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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1.094)
  • 2005-2009  (1.094)
  • World Bank  (1.094)
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The promise of early childhood development in Latin America and the Caribbean (2009)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xxix, 188 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Ausgabe: Online edition s.l.
    Serie: Latin American development forum series
    Serie: World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 305.23109729
    Schlagwort(e): Child development / Caribbean Area ; Child development / Latin America ; Child welfare / Caribbean Area ; Child welfare / Latin America ; Children / Caribbean Area / Social conditions ; Children / Latin America / Social conditions
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-173) and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7759-8
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    BVB
    HBZ
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Economic informality : causes, costs, and policies ; a literature survey (2009)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821379968 , 0821379976 , 9780821379967 , 9780821379974
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (vi, 42 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: World Bank working paper no. 167
    DDC: 330
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development ; Informal sector (Economics) ; Economic development ; Informal sector (Economics)
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7996-7
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Building competitiveness in Africa's agriculture : a guide to value chain concepts and applications (2009)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821379526 , 082137964X , 9780821379523 , 9780821379646
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xii, 187 p) , ill., maps , 28 cm
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Agriculture and rural development
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural industries ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agricultural industries ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agricultural industries ; Agriculture
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7952-3
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Global Monitoring Report 2009 : A Development Emergency (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821378601
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (219 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Global Monitoring Report
    Kurzfassung: A Development Emergency: the title of this year's Global Monitoring Report, the sixth in an annual series, could not be more apt. The global economic crisis, the most severe since the Great Depression, is rapidly turning into a human and development crisis. No region is immune. The poor countries are especially vulnerable, as they have the least cushion to withstand events. The crisis, coming on the heels of the food and fuel crises, poses serious threats to their hard-won gains in boosting economic growth and reducing poverty. It is pushing millions back into poverty and putting at risk the very survival of many. The prospect of reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015, already a cause for serious concern, now looks even more distant. A global crisis must be met with a global response. The crisis began in the financial markets of developed countries, so the first order of business must be to stabilize these markets and counter the recession that the financial turmoil has triggered. At the same time, strong and urgent actions are needed to counter the impact of the crisis on developing countries and help them restore strong growth while protecting the poor. Global Monitoring Report 2009, prepared jointly by the staff of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, provides a development perspective on the global economic crisis. It assesses the impact on developing countries, their growth, poverty reduction, and other MDGs. And it sets out priorities for policy response, both by developing countries themselves and by the international community. This report also focuses on the ways in which the private sector can be better mobilized in support of development goals, especially in the aftermath of the crisis
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7859-5
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The changing HIV/AIDS landscape : selected papers for the World Bank's agenda for action in Africa, 2007-2011 (2009)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821376519 , 9780821376515
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xix, 474 p) , ill., maps , 24 cm
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 362.196/9792
    Schlagwort(e): AIDS (Disease) ; AIDS (Disease) ; HIV Infections epidemiology ; HIV Infections prevention & control ; AIDS (Disease) ; HIV Infections ; HIV Infections
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: HIV epidemiology : recent trends and lessons / David Wilson and Shilpa ChallaThe evolution of HIV/AIDS programs : recent and ongoing developments in selected areas / Albertus Voetberg -- Links between HIV/AIDS and development / Jorge Sava Abache -- Demographic and socioeconomic patterns of HIV/AIDS prevalence in Africa / Kathleen Beegle and Damien de Walque
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: HIV/AIDS and social capital in a cross-section of countries / Antonio C. DavidFiscal space and sustainability of HIV/AIDS programs in Sub-Saharan Africa / Antonio C. David -- The financial architecture of the response to the HIV epidemic : challenges and sustainability issues / René Bonnel -- Impact of and response to HIV/AIDS : public policy challenges / Markus Haacker -- Gender and HIV/AIDS / Waafas Ofusu-Amaah, Nilufar Egamberdi, and Arunima Dhar
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The private sector and HIV/AIDS in Africa : recent developments and implications for policy / Frank G. Feeley III, Sydney Rosen, and Patrick J. ConnellyCommunity initiatives and HIV/AIDS / Elizabeth Ninan and Jean J. Delion -- HIV/AIDS and human resources for health / Christopher H. Herbt, Agnes Soucat, and Kate Tulenko -- Linkages between HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health, tuberculosis, and nutrition / Elizabeth L. Lule ... [et al.] -- Strengthening health systems : the role of supply chains in addressing the HIV epidemic / Sangeeta Raja and James Bates -- The potential impact of HIV/AIDS interventions on the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa : a simulation exercise for the World Bank / Lori Bollinger and John Stover.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7651-5
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Doing business 2010 Cambodia : comparing regulation in 183 economies (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821379615
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (80 p) , col. ill , 30 cm
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Schlagwort(e): Business Statistics Costs ; Business Statistics Costs ; Business ; Cambodia ; Cambodia ; Cambodia Commerce ; Cambodia Commercial policy ; Cambodia Commerce ; Cambodia Commercial policy
    Anmerkung: Cover title
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7961-5
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Leveling the intra-household playing field : compensation and specialization in child labor allocation (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4822
    Paralleltitel: V. Del Carpio, Ximena Leveling the intra-household playing field
    Schlagwort(e): Child labor ; Transfer payments ; Child labor ; Transfer payments
    Kurzfassung: "This paper analyzes changes in the allocation of child labor within the household in reaction to exogenous shocks created by a social program in Nicaragua. The paper shows that households that randomly received a conditional cash transfer compensated for some of the intra-household differences, as they reduced child labor more for older boys who used to work more and for boys who were further behind in school. The results also show that households that randomly received a productive investment grant, in addition to the basic conditional cash transfer benefits, both targeted at women, show an increased specialization of older girls in nonagricultural and domestic work, but no overall increase in girls' child labor. The findings suggest that time allocation and specialization patterns in child labor within the household are important factors to understand the impact of a social program. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4822
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The use and misuse of computers in education : evidence from a randomized experiment in Colombia (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4836
    Paralleltitel: Barrera Osorio, Felipe The use and misuse of computers in education
    Schlagwort(e): Computer-assisted instruction ; Computer-assisted instruction
    Kurzfassung: "This paper presents the evaluation of the program Computers for Education. The program aims to integrate computers, donated by the private sector, into the teaching of language in public schools. The authors conduct a two-year randomized evaluation of the program using a sample of 97 schools and 5,201 children. Overall, the program seems to have had little effect on students' test scores and other outcomes. These results are consistent across grade levels, subjects, and gender. The main reason for these results seems to be the failure to incorporate the computers into the educational process. Although the program increased the number of computers in the treatment schools and provided training to the teachers on how to use the computers in their classrooms, surveys of both teachers and students suggest that teachers did not incorporate the computers into their curriculum. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4836
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Weakly relative poverty (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4844
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin Weakly relative poverty
    Schlagwort(e): Poverty ; Poverty
    Kurzfassung: "Prevailing measures of relative poverty put an implausibly high weight on relative deprivation, such that measured poverty does not fall when all incomes grow at the same rate. This stems from the (implicit) assumption in past measures that very poor people incur a negligible cost of social inclusion. That assumption is inconsistent with evidence on the social roles of certain private expenditures in poor settings and with data on national poverty lines. The authors propose a new schedule of "weakly relative" lines that relax this assumption and estimate the implied poverty measures for 116 developing countries. The authors find that there is more relative poverty than past estimates have suggested. In 2005, one half of the population of the developing world lived in relative poverty, half of whom were absolutely poor. The total number of relatively poor rose over 1981-2005, despite falling numbers of absolutely poor. With sustained economic growth, the incidence of relative poverty becomes less responsive to further growth. Slower progress against relative poverty can thus be seen as the "other side of the coin" to success against absolute poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4844
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Global income distribution and poverty in the absence of agricultural distortions (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4849
    Paralleltitel: Bussolo, Maurizio Global income distribution and poverty in the absence of agricultural distortions
    Kurzfassung: "This paper assesses the potential impacts of the removal of agriculture trade distortions using a newly developed dataset and methodological approach for evaluating the global poverty and inequality effects of policy reforms. It finds that liberalization of agriculture and food could increase global extreme poverty (US
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4849
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The demographic and socio-economic distribution of excess mortality during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4850
    Paralleltitel: Walque, Damien de The demographic and socio-economic distribution of excess mortality during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda
    Schlagwort(e): Genocide ; Mortality ; Genocide ; Mortality
    Kurzfassung: "There is an extensive literature on violent conflicts such as the 1994 Rwandan genocide, but few papers examine the profiles of victims and perpetrators, or more broadly the micro-level dynamics of widespread violence. This paper studies the demographic consequences of the Rwandan genocide and how the excess mortality due to the conflict was distributed in the population. Data collected by the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey indicate that although there were more deaths across the entire population, adult males were the most likely to die. Using the characteristics of the survey respondent as a proxy for the socio-economic status of the family dead, the results also show that individuals with an urban or more educated background were more likely to die. Over and above the human tragedies, a long-term cost of the genocide is the country's loss of productive skills. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4850
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    (Un)bundling infrastructure procurement : evidence from water supply and sewage projects (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4854
    Paralleltitel: Estache, Antonio (Un)bundling infrastructure procurement
    Schlagwort(e): Government purchasing ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Sanitation ; Water-supply ; Government purchasing ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Sanitation ; Water-supply
    Kurzfassung: "Competition in public procurement auctions in the water supply and sanitation sector is largely limited. This is partly because of high technical complexity and partly because of auction design flaws. The division of lot contracts is an important policy choice for auctioneers to achieve efficiency. In general, there is a tradeoff between competition in auctions and size of contracts. Larger works could benefit from economies of scale and scope, but large contracts might undermine competition. Using data on public procurement auctions for water and sewage projects in developing countries, this paper shows that bidder entry is crucially endogenous, especially because it is determined by the auctioneer's bundling and unbundling strategy. If water treatment plant and distribution network works are bundled in a single lot package, competition would be significantly reduced, and this adverse entry effect would in turn raise the public procurement costs of infrastructure. There is no evidence of positive scope economies in the bidder cost structure. It is important to account for the underlying cost structure for designing efficient auction mechanisms. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4854
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Why do people die in earthquakes? : the costs, benefits and institutions of disaster risk reduction in developing countries (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4823
    Paralleltitel: Kenny, Charles Why do people die in earthquakes?
    Schlagwort(e): Earthquakes ; Earthquakes
    Kurzfassung: "Every year, around 60,000 people die worldwide in natural disasters. The majority of the deaths are caused by building collapse in earthquakes, and the great majority occurs in the developing world. This is despite the fact that engineering solutions exist that can almost completely eliminate the risk of such deaths. Why is this? The engineering solutions are both expensive and technically demanding, so that the benefit-cost ratio of such solutions is often unfavorable compared with other interventions designed to save lives in developing countries. Nonetheless, a range of public disaster risk-reduction interventions (including construction activities) are highly cost effective. The fact that such interventions often remain unimplemented or ineffectively executed points to a role for issues of political economy. Building regulations in developing countries appear to have limited impact in many cases, perhaps because of limited capacity and the impact of corruption. Public construction is often of low quality - perhaps for similar reasons. This suggests approaches that emphasize simple and limited disaster risk regulation covering only the most at-risk structures and that (preferably) can be monitored by non-experts. It also suggests a range of transparency and oversight mechanisms for public construction projects. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4823
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Global distortions to agricultural markets : new indicators of trade and welfare impacts, 1955 to 2007 (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4865
    Paralleltitel: Lloyd, P. J Global distortions to agricultural markets
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural prices ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agriculture and state ; Agricultural prices ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agriculture and state
    Kurzfassung: "Despite recent reforms, world agricultural markets remain highly distorted by government policies. Traditional indicators of those price distortions can be poor guides to the policies' economic effects. Recent theoretical literature provides indicators of trade and welfare-reducing effects of price and trade policies which this paper builds on to develop more-satisfactory indexes. The authors exploit a new Agricultural Distortion database to generate estimates of them for developing and high-income countries over the past half century. These better approximations of the trade and welfare effects of sector policies are generated without a formal model of global markets or even price elasticity estimates. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4865
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Firms' productive performance and the investment climate in developing economies : an application to MENA manufacturing (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4869
    Paralleltitel: Kinda, Tidiane Firms' productive performance and the investment climate in developing economies
    Schlagwort(e): Industrial productivity ; Investments ; Industrial productivity ; Investments
    Kurzfassung: "Drawing on the World Bank Investment Climate Assessment surveys, this paper investigates the relationship between firm-level technical efficiency and the investment climate for 22 developing economies and eight manufacturing industries. The authors first propose three measures of firms' productive performance: labor productivity, total factor productivity, and technical efficiency. They show that, on average, enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa have performed poorly compared with other countries in the sample. The exception is Morocco, whose various measures of firm-level productivity rank close to the ones of the most productive economies. The analysis also reveals that the competitiveness of countries in the region has been handicapped by high unit labor cost, compared with main competitors like China and India. The empirical results show then? that the investment climate matters for firms' productive performance. This is true (depending on the industry) for the quality of various infrastructure, the experience and education level of the labor force, the cost of and access to financing, as well as different dimensions of the government-business relation. The analysis reveals that some industries, more exposed to international competition, are more sensitive to investment climate deficiencies. For some industries, this is also true for small and medium domestic enterprises that do not have the possibility to influence their investment climate or choose their location. These findings bear clear policy implications by showing that increasing firms' size and improving the investment climate (in particular of small and medium firms and industries more exposed to international competition) could constitute a powerful means of industrial development and competitiveness, in the Middle East and North Africa region in particular. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/25/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4869
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Natural disasters and the dynamics of intangible assets (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4874
    Paralleltitel: López, Ramón Natural disasters and the dynamics of intangible assets
    Schlagwort(e): Human capita ; Intangible property ; Natural disasters Economic aspects ; Human capita ; Intangible property ; Natural disasters Economic aspects
    Kurzfassung: "Empirical evidence suggests that the higher-order effects of natural disasters, which affect intangible assets, may be even more important than the material inter-industry effects. However, most existing general equilibrium models ignore higher order effects concerning human capital. Moreover, it is recognized that natural resource dependence increases vulnerability to natural disasters. Recent studies have indeed shown the potential importance of subsistence traps caused by asset losses in low-income economies from a partial equilibrium perspective. This paper presents an analysis that allows for endogenous investments in real assets (physical capital) as well as in human capital, explicitly considering the potential for subsistence traps arising from minimum consumption and minimum natural resource irreversibility thresholds. The general equilibrium ramifications of subsistence traps are developed. The main issue is that the economy may be subject to hysteresis: A temporary shock such as a natural disaster may leave permanent consequences for the economy. An obvious permanent effect of a one-time disaster shock is that physical man-made and natural assets owned especially by poor households may end up completely wiped out. The disaster may not be the direct cause; it may be that poor households would have to obtain minimum subsistence consumption out of depleted assets. However, not all permanent effects of a one-time shock are negative. Under certain conditions, the destruction of man-made physical and natural capital may have general equilibrium effects that increase the incentives to invest in human capital and may even propel a formerly stagnating economy into a virtuous path of continuing growth. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4874
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Local sources of financing for infrastructure in Africa : a cross-country analysis (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4878
    Paralleltitel: Irving, Jacqueline Local sources of financing for infrastructure in Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Financial institutions ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Financial institutions ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Kurzfassung: "With the exception of South Africa, local financial markets in sub-Saharan Africa remain underdeveloped and small, with a particular dearth of financing with maturity terms commensurate with the medium- to long-term horizons of infrastructure projects. But as financial market reforms gather momentum, there is growing awareness of the need to tap local and regional sources. Drawing on a comprehensive new database constructed for the purpose of this research, the paper assesses the actual and potential role of local financial systems for 24 African countries in financing infrastructure. The paper concludes that further development and more appropriate regulation of local institutional investors would help them realize their potential as financing sources, for which they are better suited than local banks because their liabilities would better match the longer terms of infrastructure projects. There are clear signs of positive change: private pension providers are emerging in Africa, there is a shift from defined benefit toward defined contribution plans, and African institutional investors have begun taking a more diversified portfolio approach in asset allocation. Although capital markets remain underdeveloped, new issuers in infrastructure sectors-particularly of corporate bonds-are coming to market in several countries, in some cases constituting the debut issue. More than half of the corporate bonds listed at end-2006 on these countries' markets were by companies in infrastructure sectors. More cross-border listings and investment within the region-in both corporate bonds and equity issues-including by local institutional investors, could help overcome local capital markets' impediments and may hold significant promise for financing cross-country infrastructure projects. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4878
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    No more cutting class? : reducing teacher absence and providing incentives for performance (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4847
    Paralleltitel: Rogers, F. Halsey No more cutting class?
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Teachers Leaves of absence ; Education ; Teachers Leaves of absence
    Kurzfassung: "Expanding and improving basic education in developing countries requires, at a minimum, teachers who are present in the classroom and motivated to teach, but this essential input is often missing. This paper describes the findings of a series of recent World Bank and other studies on teacher absence and incentives for performance. Surprise school visits reveal that teachers are absent at high rates in countries such as India, Indonesia, Uganda, Ecuador, and Zambia, reducing the quality of schooling for children, especially in rural, remote, and poor areas. More broadly, poor teacher management and low levels of teacher accountability afflict many developing-country education systems. The paper presents evidence on these shortcomings, but also on the types of incentives, management, and support structures that can improve motivation and performance and reduce avoidable absenteeism. It concludes with policy options for developing countries to explore as they work to meet Education for All goals and improve quality. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4847
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Inclusive growth analytics : framework and application (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4851
    Paralleltitel: Ianchovichina, Elena Inclusive growth analytics
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development ; Economic development ; Zambia Economic conditions 1964- ; Zambia Economic conditions 1964-
    Kurzfassung: "This paper argues that inclusive growth analytics has a distinct character focusing on both the pace and pattern of growth. Traditionally, applied country-specific poverty and growth analyses have been done separately. This paper describes the conceptual elements for an analytical strategy aimed to integrate these two strands of analyses, and to identify and prioritize country-specific constraints to sustained and inclusive growth. The authors apply the framework to the case of Zambia. The analysis suggests that income growth in Zambia is constrained by poor access to domestic and international markets, inputs, extension services, and information. High indirect costs - mostly attributable to infrastructure service-related inputs in production including energy, transport, telecom, water, but also insurance, marketing, and professional services - undermine Zambia's competitiveness, limit job creation, and therefore serve as a major constraint to inclusive growth. Improving the quality and access to secondary and tertiary education is essential if the poor are to benefit from future growth of the non-farm economy. Weak governance and, in particular, poor government effectiveness are factors behind the market coordination failures and the identified government failures, and are as such major obstacles to inclusive growth in Zambia. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4851
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Bidders' entry and auctioneer's rejection : applying a double selection model to road procurement auctions (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4855
    Paralleltitel: Estache, Antonio Bidders' entry and auctioneer's rejection
    Kurzfassung: "Limited competition has been a serious concern in infrastructure procurement. Importantly, however, there are normally a number of potential bidders initially showing interest in proposed projects. This paper focuses on tackling the question why these initially interested bidders fade out. An empirical problem is that no bids of fading-out firms are observable. They could decide not to enter the process at the beginning of the tendering or may be technically disqualified at any point in the selection process. This paper applies the double selection model to procurement data from road development projects in developing countries and examines why competition ends up restricted. It shows that bidders are self-selective and auctioneers also tend to limit participation depending on the size of contracts. Therefore, limited competition would likely lead to high infrastructure procurement costs. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/5/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4855
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Low-income countries' access to private debt markets (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4829
    Paralleltitel: Hostland, Doug Low-income countries' access to private debt markets
    Schlagwort(e): Debts, External ; Loans, Foreign ; Debts, External ; Loans, Foreign
    Kurzfassung: "Private debt flows to developing countries surged to record levels over the period 2003-07. A few low-income countries have gained access to the international bond market but the bulk of the flows have continued to go to just a few large middle-income countries. Most low-income countries still heavily depend on concessional loans and grants from the official sector to meet their financing needs. The paper provides an overview of low-income countries' access to cross-border bank lending and bond issuance in the international market over the past few decades. It highlights some stylized facts that characterize salient features of low-income countries' experience in external borrowing from the private sector and discusses the various factors that influence governments' and corporations' decisions to seek external financing along with creditors' decisions to provide the financing. The paper concludes by assessing the prospects for low-income countries' access to private debt markets over the medium term. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4829
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Natural resources and reforms (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4882
    Paralleltitel: Amin, Mohammad Natural resources and reforms
    Schlagwort(e): Natural resources ; Natural resources
    Kurzfassung: "The authors use a sample of 133 countries to investigate the link between the abundance of natural resources and micro-economic reforms. Previous studies suggest that natural resource abundance gives rise to governments that are less accountable to the public and states that are oligarchic, and that it leads to the erosion of social capital. These factors are likely to hamper economic reforms. The authors test this hypothesis using data on micro-economic reforms from the World Bank's Doing Business database. The results provide a robust support for the "resource curse" view: a move from the 75th percentile to the 25th percentile on resource abundance equals 10.9 percentage points more reform. This is a large effect given that the mean probability of reform in the sample is 57.1 percent. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4882
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Longer-term economic impacts of self-help groups in India (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4886
    Paralleltitel: Deininger, Klaus W Longer-term economic impacts of self-help groups in India
    Schlagwort(e): Self-help groups ; Self-help groups
    Kurzfassung: "Despite the popularity and unique nature of women's self-help groups in India, evidence of their economic impacts is scant. Based on two rounds of a 2,400 household panel, the authors use double differences, propensity score matching, and pipeline comparison to assess economic impacts of longer (2.5-3 years) exposure of a program that promoted and strengthened self-help programs in Andhra Pradesh in India. The analysis finds that longer program exposure has positive impacts on consumption, nutritional intake, and asset accumulation. Investigating heterogeneity of the impacts suggests that even the poorest households were able to benefit from the program. Furthermore, overall benefits would exceed program cost by a significant margin even under conservative assumptions. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4886
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 24
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Enabling conditions for second pillars of pension systems (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4890
    Paralleltitel: Rudolph, Heinz P Enabling conditions for second pillars of pension systems
    Schlagwort(e): Pension trusts ; Pension trusts
    Kurzfassung: "This note adds to the existing literature by examining the enabling conditions for the creation of mandatory funded pension funds, and identifying additional factors that are important to consider in the early stages of the reform. The note stresses the importance of some factors that had already been identified in previous literature but not fully observed by reforming countries, including the strong and lasting commitment of the authorities with the reform, the fiscal commitment with the reform, and some basic financial infrastructure. The analysis is also extended to analyze the role of supervision in the early stages of the reform and the role of the government in fostering the development of the domestic capital market. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4890
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Natural disasters, self-insurance and human capital investment : evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Malawi (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4910
    Paralleltitel: Yamauchi, Futoshi Natural disasters, self-insurance and human capital investment
    Schlagwort(e): Human capital ; Natural disasters ; Human capital ; Natural disasters
    Kurzfassung: "This paper examines the impacts of disasters on dynamic human capital production using panel data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Malawi. The empirical results show that the accumulation of biological human capital prior to disasters helps children maintain investments in the post-disaster period. Biological human capital formed in early childhood (long-term nutritional status) plays a role of insurance with resilience to disasters by protecting schooling investment and outcomes, although disasters have negative impacts on investment. In Bangladesh, children with more biological human capital are less affected by the adverse effects of floods, and the rate of investment increases with the initial human capital stock in the post-disaster recovery process. In Ethiopia and Malawi, where droughts are rather frequent, exposure to highly frequent droughts in some cases reduces schooling investment but the negative impacts are larger among children embodying less biological human capital. Asset holdings prior to the disasters, especially the household's stock of intellectual human capital, also helps maintain schooling investments at least to the same degree as the stock of human capital accumulated in children prior to the disasters. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4910
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 26
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Toward defining and measuring the affordability of public utility services (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4915
    Paralleltitel: Kessides, Ioannis Nicolaos Toward defining and measuring the affordability of public utility services
    Schlagwort(e): Public utilities ; Public utilities
    Kurzfassung: "This paper reviews the progress made in the literature toward defining and measuring the affordability of utilities. It highlights the relative merits of alternate affordability metrics; the practical challenges to their operationalization, including the underlying data requirements; and their implications for the design, evaluation, and implementation of appropriate affordability programs. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4915
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Exit and save : migration and saving under violence (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4918
    Paralleltitel: Grun, Rebekka E Exit and save
    Schlagwort(e): Saving and investment ; Saving and investment ; Colombia Emigration and immigration ; Colombia Emigration and immigration
    Kurzfassung: "This paper examines how households trade off migration and savings when subject to exogenous violence. The authors propose that households under violence decide jointly on migration and saving, because a higher asset-stock is more difficult to carry to a new place. When confronted with exogenous violence, households are expected to consider migration, and reduce their assets, both in order to reduce their exposure to violence, and to make migration easier. In some cases, after a migration decision has been taken, savings can increase as a function of violence to ensure a minimum bundle to carry. Empirical evidence from rich Colombian micro-data supports the conceptual framework for violence that carries a displacement threat, such as guerrilla attacks. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4918
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    A special safeguard mechanism for agricultural imports and the management of reform (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4927
    Paralleltitel: Finger, J. M A special safeguard mechanism for agricultural imports and the management of reform
    Kurzfassung: "The records of traditional safeguard provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization provides useful information about how a special agricultural safeguard might be made effective. The success of existing safeguard or flexibility provisions to sustain long-run liberalization programs stems from their requiring objective, transparent, and participatory decisions on the application of the import restrictions they allow. The proposed special agricultural safeguard expands by arithmetic formula the bounds within which a Member may impose a new import restriction. Analysis reported here suggests that the formulas provide a poor guide for policy, indicating that they would frequently prescribe action that is not needed and fail to prescribe action when it would be appropriate. Analysis of the existing agricultural safeguard, to which the special agricultural safeguard is similar, indicates that it has functioned not as an allowance for occasional response to unusual situations but as an expansion of the limits Members have accepted through tariff bindings. To be useful, the special agricultural safeguard should do more than provide formulas for import restrictions. It should provide for objective and participatory processes that would bring forward relevant information and guide an objective and balanced accounting of the interests at play. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4927
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 29
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    A curse of comparison? : Evidence on reference groups for relative income concerns (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4820
    Paralleltitel: Kuegler, Alice A curse of comparison?
    Schlagwort(e): Income ; Income
    Kurzfassung: "This paper proposes that individuals care about the relative income of proximate reference groups. Making use of self-reported life satisfaction as a proxy for unobservable utility, the relative income of siblings is tested for relevance as a reference point for new sample data from Venezuela. Having greater perceived income than one's siblings is found to be positively linked to individual life satisfaction. This evidence supplements the scarce economic research on reference groups, supporting the hypothesis that individuals with proximate characteristics and resembling opportunities in life serve as points of comparison. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4820
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Measuring subjective expectations in developing countries : a critical review and new evidence (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4824
    Paralleltitel: Delavande, Adeline Measuring subjective expectations in developing countries
    Schlagwort(e): Social surveys ; Social surveys
    Kurzfassung: "The majority of economic decisions taken by individuals are forward looking and thus involve their expectations of future outcomes. Understanding the expectations that individuals have is thus of crucial importance to designing and evaluating policies in health, education, finance, migration, social protection, and many other areas. However, the majority of developing country surveys are static in nature and do not contain information on the subjective expectations of individuals. Possible reasons given for not collecting this information include fears that poor, illiterate individuals do not understand probability concepts, that it takes far too much time to ask such questions, or that the answers add little value. This paper provides a critical review and new analysis of subjective expectations data from developing countries and refutes each of these concerns. The authors find that people in developing countries can generally understand and answer probabilistic questions, such questions are not prohibitive in time to ask, and the expectations are useful predictors of future behavior and economic decisions. The paper discusses the different methods being tried for eliciting such information, the key methodological issues involved, and the open research questions. The available evidence suggests that collecting expectations data is both feasible and valuable, suggesting that it should be incorporated into more developing country surveys. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4824
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    North-south trade-related technology diffusion, brain drain and productivity growth : are small states different? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4828
    Paralleltitel: Schiff, Maurice W North-south trade-related technology diffusion, brain drain and productivity growth
    Schlagwort(e): Brain drain ; Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity ; Brain drain ; Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity
    Kurzfassung: "The economies of small developing states tend to be more fragile than those of large ones. This paper examines this issue in a dynamic context by focusing on the impact of the brain drain on North-South trade-related technology diffusion and total factor productivity growth in small and large states in the South. There are three main findings. First, productivity growth increases with North-South trade-related technology diffusion and education and the interaction between the two, and decreases with the brain drain. Second, the impact of North-South trade-related technology diffusion, education, and their interaction on productivity growth in small states is more than three times that for large countries, with the negative impact of the brain drain thus more than three times greater in small than in large states. And third, the greater loss in productivity growth in small states has two brain drain-related causes: a substantially greater sensitivity of productivity growth to the brain drain, and brain drain levels that are more than five times greater in small than in large states. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4828
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Age at first child : does education delay fertility timing? the case of Kenya (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4833
    Paralleltitel: Ferre, Celine Age at first child
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Fertility, Human ; Teenage pregnancy ; Education ; Fertility, Human ; Teenage pregnancy
    Kurzfassung: "Completing additional years of education necessarily entails spending more time in school. There is naturally a rather mechanical effect of schooling on fertility if women tend not to have children while continuing to attend high school or college, thus delaying the beginning of and shortening their reproductive life. This paper uses data from the Kenyan Demographic and Health Surveys of 1989, 1993, 1998, and 2003 to uncover the impact of staying one more year in school on teenage fertility. To get around the endogeneity issue between schooling and fertility preferences, the analysis uses the 1985 Kenyan education reform as an instrument for years of education. The authors find that adding one more year of education decreases by at least 10 percentage points the probability of giving birth when still a teenager. The probability of having one's first child before age 20, when having at least completed primary education, is about 65 percent; therefore, for this means a reduction of about 15 percent in teenage fertility rates for this group. One additional year of school curbs the probability of becoming a mother each year by 7.3 percent for women who have completed at least primary education, and 5.6 percent for women with at least a secondary degree. These results (robust to a wide array of specifications) are of crucial interest to policy and decision makers who set up health and educational policies. This paper shows that investing in education can have positive spillovers on health. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4833
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Beyond mitigation : potential options for counter-balancing the climatic and environmental consequences of the rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4938
    Paralleltitel: MacCracken, Michael C Beyond mitigation
    Schlagwort(e): Climatic changes Risk management ; Environmental geotechnology ; Greenhouse gases ; Climatic changes Risk management ; Environmental geotechnology ; Greenhouse gases
    Kurzfassung: "Global climate change is occurring at an accelerating pace, and the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are forcing climate change continue to increase. Given the present pace of international actions, it seems unlikely that atmospheric composition can be stabilized at a level that will avoid "dangerous anthropogenic interference" with the climate system, as called for in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Complicating the situation, as GHG emissions are reduced, reductions in the offsetting cooling influence of sulfate aerosols will create an additional warming influence, making an early transition to climate stabilization difficult. With significant reductions in emissions (mitigation) likely to take decades, and with the impacts of projected climate change-even with proactive adaptation-likely to be quite severe over the coming decades, additional actions to offset global warming and other impacts have been proposed as important complementary measures. Although a number of possible geoengineering approaches have been proposed, each has costs and side effects that must be balanced against the expected benefits of reduced climate impacts. However, substantial new research is needed before comparison of the relative benefits and risks of intervening is possible. A first step in determining whether geoengineering is likely to be a useful option is the initiation of research on four interventions to limit the increasing serious impacts: limiting ocean acidification by increasing the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and upper ocean; limiting the increasing intensity of tropical cyclones; limiting the warming of the Arctic and associated sea level rise; and sustaining or enhancing the existing sulfate cooling influence. In addition, in depth consideration is needed regarding the governance structure for an international geoengineering decision-making framework in the event that geoengineering becomes essential. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4938
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 34
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Uncivil societies : a theory of sociopolitical change (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4942
    Paralleltitel: Monga, Célestin Uncivil societies
    Schlagwort(e): Civil society ; Economic development ; Civil society ; Economic development
    Kurzfassung: "In times of crises, it is always useful to revisit some of the paradigms that underlie collective thinking and action. For nearly 200 years, most social science has relied on the assumption that the emergence of strong and nurturing social capital through a vibrant civil society yields all kind of positive externalities to society. Following intuition and anecdotal observations from Alexis de Tocqueville, a large body of theoretical and empirical research has attempted to confirm that societies strive politically and economically when they are able to build strong non-state actors and community organizations. Many disciplines-mainly political science, economics, law, and international relations-have constructed influential analytical frameworks in support of that general proposition. This paper examines the philosophical foundations of conventional wisdom and observes that it often fails to take into account the dark side of some civil society groups, from the mafia to Al Qaeda. While acknowledging the potential contribution of civil society to the development process, the paper also cautions again the rush to circumvent the state, which sometimes sustains community-based initiatives in poor countries. It suggests the possibility of the production of negative social capital by non-state actors. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4942
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The impact of the business environment on the business creation process (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4937
    Paralleltitel: Klapper, Leora The impact of the business environment on the business creation process
    Schlagwort(e): Business enterprises Registration and transfer ; Entrepreneurship ; Business enterprises Registration and transfer ; Entrepreneurship
    Kurzfassung: "New data from the 2008 World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey indicates a very strong and statistically significant relationship between entrepreneurship and a better business environment. Data for 100 countries on the number of total and newly registered corporations over an eight-year period (2000-2007) were collected directly from registrars of companies around the world. Data were also collected on the functioning and structure of business registries. Empirical evidence suggests that greater ease in starting a business and better governance are associated with increased entrepreneurial activity. After controlling for economic development (gross domestic product per capita), higher entrepreneurial activity is significantly associated with cheaper, more efficient business registration procedures and better governance. Although the degree of progress in the modernization of business registries varies greatly, countries usually have a common goal to evolve from a paper-based business registry to a one-stop, automated, web-enabled registry capable of delivering products and services online via transactions involving authenticated users and documents. Tests show that business registry modernization (often a component of broader private sector reforms) has a positive impact not only on the ease of creating a business, but also on new business registration. Overall, the data show that a quick, efficient, and cost-effective business registration process is critical for fostering formal sector entrepreneurship. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4937
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Market integration and structural transformation in a poor rural economy (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4856
    Paralleltitel: Söderbom, Måns Market integration and structural transformation in a poor rural economy
    Schlagwort(e): Rural development ; Rural development
    Kurzfassung: "By developing a simple theoretical model of the impact of market integration on sectoral output and employment in a poor rural setting, this paper demonstrates that trade can induce asymmetric growth. Under certain, plausible, assumptions, the non-farm sector will grow much faster than the agricultural sector when markets become integrated. Promoting market integration may thus be an effective way of encouraging diversification beyond agriculture and catalysing structural change in poor rural economies. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4856
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Long-term financial incentives and investment in daughters : evidence from conditional cash transfers in north India (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4860
    Paralleltitel: Sinha, Nistha Long-term financial incentives and investment in daughters
    Schlagwort(e): Daughters ; Health status indicators ; Human capital ; Sex of children, Parental preferences for ; Daughters ; Health status indicators ; Human capital ; Sex of children, Parental preferences for
    Kurzfassung: "Since the early 1990s, several states in India have introduced financial incentive programs to discourage son preference among parents and encourage investment in daughters' education and health. This study evaluates one such program in the state of Haryana, Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, Our Wealth). Since 1994, eligible parents in Haryana have been offered a financial incentive if they give birth to a daughter. The incentive consists of an immediate cash grant and a long-term savings bond redeemable on the daughter's 18th birthday provided she is unmarried, with additional bonuses for education. Although no specific program participation data are available, we estimate early intent-to-treat program effects on mothers (sex ratio among live children, fertility preferences) and children (mother's use of antenatal care, survival, nutritional status, immunization, schooling) using statewide household survey data on fertility and child health, and constructing proxies for household and individual program eligibility. The results based on this limited data imply that Apni Beti Apna Dhan had a positive effect on the sex ratio of living children, but inconclusive effects on mothers' preferences for having female children as well as total desired fertility. The findings also show that parents increased their investment in daughters' human capital as a result of the program. Families made greater post-natal health investments in eligible girls, with some mixed evidence of improving health status in the short and medium term. Further evidence also suggests that the early cohort of eligible school-age girls was not significantly more likely to attend school; however, conditional on first attending any school, they may be more likely to continue their education. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4860
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    How do agricultural policy restrictions to global trade and welfare differ across commodities ? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4864
    Paralleltitel: Lloyd, P. J How do agricultural policy restrictions to global trade and welfare differ across commodities ?
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural subsidies ; Agriculture and state ; Agricultural subsidies ; Agriculture and state
    Kurzfassung: "For decades the world's agricultural markets have been highly distorted by national government policies, but very differently for different commodities. Hence a weighted average across countries of nominal rates of assistance or consumer tax equivalents for a product can be misleading as an indicator of the trade or welfare effects of policies affecting that product's global market. This is especially the case when some countries tax and others subsidize its production or consumption. This article develops a new set of more-satisfactory indicators for that purpose, drawing on the recent literature on trade restrictiveness indexes. It then exploits a global agricultural distortions database recently compiled by the World Bank to generate the first set of estimates of those two indicators for each of 28 key agricultural commodities from 1960 to 2004, based on a sample of 75 countries that together account for more than three-quarters of the world's production of those agricultural commodities. These reveal the considerable extent of reforms in agricultural policies of developing as well as high-income countries over the past two decades. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4864
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Wind power development : economics and policies (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4868
    Paralleltitel: Van Kooten, G. C Wind power development
    Schlagwort(e): Wind power ; Wind power
    Kurzfassung: "This study reviews the prospects of wind power at the global level. Existing studies indicate that the earth's wind energy supply potential significantly exceeds global energy demand. Yet, only 1 percent of the global electricity demand is currently derived from wind power despite 40 percent annual growth in wind generating capacity over the past 25 years. More than 98 percent of total current wind power capacity is installed in the developed countries plus China and India. It has been estimated that wind power could supply 7 to 34 percent of global electricity needs by 2050. However, wind power faces a large number of technical, economic, financial, institutional, market, and other barriers. To overcome these barriers, many countries have employed various policy instruments, including capital subsidies, tax incentives, tradable energy certificates, feed-in tariffs, grid access guarantees and mandatory standards. Besides these policies, climate change mitigation initiatives resulting from the Kyoto Protocol (e.g., CO2-emission reduction targets in developed countries and the Clean Development Mechanism in developing countries) have played a significant role in promoting wind power. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/19/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4868
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Multilateral debt relief through the eyes of financial markets (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4872
    Paralleltitel: Raddatz, Claudio E Multilateral debt relief through the eyes of financial markets
    Schlagwort(e): Debt relief ; Debt relief
    Kurzfassung: "The economic benefits of debt relief for recipient countries have been the subject of arduous debate, at least partly motivated by the difficulty of identifying the causal effect of debt relief on economic performance-given that performance itself may drive the decision to grant relief. This paper conducts an event study to assess the economic consequences of multilateral debt relief for recipient countries that is robust to these reverse causality issues. It estimates the response of the stock prices of South African multinationals with subsidiaries in those countries to the announcement of debt relief initiatives, and shows that stock prices exhibit a significant increase above those of other firms, especially around the launching of the recent Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. The improvement in financial markets' assessment of the value of these multinationals is consistent with lower expected levels of future taxation in the recipient countries. Overall, the results are consistent with the "debt overhang" argument for debt relief. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4872
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The performance of Bulgarian food markets during reform (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4876
    Paralleltitel: Larson, Donald F The performance of Bulgarian food markets during reform
    Schlagwort(e): Food supply ; Food supply
    Kurzfassung: "Food policy often depends on markets and markets depend on institutions. But how good do institutions have to be before reforms can be launched? Relying on well timed surveys of agricultural prices and a joint study by the Government of Bulgaria and the World Bank on agricultural market institutions, this paper presents evidence that performance in food markets improved following significant policy reforms in Bulgaria, although public institutions remained weak. This suggests that even though strong institutions are preferred to weak ones, it can be costly and impractical to delay policy reforms until work on strengthening institutions is finished. Still, measured performance varied by place and by commodity, suggesting that markets developed at different tempos and that the distribution of benefits from improved markets was uneven. This points to the need to address the costs of adjustment as policies change. The paper introduces a new approach to measure market performance based on composite-error techniques. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4876
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 42
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Trends in household coverage of modern infrastructure services in Africa (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4880
    Paralleltitel: Available in another form Trends in household coverage of modern infrastructure services in Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Household surveys ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Household surveys ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Kurzfassung: "Household surveys have long been used to estimate poverty and inequality trends, as well as trends in education and health indicators, but they have not been used to the same extent to assess trends in the access to or coverage of modern infrastructure services. In this paper, we use Demographic and Health Surveys from a larger sample of sub-Saharan African countries in order to collect comparable information across countries on coverage of piped water, flush toilets, electricity, and landline telephones over time. The results suggest that coverage rates for electricity, flush toilets have improved slightly over the last decade. Coverage of piped water has declined, at the same time as coverage of landline (as well as cellular) telephone has increased rapidly. The decline has been primarily in the urban areas while the infrastructure coverage has either increased or remained stable in rural Africa. For all four services, among the poorest households coverage remains virtually inexistent. If business as usual continues, it would take a very long time to reach universal or widely shared coverage even in countries where coverage has improved. These results point to the need to increase efforts by governments and international community to progressively increase access to modern infrastructure services in Africa. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4880
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Tax policy to reduce carbon emissions in South Africa (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4933
    Paralleltitel: Available in another form Tax policy to reduce carbon emissions in South Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon taxes ; Carbon taxes
    Kurzfassung: "Noting that South Africa may be one of the few African countries that could contribute to mitigating climate change, the authors explore the impact of a carbon tax relative to alternative energy taxes on economic welfare. Using a disaggregate general-equilibrium model of the South African economy, they capture the structural characteristics of the energy sector, linking a supply mix that is heavily skewed toward coal to energy use by different sectors and hence their carbon content. The authors consider a "pure" carbon tax as well as various proxy taxes such as those on energy or energy-intensive sectors like transport and basic metals, all of which achieve the same level of carbon reduction. In general, the more targeted the tax to carbon emissions, the better the welfare results. If a carbon tax is feasible, it will have the least marginal cost of abatement by a substantial amount when compared to alternative tax instruments. If a carbon tax is not feasible, a sales tax on energy inputs is the next best option. Moreover, labor market distortions such as labor market segmentation or unemployment will likely dominate the welfare and equity implications of a carbon tax for South Africa. This being the case, if South Africa were able to remove some of the distortions in the labor market, the cost of carbon taxation would be negligible. In short, the discussion of carbon taxation in South Africa can focus on considerations other than the economic welfare costs, which are likely to be quite low. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4933
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Optimal pre-merger notification mechanisms : incentives and efficiency of mandatory and voluntary schemes (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4936
    Paralleltitel: Rodríguez González, Aldo Javier Optimal pre-merger notification mechanisms
    Schlagwort(e): Consolidation and merger of corporations ; Consolidation and merger of corporations
    Kurzfassung: "The authors compare the two merger control systems currently employed worldwide: a mandatory system based on merger size threshold and a voluntary system with ex-post monitoring and fines. The voluntary system possesses two informational advantages: (i) the enforcement agency employs more information -verifiable and non verifiable parameters- to decide the set of mergers to investigate, and (ii) the first move of merging firms reveals useful information to the agency about the competitive risk of a merger. If fines for undue omission to notify are upward limited, then a mixed mechanism is optimal, where small transactions are under a voluntary regime while the big mergers are obliged to report. Remedies for fixing anticompetitive mergers act as an instrument that induces firms to notify the operation, improving further the advantage of the voluntary mechanism. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4936
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cognitive and behavioral challenges in responding to climate change (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4940
    Paralleltitel: Norgaard, Kari Marie Cognitive and behavioral challenges in responding to climate change
    Schlagwort(e): Climatic changes Government policy ; Climatic changes Public opinion ; Global warming ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Climatic changes Public opinion ; Global warming
    Kurzfassung: "Climate scientists have identified global warming as the most important environmental issue of our time, but it has taken over 20 years for the problem to penetrate the public discourse in even the most superficial manner. While some nations have done better than others, no nation has adequately reduced emissions and no nation has a base of public citizens that are sufficiently socially and politically engaged in response to climate change. This paper summarizes international and national differences in levels of knowledge and concern regarding climate change, and the existing explanations for the worldwide failure of public response to climate change, drawing from psychology, social psychology and sociology. On the whole, the widely presumed links between public access to information on climate change and levels of concern and action are not supported. The paper's key findings emphasize the presence of negative emotions in conjunction with global warming (fear, guilt, and helplessness), and the process of emotion management and cultural norms in the construction of a social reality in which climate change is held at arms length. Barriers in responding to climate change are placed into three broad categories: 1) psychological/conceptual, 2) social and cultural, and 3) structural (political economy). The author provides policy considerations and summarizes the policy implications of both psychological and conceptual barriers, and social and cultural barriers. An annotated bibliography is included. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4940
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Monitoring and Evaluation of Technical Conditions of Seismic Isolation Systems Implemented in Armenia : Institutional Arrangements for Disaster Risk Management and Reduction (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: One of the objectives of a GFDRR funded project in Armenia (Institutional Arrangements on Disaster Risk Management and Reduction) is awareness building among the decision makers, professional engineering and construction community, and local self-governments on the modern, anti-seismic technologies successfully developed and implemented in Armenia. To raise awareness on the seismic isolation technology it was decided to first evaluate the functioning of all seismic isolation systems in the already constructed buildings in Armenia. Then based on the carried out observations to analyze the results, to draw lessons from the findings and to present the conclusions and recommendations to the wider engineering and construction community, as well as to the decision makers in the construction industry. For that purpose monitoring and evaluation of the technical conditions of the seismic isolation systems in the buildings which were seismically isolated for more than a decade ago was carried out. This initiative was very useful, as it helped to answer to the frequently asked questions and concerns on the sustainability and effectiveness of the technology, of the seismic isolators. It also helped to draw lessons and recommend solutions for improving their construction and maintenance practices
    DOI: 10.1596/28255
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 47
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Thailand Economic Monitor, April - June 2009 (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: A solid financial armor could not protect Thailand against the impact of the global financial crisis on its real economy. Despite a sound banking system and low external vulnerabilities, the Thai economy contracted 5.7 percent between October 2008 and March 2009, as the magnitude and speed of the contraction in foreign demand, and resulting shock to the real economy, has been greater than anticipated. There continues to be little impact of the global financial crisis on Thailand's banks: liquidity remained adequate as financial institutions did not face solvency concerns given their adequate capitalization and lack of exposure to 'toxic' assets or risky derivative contracts. The combination of a sound financial sector, low external roll-over and balance-of-payment financing requirements, and, more recently, large current account surpluses, has led to capital inflows, build-up in reserves and an appreciation of the Baht relative to other currencies in the region. However, the impact of the global crisis on the real sector was far more severe than expected. Export volumes contracted by 8.9 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008, compared to the World Bank's forecast in December of a 3.0 percent expansion. Exports contracted a further 16 percent in the first quarter of 2009. The aggravation of Thailand's political crisis, which had been dampening investor and consumer confidence since 2006, compounded the shock to the real economy. As a result, real gross domestic product (GDP) contracted in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009 after 38 quarters of growth, and is expected to contract for 2009 as a whole, the first annual contraction since the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998
    DOI: 10.1596/28123
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Making Finance Work for Nigeria (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This study begins by considering the banking sector and then moves on to issues relating to improving access to finance to support Nigeria's economic growth vision. The second part of the study refers to issues relating to longer-term finance: both the sources of financing, such as pensions and insurance, and their uses in providing financing for resolving Nigeria's crucial infrastructure shortfalls in infrastructure and housing. The final part of the study returns to the fundamental 'plumbing' of the financial system focusing on the legal and regulatory foundation for creditor rights and corporate insolvency, instituting sound corporate governance standards for corporations and banks, and providing secure and low cost transmittal of payments and remittances. While it is difficult to identify a common theme running through this volume without compromising the diversity and nuance of the recommendations, the overarching theme supported by this volume is the importance of exchange of reliable information as the basis for financial transactions between unconnected third parties. Implementation of systems designed to strengthen accounting and reporting standards for banks and corporations, the registration of movable and immovable property, property liens and credit histories as well as exchange of information about prices, interest rates, fees and charges for financials services will considerably enhance the functionality of financial systems and prove crucial in establishing a trusted and robust market-based financial system in support of stable economic growth and development in Nigeria
    DOI: 10.1596/28122
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 49
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Turkey : Expanding Opportunities for the Next Generation (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This report is a part of larger welfare and social policy work agenda which the Turkish State Planning Organization and the World Bank are carrying out collaboratively. The work agenda includes the preparation of a number of conceptualized, and in part of co-authored, analytical studies on topics ranging from examines the equity determinants to investigating the links between poverty, employment creation, and growth. Further, the work agenda comprises a number of human development dialogues for which we are inviting international experts and practioners to share their experiences about social policy reforms with the Turkish government and the wider academic and non-governmental public. This report examines life chances. Life chances for today Turkish people, most importantly future generation, today's children. The results presented in this report show that life chances differ in important dimensions today, and that Turkey could immensely improve its human and economic development potential by maximizing such opportunities
    DOI: 10.1596/27839
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Corporate Governance Country Assessment : Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Corporate Governance Assessment
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: Good corporate governance ensures that companies use their resources more efficiently, protects minority shareholders, leads to better decision making, and improves relations with workers, creditors, and other stakeholders. It is an important prerequisite for attracting the patient capital needed for sustained long-term economic growth. This report provides an assessment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) corporate governance policy framework. It highlights recent improvements in corporate governance regulation, makes policy recommendations, and provides investors with a benchmark against which to measure corporate governance in KSA. The corporate governance laws, regulations, and institutions that have been put in place generally reflect international good practice. In the wake of the market correction of 2006, market regulators focused on the need for better corporate governance via legal and institutional reforms. These included passing a Corporate Governance Regulation (CGR) for listed companies (2006), and further strengthening the supervisory functions across the financial sector. However, many of the laws and institutions are still relatively new and untested; awareness of the importance of good corporate governance is low, and implementation by companies in its early stages
    DOI: 10.1596/28086
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 51
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    Online-Ressource
    Pacific Islands Coconut Oil Power Generation : A How-To Guide for Small Stationary Engines (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Energy Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This guide has been written to assist anyone interested in running small stationary diesel powered engines on coconut oil. It is intended to be a 'how-to' guide to provide with relevant information of every aspect of fuelling an engine with coconut oil. The guide is specifically written with small (less than about 50 kVA) diesel generators in mind. While the information and principles can be applied to all diesel engines, there are additional complicating factors to consider when applying to a vehicle, for example. It must be noted also, that this manual is intended for stationary applications that typically involve few stop-starts, longer running times and consistent loads. Diesel engines that stop-start regularly and unpredictably (eg. car engine or back up generator) are outside the scope of this guide. The technical considerations for running a diesel engine on coconut oil, or any vegetable oil for that matter, are not particularly complex. The concept of powering a diesel engine with vegetable oil is, after all, as old as the diesel engine itself. To do it successfully, however, and particularly with today's modern diesel engines, several key elements of the fuel delivery and combustion system must be suitable or made suitable. If these elements are not the engine will be damaged and it will ultimately lead to premature engine failure
    DOI: 10.1596/27716
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 52
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Sudan Investment Climate Assessment (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Investment Climate Assessment
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This report on Sudan's Investment Climate Assessment (ICA) provides a baseline assessment of challenges to productivity, diversification and inclusion. Chapter 1 describes some of the questions underlying the three issues of competitiveness, diversification and broad-based growth. Chapter 2 analyzes firm performance and competitiveness. Chapter 3 discusses markets and trust. Chapter 4 describes the role of the financial sector. Chapter 5 analyses the informal sector. Chapter 6 discusses the conflict-affected private sector development. Chapter 7 discusses regional inclusion, and Chapter 8 makes some preliminary conclusions and recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/27596
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Africa Development Indicators 2008/2009 : From the World Bank Africa Database (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821377956
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (207 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Africa Development Indicators
    Kurzfassung: Africa Development Indicators 2008/09 (ADI) provides the most detailed collection of data on Africa available in one volume. It puts together data from different sources, making it an essential tool for policy makers, researchers, and other people interested in Africa. This year’s ADI addresses the issue of youth employment. The report shows that success in addressing youth employment in will not be achieved and sustained through fragmented and isolated interventions. Instead it finds that an arching guideline for addressing the youth employment challenge is the need for an integrated strategy for rural development, growth and job creation - which covers the demand and the supply sides of the labor market and takes into account the youth mobility from rural to urban areas - combined with targeted interventions to help young people overcome disadvantages in entering and remaining in the labor market. This edition includes the Africa Development Indicators 2008/09 Single User CD-ROM and opening articles from leading economists reporting and analyzing key African economic and development issues
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7787-1
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 54
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    World Development Indicators 2009 (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821378304
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (434 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: World Development Indicators
    Kurzfassung: Looking for accurate, up-to-date data on development issues? 'World Development Indicators' is the World Bank's premier annual compilation of data about development. This indispensable statistical reference allows you to consult over 900 indicators for some 150 economies and 14 country groups in more than 80 tables. It provides a current overview of the most recent data available as well as important regional data and income group analysis in six thematic sections: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. World Development Indicators 2009 presents the most current and accurate development data on both a national level and aggregated globally. It allows you to monitor the progress made toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals endorsed by the United Nations and its member countries, the World Bank, and a host of partner organizations. These goals, which focus on development and the elimination of poverty, serve as the agenda for international development efforts
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7829-8
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Strengthening Bolivian competitiveness : export diversification and inclusive growth (2009)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821380214 , 0821380222 , 9780821380215 , 9780821380222
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xvii, 142 p) , ill., maps , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available online
    Serie: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 382/.60984
    Schlagwort(e): Exports ; Exports ; Exports ; Bolivia ; Bolivia ; Bolivia ; Bolivia Commerce ; Bolivia Commercial policy ; Bolivia Economic policy ; Bolivia Commerce ; Bolivia Commercial policy ; Bolivia Economic policy
    Kurzfassung: The publication investigates how Bolivia can achieve success in non-traditional exports by increasing the competitiveness of exporting firms.--Publisher's description
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The role of trade in Bolivia's development strategyBolivia's integration into the world economy -- Linkages between trade and the economy -- Export competitiveness and transport logistics -- A firm-level analysis of the factors affecting export performance.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Also available online.
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8021-5
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 56
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Petroleum exploration and production rights : allocation strategies and design issues (2009)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821381679 , 0821381687 , 9780821381670 , 9780821381687
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xiv, 106 p) , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: World Bank working paper no. 179
    DDC: 333.3/24
    Schlagwort(e): Petroleum Prospecting ; Petroleum industry and trade ; Petroleum Prospecting ; Petroleum industry and trade
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. [100]-106)
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8167-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 57
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Little Data Book on Information and Communication Technology 2009 (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821378588
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (230 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: World Development Indicators
    Kurzfassung: This new addition to the 'Little DataBook' series presents at-a-glance tables for over 140 economies showing the most recent national data on key indicators of information and communications technology (ICT), including access, quality, affordability, efficiency,sustainability, and applications
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7857-1
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 58
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Comparing European and U.S. securities regulations : MiFID versus corresponding U.S. regulations (2009)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821382535 , 9780821382530
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (viii, 173 p) , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: World Bank working paper no. 184
    Schlagwort(e): European Parliament ; European Parliament ; Securities ; Securities ; Securities ; Securities
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Regulatory framework and oversightScope of the securities regualtions -- Objectives of the securities regulations in Europe and the United States -- Implementation of the different objectives -- Post-financial crisis lessons -- Conclusion and areas for future research.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 172-173)
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8253-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 59
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The crisis hits home : stress-testing households in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2009)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821382225 , 0821382233 , 9780821382226 , 9780821382233
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xx, 81 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 339.4/20947
    Schlagwort(e): Cost and standard of living ; Cost and standard of living ; Households Economic aspects ; Households Economic aspects ; Cost and standard of living ; Cost and standard of living ; Households Economic aspects ; Households Economic aspects ; Cost and standard of living ; Cost and standard of living ; Households ; Households ; Asia, Central ; Europe, Eastern ; Asia, Central Economic conditions 21st century ; Europe, Eastern Economic conditions 21st century ; Asia, Central Economic conditions 21st century ; Europe, Eastern Economic conditions 21st century
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77)
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8222-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 60
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Transforming the rebound into recovery : a World Bank economic update for the East Asia and Pacific region (2009)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821382675 , 9780821382677
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (ix, 84 p) , col. ill , 28 cm
    Ausgabe: Nov. 2009 ed
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Originaltitel: East Asia & Pacific update.
    Schlagwort(e): East Asia ; Pacific Area ; East Asia Economic conditions ; Pacific Area Economic conditions ; East Asia Economic conditions ; Pacific Area Economic conditions
    Anmerkung: "East Asia and Pacific update November 2009 , Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8267-7
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 61
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Post-crisis growth in developing countries : a special report of the Commission on Growth and Development on the implications of the 2008 financial crisis (2009)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821381652 , 0821381660 , 9780821381656 , 9780821381663
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xvii, 76 p) , ill. (some col.) , 28 cm
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 338.9009172/4
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development ; Financial crises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Economic development ; Financial crises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Economic development ; Financial crises ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Developing countries ; Developing countries ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic conditions 21st century ; Developing countries Economic conditions 21st century
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: IntroductionThe crisis -- Questioning the growth strategies -- Openness and financial development -- Resilience -- Concluding thoughts.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8165-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 62
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Banking in Brazil : structure, performance, drivers, and policy implications (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4809
    Paralleltitel: Urdapilleta, Eduardo Banking in Brazil
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and banking ; Banks and banking
    Kurzfassung: " The objective of this paper is to analyze the industry structure of banking services in Brazil in order to shed light on financial performance and its drivers at a disaggregated level. The study illustrates how differences across market segments - which tend to be averaged out in aggregate analysis - need to be taken into account when analyzing performance and designing public policy for the banking sector. In particular, retail banking is found to be less sensitive to price competition and to exhibit considerably higher returns than corporate banking. The authors identify and discuss the factors underlying revenues, costs, and risks in each market segment, and conclude with policy implications. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4809
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 63
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Social health insurance vs. tax-financed health systems : evidence from the OECD (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4821
    Paralleltitel: Wagstaff, Adam Social health insurance vs. tax-financed health systems
    Schlagwort(e): Health insurance ; Health insurance
    Kurzfassung: "This paper exploits the transitions between tax-financed health care and social health insurance in the OECD countries over the period 1960-2006 to assess the effects of adopting social health insurance over tax finance on per capita health spending, amenable mortality, and labor market outcomes. The paper uses regression-based generalizations of difference-in-differences and instrumental variables to address the possible endogeneity of a country's health system. It finds that adopting social health insurance in preference to tax financing increases per capita health spending by 3-4 percent, reduces the formal sector share of employment by 8-10 percent, and reduces total employment by as much as 6 percent. For the most part, social health insurance adoption has no significant impact on amenable mortality, but for one cause-breast cancer among women-social health insurance systems perform significantly worse, with 5-6 percent more potential years of life lost. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4821
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 64
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The regional dimension of North-South trade-related r&d spillover (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4826
    Paralleltitel: Schiff, Maurice W The regional dimension of North-South trade-related r&d spillover
    Schlagwort(e): Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity. i ; International trade ; Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity. i ; International trade
    Kurzfassung: "This paper examines the impact of trade with Japan, North America, and the European Union on technology diffusion and total factor productivity growth in Korea, Mexico, and Jordan. Measures of foreign research and development are constructed based on industry-specific research and development in the North, North-South trade patterns, and input-output relations in the South. The findings show that technology diffusion and productivity gains tend to be regional. Jordan benefits mainly from trade with the European Union, Korea from trade with Japan, and Mexico from trade with North America. In other words, the dynamic version of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis holds for these countries. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4826
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 65
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Measuring skilled migration rates : the case of small states (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4827
    Paralleltitel: Docquier, Frédéric Measuring skilled migration rates
    Schlagwort(e): Brain drain States, Small ; Migration, Internal ; States, Small Emigration and immigration ; Brain drain States, Small ; Migration, Internal ; States, Small Emigration and immigration
    Kurzfassung: "Recent changes in information and communication technologies have contributed to a dramatic increase in the degree of integration and interdependency of countries, markets, and people. Against this background, one aspect of particular concern for small states is the international movement of people. This paper focuses on this particularly important aspect of globalization, with emphasis on the movement of skilled people and its relationship with country size. In addition to overall skilled migration, it provides evidence that controls for migration age in order to distinguish between those educated in the home country and those educated abroad. The authors discuss the growth implications of the brain drain from small countries and policies that may help control it. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4827
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 66
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Wealth : crucial but not sufficient evidence from Pakistan on economic growth, child labor, and schooling (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4831
    Paralleltitel: Hou, Xiaohui Wealth
    Schlagwort(e): Child labor ; Education ; Wealth ; Child labor ; Education ; Wealth
    Kurzfassung: "The relationship between wealth and child labor has been widely examined. This paper uses three rounds of time-series, cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between wealth and child labor and schooling. The paper finds that wealth is crucial in determining a child's activities, but that this factor is far from being a sufficient condition to enroll a child in school. This is particularly the case for rural girls. Nonparametric analysis shows a universal increase in school enrollment for rural girls from 1998 to 2006. This increase is independent of wealth (measured by per capita expenditure). Multinomial logit regression further shows that wealth is insignificant in determining rural girls' activity decisions. Thus, interventions to increase school enrollment should incorporate broad-targeted, demand-side interventions as well as supply-side interventions. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4831
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 67
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Career placement of skilled migrants in the U.S. labor market : a dynamic approach (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4891
    Paralleltitel: Neagu, Ileana Cristina Career placement of skilled migrants in the U.S. labor market
    Schlagwort(e): Foreign workers ; Skilled labor ; Foreign workers ; Skilled labor
    Kurzfassung: "The initial occupational placements of male immigrants in the U.S. labor market vary significantly by country of origin even when education and other factors are taken into account. Does the heterogeneity persist over time? Using data from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 U.S. Censuses, this study finds that the performance of migrants from countries with lower initial occupational placement levels improves at a higher rate compared with that of migrants originating from countries with higher initial levels. Nevertheless, the magnitude of convergence suggests full catch-up is unlikely. Country specific attributes are found to have less direct impact on the rate of assimilation than on the initial performance. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4891
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 68
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    What drives firm productivity growth ? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4841
    Paralleltitel: Anós Casero, Paloma What drives firm productivity growth ?
    Schlagwort(e): Industrial productivity ; Industrial productivity
    Kurzfassung: "This paper presents new evidence on the causal links between changes in the business environment and firm productivity growth. It contributes to the literature in three important aspects. First, it constructs a unique database merging information from two large firm-level databases. The samples of both databases are merged on four criteria-country, sub-national location, firm size, and year-producing a panel of 22,004 firms in eight economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia,, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Ukraine. Second, the paper addresses shortcomings of earlier studies, namely reverse causation, multicollinearity, and unreliable productivity estimates. Firm productivity growth is estimated drawing on corporate financial data from manufacturing firms included in the AMADEUS database. Changes in the business environment are estimated from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys conducted in 2002 and 2005. Multicollinearity problems in the full model regression are mitigated by constructing a set of six aggregate indicators of the business environment (using principal component analysis). The paper finds that, over the period 2001 to 2004, an increase of one standard deviation in infrastructure quality, financial development, governance, labor market flexibility, labor quality, and market competition raises the total factor productivity of the average firm by 9.8, 7.8, 3.2, 3.4, 5.8, and 3 percent, respectively. Lastly, the paper decomposes firm productivity growth and ranks the relative impact of changes in these six aspects of the business environment by country, by firm size, and by industry. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4841
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 69
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The impact of EU accession on human capital formation : can migration fuel a brain gain? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4845
    Paralleltitel: Farchy, Emily The impact of EU accession on human capital formation
    Schlagwort(e): Brain drain ; Human capital ; Brain drain ; Human capital
    Kurzfassung: "Can a brain drain be good for development? Many studies have established the theoretical possibility of such a brain gain. Yet it is only recently that the relaxation of data constraints has allowed for sound empirical assessments. In utilizing the dramatic policy change that accompanied European Union accession as a natural experiment, this paper is able to assuage fears of reverse causality between migration and human capital formation. The results highlight a significant impact of European Union accession on human capital formation indicating that the prospect of migration can indeed fuel skill formation even in the context of middle-income economies. And, if accompanied by policies to promote return migration, as well as a functioning credit market to enable private investment, international labor mobility could represent a powerful tool for growth. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4845
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 70
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Economic modeling of income, different types of capital and natural disasters (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4875
    Paralleltitel: Markandya, Anil Economic modeling of income, different types of capital and natural disasters
    Schlagwort(e): Capital ; Natural disasters Economic aspects ; Capital ; Natural disasters Economic aspects
    Kurzfassung: "This paper provides empirical estimates of the impacts of natural disasters on different forms of capital (with a focus on human and intangible capital and natural capital), and on real gross domestic product per capita. The types of disaster considered are droughts, earthquakes, floods, and storms and their impacts are measured in terms of the number of people affected or people affected per capita. The authors find statistically significant reductions on the values of human and intangible capital and land capital as a consequence of the disasters, and these reductions are greater when the impacts last for longer periods. Based on the assumption that natural disasters indirectly affect the level of income via losses in capital, the authors estimate a Cobb-Douglas production function using the different forms of capital as inputs. The losses in income are found to vary across different countries and the type of natural disaster studied. However, a common finding is that the losses in income depend generally on two factors: the relative magnitude of impacts of a natural disaster and the values of different forms of capital. The estimates in this paper are national level figures and cannot be useful in predicting the cost of damages at the local level, where much larger amounts can be experienced per capita. Nevertheless, the estimates provide some indication of magnitudes for different disasters and for different groups of countries. More work and more data are needed to get a dynamic profile for the losses of capital and income. But given the study's results, the time profile is estimated to range typically between two and five years. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4875
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 71
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    Does tougher import competition foster product quality upgrading ? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4894
    Paralleltitel: Fernandes, Ana Margarida Does tougher import competition foster product quality upgrading ?
    Schlagwort(e): Imports ; Quality of products ; Imports ; Quality of products
    Kurzfassung: "Over the past two decades, globalization, and more specifically the increased exposure to competition from low-price producers in China and India, has created a new economic environment for other emerging economies. The most advantageous way for manufacturing firms in those economies to position themselves in domestic and international markets is to offer upgraded and differentiated rather than "mundane" labor-intensive products. This paper investigates whether increased competitive pressure from imports forces firms to improve the quality of their products. The econometric analysis relies on a rich dataset of Chilean manufacturing plants and their products. Product quality is measured with unit values (average prices) and industry-level transport costs are used as an exogenous measure of import competition. The authors find a positive and robust effect of import competition on product quality. This effect is found to be particularly strong for non-exporting plants. The results also show that increased import competition from less advanced economies is the major cause for the positive impact on quality upgrading. The overall evidence points to the benefits of trade openness for product innovation but demonstrates at the same time that competitive pressure alone will not enable local plants to catch up with leading world producers. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4894
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 72
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    Online-Ressource
    Including financial services in preferential trade agreements : lessons of international experience for China (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4898
    Paralleltitel: Stephanou, Constantinos Including financial services in preferential trade agreements
    Schlagwort(e): Financial services industry ; Financial services industry ; China Commercial treaties ; China Commercial treaties
    Kurzfassung: "The objective of this paper is to address the main considerations for China of including financial services in its preferential trade agreements. The paper briefly reviews China's financial liberalization process and the state of its domestic financial system, discusses the main considerations of including financial services in China's preferential trade agreements, compares and contrasts the different 'architectural' approaches that have been used by countries to include financial services in such agreements, and identifies good practices in preparing for financial services negotiations. Particular emphasis is placed on lessons from Latin American preferential trade agreements, given their more frequent and extensive coverage of financial services compared with other regions. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4898
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 73
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Banking on politics (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4902
    Paralleltitel: Braun, Matías Banking on politics
    Schlagwort(e): Bank directors ; Banking law ; Bank directors ; Banking law
    Kurzfassung: "This paper presents new data from 150 countries showing that former cabinet members, central bank governors, and financial regulators are many orders of magnitude more likely than other citizens to become board members of banks. Countries where the politician-banker phenomenon is more prevalent have higher corruption and more powerful yet less accountable governments, but not better functioning financial systems. Regulation becomes more pro-banker where this happens more often. Furthermore, a higher fraction of the rents that are created accrue to bankers, former politicians are not more likely to be directors when their side is in power, and banks are more profitable without being more leveraged. Rather than supporting a public interest view, the evidence is consistent with a capture-type private interest story where, in exchange for a non-executive position at a bank in the future, politicians provide for beneficial regulation. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4902
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 74
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    Online-Ressource
    Weathering the storm : investing in port infrastructure to lower trade costs in East Asia (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4911
    Paralleltitel: Abe, Kazutomo Weathering the storm
    Schlagwort(e): Harbors ; Harbors
    Kurzfassung: "The world economic crisis of 2008 presents clear challenges to prospects for economic growth in developing countries. This is particularly true for emerging economies in East Asia that have relied to a great extent over the past decade on export-led growth. What steps to facilitate trade promise a relatively strong return on investment for East Asia to help sustain trade and growth? The authors examine how port infrastructure affects trade and the role of transport costs in driving exports and imports for the region. They find that port congestion has significantly increased the transport costs to East Asia from both of the United States and Japan. The analysis suggests that cutting port congestion by 10 percent could cut transport costs in East Asia by up to 3 percent. This translates into a 0.3 to 0.5 percent across-the-board tariff cut. In addition, the estimates suggest that the trade cost reduction of investment in port infrastructure in East Asia that translates into higher consumer welfare would far outweigh the cost for physical expansion of the ports in the region. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4911
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 75
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    Online-Ressource
    Orphanhood and the living arrangements of children in Sub-Saharan Africa (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4889
    Paralleltitel: Available in another form Orphanhood and the living arrangements of children in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Schlagwort(e): 1991-2004 ; Kinder ; Eltern ; Sterblichkeit ; Humankapital ; Gesundheit ; Bildungsverhalten ; Tansania ; AIDS (Disease) ; Child care ; Orphans ; AIDS (Disease) ; Child care ; Orphans
    Kurzfassung: "Increasing adult mortality due to HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa raises considerable concerns about the welfare of surviving children. Studies have found substantial variability across countries in the negative impacts of orphanhood on child health and education. One hypothesis for this variability is the resilience of the extended family network in some countries to care for orphans-networks under increasing pressure by the sheer number of orphans in many settings. Using household survey data from 21 countries in Africa, this study examines trends in orphanhood and living arrangements, and the links between the two. The findings confirm that orphanhood is increasing, although not all countries are experiencing rapid rises. In many countries, there has been a shift toward grandparents taking on increased childcare responsibility-especially where orphan rates are growing rapidly. This suggests some merit to the claim that the extended network is narrowing, focusing on grandparents who are older and may be less able to financially support orphans than working-age adults. However there are also changes in childcare patterns in countries with stable orphan rates or low HIV prevalence. This suggests future work on living arrangements should not exclude low HIV/AIDS prevalence countries, and explanations for changes should include a broader set of factors. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4889
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 76
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    Online-Ressource
    Stockpiles of obsolete pesticides and cleanup priorities : a methodology and application for Tunisia (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4893
    Paralleltitel: Dasgupta, Susmita Stockpiles of obsolete pesticides and cleanup priorities
    Schlagwort(e): Pesticides Risk mitigation ; Pesticides Risk mitigation
    Kurzfassung: "Obsolete pesticides have accumulated in almost every developing country or economy in transition over the past several decades. Public health and environmental authorities are eager to reduce health threats by removing and decontaminating stockpile sites, but there are many sites, cleanup can be costly, and public resources are scarce. Under these conditions, it seems sensible to develop a methodology for prioritizing sites and treating them sequentially, as budgetary resources permit. This paper presents a methodology that develops cleanup priority indices for Tunisia. The approach integrates information on populations at risk, their proximity to stockpiles, and the relative toxic hazards of the stockpiles. The robustness of this approach is tested by varying model parameters widely and testing for stability in the rank-ordering of results. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4893
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 77
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Does higher openness cause more real exchange rate volatility ? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4896
    Paralleltitel: Calderón, César Does higher openness cause more real exchange rate volatility ?
    Schlagwort(e): Foreign exchange rates ; Foreign exchange rates
    Kurzfassung: "The "New Open Economy Macroeconomics" argues that: (a) non-monetary factors have gained importance in explaining exchange rate volatility, and (b) trade and financial openness may have a potential role of mitigating and/or amplifying real and nominal shocks to real exchange rates. The goal of the present paper is to examine the ability of trade and financial openness to exacerbate or mitigate real exchange rate volatility. The authors collected information on the real effective exchange rate, its fundamentals, and (outcome and policy measures of) trade and financial openness for a sample of industrial and developing countries for the period 1975-2005. Using instrumental variables techniques, the analysis finds that: (a) High real exchange rate volatility is the result of highly volatile productivity shocks, and sharp oscillations in monetary and fiscal policy shocks. (b) Countries more integrated with international markets of goods and services tend to display more stable real exchange rate fluctuations. (c) Financial openness seems to amplify the fluctuations in real exchange rates. (d) The composition of trade and capital flows plays a role in explaining the smoothing properties of trade and financial openness. Although the former is mainly driven by manufacturing trade, the latter depends on the share of debt (and equity) in total foreign liabilities. (e) Financial openness would attenuate (magnify) real exchange rate volatility, the greater the share of equity (debt) in foreign liabilities. (f) The composition of flows also matters for explaining the smoothing properties of trade and financial openness in periods of currency crisis. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4896
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 78
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    Online-Ressource
    Sea-level rise and storm surges : a comparative analysis of impacts in developing countries (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4901
    Paralleltitel: Available in another form Sea-level rise and storm surges
    Schlagwort(e): Global warming ; Natural disasters ; Storm surges ; Global warming ; Natural disasters ; Storm surges
    Kurzfassung: "An increase in sea surface temperature is evident at all latitudes and in all oceans. The current understanding is that ocean warming plays a major role in intensified cyclone activity and heightened storm surges. The vulnerability of coastlines to intensified storm surges can be ascertained by overlaying Geographic Information System information with data on land, population density, agriculture, urban extent, major cities, wetlands, and gross domestic product for inundation zones likely to experience more intense storms and a 1 meter sea-level rise. The results show severe impacts are likely to be limited to a relatively small number of countries and a cluster of large cities at the low end of the international income distribution. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4901
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Month of birth and children's health in India (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4813
    Paralleltitel: Lokshin, Michael Month of birth and children's health in India
    Schlagwort(e): Childbirth ; Children Health and hygiene ; Childbirth ; Children Health and hygiene
    Kurzfassung: "The authors use data from three waves of the India National Family Health Survey to explore the relationship between the month of birth and the health outcomes of young children in India. They find that children born during the monsoon months have lower anthropometric scores compared with children born during the fall and winter months. The authors propose and test four hypotheses that could explain such a correlation. The results emphasize the importance of seasonal variations in affecting environmental conditions at the time of birth and determining the health outcomes of young children in India. Policy interventions that affect these conditions could effectively impact the health and achievement of these children, in a manner similar to nutrition and micronutrient supplementation programs. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4813
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Risks, ex-ante actions and public assistance : impacts of natural disasters on child schooling in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Malawi (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4909
    Paralleltitel: Yamauchi, Futoshi Risks, ex-ante actions and public assistance
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Human capital ; Natural disasters ; Education ; Human capital ; Natural disasters
    Kurzfassung: "This paper examines the impacts of natural disasters on schooling investments with special focus on the roles of ex-ante actions and ex-post responses using panel data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Malawi. The importance of ex-ante actions depends on disaster risks and the likelihood of public assistance, which potentially creates substitution between the two actions. The findings show that higher future probabilities of disasters increase the likelihood of holding more human capital and/or livestock relative to land, and this asset-portfolio effect is significant in disaster prone areas. The empirical results support the roles of both ex-ante and ex-post responses (public assistance) in coping with disasters, but also show interesting variations across countries. In Ethiopia, public assistance plays a more important role than ex-ante actions to mitigate the impact of shocks on child schooling. In contrast, households in Malawi rely more on private ex-ante actions than public assistance. The Bangladesh example shows active roles of both ex-ante and ex-post actions. These observations are consistent with the finding on the relationship between ex-ante actions and disaster risks. The results also show that among ex-ante actions, human capital accumulated in the household prior to disasters helps mitigate the negative effects of disasters in both the short and long runs. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4909
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 81
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    Online-Ressource
    Paying the price for unreliable power supplies : in-house generation of electricity by firms in Africa (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4913
    Paralleltitel: Foster, Vivien Paying the price for unreliable power supplies
    Schlagwort(e): Electric power production ; Electric power production
    Kurzfassung: "This paper documents the prevalence of in-house generation of electric power by firms in Sub-Saharan Africa and attempts to identify the underlying causes. The analysis is based on two data sources. The UDI World Electric Power Plants Data Base (WEPP), a global inventory of electric power generating units, provides a detailed inventory of in-house generation at the country level. The World Bank's Enterprise Survey Database captures business perceptions of the obstacles to enterprise growth for 8,483 currently operating firms in 25 African countries. Overall, so-called own generation by firms-which has been on the rise in recent years-accounts for about 6 percent of installed generation capacity in Sub-Saharan Africa (equivalent to at least 4,000 MW of installed capacity). However, this share doubles to around 12 percent in the low-income countries, the post-conflict countries, and more generally on the Western side of the continent. In a handful of countries own generation represents more than 20 percent of capacity. Rigorous empirical analysis shows that unreliable public power supplies is far from being the only or even the largest factor driving generator ownership. Firm characteristics have a major influence-in particular, the probability of owning a generator doubles in large firms relative to small ones. Our model predicts that the prevalence of own generation would remain high (at around 20 percent) even if power supplies were perfectly reliable, suggesting that other factors, such as emergency back-up and export regulations, play a critical role in the decision to own a generator. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4913
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 82
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    Online-Ressource
    The crisis-resilience of services trade (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4917
    Paralleltitel: Borchert, Ingo The crisis-resilience of services trade
    Schlagwort(e): Service industries ; Service industries
    Kurzfassung: "Much attention has focused on the impact of the current crisis on goods trade; hardly any on its impact on services trade. Using new trade data from the United States, and more aggregate data from other OECD countries, the authors show that services trade is weathering the current crisis much better than goods trade. As of February 2009, the value of US goods imports had declined year-on-year by 33 percent and the value of goods exports by 21 percent; services imports and exports each had declined by less than 7 percent. Within services, interesting patterns are emerging. Trade in goods-related transport services and crisis-related financial services has shrunk, as has expenditure on tourism abroad. But trade in a range of business, professional, and technical services is still increasing, with US exports growing even faster (at 10 percent) than US imports (at 7 percent). Developing countries like India, which are relatively specialized in business process outsourcing and information technology services, have suffered much smaller declines in total exports to the United States than countries like Brazil and China and regions like Africa, which are specialized in exports of goods, transport services, or tourism services. On the basis of new evidence from Indian services exporters, the authors suggest that services trade is buoyant relative to goods trade for two reasons: demand for a range of traded services is less cyclical, and services trade and production are less dependent on external finance. Even though few explicitly protectionist measures have so far been taken in services, the changing political climate and the widening boundaries of the state in crisis countries may introduce a national bias in firms' procurement and location choices. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4917
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Can risk averse competitive input providers serve farmers efficiently in developing countries ? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4922
    Paralleltitel: Makdissi, Paul Can risk averse competitive input providers serve farmers efficiently in developing countries ?
    Kurzfassung: "Under price ceilings and quality floors for agricultural inputs in cash crop sectors in developing countries where credit markets are weak, imperfect information on the ability of farmers to pay for their inputs at the end of the cropping season may lead the decentralized production of those inputs by risk averse private input providers to be inefficient. A coordinating agency and/or subsidies for new farmers could help to produce and distribute more agricultural inputs, thereby increasing the profits for input providers while also enabling more farmers to produce the crops that are key to their livelihood. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4922
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 84
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    International migration, transfers of norms and home country fertility (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4925
    Paralleltitel: Beine, Michel International migration, transfers of norms and home country fertility
    Schlagwort(e): Internationale Migration ; Soziale Norm ; Fertilität ; Bildungsverhalten ; Migranten ; Welt ; Emigration and immigration ; Fertility, Human ; Emigration and immigration ; Fertility, Human
    Kurzfassung: "This paper examines the relationship between international migration and source country fertility. The impact of international migration on source country fertility may have a number of causes, including a transfer of destination countries' fertility norms and an incentive to acquire more education. It provides provide a rigorous test of the diffusion on of fertility norms using original and detailed data on migration. The results provide evidence of a significant transfer of fertility norms from migrants to their country of origin: a one percent decrease in the fertility norm to which migrants are exposed reduces home country fertility by about 0.3 percent for origin countries. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4925
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 85
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    Online-Ressource
    When do legislators pass on "pork"? : the determinants of legislator utilization of a constituency development fund in India (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4929
    Paralleltitel: Keefer, Philip When do legislators pass on "pork"?
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development projects Finance ; India ; Economic development projects Finance ; India
    Kurzfassung: "The authors examine a unique public spending program that is proliferating across developing countries, the constituency development fund, to investigate when legislators exert more effort on behalf of their constituents. Using data from India, they find that legislator effort is significantly lower in constituencies where voters are more attached to political parties. They are also lower in constituencies that are reserved for members of socially disadvantaged groups (lower castes), specifically in those reserved constituencies that are candidate strongholds. This result is robust to controls for alternate explanations and implies that legislators pass on pork when voters are more attached to political parties or influenced by identity issues. These findings have implications for the evaluation of constituency development funds. They also provide a new answer to a central issue in political economy, the conditions under which legislators seek to "bring home the pork" to constituents, that attaches great importance to the role of political parties. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4929
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Local financial development and growth (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4838
    Paralleltitel: Kendall, Jake Local financial development and growth
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and banking ; Human capital ; Banks and banking ; Human capital ; India Economic conditions 1991- ; Regional disparities ; India Economic conditions 1991- ; Regional disparities
    Kurzfassung: "Using a unique sample of net domestic product data for districts in India, I investigate the connection between banking sector development, human capital, and economic growth at the sub-national level. Using disaggregate data avoids many of the omitted variable problems that plague cross-country studies of the finance-growth connection and facilitates an instrumentation strategy. The findings show that the growth of many districts in India is financially constrained due to lack of banking sector development, and that the relationship between finance and growth may be non-linear. For the districts in the sample, moving from the 75th percentile of credit/net domestic product to the 25th percentile implies an average loss of 4 percent in growth over the 1990s. This indicates that the gains from increased banking sector outreach may be large. The analysis shows that human capital deepening can reduce the effect of the financial constraint and help decouple growth from financial development. In a district at the 25th literacy percentile, the implied growth loss due to a constrained banking sector is twice as large as in a district at the 75th literacy percentile. Thus, higher levels of human capital may activate alternative growth and production channels that are less finance intensive. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4838
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 87
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    Regulatory reform : integrating paradigms (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4842
    Paralleltitel: Torre, Augusto de la Regulatory reform
    Schlagwort(e): Subprime mortgage loans ; Subprime mortgage loans
    Kurzfassung: "The Subprime crisis largely resulted from failures to internalize systemic risk evenly across financial intermediaries and recognize the implications of Knightian uncertainty and mood swings. A successful reform of prudential regulation will need to integrate more harmoniously the three paradigms of moral hazard, externalities, and uncertainty. This is a tall order because each paradigm leads to different and often inconsistent regulatory implications. Moreover, efforts to address the central problem under one paradigm can make the problems under the others worse. To avoid regulatory arbitrage and ensure that externalities are uniformly internalized, all prudentially regulated intermediaries should be subjected to the same capital adequacy requirements, and unregulated intermediaries should be financed only by regulated intermediaries. Reflecting the importance of uncertainty, the new regulatory architecture will also need to rely less on markets and more on "holistic" supervision, and incorporate countercyclical norms that can be adjusted in light of changing circumstances. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/17/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4842
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Frame-of-reference bias in subjective welfare regressions (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4904
    Paralleltitel: Beegle, Kathleen Frame-of-reference bias in subjective welfare regressions
    Schlagwort(e): Household surveys ; Household surveys
    Kurzfassung: "Past research has found that subjective questions about an individuals' economic status do not correspond closely to measures of economic welfare based on household income or consumption. Survey respondents undoubtedly hold diverse ideas about what it means to be "poor" or "rich." Further, this heterogeneity may be correlated with other characteristics, including welfare, leading to frame-of-reference bias. To test for this bias, vignettes were added to a nationally representative survey of Tajikistan, in which survey respondents rank the economic status of the theoretical vignette households, as well as their own. The vignette rankings are used to reveal the respondent's own scale. The findings indicate that respondents hold diverse scales in assessing their welfare, but that there is little bias in either the economic gradient of subjective welfare or most other coefficients on covariates of interest. These results provide a firmer foundation for standard survey methods and regression specifications for subjective welfare data. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4904
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Moving up the ladder? : the impact of migration experience on occupational mobility in Albania (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4908
    Paralleltitel: Carletto, Calogero Moving up the ladder?
    Schlagwort(e): Occupational mobility ; Return migration ; Occupational mobility ; Return migration
    Kurzfassung: "The contribution of return migrants to economic development in source countries can be significant. Overseas savings of returnees may lead to improvements in household welfare and provide liquidity for investments in the face of credit market failures. Labor market experience and skills acquired abroad may also lead migrants to find occupations higher in the skill and remuneration spectrum upon return. This study uses the 2005 Albanian Living Standards Measurement Study Survey and estimates the impact of international migration experience on the occupational mobility of return migrants vis a vis working-age Albanian residents that never migrated. Controlling for the non-random nature of international migration and return, the results show that past migration experience increases the likelihood of upward occupational mobility. Exploring the heterogeneity of impact by host country indicates that the positive effect of past migration experience on upward occupational mobility is driven by past migration experience in Italy and countries further a field, while past migration experience in Greece does not exert any significant impact on mobility outcomes. The results, which are consistent across different sample specifications and outcome variables measuring occupational mobility, hint at the link between migration and human/financial capital formation among migrants and foster optimism concerning the positive effect of return migration on economic development. This insight is particularly important since remittances from permanent migrants, which have fueled the impressive growth performance of the country in the recent era, may taper off in the medium to long term with the decline in out-migration and growing global economic woes. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4908
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Making sense of Africa's infrastructure endowment : a benchmarking approach (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4912
    Paralleltitel: Yepes, Tito Making sense of Africa's infrastructure endowment
    Schlagwort(e): Infrastructure (Economics) ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Kurzfassung: "The paper's objective is to explain factors underlying Africa's weak infrastructure endowment and to identify suitable infrastructure goals for the region based on benchmarking against international peers. The authors use a dataset covering the stocks of key infrastructure-including information and communication technology (ICT), power, roads, and water-across 155 developing countries over the period 1960 to 2005. The paper also examines subregional differences within Africa. They make use of regression techniques to control for a comprehensive set of economic, demographic, geographic, and historic conditioning factors, as well as adjusting for potential endogeneities. Results show that Africa lags behind all other regions of the developing world in its infrastructure endowment, except in ICT. By far the largest gaps arise in the power sector, with generating capacity and household access to electricity at half the levels observed in South Asia. While it is often assumed that Africa's infrastructure deficit is largely a reflection of its relatively low income levels, the authors find that African countries have much more limited infrastructure than income peers in other parts of the developing world. Countries that face the most challenging environment, with low population density, weak governance, and history of conflict, have the poorest infrastructure endowments. At the outset of the data series, Africa was doing significantly better than other developing regions for road density, generation capacity, and fixed-line telephones, but Africa's relative position has deteriorated over time. The most dramatic loss of ground has come in electrical generating capacity, which has stagnated since 1980. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4912
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Beyond the information technology agreement : harmonization of standards and trade in electronics (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4916
    Paralleltitel: Portugal-Pérez, Alberto Beyond the information technology agreement
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic industries Standards ; Electronic industries Standards
    Kurzfassung: "Product standards can have a dual impact on production and trade costs. Standards may impose additional costs on exporters as it may be necessary to adapt products for specific markets (cost-effect). In contrast, standards can reduce exporters' information costs if they convey information on industrial requirements or consumer tastes that would be costly to collect in the absence of standards (informational-effect). Using a new World Bank database of European standards for electronic products, the authors examine the impact of internationally-harmonized European standards on European Union imports. They find that European Union standards for electronic products that are harmonized to international standards have a positive and significant effect on trade. The results suggest that efforts to promote trade in electronic products could be complemented by steps to promote standards harmonization. This might include, for example, re-starting talks to extend the Information Technology Agreement to non-tariff measures and commitments to harmonize national standards in electronic products. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4916
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    May growth lead to higher deprivation despite higher satisfaction? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4921
    Paralleltitel: Wodon, Quentin May growth lead to higher deprivation despite higher satisfaction?
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development ; Income distribution ; Economic development ; Income distribution
    Kurzfassung: "In a relative deprivation framework, unless inequality is reduced, growth is associated with both higher satisfaction and higher deprivation. This may help explain the discontent with growth despite its benefits. As is well known in the literature, knowledge of the population's mean income and Lorenz curve is all that is needed to analyze a distribution, so that this can also be used to assess the satisfaction and deprivation of each individual. Given the normalization used to derive the satisfaction and deprivation measures, satisfaction and deprivation add up to the mean income for the population as a whole as well as for each individual. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4921
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 93
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Is deliberation equitable? : evidence from transcripts of village meetings in South India (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Serie: Policy research working paper 4928
    Paralleltitel: Ban, Radu Is deliberation equitable?
    Schlagwort(e): Decision making ; Political participation ; Decision making ; Political participation
    Kurzfassung: "Deliberative decision-making processes are becoming increasingly important around the world to make important decisions about public and private goods allocation, but there is very little empirical evidence about how they actually work. In this paper the authors use data from India extracted from 131 transcripts of village meetings matched with data from household surveys conducted in the same villages prior to the meetings, to study whose preferences are reflected in the meetings. The meetings are constitutionally empowered to make decisions about public and private goods. The findings show that the more land a person owns, the higher the likelihood her preference is mentioned in the meeting, the longer the amount of time spent discussing this preference, and the higher the likelihood that a decision to provide or repair this public or private good is taken. At the same time, the voices of disadvantaged castes, while not dominating the meeting, are also heard. By contrast, the preferences of Muslims are given less time. High village literacy and the presence of higher level officials during village meetings mitigate the power of the landed, but political reservations for low castes for the post of village president increase the power of the landed. "--World Bank web site
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/26/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4928
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    World development report 2010 : development and climate change (2009)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821379879 , 9780821379875
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xxi, 417 p) , col. ill., col. maps , 27 cm
    Ausgabe: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Schlagwort(e): Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Climatic changes Environmental aspects ; Economic development Environmental aspects ; Economic geography
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Overview: Changing the climate for development. 1. Understanding the links between climate change and development.2. Reducing human vulnerability: Helping people help themselves. -- 3. Managing land and water to feed nine billion people and protect natural systems. --- 4. Energizing development without compromising the climate. -- 5. Integrating development into the global climate regime. -- 6. Generating the funding needed for mitigation and adaptation. -- 7. Accelerating innovation and technology diffusion. -- 8. Overcoming behavioral; and institutional inertia.
    Anmerkung: " ... a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank."--Verso of title page , Includes bibliographic references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7987-5
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Building Partnerships for Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services in Africa (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Water and Sanitation Program
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This briefing note provides a rapid scan of partnership initiatives by the World Bank, the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) to improve the state of water and sanitation services in Africa. The note aims to highlight the gains and challenges of the major collaborative initiatives, focusing on where progress has been made or activities are ongoing at a strategic, thematic, and regional or country level. The collaboration is now focusing on: a) intensifying operational cooperation and joint work in additional African countries, including fragile and post-conflict countries; b) continuing to share information and to participate in capacity-building activities, with an emphasis on training in operational contexts; c) intensifying joint work in water supply, and particularly sanitation and hygiene; and, d) developing a monitoring system focused on results rather than inputs
    DOI: 10.1596/28140
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Status and Progress of Women in the Middle East and North Africa (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: Over the years, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) social and economic development group has regularly compiled briefs on the status and progress of women in the region for internal and external use. This is the third compendium and its content is drawn from existing data banks, records, statistics, and sources found in the public domain. The compendium includes a regional gender overview, country gender profiles covering all MENA countries, individual country gender briefs for Djibouti, the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, West Bank and Gaza, and the Republic of Yemen. In addition, the compendium provides information on research carried out in the area of gender and transport as there is an increased interest in the role of infrastructure in women's economic empowerment, as well as research on attitudes regarding gender roles based on the world values survey
    DOI: 10.1596/28425
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    A Handbook for Tax Simplification (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Investment Climate Assessment
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: The purpose of this handbook is to provide policy makers with a framework to assess a tax system in its entirety, measure its various parameters and how it is administered, and defines best practices for tax policy and administration that will yield a tax system that is simple and predictable and does not create an undue burden on private enterprise. This handbook is primarily designed for policy makers and tax practitioners. The goal is to analyze the impact of income tax, the value added tax (VAT), and other local taxes that are imposed on business. This handbook does not analyze the effects of trade and labor taxes such as social security. The administration of the customs duty is unique and has been addressed extensively in the literature on customs modernization. Labor taxes primarily imposed on salaried individuals are not covered by this handbook, even though their incidence affects business. VAT has been included even though it is a tax on consumption because the administrative burden to comply with it is primarily on business
    DOI: 10.1596/28206
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Southern Mongolia Infrastructure Strategy (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Infrastructure Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This report is concerned with the development of the infrastructure which is required in order to support proposed mines in Southern Mongolia. In order for the mines to be developed, it will be necessary to provide towns for the new inhabitants, road and rail links to provide supplies and to transport the mines' products to markets, and electricity for the mines' operations. Water resources need to be investigated and supplied to the mines and towns. And as all of the development advances, consideration needs to be given to mitigating any negative environmental and social impacts. The geographic focus of the report varies according to the particular topic. The mines are all located in a region which this report defines as 'Southern Mongolia', and which includes the images of Omnogovi, Dornogovi, Govisumber and Dundgovi. The majority of the important new mines are located in Omnogovi, and the analysis of housing and social impacts is concentrated in areas close to these mines. In terms of time, the report concentrates on the most important priorities for government action up to 2015. Nevertheless, consideration is given to a longer time-horizon when considering the potential environmental and water resource demands likely to arise as a result of the region's development. The report is not concerned with the longer-term actions required for broader economic development of the region, including the development of value-added industries associated with the mining industry. To get to long-term objectives, it is necessary to start with the short term. This report assumes that the Government will permit development of the mines in the near future
    DOI: 10.1596/28132
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Agricultural Activities, Water, and Gender in Tajikistan's Rural Sector : A Social Assessment of Konibodom, Bobojon Ghafurov, and Yovon (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Social Analysis
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This social assessment (SA) was conducted under the Fergana Valley Water Resources Management Project (FVWRMP), which is providing assistance to the Government of Tajikistan to address irrigation and drainage deficiencies in Eastern Sughd. The main SA objectives were to understand how prevailing structures of water provision, land reforms, and gender relations impact rural livelihoods; to analyze experiences in establishing inclusive Water Users Associations (WUAs); and to provide recommendations to FVWRMP with the aim of enhancing its programs. The SA targeted nine jamoats divided equally among Bobojon Ghafurov, Konibodom, and Yovon districts. The two northern districts were covered by FVWRMP and the Farm Privatization Support Program (FPSP) operated in the southern district (Yovon). Yovon's jamoats were selected specifically to analyze their WUAs formed in conjunction with farm privatization carried out under FPSP. Due to the limited number of community-based water management initiatives in the above-mentioned target areas, other WUAs were included in this study. A survey questionnaire was administered to 1275 households. Fifteen focus groups (mostly-female) and 38 in-depth interviews were also conducted. The SA results raise stakeholder awareness of the main water-related issues faced in the target areas as well as the major factors influencing WUA operations. While some of the study's recommendations are beyond the scope of FVWRMP and must be dealt with through other initiatives, as a response to the SA findings, the project is now aiming to continue its work on the rehabilitation of irrigation networks, drainage systems, and reservoir dykes and to emphasize institutional development through establishing water users associations and issuing land use certificates
    DOI: 10.1596/28124
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Moldova : Policy Notes for the Government (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This set of policy notes is intended to provide suggestions to the new Government on policy actions for addressing the various economic and social challenges that Moldova faces. Economic and social policy issues are the focus of this document. The notes have been prepared in the context of the current economic crisis, with short-term priorities and suggestions for immediate policy actions highlighted. This guidance for responding to the current crisis is followed by a medium-term agenda, which outlines possible policy measures for the longer term to promote and support sustainable development. However, it must be noted, that acting on these policy notes effectively will only be possible in a political climate of consensus in which the wounds left by the post-election conflict are allowed to heal. This will need reaffirmation of Moldova's citizens' basic human and civil rights. However, the global economic crisis has significantly clouded Moldova's immediate outlook. In addition, due to the global economic crisis, the economy of the Transnistria region has collapsed. Russia is now paying the civil service wage bill and pensions. An important contribution to the reintegration of the region would be for the Government of Moldova to assist in mitigating the impact of the crisis on the poor in Transnistria
    DOI: 10.1596/28118
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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