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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (3,255)
  • GBV  (6)
  • Ethnoguide
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (3,255)
  • Education  (2,608)
  • Trade  (654)
  • Sociology
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (3,255)
  • GBV  (6)
  • Ethnoguide
  • BSZ  (6)
  • KOBV  (6)
Material
Language
Years
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Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How do public and private schools differ in OECD countries? (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.84
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Private schools cater for around 1 in 5 students from pre-primary to the end of secondary education, a share that has not changed materially since 2015. They enjoy greater autonomy, suffer fewer shortages of all kinds and handled the COVID-19 pandemic better than public schools. Although their students achieved better results in PISA 2022 in many countries, this is mainly because they enrol more students from advantaged socio-economic backgrounds than their public counterparts. The main challenge in many countries today is to increase the social mix in public and private schools, which is why many efforts have been made in this direction over the past decade.
    DOI: 10.1787/90348307-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The right conditions: Systemic enablers for a culture of research engagement in education (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (10 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Spotlights no.9
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Research evidence in education serves as a compass, directing stakeholders towards informed choices that drive educational progress, enhance teaching methodologies, address inequities and support resource optimisation. Overcoming the challenges of harnessing research evidence in education by policy makers and practitioners involves fostering a culture of research engagement. This Education Spotlight draws on an international Policy Survey conducted with Ministries of Education from 37 education systems, and other evidence from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation publication Who Really Cares About Using Education Research in Policy and Practice? Developing a Culture of Research Engagement (OECD, 2023[1]) and beyond to explore the following questions: • Which systemic conditions, such as resources, infrastructures, and leadership, matter for the development (or transformation) of an organisational and system-level culture of research engagement? How do these conditions relate to one another? • How can these conditions be developed to best support education research engagement from the system level? This Spotlight reflects on the elements at the system level that are crucial for establishing such a culture for policy makers and practitioners. It does so with the understanding that complex systems require thinking strategically and employing systems approaches to knowledge mobilisation, alongside the more commonly used linear models of disseminating evidence or relational ones focusing on partnerships and networks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9f3596de-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Building a Skilled Cyber Security Workforce in Europe : Insights from France, Germany and Poland (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264478763 , 9789264872738 , 9789264489943
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (117 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Datensicherheit ; Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; IT-Kriminalität ; Frankreich ; Deutschland ; Polen ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; France ; Germany ; Poland
    Abstract: In an increasingly digital world, the significance of cyber security for individuals, businesses, and governments has never been greater. Rising cyber attacks are challenging current defence and operational capabilities, highlighting a critical shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the demand for cyber security expertise by analysing online job postings in France, Germany and Poland in between 2018 and 2023. It examines trends in the demand for cyber security professionals, the geographical distribution of job opportunities, and the changing skill requirements in this field. Focusing on France, the report also explores cyber security education and training programmes, the characteristics of the programmes, the demographics of enrolled learners, and their outcomes. Additionally, it reviews French policies and initiatives aimed at broadening the cyber security workforce and enhancing educational opportunities in this field. This comprehensive analysis is part of a larger effort to understand the evolving landscape of cyber security policies and professional experiences worldwide.
    DOI: 10.1787/3673cd60-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stress professionnel chez les enseignants : Que nous apprennent les données TALIS ? (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.46
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Unravelling the layers of teachers’ work-related stress
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: À l’heure où nombre de pays s’efforcent de renforcer l’attrait de la profession enseignante, il apparaît donc essentiel de mieux comprendre les sources de stress dans ce métier. C’est dans cette optique que ce numéro se propose d’étudier les données de l’édition 2018 de l’enquête TALIS sur les enseignants du premier cycle du secondaire afin de déterminer si les sources de stress des enseignants varient en fonction du milieu socio-économique de leurs élèves. Il examine en outre les facteurs de stress les plus susceptibles d’être associés au niveau de satisfaction professionnelle des enseignants et à leur intention de rester dans la profession.
    DOI: 10.1787/9c19d674-fr
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transforming education in Indonesia : Examining the landscape of current reforms (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.88
    Keywords: Bildungsreform ; Indonesien ; Education ; Indonesia
    Abstract: This policy perspective examines Indonesia’s Merdeka Belajar (“Emancipated Learning”) initiative, a comprehensive education reform agenda initiated in 2019. The primary objective of this reform is to enhance learning outcomes, make schooling a more joyful experience, and empower students and school communities. The new "Emancipation Curriculum" emphasises foundational competencies and 21st-century skills and adopts holistic, formative assessment methods. It streamlines content and introduces innovative teaching methods, while increasing teachers' flexibility and autonomy in schools. It also instigates a new model of teacher professional learning. This document contextualises these initiatives within the international education landscape. It offers perspectives on what could help Indonesia ensure the success of these reforms, potentially reshaping the country’s educational future and contributing to its development and prosperity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9ff8d407-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Supporting early childhood education and care staff in the beginning of their careers (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.89
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Early childhood education and care (ECEC) staff are central to promoting young children’s development, learning and well-being. Novice staff, defined as staff with up to three years of experience, account for 27% of staff in TALIS Starting Strong 2018. Novice staff are generally less educated than experienced staff in terms of the level of educational attainment and education or training with a focus specifically on working with children. More novice staff than experienced staff report a strong need for additional professional development in several areas, including “classroom/playgroup/group management” and “working with parents or families”. Policy approaches to support novice staff in ECEC can include ensuring that initial education prepares novice staff for their jobs by providing relevant knowledge specifically on working with children, supporting novice staff to engage in ongoing professional development, and clarifying how novice staff can progress professionally.
    DOI: 10.1787/a6be52bd-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Collective action for responsible AI in health (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.10
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Gesundheitswesen ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Governance
    Abstract: Artificial intelligence will have profound impacts across health systems, transforming health care, public health, and research. Responsible AI can accelerate efforts toward health systems being more resilient, sustainable, equitable, and person-centred. This paper provides an overview of the background and current state of artificial intelligence in health, perspectives on opportunities, risks, and barriers to success. The paper proposes several areas to be explored for policy makers to advance the future of responsible AI in health that is adaptable to change, respects individuals, champions equity, and achieves better health outcomes for all. The areas to be explored relate to trust, capacity building, evaluation, and collaboration. This recognises that the primary forces that are needed to unlock the value from artificial intelligence are people-based and not technical. The OECD is ready to support efforts for co-operative learning and collective action to advance the use of responsible AI in health.
    DOI: 10.1787/f2050177-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Breaking the Vicious Circles of Informal Employment and Low-Paying Work (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264700079 , 9789264352063 , 9789264592322
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (166 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Informelle Wirtschaft ; Niedriglohn ; Schwarzarbeit ; Qualifikation ; Soziale Mobilität ; Education ; Economics ; Development
    Abstract: This report adds two perspectives on informality. First, it disassembles the mechanics of the deleterious links between informal employment, low-paying work and low skills. It shows that informal employment is highly persistent, and that the vulnerability of informal workers is passed on to their children in the absence of adequate education, skills and social protection policy. Second, the report underscores the double burden of informality and low-paying work that a large share of workers in developing and emerging economies carry, and as such calls for policy solutions that go beyond the formalisation agenda and embrace the goal of social justice.
    DOI: 10.1787/f95c5a74-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Parental emotional support and adolescent well-being : A cross-national examination of socio-economic and gender gaps based on PISA 2018 surveys (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Papers on Well-being and Inequalities no.20
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Parental emotional support, alongside material and temporal support, is an important determinant of children's subjective well-being and academic success. However, not all children benefit from the same level of parental support, and there are major differences depending on families' socio-economic status and child gender. Using the PISA 2018 surveys, this paper examines differences in parental support reported by 15-year-olds both within countries according to social status and between girls and boys, and between countries. We show that differences in parental emotional support by parents' education level and child gender are substantial. Some of these differences are (largely) explained by other characteristics such as family wealth, country of origin, and school urbanicity and private/public status. Greater parental emotional support is also found to be associated with higher PISA test scores and greater subjective wellbeing, with little variation by parental education. On the whole, our findings suggest that a significant enhancement in parental support and related child outcomes, especially in countries with lower average levels of parental emotional support, can be attained through a combined effort on several fronts: by addressing monetary and material poverty within families, by facilitating parents in balancing work and taking care of their children, by promoting greater parental involvement in their children's school life, and by offering appropriate services to assist families with special needs and facing greater challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/2b7a2ac6-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An assessment of the professional development of teachers and school leaders, and curriculum and learning resources in Moldova (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.78
    Keywords: Lehrkräfte ; Lehrplan ; Schule ; Moldawien ; Education ; Moldova, Republic of
    Abstract: The Republic of Moldova considers education a national priority and has been making steady progress in reforming and modernising its education system. The Ministry of Education and Research (MoER) in 2023 launched its Education Development Strategy 2030 and requested the European Union (EU) to engage the OECD to undertake a deeper analysis of selected policy domains that are central to its education reform. This laid the foundation for the project "Support to the implementation of education policies in Moldova", funded by the EU. The MoER expressed a keen interest to learn from international research evidence and relevant international examples to help advance its education reform agenda. This report is the first output of the project that presents an in-depth analysis of two of three selected policy domains: "professional development of teachers and other education professionals" and "curriculum and learning resources" and has been developed by the OECD in collaboration with the UNESCO International Institute for Education Planning. The report will be valuable for Moldova and other countries that are looking to strengthen their school systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/22633a40-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring Innovation in Education 2023 : Tools and Methods for Data-Driven Action and Improvement (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264737686 , 9789264600201 , 9789264731882
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (287 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Educational Research and Innovation
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; Bildung ; Innovation ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Measuring innovation in education and understanding its drivers and obstacles is essential to improve the quality of the education sector – and of specific educational establishments. Are pedagogical and administrative practices changing in the expected direction? Do educational institution have a positive innovation culture that supports innovation? What are the drivers of innovation that policy makers or institution leaders could influence to achieve the systems' educational objectives? How much do countries invest in educational research? This book proposes insights and tools to policy makers and education leaders willing to drive change based on data and evidence and new tools and methodologies for education policy makers and institution leaders to answer those questions. Based on the research literature and the long experience of innovation and research surveys, these tools are meant either for a statistical collection or to engage in self-reflection at the institutional level. Three aspects of innovation are covered: educational innovation at the system level, innovation culture within educational institutions, innovation towards equity in education. A questionnaire to measure educational research and experimental development expenditures and implementation and new methodologies to measure certain aspects of educational innovation and educational research based on big data and bibliometrics are also presented.
    DOI: 10.1787/a7167546-en
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Generative artificial intelligence in finance (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.9
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Abstract: The rapid acceleration in the pace of AI innovation in recent years and the advent of content generating capabilities (Generative AI or GenAI) have increased interest in AI innovation in finance, in part due to the user-friendliness and intuitive interface of GenAI tools. The use of AI in financial markets involving full end-to-end automation without any human intervention remains largely at development phase, but its wider deployment could amplify risks already present in financial markets and give rise to new challenges. This paper presents recent evolutions in AI in finance and potential risks and discusses whether policy makers may need to reinforce policies and strengthen protection against these risks.
    DOI: 10.1787/ac7149cc-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade policies to promote the circular economy: A case study of the plastics value chain (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.279
    Keywords: Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: Plastic products present several environmental, health, social and economic challenges that span from the extraction of raw materials to primary and final plastics production, to their distribution and use, and to the collection and sorting of plastic waste. International trade, which has facilitated the development of plastics supply chains, also comes with a range of challenges, such as a surge in demand for plastics ― notably in packaging ― difficulties to monitor plastics embedded in other products, and an increased risk of plastic waste leaking in countries that have less rigorous environmental regulations. Yet trade can also serve as a vehicle to access foreign pollution control technologies or to foster economies of scale for circular economy practices. Indeed, the implementation of circular economy solutions through trade policies is crucial in addressing plastic pollution. Such policies could include reduced tariffs on environmentally-friendly alternatives to plastic products; trade facilitation measures for reverse supply chains; or technical regulations, standards, labelling schemes, and conformity assessment procedures that promote product designs which will minimise pollution throughout the entire plastic lifecycle.
    DOI: 10.1787/e36f2d91-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New Aspects of EPR: Extending producer responsibility to additional product groups and challenges throughout the product lifecycle (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.225
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that makes producers responsible for their products at the post-consumer stage of the lifecycle. It has been widely adopted by governments and companies across the OECD membership and beyond and is currently most commonly used for electronics, packaging, vehicles, and tyres. The success of EPR in increasing material recovery rates has triggered a debate about expanding the use of EPR to additional product groups. Additionally, there is a debate about expanding producer responsibilities to additional impact categories, which go beyond the traditional use of EPR to cover end-of-life costs that occur at the domestic level. This paper presents a discussion of relatively novel applications of EPR to additional product groups (plastic products beyond packaging, textiles, construction materials, and food waste) and to environmental impacts (design considerations, pollution and littering) that occur throughout the product lifecycle. Based on select case studies, this report evaluates the successes and challenges that early adopters of applying the EPR approach to new product groups or additional environmental impact categories have experienced. It reviews the arguments for further application of EPR, possible limitations and provides guidance on when and how to best apply an EPR.
    DOI: 10.1787/cfdc1bdc-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Realising the Potential of the Middle Corridor (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264436978
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (142 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Trade ; Azerbaijan ; Georgia ; Kazakhstan ; Türkiye
    Abstract: Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the ensuing sanctions greatly complicated overland freight transport between Europe and China via the so-called Northern Corridor, which runs through the Russian Federation. This has prompted renewed attention to the development of the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route, a multimodal route running through Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Türkiye – the so-called “Middle Corridor”. The present report looks at the Middle Corridor’s potential and at the challenges that must be overcome to realise it, drawing on the perspective of relevant private-sector actors in the four Middle Corridor countries. Governments along the corridor have invested heavily to improve transport infrastructure, yet important bottlenecks remain due to the geography of the route, the number of border crossings and the lack of regional trade integration. This study, based on surveys from and interviews with the private sector, maps and sequences main reform priorities in relation to regional integration, infrastructure, trade facilitation and supra-national coordination. It suggests that the primary aim should be to develop the corridor not solely as a transit route for actors from outside the region but as an engine of integration and trade integration in Central Asia and the South Caucasus.
    DOI: 10.1787/635ad854-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Evaluation of Belgium’s COVID-19 Responses : Fostering Trust for a More Resilient Society (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264840409
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (291 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium
    Abstract: As countries seek to draw lessons the COVID-19 crisis and increase their future resilience, evaluations are important tools to understand what worked or not, why and for whom. This report builds on the OECD work on “government evaluations of COVID-19 responses”. It evaluates Belgium’s responses to the pandemic in terms of risk preparedness, crisis management, as well as public health, education, economic and fiscal, and social and labour market policies. Preserving the country’s resilience in the future will require promoting trust in public institutions and whole-of-government approaches to crisis management, reducing inequalities, and preserving the fiscal balance. The findings and recommendations of this report will provide guidance to public authorities in these efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/990b14aa-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Nature, Evolution and Potential Implications of Data Localisation Measures (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.278
    Keywords: Trade ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the nature and evolution of data localisation measures and their impact on business activity. It highlights that data localisation measures are growing and increasingly restrictive. By early 2023, 100 such measures were in place across 40 countries, with more than two-thirds combining local storage requirements with flow prohibition, the most restrictive form of data localisation. Insights gained from businesses operating in the e-payments, cloud computing, and air travel sectors suggest that data localisation can have unintended consequences. It not only increases operating costs, with implications for downstream users, but can also lead to increased vulnerabilities to fraud and cybersecurity risks, and reduced resilience to unexpected shocks. While international regulatory efforts have largely taken place through regional trade agreements (RTAs), this paper calls for continued monitoring of the regulatory environment with a view to informing efforts to agree on global rules that take into account legitimate public policy objectives while avoiding excessive fragmentation, especially through discussion at the WTO under the Joint Initiative on e-commerce.
    DOI: 10.1787/179f718a-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unlocking co-creation for green innovation : An exploration of the diverse contributions of universities (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.163
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology ; Environment
    Abstract: In the context of the green transition, universities have much to offer in joint green innovation projects with business, government and citizens. As hubs of diverse expertise, universities are uniquely placed to build interdisciplinary teams and bridge gaps between society and industry. Their regional ties also enable them to engage with the local ecosystem. This paper draws from ten international case studies of university partnerships with industry and society in green mobility, green energy and green products, services and processes. The comparative evidence gathered from interviews with representatives from these initiatives examines universities’ practices for green co-creation. Additionally, the paper outlines policy recommendations crucial to supporting these initiatives, essential for the global success of sustainable development efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/b887f436-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Where to find experienced teachers? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Teaching in Focus no.45
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The importance of experienced teachers cannot be underestimated. They can help raise the performance of students and improve the overall quality of schooling by supporting less-experienced colleagues. This Teaching in Focus: Where to find experienced teachers? analyses the distribution of teachers across schools from two different but complementary angles: equality and equity.
    DOI: 10.1787/d948a889-en
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comment les établissements d’enseignement primaire publics sont-ils financés ? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Les indicateurs de l'éducation à la loupe no.82
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe How are public primary schools funded?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: La manière dont les gouvernements décident du niveau de financement des établissements d’enseignement primaire publics varie considérablement, même si elle fait en général appel à une combinaison de critères réglementés et de critères discrétionnaires. Des restrictions sont en outre généralement imposées sur les modalités d’utilisation des fonds alloués, qui doivent ainsi être affectés à des catégories de dépenses spécifiques. Cette pratique n’est toutefois pas universelle et les établissements de certains pays de l’OCDE disposent d’une autonomie considérable pour l’affectation de leurs ressources, même s’ils n’ont en revanche que peu d’influence sur le montant initial des fonds qui leur sont attribués.
    DOI: 10.1787/462c666e-fr
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ensuring Quality Digital Higher Education in Hungary (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264421868 , 9789264786059 , 9789264690561
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (206 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Higher Education
    Keywords: Studium ; Hochschulpolitik ; Digitalisierung ; Ungarn ; Education ; Hungary
    Abstract: The emergence of fully online, hybrid and blended forms of higher education has led governments, quality assurance agencies and higher education institutions (HEIs) across the OECD to reflect on how to ensure that digital education provides learners with opportunities to reach learning and employment outcomes similar to those achieved through traditional in person instruction. Building on stakeholder engagement and comparative analysis, this report offers an assessment of Hungary’s quality assurance system for higher education and, more specifically, its strengths and weaknesses for assuring the quality of digital higher education. It offers recommendations and policy options to support the ongoing reform of Hungary’s higher education accreditation system as well as a list of potential digital education indicators to be integrated in the assessment frameworks used by the Hungarian Accreditation Committee (MAB) for the accreditation of higher education institutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/5f44fd6f-en
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  • 22
    Online Resource
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    OECD Skills Strategy Luxembourg : Assessment and Recommendations (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264822443 , 9789264388604 , 9789264314207
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (249 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Stratégie de l’OCDE sur les compétences au Luxembourg (version abrégée) : Évaluation et recommandations
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Weiterbildung ; Luxemburg ; Education ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: Skills are the key to shaping a better future and central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels and new sets of skills. OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities and help them build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy Framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to: 1) develop relevant skills over the life course; 2) use skills effectively in work and in society; and 3) strengthen the governance of the skills system. This report, OECD Skills Strategy Luxembourg: Assessment and Recommendations, identifies opportunities and makes recommendations to provide labour-market relevant adult learning opportunities, guide and incentivise skills choices, attract and retain foreign talent to fill skills shortages, and strengthen the governance of skills data in Luxembourg.
    DOI: 10.1787/92d891a4-en
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    Propuestas para un plan de acción para reducir el abandono escolar temprano en España (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Proposal for an action plan to reduce early school leaving in Spain
    Keywords: Education ; Spain
    Abstract: El abandono escolar temprano (AET) puede dar lugar a crecientes desafíos individuales y ocasionar elevados costes económicos para los sistemas educativos y las sociedades en general. España ha logrado avances significativos en la reducción del AET en los últimos años; en 2022, la tasa de AET era de 13,9%, casi la mitad de lo observado hace una década. Sin embargo, la tasa media de España sigue siendo de las más elevadas de los países miembros de la OCDE y de la Unión Europea, con notables disparidades regionales. Basándose en la evidencia de la investigación y en las buenas prácticas nacionales e internacionales, y gracias a la contribución de los actores clave del sistema educativo, este informe identifica las fortalezas y los principales desafíos para abordar el AET en España. Determina así cinco áreas de acción y propone una serie de recomendaciones con un enfoque coordinado para reducir el AET en todas las comunidades autónomas y en las ciudades autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla.
    DOI: 10.1787/9bc3285d-es
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    Production Transformation Policy Review : Spotlight on the Azores’ Internationalisation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264510807 , 9789264805835 , 9789264701915
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Development Pathways
    Keywords: Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Entwicklung ; Azoren ; Environment ; Development ; Trade ; Portugal
    Abstract: Located in the mid-Atlantic, the archipelagos of the Azores is an autonomous region of Portugal and an European Union Outermost Region. Once central to global trade routes, the Azores are aspiring to regain a prominent international role by leveraging their unique geographical, natural and historical attributes. To that end, this Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR) Spotlight identifies priority actions in several areas, including scientific research and collaborations, the ocean economy, agro-food and renewable-energy value chains. It shows the importance for EU Outermost Regions, as well as for Small Island Developing States (SIDS), of building resilient international ties. It benefited from an extensive peer review process involving public and private stakeholders from Brazil, Iceland and the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/faeecb3a-en
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    Government support in industrial sectors : A synthesis report (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.270
    Keywords: Subvention ; Industriepolitik ; Industrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Trade
    Abstract: Industrial subsidies take on a growing importance in trade discussions. Yet assessing the scope and scale of government interventions in manufacturing remains notoriously difficult due to a persistent lack of reliable and comparable data. With many governments failing to provide sufficient information, attention has increasingly turned to firm-level data as a possible alternative for measuring industrial subsidies. Using this approach, recent OECD work has identified and quantified government support across key industrial sectors and policy instruments. The results show that: (i) the type of support received by firms can differ greatly across sectors; (ii) state enterprises obtain relatively more support and can serve as providers of support to other firms; and (iii) the complexity of supply chains implies that it can be hard to identify the ultimate beneficiaries of government support. These findings have important policy implications in the context of discussions at the WTO and elsewhere as they provide indications as to the possible nature of gaps in trade rules.
    DOI: 10.1787/1d28d299-en
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    Career talks with guest speakers : A guide to delivering an effective career development activity (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.69
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Strong career guidance systems allow students to explore potential futures in work through authentic and frequent interactions with people in work and their workplaces. One form of career exploration that can be expected to be of particular value to young people is career talks with guest speakers. Typically undertaken through secondary education, career talks allow students to hear directly from people in work about their jobs, careers and their pathways through education and training. This Policy Brief summarises available evidence on the impact of teenage career talks on adult employment outcomes; draws on the wider research literature and examples of practice in some countries to illustrate why and how career talks can be expected to benefit students; and, provides a step-by-step guide to the effective design of career talks in person and online.
    DOI: 10.1787/93594cb3-en
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    The assessment of students’ creative and critical thinking skills in higher education across OECD countries : A review of policies and related practices (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.293
    Keywords: Kreativität ; Qualifikation ; Studierende ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: Developed as one of the resources within the context of the OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) project entitled “Fostering and assessing creativity and critical thinking skills in higher education”, this paper reviews existing policies and practices relating to the assessment of students’ creativity and critical thinking skills in higher education across OECD countries. Creativity and critical thinking are largely emphasised in policy orientations and qualification standards governing higher education in many countries. In contrast, these skills are sparsely integrated into the dimensions of centralised assessments administered at the level of systems. At the local level, because of the large degrees of institutional autonomy and academic freedom, there is little indication that policy orientations translate into actual transformation of assessment practices developed and implemented by faculty members. Based on this analysis, the paper provides recommendations for policy and decision makers in systems and institutions to further support the development and implementation of assessment strategies to measure and foster students’ creativity and critical thinking in higher education.
    DOI: 10.1787/35dbd439-en
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    Professional development for digital competencies in early childhood education and care : A systematic review (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.295
    Keywords: Frühkindliche Bildung ; Kinderbetreuung ; Digitale Kompetenz ; Qualifikation ; Kolumbien ; Education
    Abstract: Digitalisation places new demands on the early childhood education and care (ECEC) workforce to navigate the care and well-being of children in the digital age. This literature review examines frameworks for digital competencies (DC) in education, with a focus on ECEC, as well as variation in DC requirements for ECEC staff with different responsibilities. It explores strategies for a successful integration of DC in ECEC workforce development programmes. The review shows there has been limited research and policy support regarding the development of DC in ECEC and discusses the importance for the ECEC workforce to understand how digital technologies may be incorporated to their work, encompassing both technical aspects and responsible use, as well as the social and collaborative dimensions of professional development in this area. The review examines also how attitudes towards technology use with young children condition skills development in the sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/a7c0a464-en
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    How are education systems integrating creative thinking in schools? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.122
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Creative thinking matters. It is consistently ranked among the top skills employers value and, when students think creatively, their motivation to learn increases and their learning becomes deeper and more transferable. As more education systems formally recognise the key role that education can play in nurturing creative thinking skills, the question is: what policies are needed to ensure that, systematically, all young people have the opportunity to develop these skills as part of their formal education? To what extent are education systems supporting their students and teachers in promoting the kinds of learning environments where creative thinking can flourish? This brief addresses these questions by reporting and analysing responses to an online policy survey from 90 national and sub-national education jurisdictions participating in PISA 2022.
    DOI: 10.1787/f01158fb-en
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    Of bytes and trade: Quantifying the impact of digitalisation on trade (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.273
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Außenhandel ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the evolving nature of digital trade and digital trade policies. It shows that digital trade has been growing faster than “non-digital” trade. By 2018, 24% of global trade (USD 5.1 trillion) could be considered digital trade. In parallel, countries have embraced digital trade provisions in trade agreements and new digital economy agreements have emerged. The empirical analysis shows that growing digital connectivity delivers a double dividend, increasing both domestic and international trade. It also shows that digital trade chapters have the potential to double the effect of trade agreements, while reductions in domestic barriers affecting digital trade have a strong export-enhancing effect, particularly in digitally-deliverable services. Overall, the results suggest that digital connectivity and digital trade policies play a significant and growing role in reducing trade costs and increasing trade across countries at all levels of development. The paper calls for wider participation and ambition in discussions at the WTO.
    DOI: 10.1787/11889f2a-en
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    Agir ensemble pour l’égalité des genres (version abrégée) : Quelles priorités ? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264729100 , 9789264702035 , 9789264942424
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Joining Forces for Gender Equality: What is Holding us Back?
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Des inégalités sociales et économiques persistent entre les genres dans les pays de l’OCDE. Les femmes jeunes atteignent souvent un niveau d’études supérieur à celui de leurs homologues masculins, mais restent sous-représentées dans les secteurs offrant les rémunérations les plus élevées. Les femmes consacrent plus de temps au travail non rémunéré, sont fortement pénalisées lorsqu’elles ont des enfants, se heurtent à des obstacles en matière d’entrepreneuriat, et ont globalement de moins bons résultats sur le marché du travail. Elles sont aussi sous-représentées en politique et aux postes de direction dans le secteur public. On retrouve ces caractéristiques dans de nombreux domaines d’action et secteurs économiques (du commerce international à l’aide au développement en passant par l’énergie et l’environnement) où les questions de genre sont peu prises en compte dans l’action publique. La violence à l’encontre des femmes, expression la plus abominable des inégalités entre les genres, reste un enjeu de portée mondiale. Cette publication analyse les évolutions et les mesures en faveur de l’égalité des genres, comme la prise en compte de la dimension du genre dans les politiques et les budgets, les réformes visant à accroître la participation des pères aux congés parentaux et à la garde des enfants, les initiatives en faveur de la transparence salariale pour lutter contre les inégalités de rémunération entre les genres, ou les systèmes de lutte contre les violences basées sur le genre. Elle vise à élargir la vision de l’égalité entre les genres, afin d’inclure l’investissement direct étranger, l’énergie nucléaire et les transports. Faire progresser l’égalité entre les genres n’est pas seulement un impératif moral : en cette période marquée par un vieillissement démographique rapide, des taux de fécondité en berne et des crises qui se multiplient, les actions dans ce domaine contribueront à favoriser une croissance économique et une cohésion sociale plus respectueuses de l’égalité des genres à l’avenir. Il s’agit d’une version abrégée de la publication d’origine, composée du résumé et du chapitre 1 intitulé Mettre l’égalité des genres au cœur de toutes les politiques publiques, qui est le chapitre de synthèse.
    DOI: 10.1787/6a24b253-fr
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    Interactions between goods and services in international trade : Implications for customs valuation and rules of origin (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.274
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This paper examines whether the customs valuation systems and rules of origin are sufficiently attuned to the changing landscape of commercial realities characterised by new and diverse configurations of goods-services trade. It proposes a framework to categorise relevant configurations of goods-services trade and applies it to identify potential challenges arising from the current procedures for customs valuation and origin determination. While the existing rules provide an adequate structure for doing business and achieving legitimate trade policy objectives, challenges can arise across different configurations of goods-services trade. Options for policy solutions include developing guidelines and implementation standards to fine-tune customs valuation and rules of origin that apply to specific goods-services trade configurations. The promotion of multilateral openness, harmonisation of rules and practices, and transparency of jurisprudence would contribute to minimising the impact and frequency of potential challenges.
    DOI: 10.1787/e4c86fdd-en
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    Emerging trends in AI skill demand across 14 OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers no.2
    Keywords: Künstliche Intelligenz ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsnachfrage ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This report analyses the demand for positions that require skills needed to develop or work with AI systems across 14 OECD countries between 2019 and 2022. It finds that, despite rapid growth in the demand for AI skills, AI-related online vacancies comprised less than 1% of all job postings and were predominantly found in sectors such as ICT and Professional Services. Skills related to Machine Learning were the most sought after. The US-focused part of the study reveals a consistent demand for socio-emotional, foundational, and technical skills across all AI employers. However, leading firms – those who posted the most AI jobs – exhibited a higher demand for AI professionals combining technical expertise with leadership, innovation, and problem-solving skills, underscoring the importance of these competencies in the AI field.
    DOI: 10.1787/7c691b9a-en
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    Indicators of inclusion in education : A framework for analysis (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.300
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Calls for increased monitoring and evaluation of education policies and practices have not, so far, included widespread and consistent assessments of the inclusiveness of education settings. Measuring inclusion in education has proven to be a challenging exercise, due not only to the complexity and different uses of the concept, but also to its holistic nature. Indeed, measuring inclusion implies analysing a variety of policy areas within education systems, while also considering the different roles of the system, the school and the classroom. This paper discusses the application of the input-process-outcome model to the measurement of inclusion in education, and key indicators that can be adopted by education systems and schools to this end. It makes considerations relevant to policy makers when designing indicators to measure inclusion, such as the extent of their application, the constraints related to data disaggregation and the relevance of intersectional approaches to inclusion.
    DOI: 10.1787/d94f3bd8-en
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    Enhancing the evaluation of VET programmes and institutions in the Republic of Moldova (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.79
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; Moldawien ; Education ; Moldova, Republic of
    Abstract: The Republic of Moldova considers education a national priority and has been making steady progress in reforming and modernising its education system. The Ministry of Education and Research (MoER) in 2023 launched its Education Development Strategy 2030 and requested the European Union (EU) to engage the OECD to undertake a deeper analysis of selected policy domains that are central to its education reform. This laid the foundation for the project "Support to the implementation of education policies in Moldova", funded by the EU. The MoER expressed a keen interest to learn from international research evidence and relevant international examples to help advance its education reform agenda. This report is the second output of the project "Support to implementation of education policies in Moldova" and presents an analysis of one of three selected policy domains: "the evaluation of Vocational Education and Training (VET) programmes and institutions in order to improve their functioning".
    DOI: 10.1787/8f90a4c6-en
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    Does English instruction teach more reading than listening skills? : Evidence from 15 European education systems (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.298
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This study investigates whether English formal instruction and a number of teaching practices are more strongly associated with reading or listening English skills, using data from a large-scale assessment of English skills among 14- and 15-year-olds in 15 European education systems in 2012. The results indicate that the skill difference between reading and listening skills is positively associated with: more years spent learning English in school; more hours of current English instruction; and even indicators of quality of English instruction. In addition, the use of different teaching materials and the emphasis put on oral skills in the classroom are also associated with the difference between reading and listening skills. These results are based on a methodology developed specifically for this study, and they confirm the usefulness of separately measuring foreign language skills for policy analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/ca4a736c-en
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    Coup de projecteur sur l'éducation et la formation professionnelles : Conclusions de Regards sur l'éducation 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264812833
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Spotlight on Vocational Education and Training: Findings from Education at a Glance 2023
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ce Coup de projecteur résume les données et les analyses présentées dans Regards sur l'éducation 2023 au sujet de l'enseignement et de la formation professionnels (EFP). L'EFP constitue une composante clé du système d'éducation dans la plupart des pays de l'OCDE. Dans l'ensemble, 30 % environ des 25-34 ans sont au plus diplômés de la filière professionnelle, que ce soit dans le deuxième cycle de l'enseignement secondaire, dans l'enseignement post-secondaire non tertiaire ou dans le tertiaire de cycle court. La première partie de ce Coup de projecteur étudie la filière professionnelle dans le deuxième cycle de l'enseignement secondaire : elle analyse ses composantes et décrit les principaux défis que les pays ont à relever pour améliorer la qualité de l'enseignement tout en s'employant à promouvoir l'équité et à faire en sorte que les diplômés aient de meilleurs débouchés sur le marché du travail. La deuxième partie de ce Coup de projecteur se concentre sur les parcours que les diplômés de l'EFP peuvent emprunter pour continuer leurs études et analyse la filière professionnelle dans l'enseignement supérieur. Ensemble, les deux parties de ce Coup de projecteur révèlent l'immense diversité de la filière professionnelle dans les pays de l'OCDE.
    DOI: 10.1787/6298178b-fr
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    Assessing and Anticipating Skills for the Green Transition : Unlocking Talent for a Sustainable Future (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264621640 , 9789264982536 , 9789264838819
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (118 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Getting Skills Right
    Keywords: Fachkräfte ; Qualifikation ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Bildungspolitik ; Australien ; Österreich ; Frankreich ; Norwegen ; Schweden ; Education ; Employment ; Environment ; Australia ; Austria ; France ; Norway ; Sweden
    Abstract: Policies aimed at reducing the environmental impact of human activities have important consequences for labour markets, jobs, and skills. As employment is shifting towards more sustainable activities, workers are increasingly expected to have skills that support the transition to a greener economy. Assessing and anticipating emerging skill needs is crucial to avoid bottlenecks and sustain the green transition. This report sheds light on existing methods to measure changes in skill demand and supply related to the green transition through an in-depth review of practices in five OECD countries (Australia, Austria, France, Norway and Sweden). It also identifies best practice on how to feed information on changing skill needs into policies, notably in the areas of employment, career guidance, education and adult learning.
    DOI: 10.1787/28fa0bb5-en
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    Why Do Countries Import Fakes? : Linkages and Correlations with Main Socio-Economic Indicators (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264429086 , 9789264944183 , 9789264581500
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Produktpiraterie ; Import ; Nachfrage ; Verbraucher ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Nationaleinkommen ; Altersstruktur ; Bildungsabschluss ; Internetnutzung ; Welt ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Governance
    Abstract: This report looks at the demand for counterfeit goods and identifies its key drivers. It discusses the specificity of the demand for counterfeit goods, including both deliberate and unintentional demand. Indeed, some consumers will deliberately buy counterfeit and pirated goods while others will be deceived into buying illicit products, thinking they are genuine. The report also examines the profiles of destination economies in the global trade of counterfeit and pirated goods. It uses quantitative analysis to study the economic characteristics of various economies, including the quantitative relationship between counterfeit intensity and certain observable socioeconomic factors. The identification of socio-economic factors, in particular, influencing the demand for counterfeit and pirated goods is crucial to help policymakers develop appropriate policies, including better targeting of consumer awareness campaigns.
    DOI: 10.1787/8a4a4508-en
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    Sanitary and phytosanitary approval procedures : Key issues, their impact on trade, and ways to address them (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.192
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Approval procedures are critical to sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) systems as they uphold countries’ commitments to facilitate safe trade. However, they can create significant costs and act as non-tariff barriers if not properly administered. This report examines the costs and opportunities that are associated with seven of the most pressing issues related to the administration of approval procedures. The analysis reveals that countries have increasingly raised specific trade concerns (STCs) to the WTO about issues related to approval procedures. Furthermore, gravity analysis demonstrates that trading partners dealing with STCs related to approval procedures trade 26% less on average than those not dealing with any STC. An OECD survey specifically designed to evaluate how issues related to approval procedures can be addressed indicates that multiple solutions exist to enhance efficiencies in agro-food trade, such as digitalizing SPS systems, relying on international standards or simplifying SPS measures.
    DOI: 10.1787/35c3fd16-en
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    Education policy outlook in Australia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.67
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Bildungswesen ; Australien ; Education ; Australia
    Abstract: This country policy profile on education in Australia is part of the Education Policy Outlook series. Building on the first policy profile for Australia (2013), it offers a concise analysis of where the education system stands today and how this compares to other systems. The profile analyses the evolution of ongoing and emerging related policy efforts in Australia, including education responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. It also offers relevant international policy examples that may serve as possible inspiration as policy makers work to address Australia's key challenges and priorities. The report brings together over a decade's worth of policy analysis by the Education Policy Outlook, as well as recent OECD data, relevant thematic and country-specific work, and other international and national evidence. It also benefits from the Education Policy Outlook's ongoing comparative analysis of resilience and responsiveness in education policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/ce7a0965-en
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    Decoding agricultural tariffs : A practical guide on databases with preferential tariffs in agriculture (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.191
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have become the major route for countries to reduce trade barriers and open new markets. To fully assess the current state of market opening for agricultural products and examine the potential impacts of RTAs, access to up-to-date and consistent information on preferential tariffs is crucial. There are multiple databases that collect information on preferential tariffs; however, it is not always easy to identify how these databases differ in terms of their data collection, treatment and representation, nor which database is the most appropriate for a specific type of analysis. This practical guide aims to help trade negotiators, policy makers, researchers, and private sector actors to identify which international or national database to use for their analysis of preferential tariffs on agricultural products.
    DOI: 10.1787/143e195b-en
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  • 43
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    AI scoring for international large-scale assessments using a deep learning model and multilingual data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.287
    Keywords: Education ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) scoring for constructed-response items, using recent advancements in multilingual, deep learning techniques utilising models pre-trained with a massive multilingual text corpus, is examined using international large-scale assessment data. Historical student responses to Reading and Science literacy cognitive items developed under the PISA analytical framework are used as training data for deep learning together with multilingual data to construct an AI model. The trained AI models are then used to score and the results compared with human-scored data. The score distributions estimated based on the AI-scored data and the human-scored data are highly consistent with each other; furthermore, even item-level psychometric properties of the majority of items showed high levels of agreement, although a few items showed discrepancies. This study demonstrates a practical procedure for using a multilingual data approach, and this new AI-scoring methodology reached a practical level of quality, even in the context of an international large-scale assessment.
    DOI: 10.1787/9918e1fb-en
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    OECD Skills Strategy Southeast Asia : Skills for a Post-COVID Recovery and Growth (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264793903 , 9789264483613 , 9789264469839
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (287 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; Südostasien ; Education ; Brunei Darussalam ; Cambodia ; Lao People's Democratic Republic ; Malaysia ; Myanmar ; Philippines ; Singapore ; Thailand ; Viet Nam
    Abstract: Skills are the key to shaping a better future, enabling countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as globalisation, technological progress, demographic change, migration, and climate change, and most recently COVID-19, are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels and new sets of skills. The OECD Skills Strategy offers a strategic and comprehensive approach to assessing the skills challenges and opportunities of countries and regions for the purposes of helping them build more effective skills systems. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy Framework, which allows for an examination of what countries and regions can do better to: 1) develop relevant skills over the life course; 2) use skills effectively in work and in society; and 3) strengthen the governance of the skills system. This report, OECD Skills Strategy Southeast Asia: Skills for a Post-COVID Recovery and Growth, applies the OECD Skills Strategy framework to assess the performance of countries in Southeast Asia, identifies opportunities for improvement and provides recommendations based on in-depth desk analysis and consultations with stakeholder representatives.
    DOI: 10.1787/923bfd03-en
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    Advancing Digital Maturity in Croatia’s Higher Education System (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264576896 , 9789264666740 , 9789264981454
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (189 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Higher Education
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Hochschule ; Kroatien ; Education ; Croatia
    Abstract: The Croatian government views digitalisation as a way to improve access to higher education and increase its attractiveness. To this end, it is investing in modernising digital infrastructure and building capacity to effectively integrate digital technologies into the higher education sector. This report provides an account of the activities and findings of a project on assessing and improving digital maturity in Croatian higher education institutions, which was carried out by the OECD and funded by the European Union. The objective of the project was to provide support and advice to Croatian authorities as they develop their policy approach to higher education digitalisation. This report details the activities and outcomes of the project. It reviews international best practices related to enhancing the quality of digital higher education. It also provides technical guidance to public authorities on prioritising investments in various forms of digital infrastructure. Finally, it offers guidance to Croatian higher education institutions to support their strategic development process and their investment strategies with regard to digitalisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/c3c8d452-en
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  • 46
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    What systematic connections should we have around schools to support the work of teachers? : Global lessons and the potential of ambition loops (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.296
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Co-constructing a long-term sustainable vision on the future of teaching is a policy priority for many countries as society rapidly changes. There is a need to create space in the teacher debate to look forward for inspiration and to learn from contemporary change in other professions, such as the concept of “connective professionalism”. There is also a paradox to navigate. On the one hand, the idea of change can be daunting. This leads to people seeking comfort in the known. On the other hand, the status quo is unlikely to provide the solutions required for a prosperous and sustainable future for the teaching profession. In this paper, we introduce an Ambition loops tool to create preferred future scenarios that can support the work of teachers, add to the prosperity for students and communities, and support transformation of education to meet contemporary challenges while focusing on current needs. The framework has an iterative design and outlines ambitions relevant to all stakeholders in the school-community, education community and broader societal sectors. The current framework statements have been distilled from a review of the research as well as engagement with experts and practitioners.
    DOI: 10.1787/77de597c-en
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    Équité et inclusion dans l'éducation (version abrégée) : La diversité fait la force (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264766358 , 9789264968202 , 9789264782792
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Equity and Inclusion in Education: Finding Strength through Diversity
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les gouvernements et les décideurs en matière d'éducation sont de plus en plus préoccupés par l'équité et l'inclusion dans l'éducation en raison de plusieurs tendances mondiales majeures telles que les changements démographiques, les crises de migration et de réfugiés, l'augmentation des inégalités et le changement climatique. Ces évolutions ont contribué à accroître la diversité au sein des populations nationales et ont suscité des inquiétudes quant à la capacité des systèmes éducatifs à être équitables et inclusifs pour tous les élèves. Ce rapport du projet "La diversité fait la force" examine comment les systèmes éducatifs peuvent répondre à l'augmentation de la diversité et favoriser une plus grande équité et inclusion dans l'éducation. Basé sur un cadre holistique d'étude de la diversité, de l'équité et de l'inclusion dans l'éducation, le rapport examine cinq domaines politiques clés (à savoir la gouvernance, les ressources, le renforcement des capacités, les interventions au niveau des écoles, et le suivi et l'évaluation), fournit des exemples de politiques et de pratiques, et offre des conseils politiques sur la promotion de systèmes éducatifs plus équitables et plus inclusifs.
    DOI: 10.1787/e9be59d0-fr
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    Taking stock of education reforms for access and quality in Türkiye (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.68
    Keywords: Bildungsreform ; Türkei ; Education ; Türkiye
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of educational progress in Türkiye in the last two decades and reviews education policies which were developed and implemented during the same period. It considers a selection of policies operating from the levels of learners and institutions to system-level policies that are analysed through the lenses of comparative international data and OECD analysis of policies, programmes, and interventions that aim to support better outcomes and greater equity across national education systems. Conducted as a desk-based analysis, this report draws from the knowledge base of the OECD on education policy in Türkiye, national and international sources, and responses from the Ministry of National Education to a survey conducted for this report.
    DOI: 10.1787/5ea7657e-en
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    Raw materials critical for the green transition : production, international trade and export restrictions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.269
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Kohlendioxidemission ; Außenhandel ; Produktion ; Erneuerbare Energien ; Kritischer Rohstoff ; Exportbeschränkung
    Abstract: The challenge of achieving net zero CO2 emissions will require a significant scaling up of production and international trade of several raw materials which are critical for transforming the global economy from one dominated by fossil fuels to one led by renewable energy technologies. This report provides a first joint assessment of data on production, international trade, and export restrictions on such critical raw materials from the OECD’s Inventory of Export Restrictions on Industrial Raw Materials covering the period 2009-2020. It presents data on production and trade concentrations, sheds early light on the impact of export restrictions, and discusses possible directions of further work in this area. The evidence presented suggests that export restrictions may be playing a non-trivial role in international markets for critical raw materials, affecting availability and prices of these materials. OECD countries have been increasingly exposed to the use of export restrictions for critical raw materials.
    Note: Volltext: PDF
    DOI: 10.1787/c6bb598b-en
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 50
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    A Bayesian workflow for the analysis and reporting of international large-scale surveys : A case study using the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.291
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This report aims to showcase the value of implementing a Bayesian framework to analyse and report results from international large-scale surveys and provide guidance to users who want to analyse the data using this approach. The motivation for this report stems from the recognition that Bayesian statistical inference is fast becoming a popular methodological framework for the analysis of educational data generally, and large-scale surveys more specifically. The report argues that Bayesian statistical methods can provide a more nuanced analysis of results of policy relevance compared to standard frequentist approaches commonly found in large-scale survey reports. The data utilised for this report comes from the OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). The report provides steps in implementing a Bayesian analysis and proposes a workflow that can be applied not only to TALIS but to large-scale surveys in general. The report closes with discussion of other Bayesian approaches to international large-scale survey data, in particularly for predictive modelling.
    DOI: 10.1787/588c4a12-en
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    Managing student transitions into upper secondary pathways (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (91 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.289
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Many factors influence students’ experiences in upper secondary education and beyond, including upper secondary curricula, programme design and support for students. But a good transition from earlier levels of education is the first, essential step in a successful journey through upper secondary education and into further education and/or employment. The design of transition systems can mitigate existing inequities in education, but it can also accentuate them. Transitions can also influence student well-being. They can have either a negative impact, for example through highly competitive systems that can be stressful for students and narrow their development, or a positive impact, for example by helping to construct young people’s sense of agency and ability to make informed decisions about their future. This paper looks at how countries manage students’ transition into upper secondary education and the main policy implications of each transition point and how they can influence student outcomes.
    DOI: 10.1787/663d6f7b-en
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    Estudio multidimensional de El Salvador : Prioridades estratégicas para un desarrollo sólido, inclusivo y sostenible (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264758193 , 9789264555716 , 9789264464360
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (528 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Caminos de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multi-dimensional Review of El Salvador: Strategic Priorities for Robust, Inclusive and Sustainable Development
    Keywords: Education ; Governance ; Development ; El Salvador
    Abstract: El Salvador ha consolidado importantes avances en su desarrollo en los últimos 30 años. El fin de la guerra civil en 1992 señaló el establecimiento de una democracia liberal y de un modelo de desarrollo abierto basado en la exportación, que contribuyó a reducir la pobreza y la desigualdad. Sin embargo, el modelo de la posguerra no ha generado el dinamismo económico o los puestos de trabajo que el país necesita. El crecimiento económico fue moderado en los años previos a la pandemia de COVID-19, promediando 2.4%, y la productividad creció al 0.1% durante la pasada década. Para impulsar un desarrollo más sólido, inclusivo y sostenible son necesarias acciones decisivas. Basándose en un análisis multidimensional del desarrollo en El Salvador este informe plantea cuatro recomendaciones prioritarias: 1) sentar las condiciones para la transformación productiva y la modernización de la economía; 2) aumentar la cantidad, calidad y pertinencia de la educación; 3) gestionar mejor los recursos hídricos para llevar agua y saneamiento a todos de manera sostenible; y 4) modernizar el Estado para que pueda generar bienes públicos clave – desde la seguridad ciudadana a la educación o la salud – de manera eficaz, y conducir el país hacia la próxima etapa de su desarrollo.
    DOI: 10.1787/926438d3-es
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    Consumer vulnerability in the digital age (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.355
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Konsumentenverhalten ; Social Web ; Verbraucherschutz ; Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: Protecting consumers when they are most vulnerable has long been a core focus of consumer policy. This report first discusses the nature and scale of consumer vulnerability in the digital age, including its evolving conceptualisation, the role of emerging digital trends, and implications for consumer policy. It finds that in the digital age, vulnerability may be experienced not only by some consumers, but increasingly by most, if not all, consumers. Accordingly, it sets out several measures to address the vulnerability of specific consumer groups and all consumers, and concludes with avenues for more research on the topic.
    DOI: 10.1787/4d013cc5-en
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    Right here, right now? New evidence on the economic effects of services trade reform (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.271
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This paper provides evidence on the “when, how and where” of the effects of service trade policy reforms, discussing short-term impacts on services trade as well as on the performance of downstream manufacturing industries. A combination of novel methodological approaches is used to be able to track impacts over time and along the supply chain. The OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index serves as the measure for trade policy reform. Results show that reducing policy barriers to services trade can increase services imports already in the short run, and that benefits continue to grow over time. The impact of services trade reforms may still vary significantly depending on the nature of the policy change, the economic context, and the targeted mode of services supply. Finally, services trade reforms can have sizeable spillover effects on the productivity of manufacturing sectors that use services as intermediate inputs.
    DOI: 10.1787/1159657f-en
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    Mitigating the impact of extreme weather events on agricultural markets through trade (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.198
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: Extreme weather events can disrupt agricultural markets, but agricultural trade can help address subsequent food security concerns. Using the Aglink-Cosimo model, this stochastic scenario analysis sheds light on the complex relationships between trade and food security in an environment where extreme weather events create uncertainty. The analysis suggests that trade integration makes countries less vulnerable to negative yield shocks by mitigating the risk of extreme food prices and by stabilising food availability. Although no model can capture the complex process and consequences of opening this sector to trade, it is clear that trade integration needs to be part of a wider coherent policy package to improve food security.
    DOI: 10.1787/aa584482-en
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    Spotlight on Vocational Education and Training : Findings from Education at a Glance 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264582569 , 9789264921313 , 9789264954472
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Coup de projecteur sur l'éducation et la formation professionnelles : Conclusions de Regards sur l'éducation 2023
    Keywords: Berufsbildung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: This Spotlight presents data and analysis on vocational education and training (VET) from Education at a Glance 2023. VET is a key component of most education systems in OECD countries. About one in three 25-34 year-olds have a vocational qualification as their highest level achieved, whether at upper secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary or short-cycle tertiary level. The first part of the Spotlight focuses on upper secondary programmes, analysing their components and outlining the main challenges to countries aiming to improve their quality, while promoting equity and ensuring better labour-market opportunities for their graduates. The second part focuses on progression pathways open to VET graduates and higher-level vocational programmes. Taken together, the two parts of this spotlight demonstrate the huge diversity of OECD country VET programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/acff263d-en
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    New PISA results: strengthening education systems in the wake of the pandemic (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (6 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.123
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: As the global benchmark in educational assessments, PISA results are always hotly anticipated. The eighth round of PISA assessment was originally planned to take place in 2021 but the disruption caused by COVID-19 forced the assessment to be postponed by a year. The first results of PISA 2022 will be unveiled in two volumes on 5 December 2023. The focus of PISA 2022 is mathematics, with an emphasis on mathematics reasoning, to highlight its importance in tackling complex real-life challenges. The first volume examines how student performance in mathematics, reading and science as well as equity in education evolved before and after the pandemic. The second volume of PISA 2022 identifies "resilient education systems" that maintained or promoted student learning, equity, and well-being amid the pandemic.
    DOI: 10.1787/62fc50a3-en
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    What do OECD data on teachers' salaries tell us? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Education Indicators in Focus no.83
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Teachers' salaries are widely debated around the world, with divergent views among the actors of education. Salaries have risen very little over the last decade and have even fallen in real terms in almost half of OECD countries between 2015 and 2022. However, salary levels are just one of the many factors contributing to the attractiveness of the profession. In addition to raising salaries, decision makers should also take steps to raise the status of the profession in society, and offer teachers more opportunities for professional development and mobility to ensure that the profession remains intellectually stimulating throughout their careers.
    DOI: 10.1787/de0196b5-en
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    Où se trouvent les enseignants expérimentés? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: L'enseignement à la loupe no.45
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Where to find experienced teachers?
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: L'importance des enseignants expérimentés ne saurait être sous-estimée. Ils peuvent en effet contribuer à améliorer les résultats des élèves, mais aussi la qualité globale de l'enseignement en soutenant leurs collègues moins expérimentés. Ce numéro de la série L'Enseignement à la loupe (Teaching in Focus [TIF]) analyse leur répartition entre les établissements sous les deux angles distincts, mais complémentaires, de l'égalité et de l'équité.
    DOI: 10.1787/b0b0bc00-fr
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    The climate implications of government support in aluminium smelting and steelmaking : An Empirical Analysis (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.276
    Keywords: Energy ; Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: This report combines multiple novel datasets to provide evidence that government support has contributed to increased carbon emissions from aluminium and steelmaking activities through an increase in production output and by shifting production to more emission intensive plants. While improvements in technology have driven overall emissions downward, there is no evidence that government support in this sector has been targeted at, or has contributed to, developing techniques that improve environmental performance. Removing such support could therefore contribute to a cost-effective decarbonisation strategy. For example, removing government support to aluminium smelting and steel making worldwide would reduce carbon emissions by 75% more than the reduction observed in 2020 resulting from COVID-related restrictions. In addition, the removal of such support would free up scarce public resources for alternative uses.
    DOI: 10.1787/178ed034-en
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    Towards resilient food systems : Implications of supply chain disruptions and policy responses (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers no.205
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Trade
    Abstract: This paper explores food supply chain resilience and its connection to resilience of food systems more broadly. In terms of availability and affordability, food supply chains have been resilient to a wide range of shocks. Trade plays an important risk pooling role in allowing countries to draw on international markets in the face of domestic shocks. Some domestic policies have helped absorb supply chain shocks, for example support to low-income households or the removal of supply chain bottlenecks. Other measures like export restrictions exacerbate instability. The concept of food systems resilience goes further than availability and affordability of food. It includes broader objectives (like livelihoods and environmental sustainability), and must also anticipate a broader range of shocks, as well as the pressures generated by food systems themselves on the environment. Policy makers should therefore take a more complete systems-wide view of resilience.
    DOI: 10.1787/f7998e46-en
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    Promoting diverse career pathways for doctoral and postdoctoral researchers (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.158
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report analyses the career options of doctoral and postdoctoral researchers. It identifies policies and practices to promote diverse careers, flexible career trajectories and ultimately better-quality research and innovation across different economic and social sectors. The report presents a conceptual framework and synthesis of available data and policy information. It offers recommendations and a set of policy options to: promote engagement and interaction with employers outside academia; provide researchers with experience and skills for diverse careers; encourage valorisation of diverse career options; support career development and guidance for researchers; promote inter-sectoral mobility; and, reconfigure and support careers in academia.
    DOI: 10.1787/dc21227a-en
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    Promouvoir les talents à Bruxelles, Belgique (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264685734 , 9789264718326 , 9789264583047
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (173 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Revues de l'OCDE sur la création locale d'emplois
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Unleashing Talent in Brussels, Belgium
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Employment ; Governance ; Belgium
    Abstract: Au cours de la dernière décennie, le marché du travail de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale s'est amélioré. De nombreuses offres de travail ouvrent des possibilités pour des travailleurs hautement qualifiés, faisant de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale une destination importante pour les talents belges, européens et internationaux. Or, malgré les perspectives de carrière offertes par la région, un nombre important de résidents est exclu du monde du travail. Les travailleurs moins diplômés se font concurrence pour un nombre de postes limités, en dépit des pénuries observées sur le marché du travail. Les facteurs qui mènent à l'exclusion de certains bruxellois et les solutions pour y remédier, doivent être un pilier de toute vision d'avenir de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. Le marché du travail bruxellois récompense la formation. Faciliter l'accès aux formations disponibles en Région est donc une priorité, notamment pour qu'elles soient adaptées aux différents besoins de la population. Réduire les entraves à la formation est un autre levier d'action. Pour le service public de l'emploi, la simplification des parcours, la mobilité géographique des chercheurs d'emplois moins diplômés et une meilleure prise en compte de la dimension migratoire de l'exclusion peuvent, chacune à leur manière, aider un plus grand nombre de bruxellois à trouver un emploi de qualité.
    DOI: 10.1787/c1f728f8-fr
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    Education at a Glance 2023 Sources, Methodologies and Technical Notes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264975385 , 9789264939202 , 9789264430822
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (425 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Bildungsforschung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: This publication provides additional reference material for Education at a Glance 2023, the authoritative source for data on the state of education around the world. It provides guidance on the data and methodology used to calculate each indicator. It also contains references to the sources and specific notes for each country.
    DOI: 10.1787/d7f76adc-en
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  • 65
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    Institutional missions and profiles in higher education in Lithuania (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.77
    Keywords: Education ; Lithuania
    Abstract: This policy brief was prepared as part of the OECD's Resourcing Higher Education Project. This wider project aims to provide a shared knowledge base for OECD member and partner countries on policy for higher education resourcing, drawing on system-specific and comparative policy analysis. The policy brief for Lithuania was developed at the request of the Lithuanian authorities as part of their efforts to promote the development of a more diversified and efficient institutional landscape in the national higher education system, in which universities and colleges can sharpen their profiles to align better with their individual strengths and the student populations and communities they serve. The brief initially provides a concise overview of the operating environment for HEIs in Lithuania and the existing institutional landscape. It then examines the approaches adopted to institutional differentiation and missions in higher education in other OECD higher education systems, before considering the rationale for reform in Lithuania and – informed by international examples – the policy options open to Lithuania to effect reform of its higher education landscape.
    DOI: 10.1787/286832a7-en
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  • 66
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    Guide de l'enseignant sur l'évaluation formative et la différenciation pédagogique des élèves au Maroc (Volume 1) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (106 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Education ; Morocco
    Abstract: Le guide présent est l'un des deux guides préparés par l'OCDE pour aider les enseignants au Maroc à effectuer des évaluations en classe et à renforcer leurs pratiques pédagogiques. Ce guide identifie l'interaction entre l'évaluation formative et la différenciation pédagogique comme une stratégie importante pour promouvoir l'apprentissage de tous les élèves. Il propose des principes clés qui aideront les enseignants à fournir un enseignement de qualité à l'ensemble de la classe, et un soutien plus ciblé aux élèves en difficulté. Ce premier volume est dédié à l'évaluation formative. L'évaluation formative consiste à évaluer les acquis et les progrès des élèves à différentes moments du processus d'apprentissage pour mettre en lumière leurs forces et difficultés, donner des retours aux élèves, et adapter l'enseignement en conséquence. Le guide a été rédigé par des experts en la matière et a bénéficié des retours des acteurs locaux, notamment du Ministère de l'Éducation au Maroc.
    DOI: 10.1787/98329707-fr
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  • 67
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    Not lost in translation : The implications of machine translation technologies for language professionals and for broader society (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.291
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; New Zealand ; Singapore ; Sweden ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Abstract: The paper discusses the implications of recent advances in artificial intelligence for knowledge workers, focusing on possible complementarities and substitution between machine translation tools and language professionals. The emergence of machine translation tools could enhance social welfare through enhanced opportunities for inter-language communication but also create new threats because of persisting low levels of accuracy and quality in the translation output. The paper uses data on online job vacancies to map the evolution of the demand for language professionals between 2015 and 2019 in 10 countries and illustrates the set of skills that are considered important by employers seeking to hire language professionals through job vacancies posted on line.
    DOI: 10.1787/e1d1d170-en
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  • 68
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    Post-COVID-19 trade scenarios and priorities for Latin America (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.266
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: International trade and in particular global value chains have provided many economies with new opportunities to participate in international trade and access new technologies. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the fore specific vulnerabilities in some supply chains and ignited a discussion about future lessons to be learned from these events. This paper reviews patterns of integration into trade and global value chains among Latin American economies, traces some recent developments, including during the pandemic, and provides a look at future trade risks and opportunities for Latin American economies through model simulations.
    DOI: 10.1787/ea76ade5-en
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  • 69
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    Schools as hubs for social and emotional learning : Are schools and teachers ready? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Spotlights no.4
    Keywords: Education ; Canada ; China, People’s Republic ; Colombia ; Finland ; Korea, Republic of ; Portugal ; Türkiye ; United States
    Abstract: Schools are perfect hubs for social and emotional learning, but are they ready for this task? To address this question, this Spotlight reports previously unpublished findings from the OECD’s Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES) and discusses their implications for education policy and practice. Both an active promotion in schools and extensive learning opportunities for teachers on relevant topics provide a fertile ground for an effective social and emotional education. They boost teachers’ self-efficacy and use of active learning pedagogies, as well as quality relationships at school. The Spotlight also points to important differences for teachers of 10- vs. 15-year-old students that can explain higher skills at a younger age. Younger students benefit more often from key elements of an effective social and emotional education in school, i.e. the evaluation of their social and emotional skills and teachers teaming up with parents to reinforce skill promotion. Teachers of 10-year-olds are also more intensively trained and requested to promote social and emotional learning in their work.
    DOI: 10.1787/f6d12db7-en
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  • 70
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    Measuring distortions in international markets: The rolling-stock value chain (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.267
    Keywords: Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Government support to producers of rolling stock is raising concerns about possible market distortions and unfair competition. This report aims to quantify both the scale of government support and to identify the various ways in which governments have been supporting local rolling-stock producers at the expense of foreign competitors. Over the period 2016-20, governments provided about USD 5 billion to the sector, much of it in the form of government grants and income tax concessions. While not quantified, discriminatory practices in government procurement and competition enforcement, forced technology transfers, as well as non-market export credits may have also distorted global competition in the rail-supply industry. Similar to earlier OECD studies of government support in the aluminium and semiconductor value chains, this report helps shed light on the magnitude and ways in which governments subsidise the producers of materials and equipment they view as strategic, with a view to informing efforts to revisit global trade rules.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa0ad480-en
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  • 71
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    Policies to strengthen the resilience of global value chains : Empirical evidence from the COVID-19 shock (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.141
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Widespread supply disruptions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine have raised concerns among policy makers that globalised value chains expose domestic production to shocks from abroad. This paper uses new indicators of global value chain dependencies and exogenous pandemic shocks to econometrically estimate the effects of supply disruptions abroad on domestic output. The results suggest that the adverse effects of supply disruptions are particularly large when concentration of supplying countries and supplying firms is high. Counterfactual simulations of the econometric model suggest that diversification of suppliers would have sizeable benefits in terms of shielding domestic production against country-specific supply shocks, with partial onshoring of production having only small additional benefits. Technological innovation that reduces foreign dependencies, such as the substitution of renewable energies for fossil fuels, can have similar benefits as diversification.
    DOI: 10.1787/fd82abd4-en
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  • 72
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    The uses of process data in large-scale educational assessments (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.286
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The digital transition in educational testing has introduced many new opportunities for technology to enhance large-scale assessments. These include the potential to collect and use log data on test-taker response processes routinely, and on a large scale. Process data has long been recognised as a valuable source of validation evidence in assessments. However, it is now being used for multiple purposes across the assessment cycle. Process data is being deliberately captured and used in large-scale, standardized assessments – moving from viewing it as a "by-product" of digital assessment, to its use "by design" to extend understanding of test-taker performance and engagement. While these techniques offer significant benefits, they also require appropriate validation practices to ensure that their use supports reliable inferences and do not introduce unintended negative consequences.
    DOI: 10.1787/5d9009ff-en
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  • 73
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    Challenges to international trade and the global economy : Recovery from COVID-19 and Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.265
    Keywords: Economics ; Trade
    Abstract: Amidst the recovery from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has resulted in new challenges to the global economy and to international trade. This report relies on detailed trade data to assess the impact of these two overlapping shocks on international trade and supply chains. In February 2022, global trade was approaching pre-Covid levels in absolute terms, but with a different product and geographical composition resulting in a continued sense of tension in the trading system. Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has added a new dimension of challenges as it has led to deliberate radical interruptions of trade linkages between Russia, Ukraine and many industrialised economies, with significant repercussions on prices of key commodities in the energy and agricultural sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/5c561274-en
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  • 74
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    Trade policies to promote the circular economy : A case study of lithium-ion batteries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2023/01
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Trade
    Abstract: Affordable and sustainable lithium-ion batteries are key to the development of electric vehicles markets and to the green energy transition. Circular economy solutions for end-of-life batteries can help address primary inputs disruptions, while reducing environmental costs associated with the mining of these inputs or with battery production. Circular value chains would also help address waste and disposal problems as Li-ion batteries reach end of life. These chains are in their infancy, as complex battery designs, material chemistries and insufficient waste stocks hamper their viability, but the projected growth should support profitability. International trade in Li-ion batteries waste will remain essential in markets where domestic waste streams are insufficient to achieve the scale necessary for economically viable recycling, or where inadequate infrastructure imposes reliance on recycling capacities abroad. Promoting circular value chains for Li-ion batteries would require greater clarity on the status of these batteries as waste, consistency of transport and storage safety regulations, trade facilitation and harmonisation of standards for battery design, and regulatory targets for waste collection and recycling rates, coupled with stewardship and take-back schemes.
    DOI: 10.1787/d75a7f46-en
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  • 75
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    Risks of Illicit Trade in Counterfeits to Small and Medium-Sized Firms (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264681606 , 9789264875579 , 9789264564671
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Illicit Trade
    Keywords: Illegaler Handel ; Produktpiraterie ; Wirkungsanalyse ; KMU ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Governance
    Abstract: Illicit trade in counterfeit goods causes economic damage by reducing sales and profits as well as innovation incentives in legitimate industries. This study looks at damages caused by illicit trade in counterfeits to small and medium-sized enterprises. The robust evidence on the magnitude, scope and trends of this risk informs policy makers about the need to include anti-counterfeiting elements in policy packages designed to support SMEs.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa6d5089-en
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    Equity and Inclusion in Education : Finding Strength through Diversity (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264619999 , 9789264480933 , 9789264404526
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (372 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Bildungschancen ; Bildungswesen ; Bildungspolitik ; Soziale Integration ; OECD-Staaten ; Education
    Abstract: Governments and education policy makers are increasingly concerned with equity and inclusion in education due to several major global trends such as demographic shifts, migration and refugee crises, rising inequalities, and climate change. These developments have contributed to increasing diversity within national populations and flagged some concerns around the ability of education systems to be equitable and inclusive of all students. This report by the Strength through Diversity project examines how education systems can respond to increasing diversity and foster greater equity and inclusion in education. Based on a holistic framework for studying diversity, equity and inclusion in education, the report examines five key policy areas (i.e., governance; resourcing; capacity building; school-level interventions, and monitoring and evaluation), provides examples of policies and practices, and offers policy advice on promoting more equitable and inclusive education systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/e9072e21-en
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    New approaches to shipbuilding capacity assessments (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.140
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Accurate measurement of shipbuilding capacity is critical to inform market stakeholders of excess capacity issues. This report presents several approaches to improve the estimates of shipbuilding capacity. It shows how the use of average production would allow for smoothening the proxy of capacity in the yard-by-yard production approach. It discusses how firm level indicators, such as productivity, can also be considered. An analysis of productivity developments for a sample of shipbuilding firms shows that their productivity evolves in function of the market situation which, therefore, should be taken into account in the proxies of capacity based on yard production. Finally, the report studies how mergers and acquisitions of shipbuilding firms may impact capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/72916a58-en
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  • 78
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    Measuring distortions in international markets: Below-market energy inputs (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.268
    Keywords: Energy ; Trade
    Abstract: Government support for industrial firms can come in many different forms and through a range of channels, varying in complexity. A particularly challenging form of support is energy inputs offered to industrial producers at below-market prices. To improve understanding about the scope and scale of such support, this report examines an illustrative sample of 33 companies and their subsidiaries operating in energy-intensive industries, namely aluminium smelting, steelmaking, chemicals (including fertilisers), and cement. Most of the energy subsidies identified appear to concern the provision of natural gas and electricity at below-market rates, resulting in an average subsidy of USD 0.4-1.3 per million British thermal units and USD 0.02-0.03 per kWh, respectively, over the period 2010-20. In some cases, estimates indicate that subsidies are a multiple of firms’ energy costs, suggesting a sizable impact on firms’ profits and operating margins. The results have important policy implications for efforts to better discipline industrial subsidies in the WTO and elsewhere, notably in relation to how to ensure policy transparency in a context where large energy providers tend to be majority owned by governments.
    DOI: 10.1787/b26140ff-en
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    Joining Forces for Gender Equality : what is Holding us Back? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264825833
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (337 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Agir ensemble pour l'égalité des genres (version abrégée) : Quelles priorités ?
    Keywords: Gleichstellungspolitik ; Gleichberechtigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: OECD countries continue to face persistent gender inequalities in social and economic life. Young women often reach higher levels of education than young men, but remain under-represented in fields with the most lucrative careers. Women spend more time on unpaid work, face a strong motherhood penalty, encounter barriers to entrepreneurship and fare worse in labour markets overall. They are also under-represented in politics and leadership positions in public employment. These elements permeate many policy areas and economic sectors - from international trade and development assistance to energy and the environment - in which policy often lacks a strong gender focus. Violence against women, the most abhorrent manifestation of gender inequality, remains a global crisis. This publication analyses developments and policies for gender equality, such as gender mainstreaming and budgeting, reforms to increase fathers' involvement in parental leave and childcare, pay transparency initiatives to tackle gender pay gaps, and systems to address gender-based violence. It extends the perspective on gender equality to include foreign direct investment, nuclear energy and transport. Advancing gender equality is not just a moral imperative; in times of rapidly ageing populations, low fertility and multiple crises, it will strengthen future gender-equal economic growth and social cohesion
    Description / Table of Contents: Women at work in OECD countries -- The labour market integration challenges of Ukrainian refugee women -- Global goals in gender equality -- Improving policy implementation to end gender-based violence -- Foreword -- Gender gaps in Vocational Education and Training (VET) and adult learning -- Governance tools and evidence to promote inclusive decision making -- Gender equality in public leadership -- Gender balance in the nuclear sector -- Mainstreaming gender equality -- Tax systems and gender -- Gender differences in financial literacy and resilience -- Supporting equal parenting: Paid parental leave -- Addressing gender disparities in access to finance for business creation -- Gender gaps in entrepreneurship remain -- Gender differences in career expectations and feminisation of the teaching profession -- Women entrepreneurs and international trade -- Ensuring the availability, quality and affordability of childcare -- The gender wage gap and the role of firms -- Gender diversity in energy -- The gender gap in school engagement and retention -- Harnessing foreign direct investment for gender equality -- Gender mainstreaming in environmental policies -- Assessing gender equality in transport policies -- Pay transparency to close the gender wage gap -- Participation and performance of girls and boys in education -- Women and the social economy -- Executive summary -- Gender gaps in asset-backed pension arrangements -- Gender diversity on boards and in senior management -- Systems and legal frameworks to address gender-based violence -- Legal frameworks, institutional design and strategic planning for gender mainstreaming -- The potential of digitalisation for women's economic empowerment in MENA countries -- Improving gender equality in public employment -- Teleworking through a gender lens.
    DOI: 10.1787/67d48024-en
    URL: kostenfrei
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    La géographie de l'enseignement supérieur au Québec, Canada (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264901728 , 9789264337640 , 9789264823945
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur les compétences
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The Geography of Higher Education in Québec, Canada
    Keywords: Education ; Canada
    Abstract: Le Québec aspire à devenir le leader de l'innovation et de l'entrepreneuriat en Amérique du Nord et, pour cela, s'appuie sur les établissements d'enseignement supérieur (EES) qui ont un rôle central dans cette démarche. Les EES permettent le développement des compétences et l'épanouissement des talents, tout en créant de nouveaux liens avec leurs communautés - notamment avec le secteur privé, les pouvoirs publics et la société civile. La Stratégie québécoise de recherche et d’investissement en innovation (SQRI) place les EES au cœur des efforts provinciaux réalisés en matière d'innovation et d'entrepreneuriat, grâce notamment à une approche spatiale explicite à travers les "zones d'innovation". La présente étude évalue la "géographie de l'enseignement supérieur" au Québec à travers dix études de cas d'EES innovants et engagés dans le soutien à l'entrepreneuriat et à l'innovation dans leurs communautés. L’analyse montre aussi dans quelle mesure les EES québécois soutiennent l’entrepreneuriat, l'innovation, la mise en relation entre acteurs, ainsi que la mobilisation de ressources et d'acteurs politiques. Des recommandations politiques implémentables sont proposées afin de continuer à développer cette dynamique.
    DOI: 10.1787/41aede9c-fr
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    OECD Skills Strategy Ireland : Assessment and Recommendations (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264819818 , 9789264629332 , 9789264995666
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (259 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; Weiterbildung ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Irland ; Education ; Ireland
    Abstract: Skills are the key to shaping a better future and central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly changing world. Megatrends such as digitalisation, globalisation, demographic change and climate change are reshaping work and society, generating a growing demand for higher levels and new sets of skills. OECD Skills Strategy projects provide a strategic and comprehensive approach to assess countries’ skills challenges and opportunities and help them build more effective skills systems. The OECD works collaboratively with countries to develop policy responses that are tailored to each country’s specific skills needs. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy Framework, which allows for an exploration of what countries can do better to: 1) develop relevant skills over the life course; 2) use skills effectively in work and in society; and 3) strengthen the governance of the skills system. This report, OECD Skills Strategy Ireland: Assessment and Recommendations, identifies opportunities and makes recommendations to secure a balance in skills, foster greater participation in lifelong learning, leverage skills to drive innovation and improve firm performance, and strengthen skills governance to build a joined-up skills ecosystem in Ireland.
    DOI: 10.1787/d7b8b40b-en
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    The Geography of Higher Education in Québec, Canada (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264985223 , 9789264465602 , 9789264612228
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (104 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe La géographie de l'enseignement supérieur au Québec, Canada
    Keywords: Hochschule ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Innovation ; Quebec (Provinz) ; Education ; Canada
    Abstract: Québec is mobilised to become an innovation and entrepreneurial leader in North America, giving higher education institutions (HEIs) a central role in this drive. HEIs are pivotal in developing skills and nurturing talent, connecting and contributing to their communities, including firms, public authorities and civil society. The Stratégie québécoise de recherche et d’investissement en innovation (SQRI) has placed HEIs at the fore front of the provincial innovation and entrepreneurship efforts, including with an explicit spatial approach, through the “innovation zones”. This review assesses the “geography of higher education” in Québec through the examination of ten case study HEIs. These case studies represent examples of innovative and entrepreneurial HEIs that support entrepreneurship and innovation in their communities. In particular, the case studies tell the story of the province of Québec in creating sustainable entrepreneurship and innovation, connecting actors and mobilising resources and policies. The review offers actionable policy recommendations to generate further progress in this direction.
    DOI: 10.1787/becf3c60-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 83
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    Gender, Education and Skills : The Persistence of Gender Gaps in Education and Skills (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264403338 , 9789264621619 , 9789264670921
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: Bildungsniveau ; Bildungspolitik ; Qualifikation ; Geschlecht ; Geschlechterdiskriminierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The 2023 Gender, Education and Skills Report on the persistence of gender gaps in education and skills presents fresh insights on progress towards gender equality in education. The report tries to understand why teen boys are more likely than girls, on average, to fail to attain a baseline level of proficiency in reading, mathematics and science, and why high-performing girls do not continue investing in developing skills in areas such as mathematics and science, when compared to high-performing boys. The report also describes that, despite overall gender gaps in mathematics and science being quite small, young women continue to be under-represented in STEM-related fields after leaving school. These career choices are also reflected in gender disparities in the labour market: tertiary-educated women earn 76% of the earnings of their male peers. This could be possible because men are more likely than women to pursue studies in fields associated with higher earnings, such as engineering, manufacturing and construction, and ICTs, while women still choose fields associated with lower earnings, including education, welfare, and arts and humanities.
    DOI: 10.1787/34680dd5-en
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  • 84
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    What can we learn from the PISA reading-fluency test? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (8 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: PISA in Focus no.121
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Proficient readers use and engage with a variety of texts, including books, online articles and social media. They can find information, understand the literal and the implied meaning, and reflect critically on content and form. But before students can become proficient readers, they must become fluent readers. In every language, once students read fluently, they can devote their effort and attention to higher-level comprehension tasks and engage more deeply with texts. This policy brief examines what we can learn from the results of the assessment of students' reading fluency within the 2018 PISA test, and its importance for teachers.
    DOI: 10.1787/c698b19a-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 85
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    Strengthening the design and implementation of the standardised student assessment reform of the Flemish Community of Belgium (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (85 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.72
    Keywords: Education ; Belgium
    Abstract: The Flemish Community of Belgium has one of the OECD’s most devolved education systems, but there are concerns among Flemish education stakeholders about the overall quality of education. In recent years, the Flemish government has initiated a series of reforms to strengthen the quality of education. These include the introduction of full cohort standardised student assessments in Dutch and mathematics. Students will take the assessments in Grades 4 and 6 at the primary level and in Grades 8 and 12 at the secondary level starting in 2024. This ambitious and innovative reform aims to strengthen and monitor the quality of education, with student results envisaged to inform improvement efforts at different levels of the system. As a follow up to the support provided by the OECD Strategic Education Governance Project, the Flemish Department of Education and Training asked the OECD Implementing Education Policies Project team to support the successful design and implementation of the standardised student assessment reform. This report presents the analysis, key findings and recommendations to help realise this objective.
    DOI: 10.1787/85250f4c-en
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  • 86
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    Agency in the Anthropocene : Supporting document to the PISA 2025 Science Framework (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.297
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: An important construct to be measured in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2025 is the degree to which 15-year-olds are knowledgeable of, concerned about, and able to act on environmental issues as a result of their science education. This document justifies and explains the competencies youth need to address local and global challenges in this epoch of human influences on the planet. Those with agency in the Anthropocene work individually and collectively with hope and efficacy to understand diverse perspectives on socio-ecological systems and to create a more just and resilient future.
    DOI: 10.1787/8d3b6cfa-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 87
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    Vulnerabilities in the semiconductor supply chain (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2023/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Trade
    Abstract: Semiconductors are a critical input into a wide range of downstream industries, including the wider information communications technology industry, electronics and motor vehicles. Semiconductor shortages can have large adverse effects on output in these industries, with ripple effects on the broader economy, as highlighted by recent supply chain disruptions. This paper maps cross-country and cross-sectoral dependencies in the semiconductor value chain based on new OECD Inter-Country Input-Output data that allow to analyse the semiconductor industry separately from the wider computer and electronics value chain. It further discusses policy options to reduce the economic consequences of shocks to the semiconductor value chain while preserving the benefits of global sourcing.
    DOI: 10.1787/6bed616f-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 88
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    Recovering lost learning opportunities in Ukraine: Key education policy strategies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Keywords: Bildungspolitik ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; Education ; Economics ; Ukraine
    Abstract: School destructions, population displacement or school closures mean that children in Ukraine have experienced varied disruptions in their education experience. Interventions that seek to reduce the variation in student learning levels need to accompany efforts to resume learning and deliver high-quality education for all. This brief puts the focus on academic interventions Ukraine could introduce to support learning recovery. It first examines strategies for assessing students’ skill levels and identifying potential learning losses in the current context. It then focuses on academic strategies the Ministry of Education can implement in the short and medium-term to help students recover lost learning opportunities, including adapting instructional strategies and pedagogies to individual needs, adapting the time of instruction, providing curricular flexibility and enabling fluid learning pathways within the school system. The brief concludes by putting forward a range of policy responses that can enhance the long-term effectiveness of learning recovery strategies in Ukraine.
    DOI: 10.1787/c10085eb-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 89
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    The geography of higher education of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada : Assessing the role of Memorial University within its regional innovation ecosystem (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.39
    Keywords: Education ; Industry and Services ; Canada
    Abstract: This paper analyses Memorial University’s contribution to the economic development of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada, specifically focusing on the university’s contributions to the provincial ocean economy. It analyses the university’s public engagement, entrepreneurship, and collaboration strategies, programs, and relationships to understand Memorial’s regional impact.
    DOI: 10.1787/5599133d-en
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  • 90
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    Digital technologies to support young children with special needs in early childhood education and care : A literature review (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.294
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This review examines the current literature on the use of digital technologies to support young children with special needs in early childhood education and care (ECEC). It identifies four key areas of focus, which relate to understanding and articulating the purpose and focus for integrating assistive technologies (ATs) in ECEC; activating and integrating expertise in ECEC; developing an engaged community of experience and practice; and promoting and supporting quality AT design. Foundations for further developments are evident across the research literature and the review derives recommendations to provide direction for ECEC policy makers and staff, educational institutions and allied support networks for achieving the promise of AT for children with special needs in ECEC.
    DOI: 10.1787/34f9d9e8-en
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  • 91
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    Empowering Young Children in the Digital Age (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264779440 , 9789264901612 , 9789264746381
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (248 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Starting Strong
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Kinder ; Jugendliche ; Social Web ; Education
    Abstract: Digitalisation is transforming education as well as social and economic life, with implications for childhood. Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), with its immense potential to shape children’s early development, learning and well-being, can play a major role in addressing the opportunities and risks that digitalisation brings to young children. Digitalisation also creates new ways of working that have the potential to lead to quality improvement in the ECEC sector. This report provides a 360-degree view of the challenges of digitalisation in ECEC and possible policy responses.
    DOI: 10.1787/50967622-en
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  • 92
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    Production transformation policy review of Bangladesh : investing in the future of a trading nation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264776869 , 9789264706255 , 9789264479456
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 139 Seiten)
    Series Statement: OECD development pathways
    Keywords: Productive Capacities ; Structural Transformation ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Bangladesh ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Half a century after independence, Bangladesh has achieved impressive progress. The country has transformed from one of the poorest nations into a global textile manufacturing hub capable of meeting its medical needs almost entirely through domestic pharmaceutical production. The country will graduate from the least developed country (LDC) category in 2026 and aspires to be a high-income nation through industrialisation by 2041. Meeting this challenge requires accelerating economic transformation through diversification and innovation. This Production Transformation Policy Review (PTPR), implemented with the support and collaboration of the European Union (EU), and in partnership with the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), identifies concrete options for supporting Bangladesh's development. It calls for leveraging digitalisation to address persistent fragilities and it advocates for a new pact based on shared responsibilities between the national government, the private sector and international partners to shift to a new development phase and ensure sustainable, smooth and irreversible graduation.
    DOI: 10.1787/8b925b06-en
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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  • 93
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    Roadmap for scaling up local school community engagement to inform education policy making in Ireland (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.80
    Keywords: Education ; Ireland
    Abstract: During the last decade, several OECD countries have been supporting citizen engagement in policy making to better respond to increasingly volatile environments and complex problems. Ireland has a strong tradition and culture of partnership models and stakeholder engagement in education policy making. However, a desire to explore new opportunities for school community engagement and how they could support existing national consultation processes contributed to the exploration of alternative forms of stakeholder engagement in education. This has prompted the Teaching Council in collaboration with a range of Government Departments and national stakeholders, to request assistance from the European Commission's Directorate-General for Structural Reform Support (DG REFORM) for the project "Support to improve local community engagement in Ireland's education policy development". Drawing from international examples, existing stakeholder engagement practices in Ireland, the contributions of a wide range of education stakeholders and a pilot exercise, this report proposes a model and roadmap for exploring the potential of school community engagement to further support policy making across the Irish education system.
    DOI: 10.1787/8eb17b2c-en
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  • 94
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    Understanding the potential scope, definition and impact of the WTO e-commerce Moratorium (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.275
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: New empirical evidence and analysis of provisions in regional trade agreements help bring clarity to debates on the potential scope, definition and impact of the WTO e-commerce Moratorium. OECD analysis demonstrates that the potential fiscal revenue implications of the Moratorium are small, amounting to, on average, 0.68% of total customs revenue or 0.1% of total government revenue. Well-designed value added or goods and services taxes (VAT/GST) can help offset potential foregone revenue in most countries. Failure to renew the Moratorium would result in greater policy uncertainty and less trade, and tariffs on electronic transmissions would reduce domestic competitiveness. Adverse effects would be most pronounced for low-income countries and smaller firms. Overall, evidence demonstrates that there is a strong case for the Moratorium to be renewed.
    DOI: 10.1787/59ceace9-en
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  • 95
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    PISA 2022 Assessment and Analytical Framework (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264751422 , 9789264773431 , 9789264906112
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (291 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This report presents the conceptual foundations of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), now in its eighth cycle of comprehensive and rigorous international surveys of student knowledge and skills that are essential for full participation in modern societies. As in previous cycles, the 2022 PISA assessment covered reading, mathematics and science, with a major focus on mathematics, plus an evaluation of students' creative thinking and financial literacy skills. This publication includes the frameworks for assessing mathematics, financial literacy and creative thinking. These chapters outline the content knowledge and skills that students need to acquire in each domain, how each domain is assessed, and the contexts in which this knowledge and these skills are applied. The publication also presents the frameworks for the various questionnaires distributed to students, school principals, parents and teachers, including a new Global Crisis Module (GCM) for students and school principals. It concludes with the framework for the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) familiarity questionnaire distributed to students.
    DOI: 10.1787/dfe0bf9c-en
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  • 96
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    Implementation of Ireland's Leaving Certificate 2020-2021 : Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Policy Perspectives no.73
    Keywords: Education ; Ireland
    Abstract: During the COVID 19 pandemic, countries around the world faced the challenge of how to certify student learning at the end of schooling, when in-person examinations were no longer possible. In 2020 and 2021, Ireland developed emergency measures to replace the country's historic Senior Cycle examinations, or Leaving Certificate. The global health situation, school closures and the challenges to continue teaching and learning in this context made it a particularly difficult time for students, teachers, school leaders, families and policy makers. Ireland's emergency solutions – the Calculated Grades System in 2020 and the Accredited Grades System in 2021 – provided recognised certification of student achievement and enabled Ireland's young people to progress to the next stage of life, into further education or employment. This policy perspective reflects on the experience for stakeholders of the solutions that were adopted in 2020 and 2021.
    DOI: 10.1787/e36a10b8-en
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  • 97
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    The nexus between illegal trade and environmental crime (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2023/02
    Keywords: Trade ; Environment
    Abstract: Environmental crime is on the rise and is of growing concern to policy makers, to legitimate businesses, and more broadly to the general public. It is growing rapidly worldwide on average at over 8% per year, with an estimated value between USD 110-281 billion in 2018. Emerging issues include wildlife trafficking, illegal timber, illegal mining, illegal chemicals, illegal waste trafficking, and illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Environmental crime can have serious implications to human health and the environment, to the global economy, and more broadly to good governance, national security and sustainable development. Addressing these criminal activities affecting the environment is difficult exclusively at the national level as they often extend on a transnational scale. In this context, this report provides a snapshot of cross-border environmental crime and available initiatives to tackle illegal activities at a transnational scale, with a particular focus on multilateral and regional frameworks. The key message from this report is that the increasing prevalence of cross-border environmental crime is due to regulatory failures and the growing involvement of transnational organised crimes, which require an internationally co-ordinated response, both at the multilateral and regional level.
    DOI: 10.1787/8dae4616-en
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  • 98
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    Digital equity and inclusion in education : An overview of practice and policy in OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.299
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Digital technologies can be used to support the inclusion of diverse student groups in education in a number of ways including enhancing accessibility of educational content, increasing personalisation and providing distance learning opportunities, as was the case during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, persistent digital inequalities can undermine digital equity and inclusion and equity and inclusion in education generally, particularly for the most disadvantaged students. This paper explores the themes of digital equity and inclusion, and maps some of the policies and practices adopted in OECD countries for the equitable and inclusive use of digital tools in education. It highlights the importance of inclusive design and implementation of digital technologies, as well as the need for education systems to focus on capacity building such as teacher training, as well as adequate resourcing of digital tools. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of different approaches, and concludes by highlighting research and policy gaps.
    DOI: 10.1787/7cb15030-en
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  • 99
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    Building a Skilled Cyber Security Workforce in Latin America : Insights from Chile, Colombia and Mexico (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264392083 , 9789264433953 , 9789264946637
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (111 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Skills Studies
    Keywords: IT-Berufe ; Datensicherheit ; IT-Kriminalität ; Qualifikation ; Fachkräfte ; Lateinamerika ; Kolumbien ; Mexiko ; Education ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Chile ; Colombia ; Mexico
    Abstract: As societies become increasingly digital, the importance of cyber security has grown significantly for individuals, companies, and nations. The rising number of cyber attacks surpasses the existing defense capabilities, partly due to a shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the analysis of the demand for cyber security experts in Latin America, using information from online job postings in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. The analysis investigates recent trends in job demand for various cyber security roles, the geographical distribution of cyber security job postings, and the evolving skill requirements in this field. Additionally, the report focuses on the supply side by examining the landscape of cyber security education and training programmes in Colombia. It explores the different types of programmes offered in vocational and higher education, the characteristics of learners enrolled in these programmes, and their outcomes. Lastly, the report examines policies and initiatives implemented in Colombia to enhance the accessibility and relevance of cyber security education and training programmes. This report is part of a broader initiative that examines the evolution of policies and experiences in the cyber security profession around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9400ab5c-en
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  • 100
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    Estudio multidimensional de la República Dominicana : Hacia un mayor bienestar (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264626812 , 9789264592452 , 9789264457225
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (314 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Series Statement: Caminos de Desarrollo
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Multi-dimensional Review of the Dominican Republic: Towards Greater Well-being for All
    Keywords: Education ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Employment ; Taxation ; Development ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Dominican Republic
    Abstract: La República Dominicana ha experimentado importantes avances socioeconómicos en las últimas décadas. El país ha sido una de las principales economías de América Latina y el Caribe en términos de crecimiento económico, alcanzando el estatus de economía de ingreso medio-alto en 2011. Sin embargo, los avances en las diferentes dimensiones del bienestar han sido insuficientes. En particular, las disparidades socioeconómicas y territoriales siguen siendo importantes, y las instituciones públicas aún enfrentan desafíos relevantes. Para que la República Dominicana avance en una senda de desarrollo más inclusivo y sostenible, es necesario abordar tres dimensiones críticas. En primer lugar, proporcionar empleos de calidad para todos, con especial énfasis en impulsar la formalización y la transformación productiva. En segundo lugar, movilizar más financiamiento público y privado para el desarrollo, con sistemas fiscales más progresivos y eficaces, un gasto público más eficiente, y mercados de capitales más profundos. En tercer lugar, acelerar la transformación digital para impulsar la productividad, mejorar la inclusión y apoyar la creación de empleo.
    DOI: 10.1787/8044a9c9-es
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