and the private sector) in contributing to pollution reduction in South Asia while also enhancing livelihood prospects for informal waste workers-the most vulnerable of whom tend to be women. The report also demonstrates how reducing pollution and enhancing livelihood prospects are commercially sound strategies for companies and investors. Through examining the role of women in South Asia's plastic waste management systems and the challenges they face the report provides recommendations for collaborative action to improve and safeguard women's livelihoods in this sector More specifically, it examines the role of women in South Asia's plastic waste management systems and the challenges they face and provides recommendations for collaborative action to improve and safeguard women's livelihoods in this sector. Plastic pollution requires 'upstream' (waste prevention, such as reuse and repair) and 'downstream' (waste management, including recycling) solutions (Pew and SYSTEMIQ 2020). Upstream and downstream solutions fall under the broad definition of 'materials management'. The report focuses primarily on the 'downstream' aspect and key vulnerable actors, who face an imminent threat of displacement, but highlights the need to better understand and engage with vulnerable actors within upstream solutions as well
    DOI: 10.1596/40447
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 81
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    Firms and Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Goicoechea, Ana Firms and Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Adaptation vs Mitigation ; Burden of Climate Change ; Climate Adaptation ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Mitigation ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Environment ; Firms and Climate Change ; Market Failure and Climate Change ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises
    Abstract: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face a disproportionate burden from climate change, potentially threatening the operations and profitability of firms. Simultaneously, firms in LMICs may contribute to climate change through the emissions associated with production. This paper synthesizes the empirical evidence on the links between climate change and firms in LMICs. It identifies three major gaps: poor geographic coverage, little discussion of how market failures interact with climate change in ways that constrain firm decisions, and an overall greater focus on policies for mitigation than adaptation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10644
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 82
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    Fertilizer Import Bans, Agricultural Exports, and Welfare : Evidence from Sri Lanka (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghose, Devaki Fertilizer Import Bans, Agricultural Exports, and Welfare: Evidence from Sri Lanka
    Keywords: Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Agriculture Export ; Chemical Fertilizer and Food Production ; Chemical Fertilizer Ban ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Governance ; Fertilizer-Dependent Crops ; Fertilizers ; Fertilizers and Agricultural Chemicals Industry ; Import Ban ; Industry ; Non-Tariff Trade Measures ; Organic Farming Transition
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the value of fertilizer for agricultural production and trade in a developing economy where agriculture is centrally important by using an unprecedented natural experiment whereby the government of Sri Lanka imposed an abrupt and unexpected ban on the imports of all chemical fertilizers in May 2021. The analysis combines novel high-frequency firm-level trade data, detailed agricultural ground production data, crop yield estimates from state-of-the-art remote sensing techniques, and dynamic event study designs. The findings show that the fertilizer ban led to dramatic declines in agricultural production, fertilizer imports, and exports of fertilizer-dependent crops. Using a quantitative trade model, the paper finds that the ban's welfare effects were equivalent to a 1.5 percent income reduction on average, with losses disproportionately concentrated on landowners (whose income is tied to agriculture) relative to workers and on regions specialized in the cultivation of relatively fertilizer-intensive crops. The findings quantify the equilibrium value of fertilizer in agriculture, an important estimate for any fertilizer-related policy (such as fertilizer subsidies) and for the public debate on the costs and benefits of environmental regulation more generally
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10642
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 83
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    Green Data Centers : Towards a Sustainable Digital Transformation - A Practitioner's Guide (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Resilience ; Data Centers ; Data Hosting ; Environment ; Greening ; ICT Economics ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Public Procurement
    Abstract: Reliable, secure data hosting solutions are becoming increasingly important to support everyday functions across societies, including for public management and service delivery. As a result, investments in data infrastructure are increasing around the world, contributing to growth of the digital economy and to goals for digital transformation of public administration and services. Data infrastructure such as data centers and cloud solutions are essential for modern societies, but they are also highly energy intensive and consume refrigerants and often large amounts of water for cooling. As such, they leave a large environmental footprint and contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Climate change also affects data centers. Climate hazards such as floods and increasing temperatures put data centers at risk and require site specific adaptation measures to protect investments and ensure resilient data storage. To ensure sustainable digital transformation, efforts are needed to green digital infrastructure, this includes managing climate risks and reducing the climate and environmental footprint of data centers. A wide range of practitioners are involved in decisions related to greening data centers. These individuals encompass policy makers developing digital economy and digital transformation strategies, as well as the engineers and technicians working every day on the floors of data centers. This guide takes the vantage point of public practitioners, but its fundamental principles apply to any stakeholder engaged in policymaking, regulation, or the development, operation, or procurement of data center infrastructure and services. Opportunities for and barriers to greening data centers are context specific, and strategies and policies should consider local conditions. Designed with a global outlook, the guide examines specific challenges and opportunities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
    DOI: 10.1596/40696
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 84
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    Vibrant Cities : On the Bedrock of Stability, Prosperity, and Sustainability (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Environment ; GHG Emissions ; Resilience
    Abstract: The motivation for this report started with a focus on the MENA region--a region at the epicentre of multiple crises. Beyond recent shocks associated with Covid-19 and turbulent oil prices, the region has long been suffering from anemic growth and poor labor market outcomes. MENA also faces a jobs and youth unemployment crisis, and urban centers are on the frontlines of climate change. And it faces enormous demand for reforms in the wake of the Arab Spring, as policymakers across the region try to find pragmatic policy reforms to change their countries' growth and job paths. The report builds on the recent World Bank report, "Convergence: Five Critical Steps Toward Integrating Lagging and Leading Areas in the Middle East and North Africa". It explains why MENA cities are not benefiting from agglomeration, migration, and specialization. It identifies the underlying causes of spatial fragmentation, limited economic mobility of its people, and walled-off national economies from regional and global markets. It provides further evidence on inequality within cities and intergenerational mobility in urban slums and informal settlements. And it also tackles the questions: When is inequality an outcome of the urbanization process, and when is it a systemic reflection of unfairness linked to a person's origin and family?
    DOI: 10.1596/40712
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 85
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    The Development, Climate, and Nature Crisis : Solutions to End Poverty on a Livable Planet - Insights from World Bank Country Climate and Development Reports covering 42 economies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Deforestation ; Environment ; Forests ; GHG Emissions ; Political Economy ; Private Sector
    Abstract: The world faces a triple crisis of three interconnected issues-development, climate, and nature- and current levels of climate action are insufficient. Beyond the grim headlines, there are increasingly clear opportunities to achieve triple wins. To support the alignment of sustainable development priorities and actions with climate change risks and objectives, the World Bank launched the Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) in 2022. This core diagnostic tool aims to help countries prioritize the most impactful actions to boost resilience and adaptation and reduce GHG emissions, while delivering on broader development and sustainability objectives. CCDRs now cover 56 percent of the population of low- and middle-income countries (LICs and MICs) and 73 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP). The second set of CCDRs also includes one high-income country (HIC), Romania. A main addition of the CCDRs published since COP27 relates to tropical forests, a key dimension of the global climate change challenge. The first set of CCDRs covered only 10 percent of the world's tropical forests, but the addition of key forested countries-including Brazil, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Indonesia, and the Republic of Congo-increases coverage to 56 percent. Many CCDRs (including Romania and Turkiye) also discuss the role of non-tropical forests for resilience and emission reduction. This second summary report builds on the first report published ahead of COP27. Although it is important to caveat the differences in scenarios and ambition, modeling framework, and scope of analysis, this report provides aggregated results that can help governments, private sector investors, citizens, and development partners prioritize the most impactful climate actions. It confirms-with more granularity and stronger evidence, based on more countries-key findings from the first summary report; but it also discusses new issues, such as deforestation and land degradation. It aims to inform global priorities, including the World Bank's Evolution Roadmap and Global Challenge Programs (GCP), as well as other global initiatives
    DOI: 10.1596/40652
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 86
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    Natural Resource Dependence and Monopolized Imports (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arezki, Rabah Natural Resource Dependence and Monopolized Imports
    Keywords: Domestic Prices ; Energy ; Energy Markets ; Fuel Exporting Economies ; Imports ; Market Concentration ; Monopoloization of Imports ; Natural Resource Curse ; Natural Resources ; Rural Development ; Tariff Evasion
    Abstract: Countries with greater commodity export intensity have more concentrated markets for imported goods. Within countries over time, import market concentration is associated with higher domestic prices, suggesting that markups due to greater concentration outweigh any potential cost efficiency. Hydrocarbon fuel exporting economies especially have higher tariffs, tariff evasion, and non-tariff measures that concentrate markets. These results suggest a novel channel for the resource curse stemming from the monopolization of imports
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10339
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 87
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    Gendered Impacts of Climate Change : Evidence from Weather Shocks (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fruttero, Anna Gendered Impacts of Climate Change: Evidence from Weather Shocks
    Keywords: Climate Shocks and Livelihoods ; Environment ; Gender and Climate Change ; Gender, Climate Change Impacts, Climate Change ; Gendered Educational Impacts of Climate Change ; Gendered Norms and Climate Change ; Gendered Vulnerability To Weather Shock ; Health Effects of Weather Shocks ; Women's Agency
    Abstract: Climate change is one of the defining challenges of our time. While the impacts of climate change on people's well-being can hardly be denied, it may not be as obvious that the impacts could differ by gender. However, as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown, a shock can impact men and women differently due to social norms and pre-existing gender differences. This paper reviews the economic literature linking weather shocks (such as floods, droughts, and extreme temperatures, among others) and a large range of outcomes (from endowments to economic opportunities and agency). Men and women indeed have specific vulnerabilities and exposures. Specific physiological vulnerabilities are relatively minor: boys are more vulnerable to shocks in utero and girls and women to heat. The biggest gendered impacts are due to existing gaps and social responses to shocks. In places with strong boy preferences, families facing scarcity due to disasters are more likely to give food and other resources to boys, take their daughters out of school or marry them young, or withdraw women from agricultural work so they focus on household chores. During or after weather shocks, boys can also be taken out of schools to be put at work and men working in agriculture are often forced to migrate to find alternative sources of income. Unless climate policy acknowledges and accounts for these differences, climate change will remain an amplifier of existing gender inequalities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10442
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 88
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    Labor Market Effects of Global Supply Chain Disruptions (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ulate, Mauricio Labor Market Effects of Global Supply Chain Disruptions
    Keywords: COVID Impact On Labor Market ; Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth, Rural Labor Markets, Supply Chain Disruption ; Pandemic Labor Market Impact ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Cost ; US Labor Force Participation Decline
    Abstract: This paper examines the labor market consequences of recent global supply chain disruptions induced by COVID-19. Specifically, it considers a temporary increase in international trade costs similar to the one observed during the pandemic and analyzes its effects on labor market outcomes using a quantitative trade model with downward nominal wage rigidities. Even omitting any health-related impacts of the pandemic, the increase in trade costs leads to a temporary but prolonged decline in U.S. labor force participation. However, there is a temporary increase in manufacturing employment as the United States is a net importer of manufactured goods, which become costlier to obtain from abroad. By contrast, service and agricultural employment experience temporary declines. Nominal frictions lead to temporary unemployment when the shock dissipates, but this depends on the degree of monetary accommodation. Overall, the shock results in a 0.14 percent welfare loss for the United States. The impact on labor force participation and welfare across countries varies depending on the initial degree of openness and sectoral deficits
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10434
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 89
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    Greening Public Human Development Buildings in Croatia : Support for the Implementation of the European Green Deal in the Croatian Health and Education Sectors (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Education ; Environment ; Environment and Health ; European Union Green Deal (EUGD) Implementation ; Green Issues ; Greening HD Infrastructure ; Health Policy and Management, Education Sector Strategy ; Health, Nutrition and Population, Education Reform and Management ; Human Development Buildings ; Sustainable Public Buildings ; Sustainable Public Health Facilities
    Abstract: The goal of this policy note is twofold: first, to identify and propose how to address some of the key regulatory and implementation hurdles that Croatia and potentially other EU Member States are facing in greening their HD infrastructure while improving HD outcomes; and second, to compile best practices and examples in green design, construction, and renovation of public HD buildings. The Note will also provide guidance and encourage dialogue among relevant policy makers at national, regional, and local levels, and with targeted clients. Furthermore, the recommendations would address the importance of green skills development and other related topics relevant to the implementation of EUGD. Overall, the analysis results and the recommendations on these issues could also be useful for World Bank experts and other external stakeholders focused on the green economy and human development
    DOI: 10.1596/39825
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 90
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    Input Subsidies and the Depletion of Natural Capital : Chinese Distant Water Fishing (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Englander, Gabriel Input Subsidies and the Depletion of Natural Capital: Chinese Distant Water Fishing
    Keywords: Depletion Of Natural Resources ; Environment ; Fuel Subsidies ; Impact of Fuel Subsidies On Fishing Stock ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overfishing ; Resource Extraction ; Subsidy Reform ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Input subsidies in natural resource sectors are widely believed to deplete the natural capital on which these sectors depend. However, estimating the causal effect of subsidies on resource extraction has been stymied by identification and data challenges. China's fishing fleet is the world's largest, and in 2016 the government changed its fuel subsidy policy for distant water vessels to one that increases with predetermined vessel characteristics. Regression discontinuity estimates imply a long-run elasticity of fishing hours with respect to fuel subsidies of 2.2. Consequently, reducing Chinese fuel subsidies by 50 percent could eliminate biological overfishing in several ocean regions. By demonstrating the substantial impact of fuel subsidies on fishing activity and fish stocks, the findings inform ongoing subsidy reform in China, other nations with subsidized fishing vessel fuel, and the World Trade Organization
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10412
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 91
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    After Big Droughts Come Big Cities : Does Drought Drive Urbanization? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chlouba, Vladimir After Big Droughts Come Big Cities: Does Drought Drive Urbanization?
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Impact on Migration ; Drought ; Environment ; Migration ; Resilience and Land ; Urbanization
    Abstract: Existing research points to a possible link between slow-onset symptoms of climate change and migration. It is also known that rates of urbanization are fastest in some of the world's poorest countries, which are incidentally also at greater risk of climate-induced migration. These separate findings suggest that slow-onset climate phenomena such as droughts have likely become a key driver of urbanization across much of the developing world. While intuitive, this link has not been convincingly established by extant research. This study examines the climate-urbanization nexus by constructing a novel measure of urban growth that uses remotely sensed information from the World Settlement Footprint dataset. Relying on panel data that cover the entire globe between 1985 and 2014, the paper shows that drought leads to faster urban growth. The results indicate that a hypothetical drought lasting 12 months is associated with a 27 percent increase in the average annual increment of built-up area. The paper leverages novel data from several Sahelian cities to illustrate that much of this growth takes the form of non-infill development that extends outward from previously built-up localities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10408
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 92
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    People's Unequal Exposure to Air Pollution : Evidence for the World's Coal-Fired Power Plants (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Du, Xinming People's Unequal Exposure to Air Pollution: Evidence for the World's Coal-Fired Power Plants
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Coal Power ; Environment ; Environmental Justice ; Nitrogen Oxide Pollution Map ; Sulfur Dioxide Map ; Toxic Coal Pollution
    Abstract: The world's over 3,800 coal-fired power plants are sources of substantial emissions of toxic air pollutants. This study explores people's unequal exposure to air pollution from these coal plants. It simulates the wind dispersion of pollutants originating from each coal power plant using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) with Gaussian dispersion. The study generates three-dimensional pollution trajectories and provide a global map of nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particle pollution from coal plants and their contributions to overall pollution levels. The study estimates that 2.3 billion people globally are exposed to SO2 and particle pollution from coal plants; 247.5 million of them are exposed to transboundary pollution from foreign coal plants. The findings show that pollution increases with income levels, though at a diminishing rate at high income levels. In the proximity of coal power plants, downwind areas are associated with higher pollution and lower income levels compared to areas upwind. These findings are consistent with strategic location choices that cause or reinforce environmental injustices associated with air pollution
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10400
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 93
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    Jobs, Food and Greening : Exploring Implications of the Green Transition for Jobs in the Agri-food System (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agri-Food Jobs ; Agricultural Pollution ; Agriculture Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Industry ; Food Industry Pollution ; Green Issues ; Green Transition Jobs ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth Employment
    Abstract: The agri-food system (AFS) employs about one third of the global workforce and contributes about one third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This together with its large exposure to the effects of climate change and environmental degradation makes what happens in AFS central to the green transition and its implications for jobs and the structural transformation. Microeconomic evidence suggests that the adoption of climate smart agricultural practices will increase labor requirements, at least in the short run and at lower levels of incomes, when its mechanization is still limited. Econometric macro-model-based simulations suggest however that especially substantial investment in climate friendly agricultural R and D as well as soil and water preserving practices and market integration will more than offset the negative effects of climate change and even accelerate the structural transformation, especially in Sub Saharan Africa. Overall, the findings underscore the tremendous potential of increasing agricultural and climate friendly R and D investment for brokering an environmentally sustainable structural transformation. Repurposing of agriculture's current USD 638 billion support package towards supporting more climate friendly practices, including to overcome the time lag between the moment of investment and the realization of the benefits, provides an important policy entry point
    DOI: 10.1596/39819
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 94
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    Management, Retrieval and Recycling of End-of-Life and Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear : The Evidence Base from Capture Fisheries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Coastal and Marine Environment ; Coastal and Marine Resources ; Coastal Waste Management ; Environment ; Fishery Waste Management ; Fishing Gear Waste Management ; Fishng Gear Recycling ; Marine Plastic Pollution ; Plastic Environmental Impact ; Waste Disposal and Utilization ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: The Government of Indonesia's (GoI) National Plan of Action on Marine Plastic Debris (NPOA-MPD 2017-2025) outlines the ambitious objective to reduce marine plastic debris by seventy percent by 2025. Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) is considered to be a major component of sea-based sources of marine debris. ALDFG has increased in recent decades due to the expansion of fishing effort and greater use of synthetic fishing gear materials. Drivers of ALDFG generation include gear characteristics, fishery management frameworks and socioeconomic factors. The impacts of ALDFG on the environment, economy, livelihoods and food security are significant. ALDFG management and mitigation strategies have the potential to contribute to Indonesia's marine plastic debris while also providing economic opportunities. This study aims to enhance the evidence available to support efforts to improve the management, retrieval and recycling of End-of-life fishing gear (EOLFG) and ALDFG in Indonesia
    DOI: 10.1596/39804
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 95
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    Brazil Country Climate and Development Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Amazon ; Cerrado ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Impacts ; Ecosystem ; Environment
    Abstract: Brazil is highly exposed to climate change risks. The impacts of global climate change risks and local practices on the Amazon and Cerrado biomes are of particular concern, as they provide vital ecosystem services to Brazil, the South American region, and the world. The Brazil Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) examines the implications of climate change and climate action for Brazil's development objectives and priorities. It identifies opportunities for Brazil to achieve both its development goals and its climate commitments. It lays out a combination of sectoral and economy-wide policy reforms, as well as targeted investments in near- and medium-term mitigation and adaptation measures to achieve more rapid and inclusive development with lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The idea is to maximize synergies between climate and development objectives, while addressing trade-offs among policy objectives and key transition challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/39782
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 96
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    Urban Heat in South Asia : Integrating People and Place in Adapting to Rising Temperatures (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Adaptation ; Climate Change ; Environment ; Heat Wave ; Resilient Infrastructure ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Governance ; Vulnerable Groups
    Abstract: This policy brief evaluates the current state of the knowledge of and plans to manage urban heat in South Asia. First, the brief examines heat in South Asian cities through the different layers of the urban environment: buildings, communities, and cities. Next, it adds the human element and explores different population groups that are vulnerable to urban heat in the region: children, informal workers, and residents of informal settlements. Together, this analysis forms the basis of three major recommendations and a conceptual framework to provide policymakers with direction on where greater attention and resources are required to improve urban heat management in South Asia
    DOI: 10.1596/39749
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Struggling with the Rain : Weather Variability and Food Insecurity Forecasting in Mauritania (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Blanchard, Paul Struggling with the Rain: Weather Variability and Food Insecurity Forecasting in Mauritania
    Keywords: Adaptive Social Protection ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Vulnerability ; Drought ; Early Warning System ; Environment ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Probabilistic Risk Modeling ; Weather-Related Risk
    Abstract: Weather-related shocks and climate variability contribute to hampering progress toward poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Droughts have a direct impact on weather-dependent livelihood means and the potential to affect key dimensions of households' welfare, including food consumption. Yet, the ability to forecast food insecurity for intervention planning remains limited and current approaches mainly rely on qualitative methods. This paper incorporates microeconomic estimates of the effect of the rainy season quality on food consumption into a catastrophe risk modeling approach to develop a novel framework for early forecasting of food insecurity at sub-national levels. The model relies on three usual components of catastrophe risk models that are adapted for estimation of the impact of rainy season quality on food insecurity: natural hazards, households' vulnerability and exposure. The paper applies this framework in the context of rural Mauritania and optimizes the model calibration with a machine learning procedure. The model can produce fairly accurate lean season food insecurity predictions very early on in the agricultural season (October-November), that is six to eight months ahead of the lean season. Comparisons of model predictions with survey-based estimates yield a mean absolute error of 1.2 percentage points at the national level and a high degree of correlation at the regional level (0.84)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10457
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 98
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    Online Resource
    Algeria Economic Update, Spring 2023 : Winds Remain Favorable (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Budget Deficit ; Climate Change ; Energy ; Environment ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Hydrocarbon Activity ; Oil and Gas
    Abstract: This Algeria Economic Update reports on the main recent economic developments and policies. It places them in a global and longer-term context and assesses the implications of these developments and policy changes for Algeria's economic prospects. The report is intended for a broad audience, including policymakers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals working in/on Algeria. The report is divided into two chapters. Chapter 1 presents macroeconomic developments in Algeria over the year 2022 and the first quarter of 2023, while Chapter 2 describes the short- and medium-term outlook for the Algerian economy
    DOI: 10.1596/39928
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Republic of Congo Economic Update, 10th Edition, June 2023 : Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Fossil Fuels Subsidies ; Hydrocarbon Prices ; Inflation ; Macroeconomic Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Performing Loans ; Social Safety Nets ; Transport Sector
    Abstract: This is the tenth edition of the Republic of Congo Economic Update. Each edition of this annual report presents an overview of the Republic of Congo's (ROC) evolving macroeconomic position, followed by a detailed exploration of a specific topic. The first chapter of this year's update presents recent economic developments and macroeconomic outlook and risks. It also includes policy actions that could help strengthen fiscal and debt sustainability, contain food inflation, and sustain economic recovery. The second chapter discusses fossil fuel subsidies, which represent a significant fiscal burden in the Republic of Congo
    DOI: 10.1596/39923
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving Building-Level Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality in South Asia : Energy-Efficient and Cost-Effective Interventions for a Changing Climate (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change ; Cost-Effective ; Energy-Efficient ; Environment ; Indoor Air Quality ; Thermal Comfort ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: This report provides evidence-based guidance on cost-effective and energy-efficient cooling and ventilation interventions to improve building-level thermal comfort and indoor air quality for a changing climate in South Asia. It focuses on Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan but also covers all the countries in the region, including Afghanistan, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. After an introduction, the report analyzes local climates and air quality issues, building types, and occupant behavior, as well as available passive and active interventions and their relevance in the region, before concluding with a set of recommendations for all building types. The report also identifies additional recommendations specific to residential and commercial buildings, along with policy and country-specific recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/39872
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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