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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (973)
  • Bielefeld : transcript  (252)
  • Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden  (106)
  • Finance and Financial Sector Development  (915)
  • Migration
Material
Language
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9783837670370 , 3837670376
    Language: English
    Pages: 256 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 468 g
    Series Statement: Urban studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sowa, Christian The Camp, Housing, and the City
    Dissertation note: Dissertation SOAS, University of London 2022
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Refugee camps ; Refugees Services for ; Germany Emigration and immigration ; Hochschulschrift ; Berlin ; Stadtsoziologie ; Migration
    Abstract: In 2015 many camps were opened to accommodate newly arriving migrants in Berlin. Christian Sowa studies this form of accommodation. Moving beyond an exclusive focus on borders and migration, he argues that camp accommodation must be thought of and studied as part of the urban context and as a specific form of housing. The study provides an in-depth case study, discusses policy alternatives, argues for »housing for all instead of camps«, and contributes to bringing urban and migration studies into public discussion. In times of new waves of migration, the topic of migrant accommodation within urban environments remains highly relevant today.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | Wiesbaden : Springer VS
    ISBN: 9783658438500
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XVIII, 444 p. 2 illus. Textbook for German language market)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2024
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 304.82
    Keywords: Sociology of Migration ; Political Sociology ; Emigration and immigration / Social aspects ; Political sociology ; Simbabwer ; Nationalität ; Ethnische Identität ; Migration ; Südafrika ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Südafrika ; Simbabwer ; Migration ; Ethnische Identität ; Nationalität
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Disaster Finance ; DRFI ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; NCA ; North Central America
    Abstract: The objective of this feasibility study is to identify disaster risk finance and insurance (DRFI) solutions for up to 1.9 million family farmers in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. This study is motivated by an emerging consensus on the need to design and implement large-scale DRFI solutions to improve the financial resilience of family farmers in North Central America (NCA) and reduce their vulnerability to extreme weather events and climate risks. The feasibility study provides an initial assessment of the technical, operational, financial, and policy considerations for developing and implementing DRFI solutions for family farmers in NCA. The feasibility study considers lessons learned from existing large-scale DRFI solutions in peer countries as well as ongoing programs and pilots in NCA
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Matching Grants ; Mutual Funds ; Science and Technology Development ; Tech Incubator Program for Startup ; Technology Innovation ; Tips
    Abstract: This report investigates the case of a Korean public-private matching grant program called the Tech Incubator Program for Startup (TIPS). Launched in 2013, the program provides a package of support to selected startups, including matching grant for research and development (R and D) and mentorship, for up to three years. After ten years in operation, TIPS is particularly well suited to answer the question of whether public funding can help startups innovate and subsequently improve their performance. Using a dataset that includes 1,650 startups that applied for TIPS between 2013 and 2020, this research analyzes the effects of TIPS on recipients' performance and offers empirical evidence to inform entrepreneurship policy. The results show that TIPS positively affected startup performance one year after selection in terms of innovation input and output, although it did not have a significant effect on revenue or research collaboration activities. The report concludes with five lessons derived from Korea's policy experience in designing and implementing TIPS: (i) a well-designed coordination mechanism may serve as a viable public-private partnership model for fostering innovative startups, (ii) a co-investment model can crowd in private investment and achieve a multiplier effect by reducing the risk of investment in early-stage startups, (iii) complementary supports that target different stages of the startup lifecycle are needed, (iv) patient capital and continuity in entrepreneurial policy with a long-term view are key to nurturing a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem, and (v) constant engagement with beneficiaries through data collection and monitoring enables the development of a dynamic monitoring and evaluation mechanism
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm-Level ; Global Statistics ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Procurement ; WBES
    Abstract: Public procurement is at the intersection between the public and the private sectors. Policy makers and practitioners are increasingly paying attention to the potential catalytic role of public procurement to promote economic growth and inclusive and sustainable development, for example through participation of SMEs and women-owned firms in this market. However, despite a growing academic literature, there is still limited evidence on the link between public procurement and firms, which this paper contributes to address in two ways. First, this paper provides guidance on how to design a high-quality firm-level survey to study public procurement from the perspective of firms. Second, this paper presents some of the statistics and stylized facts that can be generated on public procurement from the existing World Bank Enterprise Surveys data, covering more than 150 countries worldwide. To sustain evidence-based policies in public procurement, firm-level survey data can be a valuable source of information on public procurement market. In particular, it can capture dimensions such as views and perceptions of firms that cannot be observed from e-government procurement data, it allows to study firms that never entered the public procurement market, and it provides data for countries that have not adopted an eGP system yet. Together with legislative and institutional reviews, and the analysis of transactional procurement data, firm-level survey data can be used to identify weaknesses of a public procurement system and inform reform efforts. This paper is part of a broader effort to continuously expand the available data, statistics, and tools for evidence-based policy making in public procurement
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 pages)
    Series Statement: Africa Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Employment Challenges ; Female Migrants ; Government ; Migration ; Urban Development ; Urban Markets
    Abstract: Research on migration and urban development in Africa has primarily focused on larger cities and rural-to-urban migration. However, 97 percent of Africa's urban centers have fewer than 300,000 inhabitants, and a sizable share of urban migrants come from other urban areas. A more holistic and dynamic perspective, incorporating migration flows along the full urban hierarchy, as well as urban-urban migrants, is needed to better understand and leverage migration for urban development. Migrants, Markets, and Mayors: Rising above the Employment Challenge in Africa's Secondary Cities draws on demographic data, research literature, key informant interviews, and empirical research to better understand how migrants in Africa's secondary cities fare in urban labor markets, how they affect aggregate urban productivity, and how mayors can leverage migrants' potential to the benefit of all. It explores these questions across countries and four urban case settings: Jijiga in Ethiopia, Jinja in Uganda, and Jendouba and Kairouan in Tunisia. Although mayors in secondary cities often see migrants as a burden to their cities' labor markets and a threat to development, the report finds that migrants contribute increasingly less to urban population growth and that they usually strengthen the resident labor force. The report also finds that labor market outcomes for migrants are at least as good as those for nonmigrants. Africa's secondary cities are well placed to leverage migration, but evidence-based policies are needed to manage the growth and development of land and labor markets. The report reviews policy options that mayors can take to strengthen the financial, technical, and planning capacity of secondary cities and better leverage migration to benefit migrants and nonmigrants alike. "Much of the literature on migration to cities examines migration in a nonspatial fashion or focuses on rural-urban migration to the largest, most visible cities. This volume fills a gap by focusing on migration to secondary cities, coming up with a compelling set of facts. Overall, the volume is very well done and sets a benchmark for future research." J. Vernon Henderson, School Professor of Economic Geography, London School of Economics
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jellema, Jon Gender and Fiscal Policy: A Methodological Proposal and its Application to Jordan and Armenia
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Social Development ; Incidence Analysis ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Taxes ; Transfers
    Abstract: Fiscal policies affect households and individuals in a variety of ways. Even though these effects are likely to be different for men and women, conventional tools of fiscal incidence analysis are typically unable to capture these gender differences. Using a particular type of incidence analysis known in the literature as the Commitment to Equity framework, this paper proposes a methodology to overcome this challenge. A particular novelty the paper introduces is the explicit incorporation of social reproduction into the fiscal incidence analysis framework, enabling the implicit valuation of unpaid work that is typically undertaken by women on activities such as cooking, cleaning, and caring for children and the elderly. Applying this methodology to the cases of Jordan and Armenia -- two countries with very different approaches to fiscal policy and cultural norms around the economic and social roles of men and women -- the paper also highlights some of the insights that this engendered perspective could add to standard fiscal incidence analysis
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Vargas, Juan F Right to Education: Forced Migration and Child Education Outcomes
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Migration
    Abstract: About a third of the 7.7 million Venezuelans who have left their country due to political and economic turmoil have settled in neighboring Colombia. The extent to which the Colombian schooling system can absorb the massive demand for education of Venezuelan children is key for their future trajectory of human capital accumulation, as well as that of Colombian students in receiving communities. This paper estimates the effect of Venezuelan migration on educational outcomes of children living in settlement municipalities in Colombia, distinguish between the effect of the migration shock on native and migrant students. Specifically, it estimates the effect of the migration shock on school enrollment, dropout/promotion rates and standardized test scores. The identification relies on a plausibly exogenous measure of the predicted migration shock faced by each Colombian municipality every year. The findings show that the migration shock increased the enrollment of Venezuelan students in both public and private schools and in all school grades, but also generated negative spillovers related to failing promotion rates and increasing dropout. This paper documents that these negative effects are explained by the differential enrollment capacity of schools, as well as by the deterioration of key school inputs
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing ; Infrastructure ; Mobility ; Road Pricing ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The document is structured into five chapters. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical framework surrounding road pricing. It outlines the fundamental principles and characteristics of road pricing, while exploring the relationship between social equity and road pricing. Additionally, it addresses potential implementation challenges that may arise. The subsequent chapters offer summaries of international experiences in interurban pricing (Chapter.3) and urban pricing (Chapter 4). In the case of interurban pricing, a broad spectrum of approaches is examined, including traditional methods, concession tolls, and the latest trends in variable pricing within the European Union. Lastly, chapter 5 highlights the key trends in road pricing and provides recommendations based on the evidence presented throughout the document. This chapter serves to offer valuable insights for decision-makers, drawing from the comprehensive studies presented within the document
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Environmental Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Blended Concessional Finance ; Clean Energy ; Climate Investments ; Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Housing ; Solar Power ; Waste-To-Energy
    Abstract: The document collection focuses on the concept of blended finance for climate investments, emphasizing the need for innovative financial mechanisms to address climate change. It discusses the potential of blending public and private capital to mobilize investment in climate-related projects, aiming to achieve both environmental and financial returns. The collection explores various models and case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of blended finance in driving sustainable development and combating climate change on a global scale
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Core Principles ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation% ; Integrity Compliance ; Internal Controls ; Law and Development ; Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises, or "SMEs," play a major role in global economic development. This Guide aims to provide SMEs with a useful framework for developing effective Integrity Compliance Programs, or "ICPs," tailored to their own business models, budgets, and risk profiles. It distills prevailing best practices and guidelines from leading national and international institutions. Many SMEs worldwide have collaborated with the World Bank Integrity Compliance Office, or "ICO," to develop creative strategies for devising and implementing ICPs, mitigating the risk of misconduct in their operations, and even more broadly, among their business networks. This Guide describes some of these strategies. It is hoped that this Guide, which explains certain core principles, internal controls, and essential elements of ICPs, will be of real, practical value for SMEs seeking to build a culture of integrity in their businesses and communities
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (244 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Agglomeration Economies ; Economic Growth ; Income Convergence ; Migration ; Trade Costs ; Transport Networks ; Urbanization
    Abstract: The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment: Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean employs a territorial lens to understand the persistently low economic growth rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Using new data and methods, it shows that deindustrialization, distance, and divisions offer intertwined explanations for an urban productivity paradox in the LAC region: its highly dense cities should be among the world's most productive, yet they are not. LAC cities have been held back by lack of dynamism, poor connectivity, and divisions into disconnected poor and affluent neighborhoods. Deindustrialization has shifted urban employment, especially in the largest LAC cities, away from manufacturing and toward less dynamic, low-productivity nontradable activities, such as retail trade and personal and other services, that profit less from agglomeration, especially in highly congested cities. Although employment in urban tradable services has risen, the increase has not been strong enough to offset the decline in manufacturing employment. Meanwhile, intercity connectivity issues have undermined the performance of the region's network of cities by restricting market access and firms' ability to benefit from specialization in smaller cities. Within cities, poor connectivity and residential labor market segregation have limited the gains from agglomeration to neighborhoods in central business districts where formal firms operate. Informality has persisted in low-income neighborhoods, where residents face multiple deprivations. By contrast, many agricultural and mining areas have benefited from the strong demand for commodities by China and other fast-growing economies, particularly during the Golden Decade (2003-13), leading to a decline in territorial inequality in most countries in the region. The report concludes that to encourage inclusive growth, countries must more efficiently transform natural wealth into human capital, infrastructure, and institutions and improve the competitiveness of the urban economy. It then sketches out the contours of such a development strategy, identifying policy priorities at the national, regional, and local levels
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Di Maio, Michele News Sentiment in Destination Countries and Migration Choices: Evidence from Libya
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Labor Markets ; Migration ; News Sentiment ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Changes in the sentiment of migration-related news published in destination countries affect the timing of migrants' journeys to these countries. Using geo-localized data on migrants in Libya and the complete record of news articles in their country of destination, this paper shows that a worsening news sentiment leads to migrants staying longer in Libya, slowing down their journeys to their final destinations. The paper validates these results by showing that the effect is concentrated in locations with internet connections. The results indicate that changes in news sentiment have a significant impact only for some groups of migrants and under specific conditions, suggesting a limited effect on overall migrant movements. Finally, the paper provides suggestive evidence that a worsening news sentiment in the preferred destination induces substitution across destination countries, yet it does not make migrants return to their country of origin
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Foster, James E Multidimensional and Specific Inequalities
    Keywords: Axioms ; Decompositions ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; Lorenz Curves ; Measures ; Multidimensional Inequality ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Despite the multitude of measures of multidimensional inequality, none is regularly used in policymaking. This paper proposes multidimensional inequality measures that are easily implementable and transparent and overcome many deficiencies of existing measures. The measures follow a traditional two-stage format, which aggregates dimensions first and then applies a unidimensional measure like the Gini coefficient to the distribution of aggregates. A novel characterization result identifies the precise form of aggregation needed to obtain axiomatically sound measures. The paper derives an additive decomposition formula -- breaking down multidimensional inequality into terms reflecting the average specific inequalities (within dimensions) and the joint distribution (across dimensions) -- for any measure created using a standard unidimensional measure or the Lorenz curve. The paper also provides an approach to calibrating the measure for use with data over time, replacing the usual ad hoc normalization of variables with one that accounts for a policymaker's normative weights. The technology is illustrated first using synthetic data to understand how the measure varies as the components are changed and then using data from Azerbaijan
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Asset Class ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Corporate Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Investors ; Issuer ; Liquidity
    Abstract: This note reviews the economic literature and empirical research on the drivers and effects of secondary market liquidity in the corporate securities markets. The choice of this topic was driven by the work of the World Bank in the field. Financial sector authorities in emerging markets and developing economies often request the World Bank's support to improve the liquidity of their corporate markets, as they consider liquidity to be key to attracting more investors
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Bhutan ; Domestic Revenue Administration ; Early Childhood Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Expenditure Management
    Abstract: Despite Bhutan's distinctive geographical and economic challenges, Bhutan has maintained a relatively high average real GDP growth rate of 8.8 percent over FY00-01-FY09-10, which is greater than the average of South Asian countries as well as low and middle-income economies. Bhutan's mountainous topography and dense network of rivers offer vast hydropower potential, which the country has been harnessing since the mid-1980s with the commissioning of the Chhukha Hydropower Project in 1986. However, due to a slower rate of growth of hydropower capacity, real GDP growth in Bhutan declined over the last decade, averaging only 3.5 percent, which was lower than the growth rates of regional peers and middle-income economies. Bhutan maintained a relatively strong fiscal position prior to COVID, but the situation has deteriorated recently. Bhutan's revenue to GDP ratio averaged at around 30 percent of GDP over FY10-11 and FY21-22, supported by revenue from hydropower projects and sizable external grants. However, revenue was on a declining trend that was further exacerbated by the onset of COVID-19. The pandemic necessitated an expansionary fiscal stance and led to delays in the commissioning of new hydropower projects. In the aftermath of the pandemic, despite a rapid phasing out of extraordinary outlays and containment in current expenditures, the government continued to provide fiscal support to boost economic activity by frontloading the 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) covering 2018-2023, resulting in a rise in capital expenditure. Consequently, the fiscal deficit widened from around 2 percent in FY18-19 to 6.7 percent of GDP in FY20-21 and further to 8.4 percent in FY21-22, the highest in over a decade. A Fiscal Sustainability Analysis (FSA) based on the MTMF assumptions indicates that fiscal consolidation is critical to ensure fiscal sustainability. The fiscal situation significantly worsens if capital expenditures are maintained at current levels of 18.1 percent of GDP rather than reducing them to 10.2 percent in the medium term as assumed in the MTMF. The fiscal outlook depends crucially on the commissioning dates of the hydropower projects. Bhutan needs to prepare for contingent scenarios and create fiscal buffers that could protect the country from negative shocks
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cortina Toro, Magdalena Little Nomads: Economic and Social Impacts of Migration on Children
    Keywords: Child Migration ; Education Services ; Migration ; Migration Influence on Children ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper reviews the main findings from 110 studies produced between 1990 and 2023, focusing on the impact of migration on various child groups affected through the migration path, including left-behind, immigrant (including voluntary and forced), and native children. The findings reveal that migration's influence on children's outcomes is complex and context- dependent, and it is dramatically influenced by household demographics and public policies. Key findings include the following: (i) left-behind children benefit from remittances but experience dramatic declines in their cognitive and non-cognitive development due to parental absence; (ii) immigrant children generally fare better than those in their origin countries but still underperform compared to native children in host countries; and (iii) the impacts of migration on native children is largely dependent on the adjustment of public service supply to the increased demand for public services. In cases where education services expand to meet rising demand, the effect on native children can be minimal or even positive. The paper emphasizes the need for more experimental or quasi-experimental research examining the effectiveness of programs supporting migrant and minor host children and calls for longitudinal data collection for better understanding the challenges and needs of migrant children, particularly in developing countries
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fiuratti, Frederico Are Regional Fiscal Multipliers on EU Structural and Investment Fund Spending Large? A Reassessment of the Evidence
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Covid-19 Economic Recovery Package ; Environment ; EU Economies ; European Union ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Fiscal Multiplier ; Green Issues ; Monetary Union ; Short-Term Regional Fiscal Stimulus ; Social Risk Management ; Sustainable Green Growth
    Abstract: The European Commission's "NextGenerationEU" COVID-19 recovery package has underscored interest in the size of regional fiscal multipliers in Europe. While the objective of these funds is the long-term transformation toward more sustainable green growth and digitalization in EU economies, several recent papers have also focused on their short-term stimulatory effects and have estimated large short-term regional multipliers on historical EU structural and investment fund spending. This has contributed to a view that EU funds can boost growth substantially not only in the long term, but also in the short term in countries receiving large flows, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper reevaluates the evidence by estimating regional short-term multipliers using recent data on EU fund spending and a leave-one-out predicted disbursement schedule instrument. In contrast with much of the recent literature, there is little evidence of large relative GDP multipliers at either the national or subnational level in the short term. This is despite a strong response of regional investment to EU funds, which often increases euro for euro. The results suggest that expectations should be tempered on using EU structural and investment funds as a tool for short-term regional fiscal stimulus, and instead policy makers may want to focus on the long-term benefits of EU funds, in line with their original purpose
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomic Performance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Expenditure ; Public-Private Partnership ; Revenue Mobilization ; State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)
    Abstract: The Lao PDR is facing unprecedented macroeconomic challenges, which jeopardize hard-won development gains. Over the past two decades, the country attracted considerable foreign investment and fostered regional integration, which contributed to a long period of high economic growth. Many human development indicators improved during the period 2000-2019, including child and maternal mortality, school enrolment, income poverty, and gender equity. However, economic growth was predominantly driven by large-scale investments in capital intensive sectors, such as mining and hydropower, which created few jobs and entailed environmental costs. Moreover, many public investments were financed by external debt, gradually jeopardizing debt sustainability and macroeconomic stability. Long-standing structural vulnerabilities have been exacerbated by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and adverse global macroeconomic conditions. Since 2021, the national currency has depreciated considerably, and inflation soared. This has had a large negative impact on living standards, with many households struggling to cope. Meanwhile, limited spending on education, health, and social protection is undermining human capital and thus economic growth prospects. Significant debt pressures, especially short-term external liquidity constraints, have pushed the country into debt distress. This Public Finance Review identifies priority reforms to restore macroeconomic stability and boost prosperity. The objective of this review is to assess recent macro-fiscal performance, evaluate emerging fiscal risks, and propose policy reforms to secure fiscal sustainability, restore macroeconomic stability, and promote shared prosperity. This report is comprised of five chapters covering the main aspects of fiscal management: chapter 1 evaluates recent macroeconomic performance while placing fiscal policy in the broader macroeconomic context. Chapter 2 assesses domestic revenue mobilization efforts and scope for reforms to enhance tax collection. Chapter 3 investigates the size and composition of public expenditure, as well as measures to increase its efficiency and effectiveness. Chapter 4 discusses reforms of state-owned enterprises with a view to improving their financial performance, operational management, and corporate governance. Chapter 5 documents the experience with public-private partnerships and provides recommendations to maximize value for money and reduce fiscal risks
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Patino Pena, Fausto The Role of Firm Dynamics in Aggregate Productivity, Job Flows, and Wage Inequality in Ecuador
    Keywords: Aggregate Productivity ; Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Performance ; Job Flows ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Inequality
    Abstract: This paper examines the role of firm dynamics in aggregate total factor productivity, job flows, and wage inequality in Ecuador. Utilizing a comprehensive employer-employee dataset, the paper documents firm dynamics and job flow patterns that are consistent with the presence of market distortions. Also, the paper identifies factor misallocation as the main contributor to Ecuador's total factor productivity deceleration. Given these trends, the paper explores allocative inefficiency drivers through firm- and industry-level regressions. Firms in the top productivity quintile face distortive non-wage labor costs that are 3.7 times higher than the bottom quintile, after controlling for firm size and age. The findings also provide evidence of credit misallocation across firms. Additionally, industries with higher job mobility, credit access, and competition and lower non-wage labor costs, minimum wage incidence, and zombie firms demonstrate higher allocative efficiency. Moreover, worker-level regressions indicate that misallocation drivers explain up to 41 percent of wage inequality, with non-wage labor costs and product market frictions as distortions driving this inequality
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Moretti, Matias Inelastic Demand Meets Optimal Supply of Risky Sovereign Bonds
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Emerging Markets Bond Index ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inelastic Financial Markets ; Institutional Investors ; International Capital Markets ; International Financial Markets ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Small Open Economies ; Sovereign Debt
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence of inelastic demand in the market for risky sovereign bonds and examines its interplay with government policies. The methodology combines bond-level evidence with a structural model featuring endogenous bond issuances and default risk. Empirically, the paper exploits monthly changes in the composition of a major bond index to identify flow shocks that shift the available bond supply and are unrelated to country fundamentals. The paper finds that a 1 percentage point reduction in the available supply increases bond prices by 33 basis points. Although exogenous, these shocks might influence government policies and expected bond payoffs. The paper identifies a structural demand elasticity by feeding the estimated price reactions into a sovereign debt model that isolates endogenous government responses. These responses account for a third of the estimated price reactions. By penalizing additional borrowing, inelastic demand acts as a commitment device that reduces default risk
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Business Environment ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fragile States ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This Private Sector Assessment Report on the Republic of Yemen is delivered as part of the Private Sector Technical Assistance project. The goal of the project is to understand the dynamics of the country's private sector during conflict; identify constraints to trade, investment, and finance; and propose recommendations for inclusive private sector entry, survival, and growth. The report also includes an overview of the financial sector's impact on the private sector, especially on the latter's resilience during conflict. Finally, the report provides structural and policy recommendations that, once implemented by the authorities on both national and subnational levels, would prepare the Yemeni private sector to participate in the country's post-conflict recovery and reconstruction
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In December 2021, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) published Cambodia's Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN), which outlines the country's vision in achieving a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. As part of the long-term strategies to achieve net-zero emissions, the RGC set targets for decarbonizing the transportation sector through a combination of measures, including electrifying 70 percent of motorcycles, and 40 percent of cars and urban buses by 2050. It also aims to have 30 percent of mode share by public transport in cities by 2050
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Ecosystem Restoration ; Environment ; Environmental Protection ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing Needs ; Nature Loss ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment
    Abstract: Ecosystem restoration is critical to the global ambition of halting and reversing nature loss. Tremendous efforts have been deployed globally to conserve the remaining rainforests, grasslands, rivers and lakes, reefs and mangroves, and other ecosystems that are critical for safeguarding biodiversity and the ecosystem services that humanity depends on. However, the extent of environmental degradation is such that recovering the productivity of ecosystems where it has been lost is equally important - for nature, communities, and economic sectors. While restoration is often viewed as the purview of the public sector, this report demonstrates opportunities for private sector investment. It aims to shift the perception that restoration finance is limited to grant funding from domestic and international public sources only. Drawing on case studies, it highlights the investment drivers and entry points for private finance in restoration projects. The financing models presented also point to opportunities for replication and scaling. This report is a product of the Finance Task Force of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Program and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The United Nations Decade aims to drive the restoration of one billion hectares of degraded land between now and 2030. The role of the Finance Task Force, chaired by The World Bank, is to catalyze action that can contribute to unlocking the capital needed to meet the United Nations Decade's goals
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Consumer Protection ; Consumer Protection Law ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Capability ; Financial Consumer Protection ; Law and Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The 2022 Global State of Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection (FICP) Report is an update to the 2013 and 2017 FICP reports. These surveys aim to provide a timely source of global data to benchmark efforts by financial sector authorities to improve the enabling environment for financial inclusion and consumer protection. To date, this is the only longitudinal and global survey of this nature. As such, this report serves as a valuable resource to shape the World Bank's country engagements, a reference document for regulators and supervisors and, finally, a tool for both public and private sector actors with an interest in knowing the developments in this sector. The Survey questionnaire covers key topics related to financial inclusion and financial consumer protection (FCP) and aligns with international guidance to financial sector authorities in these areas. Because the report aims to capture both a snapshot as well as trends over time, the survey questionnaire has been modified over the three cycles to reflect the changing policy and regulatory landscape of financial inclusion and consumer protection
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; CPGA ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Preparedness ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Response ; Risk ; Social and Livelihood Support ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Crisis preparedness is cral to preventing shocks from becoming crises. Investments in ex ante preparedness are especially relevant in countries like Nepal that face high levels of exposure and vulnerability to a range of risks. In seeking to identify opportunities to strengthen the Government of Nepal's (GoN's) capacity to prepare for crisis events in an effective and timely manner, this Technical Annex presents findings from the application of the Crisis Preparedness Gap Analysis (CPGA) diagnostic in the country. It provides details on findings and entry points across the five componnts of crisis preparedness. For a summary, please refer to the accompanying CPGA Nepal Briefing Note. Following a brief description of the CPGA methodology, the Technical Annex presents a summary of findings from each CPGA component alongside identification of entry points and opportunities to strengthen crisis preparedness in the country. To provide a holistic assessment of preparedness, the CPGA focuses on five core components of crisis preparedness. These are (i) Legal and Institutional Foundations, (ii) Understanding and Monitoring Risks, (iii) FinancialPreparedness, (iv) Primary Response, and (v) Social and Livelihood Support
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Simbeye, Laban The Role of Firm Dynamics in Aggregate Productivity and Formal Job Flows in Zambia
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Jobs ; Formal Wages ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; Productivity ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structural Transformation ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: Zambia's private sector must deliver quality jobs at scale to keep up with its expanding working age population, contribute to economic transformation, and reduce poverty. This entails both the creation of high-quality jobs and productivity improvement among existing jobs and firms. This paper analyzes the dynamics of formal firms to identify the drivers and barriers to productivity, formal employment, and formal wage growth in Zambia. Leveraging firm and worker administrative tax data from Zambia, the paper decomposes labor productivity and wage growth among formal firms and workers in Zambia into within-firm, between-firm, inter-sectoral, and dynamic components. The findings show that the aggregate labor productivity of formal firms declined over 2014-21, driven by secular within-firm declines in the non-mining industry and service sectors. By contrast, labor productivity grew in agriculture and remained flat in mining over the same period. Real wage trends for formal workers have mostly mirrored labor productivity dynamics, declining 40-50 percent across non-agriculture sectors but growing slightly in agriculture, largely driven by within-firm shifts rather than between-firm or between-sector dynamics. The declines in labor productivity and wages reflect business environment challenges related to access to finance and electricity, as well as burdensome formal compliance requirements and competition with the informal sector. Within-firm labor productivity challenges also reflect low skills and capacity--including low technology adoption--among both firms and workers
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ubfal, Diego What Works in Supporting Women-Led Businesses?
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Literature Review ; Private Sector Development ; Women-Led Business
    Abstract: Innovative women entrepreneurs can be agents of change and offer novel solutions to global challenges. However, they face multiple barriers to growing their businesses. This paper reviews the literature on strategies to support women entrepreneurs in improving their business outcomes. It focuses on interventions designed to address four areas of constraints that influence their decisions and can impact their business performance: gaps in human capital, access to finance, access to technology and markets, and contextual factors such as legal and regulatory constraints, social norms, access to care, and gender-based violence. The review concludes that evidence of modest average treatment effects and heterogeneity in treatment effects across various interventions suggest the need for more precise targeting. The multiple constraints faced by women entrepreneurs necessitates testing different packages of interventions. Moreover, the successful implementation and adoption of proposed solutions require consideration of the contextual constraints that differentially affect women-led businesses. While the review highlights several interventions that show promise in supporting women entrepreneurs, significant gaps remain in the evidence concerning the most effective strategies
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Climate Action ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Life on Land ; Migration ; Migration Policies and Jobs ; SDG 13 ; SDG 15
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic (DR) is vulnerable to climate change and has a high rate of natural degradation. The DR shows evidence of significant human mobility flows of (i) internal migration, mainly rural to urban; and (ii) international cross-border migration, especially from Haiti. Given this context, the DR is an important place to study migration induced by the impacts of climate change and natural degradation. In this report, climate migration refers to migration that can be attributed largely to the slow-onset impacts of climate change on livelihoods through natural degradation such us shifts in water availability, crop productivity, ecosystem productivity, or to factors such as sea-level rise. This note builds upon previous studies undertaken regarding climate migration in the DR, and combines a quantitative modeling approach with a qualitative case study
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Economic Policy ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Growth
    Abstract: There is growing awareness globally about the potential impacts of climate change on financial stability. Climate-related financial risks can be broadly grouped into two categories: (i) climate physical risks, which are financial risks stemming from the gradual and abrupt impacts of climate change (primarily droughts and floods in the case of Morocco, as highlighted by the ongoing severe drought event and recent floods), and (ii) climate transition risks, which are financial risks that can result from the transition to a low-carbon economy, for example, due to changes in climate policy, technology, or market sentiment. The purpose of this report is to better understand the impact of these climate risks on Morocco's banking sector. This includes understanding the banking sector's exposure to sectors and regions that are vulnerable to climate physical and transition risks, as well as a quantification of climate impacts on banks' balance sheets under different scenarios. This report also takes stock of the Moroccan banking sector's current risk management practices and the supervisory response to climate-related financial risks
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth and Planning ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Pakistan is at a critical decision point. While there have been recent important examples of reform progress, economic policies over past years and decades have had overall negative impacts on sustainability, productivity, and investment. As Pakistan has fallen behind its peers, progress with poverty reduction has ceased. Human development outcomes remain dire, while the benefits of growth have accrued disproportionately to a narrow elite. Amid continued rapid population growth and a youth bulge, a growing number of young Pakistanis are frustrated by the lack of opportunities, with prospects for young women especially bleak. Pakistan is among the countries most impacted by climate change, and recent events, including the 2022 floods, have highlighted the urgent need for investment in climate resilience. The economy is now, again, sustained by a short-term International Monetary Fund (IMF) program, inflation is at record highs, the rupee has depreciated sharply, while foreign exchange reserves remain at uncomfortably low levels. Recent policy measures (including the restoration of exchange rate flexibility, subsidy reforms, and movements towards fiscal constraint) have supported economic stabilization, but the underpinning drivers of Pakistan's economic fragility remain to be addressed. This note presents critical policy shifts required to move beyond the current low equilibrium towards sustainable and inclusive economic development and poverty reduction. This note summarizes the accompanying series of policy notes. It: (i) outlines Pakistan's current development challenge; (ii) identifies the critical constraints to faster development progress; (iii) describes the major policy shifts that will be required to address current constraints; and (iv) presents broad principles to guide implementation of required reforms
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Support ; IDA ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Reform ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This evaluation is the first stage of the Independent Evaluation Group's assessment of the World Bank's support for more, better, and more inclusive jobs through International Development Association (IDA) financing, and it assesses the implementation of IDA-supported interventions directly supporting its jobs objectives across the three Replenishment cycles from fiscal years 2015 to 2022. Supporting the creation of more, better, and more inclusive jobs is critical towards achieving the goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity in countries. This is especially true for countries that are eligible for International Development Association (IDA) financing. Since 2014, IDA has included jobs as a special theme, and subsequent IDA replenishments have had what this evaluation calls an 'IDA jobs strategy.' This strategy included explicit objectives, a series of policy commitments to achieve them, and results indicators to track them. This evaluation represents the first stage of the Independent Evaluation Group's assessment of the World Bank's performance in supporting more, better, and more inclusive jobs through IDA financing. It assesses the implementation of IDA-supported interventions that directly supported its jobs objectives across the three Replenishment cycles from fiscal years 2015 to 2022. The evaluation answers two questions: (i) To what extent IDA's strategy on jobs was grounded in sound analytics, adaptive, and operationally relevant (ii) To what extent the strategy has been translated into relevant and effective jobs interventions that directly address the objectives of more, better, and more inclusive jobs The scope of the evaluation is limited to the three main channels for achieving IDA jobs objectives: acting on labor demand, increasing labor supply, and improving labor market flexibility and geographic mobility. The report offers recommendations for further strengthening of the IDA jobs agenda towards the objective of supporting more, better, and more inclusive jobs
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Conflict ; CPE ; Development Challenges ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) will assess the performance of the World Bank Group's support to Nepal in achieving its development objectives between 2014 and 2023. The evaluation will focus on the Bank Group's support to Nepal as it tackled its long-term development challenges while undertaking political and institutional reforms relating to the shift to federalism and responding to multiple shocks and disasters. This period covered by this evaluation spans the last two country strategies--the FY14-18 Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) and the FY19-23 Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The CPE will assess the adaptive relevance and coherence of the Bank Group-supported program by examining how the Bank Group has adapted its support over time in response to changing conditions and priorities. This will include an examination of the Bank Group's response to the 2015 earthquakes and the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation will assess the Bank Group's work in three important thematic areas--resilience to natural disasters, federalism, and jobs and private sector development--in greater depth
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad Does Financial Development Reduce Gender Disparity in Top Manager Positions in Manufacturing SMEs in Developing Countries?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Credit Market ; Discriminating Practices ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Manufacturing Enterprises ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; Women in Management
    Abstract: Women often face more hurdles than men in obtaining finance. This is especially so when credit supply is limited and financial markets are less developed. As a result, owners of firms may prefer men over women as top managers of their firms, widening the gender gap in top manager positions. This paper tests this idea using firm-level survey data for small and medium-size formal manufacturing enterprises in 47 developing countries. The results confirm a positive relationship between credit supply and the likelihood of having a woman versus a man as the top manager. This positive relationship is much stronger in industries that are more dependent on external sources of finance for technological reasons. It is also stronger in countries with poor coverage by credit bureaus and low competition between banks, which is consistent with "statistical" and "taste-based" discrimination against women borrowers. The main result is robust to several endogeneity checks, sample alterations, and alternative measures of credit supply and financial development
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islamaj, Ergys The Sovereign Spread Compressing Effect of Fiscal Rules during Global Crises
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; Covid-19 Crisis ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Rules ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics and Trade ; International Financial Markets ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Sovereign Spreads
    Abstract: Do fiscal rules help suppress sovereign spreads during periods of global financial stress Yes! This paper examines whether fiscal rules contribute to mitigating sovereign spreads in emerging markets and developing economies during periods of heightened financial and economic volatility worldwide. It finds that the presence of fiscal rules is statistically significantly associated with lower sovereign spreads during the COVID-19 crisis -- about 350 basis points lower on average. Interestingly, this correlation persists even when nations deviate from these rules, indicating an expectation of post-crisis compliance. The study shows that deviations from fiscal rules are typically short-lived, with fiscal balance rules reinstated within 3.5 years. Robustness checks, including controls for institutional quality, fiscal rule strength, and global and regional factors confirm these results. Overall, the findings suggest that fiscal rules can help emerging markets and developing economies signal fiscal responsibility during episodes of global financial stress, reducing borrowing costs relative to countries without fiscal rules
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez, Laura Fiscal Policy, Poverty and Inequality in Jordan: The Role of Taxes and Public Spending
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy and Inequality ; Income Inequality ; Poverty and Social Impact ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Analysing who benefits from different taxes and spending is important to understand how fiscal policy is affecting poverty and inequality in Jordan. This study traces how the Jordanian fiscal system affects different households, while paying income tax and GST and benefiting from social assistance, and services, such as, cash transfers, electricity and water subsidies, education and health. The study finds that Jordan's current fiscal system is modestly progressive, but more could be achieved. Inequality, as measured by the Gini Index, falls 5.8 points between household market incomes and post-fiscal incomes (after paying income and consumption taxes as well as receiving government transfers and subsidized services). When considering only monetary taxes and benefits (that is, excluding non-cash education and health services), inequality falls by only 2.6 points and poverty would be almost the same as the official poverty rate. Nonetheless, the recent expansion of social assistance programs is making Jordan's fiscal policies more equalizing and there is scope for other reforms which would both close the fiscal gap while further reducing poverty and inequality
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Seuyong, Feraud Tchuisseu Who did Covid-19 Hurt the Most in Sub-Saharan Africa?
    Keywords: Covid-19 ; Distributional Impacts ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population
    Abstract: How did the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic impact poor households in Sub-Saharan Africa This paper tackles this question by combining 73 High-Frequency Phone Surveys collected by national governments in 14 countries with older nationally representative surveys containing information on household consumption. In particular, it examines how outcomes differed according to predicted per capita consumption quintiles in the first wave of the survey, and in subsequent waves by households' predicted per capita consumption. The initial shock affected households throughout the predicted welfare distribution. Households in the bottom 40 percent responded by sharply increasing farming activities between May and July of 2020 and gradually increasing ownership of non-farm enterprises starting in August. This coincided with an improvement in welfare, as measured by a decline in food insecurity and distressed asset sales among these households during the second half of 2020. With respect to education, children in the bottom quintile were 15 percentage points less likely to engage in learning activities than those in the top quintile in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, and the engagement gap between the bottom 40 and top 60 widened in the summer before narrowing in the fall due to large declines in engagement among the top 60. Poorer households were slightly more likely to report receiving public assistance immediately following the shock, and this difference changed little over the course of 2020. The results highlight the widespread impacts of the crisis both on welfare and children's educational engagement, the importance of agriculture and household non-farm enterprises as safety nets for the poor, and the substantial recovery made by the poorest households in the year following the crisis
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Letta, Marco Climate Immobility Traps: A Household-Level Test
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Causal Forests ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Migration ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Household Data ; Housing Finance ; Immobility Traps
    Abstract: The complex relationship between climate shocks, migration, and adaptation hampers a rigorous understanding of the heterogeneous mobility outcomes of farm households exposed to climate risk. To unpack this heterogeneity, the analysis combines longitudinal multi-topic household survey data from Nigeria with a causal machine learning approach, tailored to a conceptual framework bridging economic migration theory and the poverty traps literature. The results show that pre-shock asset levels, in situ adaptive capacity, and cumulative shock exposure drive not just the magnitude but also the sign of the impact of agriculture-relevant weather anomalies on the mobility outcomes of farming households. While local adaptation acts as a substitute for migration, the roles played by wealth constraints and repeated shock exposure suggest the presence of climate-induced immobility traps
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; ESG Integration ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Pension Fund ; Investments ; Pension Funds ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report describes the ESG integration practices at GPF as a practical example of how a pension fund can integrate ESG considerations into its investment practices and processes. The report focuses on the incorporation of ESG issues into our investment analysis and decision-making process. Other elements of responsible investing such as active ownership and ESG disclosure practices whilst also key to GPF's overall approach, are not discussed in detail in this report. The report is a product of technical co-operation between teams from GPF and the World Bank. The report starts by providing some background information on GPF, including its investment philosophy and an overview of ESG investment philosophy before detailing the GPF ESG Score methodology. It then describes how the GPF ESG Score methodology is applied to equity and fixed-income investments, followed by an overview of how GPF ensures that ESG considerations are integrated into the selection, appointment and monitoring of external managers. It concludes with some reflections on the landscape of responsible investment and identifies areas where GPF expects to improve its investment process in the coming years
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Public Sector Accounting Analysis ; Public Sector Accounting Management ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: The PULSE web-based tool facilitates the management of a PULSE assessment. Since the assessment process may take up to six months and involves many experts to perform tasks (like scoring and quality assurance), the PULSE Tool enables the process to be managed easily in a logical, methodical way. It guides the Assessment Team Leader and other experts through the assessment lifecycle such that no important step can be overlooked. The PULSE Tool is available 24*7 and also contains a communications module that keeps all the experts informed of progress. The PULSE Handbook contains all the details and definitions of the assessment process. This manual assumes that users are at least familiar with the handbook and the assessment process. In the introductory paragraphs that follow, important concepts that pertain to use of the PULSE Tool will be reiterated for the convenience of users
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Education Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policies ; Infrastructure Economics ; Private Sector Management ; Public Finance Management ; Regional Urban Development ; Renewable Energy ; Sustainable Land Management
    Abstract: This report presents a review of the intergovernmental fiscal transfer reforms program (IGFTRP) and its performance since 2015, as part of a broader Public Expenditure Review (PER) that aimed to explore avenues for improving efficiency effectiveness in cross cutting areas of service delivery. The report is based on extensive documentary review, analysis of available data on local government (LG) finances, fieldwork in selected LGs and consultations with national ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs) involved in the management of the IGFTRP. Ministry of Finance, Planning, and Economic Development (MoFPED) provided data in various forms, and some data was publicly available at its website. It also includes data analysis on aspects of LG financing outside the IGFTRP system, but with implications to its delivery. These aspects include LG Own Source Revenues (OSR), Other Government Transfers (OGT) and External Finance that are captured by LG budgets and reports (available on the MoFPED website)
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9783839466964
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (392 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Postmigrantische Studien Band 15
    Series Statement: Postmigrantische Studien
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Innsbruck
    DDC: 305.8
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Aktivismus ; Bildung ; Bildungsforschung ; Dominanzkultur ; Interkulturalität ; Migration ; Postmigrantische Gesellschaft ; Privilegien ; Pädagogik ; Rassismus ; Rassismuskritik ; Subjektivierung ; Weißsein ; EDUCATION / Organizations & Institutions ; Anti-racism ; Privilege (Social psychology) ; Subjektivität ; Privileg ; Weiße ; Biografisches Interview ; Aktivist ; Selbstreflexion ; Antirassismus ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Antirassismus ; Aktivist ; Privileg ; Subjektivität ; Biografisches Interview ; Antirassismus ; Aktivist ; Weiße ; Privileg ; Selbstreflexion ; Biografisches Interview
    Abstract: Antirassistische und rassismuskritische Debatten in Zivilgesellschaft und Wissenschaft beschäftigen sich vermehrt mit Fragen nach Zusammenhängen von Rassismen und Privilegien: Wie werden Menschen im Zuge ihrer Lebensgeschichte durch ihre systematischen und intersektional-spezifischen Privilegien geprägt? Welche antirassistischen Strategien müssen privilegierte Aktivist*innen für eine rassismuskritische Praxis entwickeln? Florian Ohnmacht analysiert biographisch-narrative Interviews mit männlichen* antirassistischen Aktivisten ohne eigene Rassismuserfahrungen. Dabei stellt er die Subjektbildungsprozesse im Rahmen ihrer Auseinandersetzungen mit den jeweiligen sozialen und politischen Positionen in den Vordergrund
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Cover  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 43
    ISBN: 9783837666137 , 3837666131
    Language: German
    Pages: 407 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme , 23 x 15 cm, 693 g
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede Band 78
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fritsche, Andrea Asyl als Anspruch?
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Wien
    DDC: 342.436083
    Keywords: Law & society ; Migration, Einwanderung und Auswanderung ; Migration, immigration & emigration ; Recht und Gesellschaft, Rechtssoziologie ; SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / General ; Anpassung ; Asyl ; Asylum ; Austria ; Fleeing ; Flucht ; Gesellschaft ; Law ; Leistung ; Menschenrechte ; Migration ; Performance ; Recht ; Rechtsbewusstsein ; Rechtssoziologie ; Hochschulschrift ; Österreich ; Asyl ; Anspruch ; Soziale Wirklichkeit
    Abstract: Inwiefern fordern Asylsuchende (Menschen-)Rechte ein? Können in einem allumfassend rechtlich regulierten und von Unsicherheit geprägten Alltag überhaupt Ansprüche gestellt werden? Lässt die Asylpraxis Raum für Subjektpositionen abseits von Opferschaft? Andrea Fritsche nähert sich dem (Asyl-)Recht aus alltagssoziologischer Perspektive und fokussiert Asylsuchende als handelnde Subjekte und Rechteinhaber_innen. Dabei zeichnet sie Bedeutungen von Recht und Rechten in der österreichischen Asylwirklichkeit nach und schafft ein Verständnis für die Folgen rechtlicher, politischer und gesellschaftlicher Praktiken, die die Gewährleistung von Rechten an Dankbarkeit, Leistung und Anpassung koppeln
    Note: Interessenniveau: 06, Professional and scholarly: For an expert adult audience, including academic research. (06)
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    URL: Cover  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 44
    Book
    Book
    Bielefeld : transcript
    ISBN: 9783837662634 , 3837662632
    Language: English
    Pages: 341 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Urban Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 305.8927043155
    RVK:
    Keywords: Kulturleben ; Kulturkontakt ; Gesellschaftsleben ; Interkulturalität ; Araber ; Sozialer Wandel ; Berlin ; Arabic ; Berlin ; Culture ; Urban Development ; Globalization ; Postcolonialism ; Migration ; City ; Interculturalism ; Cultural Studies ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Berlin ; Araber ; Gesellschaftsleben ; Kulturleben ; Kulturkontakt ; Interkulturalität ; Sozialer Wandel
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9783839465073 , 3839465079
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (191 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede Band 76
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als (K)ein Kopftuchbuch
    DDC: 305.486970943
    Keywords: SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations ; Anti-muslim Racism ; Body ; Discourse ; Europe ; Gender Studies ; Gender ; Germany ; Headscarf Bans ; Headscarf Debate ; Islam ; Migration ; Public Sphere ; Racism ; Religion ; Social Inequality ; Sociology ; Woman ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Deutschland ; Muslimin ; Religiöse Identität ; Kopftuch
    Abstract: Frauen* mit Kopftüchern sind hierzulande anhaltend rassistisch motivierten Blicken ausgesetzt. Darin zeigt sich die Vergeschlechtlichung von race und die Rassifizierung von Geschlecht ebenso wie die Verknüpfung von race- und Religionskonstruktionen. Zugleich nehmen die Debatten um das Kopftuch nicht ab. Welche Funktionen haben Kopftuchdebatten innerhalb von gesellschaftlichen Aushandlungsprozessen? Die Beitragenden aus Wissenschaft und Aktivismus gehen dieser Frage nach, analysieren diskursive Praktiken und Verschränkungen und zeigen rassismuskritische Interventionsstrategien auf
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    ISBN: 9783658396350
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VII, 317 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 307.76
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    Keywords: Urban Sociology ; Environmental Social Sciences ; Sociology, Urban ; Environmental sciences—Social aspects ; Stadtviertel ; Antirassismus ; Multikulturelle Gesellschaft ; Migration ; Teilhabe ; Siedlungsgeografie ; Urbanität ; Stadtentwicklung ; Verstädterung ; Mobilität ; Gentrifizierung ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Stadtsoziologie ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Verstädterung ; Gentrifizierung ; Urbanität ; Stadtviertel ; Migration ; Mobilität ; Stadtentwicklung ; Stadtsoziologie ; Siedlungsgeografie ; Stadtviertel ; Stadtentwicklung ; Urbanität ; Teilhabe ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Multikulturelle Gesellschaft ; Antirassismus
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Cover
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Cover
    URL: Cover
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | Wiesbaden : Springer VS
    ISBN: 9783658400842
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (IX, 104 p)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2023
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 304.82
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    Keywords: Sociology of Migration ; Sociocultural Anthropology ; Emigration and immigration—Social aspects ; Ethnology ; Internationale Migration ; Migrationspolitik ; Flucht ; Mobilität ; Binnenwanderung ; Migration ; Afrika ; Afrika ; Migration ; Mobilität ; Afrika ; Flucht ; Binnenwanderung ; Internationale Migration ; Migrationspolitik
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9783839457122 , 9783732857128
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (348 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Umkämpfte Begriffe der Migration
    DDC: 304.8072
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    Keywords: Migration ; Einführung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Einführung ; Wörterbuch ; Einführung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: Die Begriffe, mit denen über Migration und Diversität geforscht und diskutiert wird, sind keineswegs neutral. Sie sind vielmehr das Ergebnis sozialer Praktiken und als solches selbst Gegenstand von Konflikten. Die Beiträge des Bandes untersuchen die Genese und den oft umstrittenen Gebrauch zentraler Migrationsbegriffe, ihr historisches Gewordensein und ihre politischen Implikationen: von "Ausländer" über "Integration" bis zur "Willkommenskultur". Die Auseinandersetzung mit diesen kontroversen Begriffen leistet einen Beitrag zu mehr sprachlicher Sensibilität in den aktuellen Diskursen über Migration.
    Note: Asyl/Asylsuchende , Ausländer , Aussiedler/Spätaussiedler , Care-Migration , Diaspora , Diversität , Ethnizität , Fluchthilfe , Ghetto/Ghettoisierung , Integration , Islamisierung , Leitkultur , Migration , Migrationshintergrund , Muttersprache , People of Color , Postmigrantisch , "Rasse"/race , Rückkehr , Solidarität , Willkommenskultur
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Cover
    URL: Cover  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9783658420093
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XI, 254 S. 1 Abb.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2023.
    Series Statement: Adoleszenzforschung, Zur Theorie und Empirie der Jugend aus transdisziplinärer Perspektive 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Adoleszenz und Generationendynamik im Kontext von Migration und Flucht
    Keywords: Education ; Developmental psychology. ; Emigration and immigration ; Bildungssysteme und -strukturen ; EDUCATION / General ; Education ; Entwicklungspsychologie ; MEDICAL / Psychiatry / Child & Adolescent ; Migration, Einwanderung und Auswanderung ; Migration, immigration & emigration ; Psychiatry ; SOCIAL SCIENCE / Emigration & Immigration ; Soziologie ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Flucht ; Migration ; Jugend ; Psychosoziale Belastung ; Bildungsgang ; Geschlechterverhältnis ; Familienbeziehung
    Abstract: Klappentext: Dieses Buch widmet sich den psychosozialen Folgen von Migration und Flucht für Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene mit Blick auf gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen und psychische Verarbeitungsformen. Adoleszente Generationendynamiken in Familien mit Migrations- oder Fluchtgeschichte werden analysiert im Lichte interdisziplinärer Verknüpfungen von Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften, psychoanalytischer Sozialpsychologie, erziehungswissenschaftlicher Erforschung von Bildungsbiographien, Kinder- und Jugendpsychologie sowie klinischer Psychoanalyse und Psychosomatik.
    Abstract: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Psychosoziale Folgen von Migration und Flucht – generationale Dynamiken und adoleszente Verläufe. Eine Einführung -- Migration, Biographie und Geschlechterverhältnisse. Zur Dialektik von Generations- und Familienorientierungen -- Geschlechteraspekte in der intergenerationalen Weitergabe von Bildungsaspirationen am Beispiel von Familien mit türkischer Migrationsgeschichte -- "Auf Erden sind wir kurz grandios". Adoleszente Bildungsprozesse unter den Bedingungen von Flucht und Migration -- Mit dem Unsagbaren erwachsen werden. Kulturelle Selbstverortungen als Brückenfunktion in Familien mit Fluchtgeschichte -- Bedeutungen religiöser Muster in der adoleszenten Lebenspraxis -- Zwischen #iamnotavirus und 'model minority': Der adoleszente Möglichkeitsraum eines jungen Asiatisch-Deutschen -- Übersetzungsorte zwischen den Welten: Selbsttransformationen von unbegleiteten Geflüchteten in Gastfamilien -- Generationenbeziehungen unbegleiteter adoleszenter Geflüchteter – Umgestaltung und Neuschöpfung zwischen Institution und Herkunftsfamilie -- Gesicherter Rahmen und sichere Beziehung als Bedingung. Zur Bedeutung von Trauerarbeit in Folge von Fluchterfahrung während der Adoleszenz -- Transformative Entwicklungsanforderungen adoleszenter Geflüchteter und das Konzept des "intermediären Raums" -- Refugees in Belgium in Times of Superdiversity and Transmigration. Resilient Moves of Children and Adolescents -- Migration und ihre transgenerationale Dynamik unter dem Aspekt einer gescheiterten Bewältigung der Ödipussituation -- Zum Umgang mit Brüchen im Kontext von Migration am Beispiel eines jungen Mannes mit Migrationshintergrund -- "Wenn ich unsicher bin, kann ich immer auf die Zahl zurückkommen..." – Zwang als Lösungsversuch von Konflikten im Zusammenhang mit Identitätssuche und Migration -- Subjektive Krankheitstheorien zur eigenen Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstruktur im Kontext der Lebens- und Migrationsgeschichte in der Adoleszenz -- Niemand in dieser Familie ist krank! Ein fünfzehnjähriger geflüchteter Adoleszenter auf der Suche nach Würde und Wehrbarkeit in einer mehrfach traumatisierten Familie -- Soziale, generationale und psychische Dynamiken im Kontext von Migration.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9783837667400
    Language: German
    Pages: 215 Seiten , Illustrationen (schwarz-weiß)
    Series Statement: Urban studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 307.76
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    Keywords: Stadtplanung ; Raum ; Sozialer Wandel ; Stadtsoziologie ; Stadt ; Raum ; Stadt ; Raumtheorie ; Urbanismus ; Städtebautheorie ; Stadtplanung ; Migration ; Klimawandel ; Krise ; Handeln ; Improvisation ; Unbestimmtheit ; Handlung ; Sozialität ; Urban Studies ; Architektur ; Soziologie ; Space ; City ; Spatial Theory ; Urbanism ; Urban Design Theory ; Urban Planning ; Climate Change ; Crisis ; Acting ; Indeterminacy ; Agency ; Social Relations ; Architecture ; Sociology ; Stadt ; Stadtplanung ; Raum ; Sozialer Wandel ; Stadtplanung ; Stadtsoziologie ; Stadt ; Raum ; Stadtplanung
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  • 51
    ISBN: 9783837666786 , 3837666786
    Language: German
    Pages: 381 Seiten , 24 cm x 15.5 cm, 657 g
    Series Statement: Postmigrantische Studien Band 13
    Series Statement: Postmigrantische Studien
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck 2022
    DDC: 305.90691209436
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    Keywords: Weitergabe ; Intergenerationentransfer ; Migration ; Erinnerung ; Generationsbeziehung ; Bildungsprozess ; Einwanderung ; Familie ; Österreich ; Generation ; Familie ; Bildung ; Arbeitsmigration ; Migration ; Familiengedächtnis ; Biografieforschung ; Erinnerung ; Erzählung ; Bildungsforschung ; Bildungssoziologie ; Pädagogik ; Family ; Education ; Labour Migration ; Family Memory ; Biographical Research ; Memory ; Narrative ; Educational Research ; Sociology of Education ; Pedagogy ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Österreich ; Einwanderung ; Erinnerung ; Weitergabe ; Familie ; Generationsbeziehung ; Bildungsprozess ; Migration ; Familie ; Generationsbeziehung ; Intergenerationentransfer
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9783839461501
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (378 Seiten)
    Edition: 1. Auflage
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede Band 73
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rassismusforschung ; 1: Theoretische und interdisziplinäre Perspektiven
    Keywords: SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations ; Anti-muslim Racism ; Antiracism ; Antisemitism ; Antiziganism ; Cultural Studies ; Diaspora ; Discrimination ; Diversity ; Empirical Research ; Intersectionality ; Migration ; Postcolonial Theory ; Postcolonialism ; Qualitative Social Research ; Race ; Social Inequality ; Sociology ; Transnationality ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Deutschland ; Rassismus
    Abstract: Rassismus ist Realität - auch in der pluralen Gesellschaft Deutschlands. Doch was braucht es, um Rassismus zu erfassen, zu erforschen und politische sowie zivilgesellschaftliche Antworten auf ihn zu finden? Die Beiträger*innen liefern einen interdisziplinären Überblick zu grundlegenden Perspektiven, Theorien und Forschungsansätzen für eine Rassismusforschung auf der Höhe der Zeit. Ihre im Rahmen des Nationalen Diskriminierungs- und Rassismusmonitors (NaDiRa) entstandenen Analysen bieten so ein unverzichtbares und einzigartiges Okular zu Ursachen, Ausmaß und Folgen des Rassismus in Deutschland
    URL: Cover  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 53
    ISBN: 9783837662443 , 3837662446
    Language: German
    Pages: 354 Seiten , Illustrationen , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 573 g
    Series Statement: Kulturen der Gesellschaft Band 55
    Series Statement: Kulturen der Gesellschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Technische Universität Dresden 2020
    DDC: 306.874
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    Keywords: Neue Medien ; Technik ; Migration ; Familienbeziehung ; Arbeitnehmer ; Familie ; Soziale Distanz ; Transnationalisierung ; Familienkonflikt ; Polen ; Deutschland ; Familie ; Migration ; Medien ; Konflikt ; Technik ; Streit ; Qualitative Sozialforschung ; Mikrosoziologie ; Techniksoziologie ; Mediensoziologie ; Familiensoziologie ; Soziologie ; Family ; Media ; Conflict ; Technology ; Qualitative Social Research ; Microsociology ; Sociology of Technology ; Sociology of Media ; Sociology of Family ; Sociology ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Familienbeziehung ; Familienkonflikt ; Transnationalisierung ; Neue Medien ; Deutschland ; Polen ; Arbeitnehmer ; Migration ; Familienbeziehung ; Familienkonflikt ; Transnationalisierung ; Neue Medien ; Familie ; Soziale Distanz ; Technik
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9783837667806
    Language: German
    Pages: 336 Seiten , 23 cm, 525 g
    Series Statement: Religionswissenschaft Band 37
    Series Statement: Religionswissenschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Luzern 2021
    DDC: 306.84509494
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    Keywords: Thailänderin ; Familiennachzug ; Bewältigung ; Religiosität ; Isolation ; Binationale Ehe ; Schweiz ; Heirat ; Migration ; Schweiz ; Thailand ; Buddhismus ; Religion ; Tempel ; Einsamkeit ; Isolation ; Traum ; Alltag ; Geschlecht ; Religionswissenschaft ; Religionssoziologie ; Kulturanthropologie ; Marriage ; Switzerland ; Buddhism ; Loneliness ; Dream ; Everyday Life ; Gender ; Religious Studies ; Sociology of Religion ; Cultural Anthropology ; Heirat; Migration; Schweiz; Thailand; Buddhismus; Religion; Tempel; Einsamkeit; Isolation; Traum; Alltag; Geschlecht; Religionswissenschaft; Religionssoziologie; Kulturanthropologie; Marriage; Switzerland; Buddhism; Loneliness; Dream; Everyday Life; Gender; Religious Studies; Sociology of Religion; Cultural Anthropology; ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Schweiz ; Binationale Ehe ; Familiennachzug ; Thailänderin ; Isolation ; Bewältigung ; Religiosität
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783658416706 , 365841670X
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XI, 258 Seiten) , 1 illus. Textbook for German language market.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2023
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hüncke, Anna S Migration and Making an Income in the Context of ‘Human Trafficking’
    DDC: 304.82
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    Keywords: Migration ; Grenzgebiet ; Illegale Einwanderung ; Menschenschmuggel ; Prostitution ; Emigration and immigration Social aspects ; Race ; Human rights ; Sociology of Migration ; Race and Ethnicity Studies ; Human Rights ; Südafrika ; Simbabwe ; Hochschulschrift
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9783839470534 , 9783732870530
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede Band 85
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede
    Uniform Title: Partizipative Forschung zur Teilhabe an Erwerbsarbeit von BIPoC mit Behinderungserfahrungen
    Parallel Title: Äquivalent
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 2023
    DDC: 305.908
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    Keywords: Behinderung ; Partizipative Forschung ; Berufliche Integration ; Teilhabe ; Arbeit ; Rassendiskriminierung ; Person of Color ; Intersektionalität ; Deutschland ; Wissen ; Wissensordnung ; Erwerbsarbeit ; Ableismus ; Rassismus ; Behinderung ; Migration ; Flucht ; Intersektionalität ; Dekolonialisierung ; Partizipative Forschung ; Arbeit ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Körper ; Kulturwissenschaft ; Knowledge ; Gainful Employment ; Ableism ; Racism ; Disability Studies ; Fleeing ; Intersectionality ; Decolonisation ; Participatory Research ; Work ; Social Inequality ; Body ; Cultural Studies ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Person of Color ; Behinderung ; Arbeit ; Rassendiskriminierung ; Deutschland ; Person of Color ; Behinderung ; Berufliche Integration ; Teilhabe ; Intersektionalität ; Partizipative Forschung
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bielefeld : transcript
    ISBN: 9783839462638
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Urban Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Kulturleben ; Kulturkontakt ; Gesellschaftsleben ; Interkulturalität ; Araber ; Sozialer Wandel ; Berlin ; Arabic ; Berlin ; Culture ; Urban Development ; Globalization ; Postcolonialism ; Migration ; City ; Interculturalism ; Cultural Studies ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Berlin ; Araber ; Gesellschaftsleben ; Kulturleben ; Kulturkontakt ; Interkulturalität ; Sozialer Wandel
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9783839466001
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (280 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Uniform Title: Prekäre Freizügigkeiten (verkörperlichte Subjektivierungsprozesse im Spannungsfeld zwischen Sex, Arbeit und Ost-/Europa)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Freie Universität Berlin 2022
    DDC: 306.740943155
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    Keywords: Geschichte 2010-2019 ; Sexarbeit ; Osteuropa ; Neoliberalismus ; Prostitution ; Deutschland ; Arbeit ; Migration ; Rassifizierung ; Osteuropäerin ; Prostitution ; Othering ; Prekariat ; Neoliberalismus ; Lebensbedingungen ; Osteuropäer ; Berlin ; Sexarbeit ; Prostitution ; Osteuropa ; Neoliberalismus ; Deutschland ; Marginalisierung ; Sexualisierung ; Rassifizierung ; Geschlecht ; Migration ; Körper ; Kulturanthropologie ; Gender Studies ; Slavistik ; Sex Work ; Eastern Europe ; Neoliberalism ; Germany ; Marginalization ; Racialization ; Gender ; Body ; Cultural Anthropology ; Slavic Studies ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Electronic books. ; Hochschulschrift ; Berlin ; Prostitution ; Osteuropäerin ; Geschichte 2010-2019 ; Berlin ; Osteuropäerin ; Osteuropäer ; Prostitution ; Lebensbedingungen ; Prekariat ; Neoliberalismus ; Othering
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9783839467886
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Olympia Werke ; Olympia-Werke West ; Geschichte ; Erinnerung ; Ausländischer Arbeitnehmer ; Griechischer Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Griechischer Einwanderer ; Schortens-Roffhausen ; Nordwestdeutschland ; Migration ; Integration ; Gastarbeit ; Zuwanderung ; Arbeitsmigration ; Norddeutschland ; Griechenland ; Olympia Werke ; Friesland ; Alltag ; Arbeit ; Sozialgeschichte ; Wirtschaftsgeschichte ; Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie ; Geschichtswissenschaft ; Guest Work Program ; Immigration ; Labour Migration ; North Germany ; Greece ; Everyday Life ; Work ; Social History ; Economic History ; Sociology of Work and Industry ; History ; Schortens-Roffhausen ; Griechischer Einwanderer ; Ausländischer Arbeitnehmer ; Erinnerung ; Olympia-Werke West ; Nordwestdeutschland ; Olympia Werke ; Griechischer Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Geschichte
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9783839466452
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (544 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Postcolonial studies Band 47
    Series Statement: Postcolonial studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Osnabrück 2023
    DDC: 305.9069140943
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    Keywords: Flucht ; Asyl ; Diskursanalyse ; Postkolonialismus ; Das Eigene ; Humanität ; Solidarität ; Zugehörigkeit ; Migration ; Medien ; Flüchtlingsforschung ; Zeitgeschichte ; Soziologie ; Fleeing ; Asylum ; Discourse Analysis ; Postcolonialism ; The Own ; Humanity ; Solidarity ; Belonging ; Media ; Refugee Studies ; Contemporary History ; Sociology ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9783837666007 , 383766600X
    Language: German
    Pages: 280 Seiten , Diagramme
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Probst, Ursula Prekäre Freizügigkeiten
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Freie Universität Berlin 2022
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    Keywords: Geschichte 2010-2019 ; Sexarbeit ; Osteuropa ; Neoliberalismus ; Prostitution ; Deutschland ; Arbeit ; Migration ; Rassifizierung ; Osteuropäerin ; Prostitution ; Othering ; Prekariat ; Neoliberalismus ; Lebensbedingungen ; Osteuropäer ; Berlin ; Sexarbeit ; Prostitution ; Osteuropa ; Neoliberalismus ; Deutschland ; Marginalisierung ; Sexualisierung ; Rassifizierung ; Geschlecht ; Migration ; Körper ; Kulturanthropologie ; Gender Studies ; Slavistik ; Sex Work ; Eastern Europe ; Neoliberalism ; Germany ; Marginalization ; Racialization ; Gender ; Body ; Cultural Anthropology ; Slavic Studies ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Berlin ; Prostitution ; Osteuropäerin ; Geschichte 2010-2019 ; Berlin ; Osteuropäerin ; Osteuropäer ; Prostitution ; Lebensbedingungen ; Prekariat ; Neoliberalismus ; Othering
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9783839465745
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Uniform Title: Innere Grenzziehungen (das Feld der Nothilfe im schweizerischen Asylsystem)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Bern 2020
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    Keywords: Asylbewerber ; Ausweisung ; Finanzielle Hilfe ; Asylbewerberunterkunft ; Asylpolitik ; Schweiz ; Europa ; Grenze ; Regime ; Nothilfe ; Asyl ; Lager ; Camp ; Bewältigung ; Demütigung ; Flucht ; Geflüchtete ; Migration ; Politik ; Kulturanthropologie ; Flüchtlingsforschung ; Verwaltung ; Europe ; Border ; Regimes ; Asylum ; Coping ; Fleeing ; Refugees ; Politics ; Cultural Anthropology ; Refugee Studies ; Administration ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Schweiz ; Asylbewerber ; Ausweisung ; Finanzielle Hilfe ; Asylbewerberunterkunft ; Asylpolitik
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9783837657128 , 3837657124
    Language: German
    Pages: 346 Seiten , Illustrationen, Diagramme , 23 cm x 15 cm, 393 g
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Umkämpfte Begriffe der Migration
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Umkämpfte Begriffe der Migration
    DDC: 304.8072
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    Keywords: Migration ; Einführung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Einführung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Einführung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Migration ; Begriff ; Migration
    Abstract: Die Begriffe, mit denen über Migration und Diversität geforscht und diskutiert wird, sind keineswegs neutral. Sie sind vielmehr das Ergebnis sozialer Praktiken und als solches selbst Gegenstand von Konflikten. Die Beiträge des Bandes untersuchen die Genese und den oft umstrittenen Gebrauch zentraler Migrationsbegriffe, ihr historisches Gewordensein und ihre politischen Implikationen: von "Ausländer" über "Integration" bis zur "Willkommenskultur". Die Auseinandersetzung mit diesen kontroversen Begriffen leistet einen Beitrag zu mehr sprachlicher Sensibilität in den aktuellen Diskursen über Migration.
    Note: Enthält Literaturangaben
    URL: Cover
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9783839461501
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 378 Seiten
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede Band 73
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede
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    Keywords: Rassismus ; Rassismus ; Diskriminierung ; Cultural Studies ; Qualitative Sozialforschung ; Quantitative Sozialforschung ; Empirische Forschung ; Forschungsmethoden ; Postkoloniale Theorie ; Postkolonialismus ; Race ; Intersektionalität ; Transnationalität ; Diaspora ; Diversität ; Migration ; Antirassismus ; Antisemitismus ; Antimuslimischer Rassismus ; Antiziganismus ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Soziologie ; Racism ; Discrimination ; Qualitative Social Research ; Empirical Research ; Postcolonial Theory ; Postcolonialism ; Intersectionality ; Transnationality ; Diversity ; Antiracism ; Antisemitism ; Anti-muslim Racism ; Antiziganism ; Social Inequality ; Sociology ; Rassismus
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter , Beiträge überwiegend deutsch, teilweise englisch
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9783837667882 , 383766788X
    Language: German
    Pages: 250 Seiten , Illustrationen , 24 cm x 15.5 cm, 443 g
    Series Statement: Kultur und soziale Praxis
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 331.624950435
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Olympia Werke ; Olympia-Werke West ; Geschichte ; Erinnerung ; Ausländischer Arbeitnehmer ; Griechischer Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Griechischer Einwanderer ; Schortens-Roffhausen ; Nordwestdeutschland ; Migration ; Integration ; Gastarbeit ; Zuwanderung ; Arbeitsmigration ; Norddeutschland ; Griechenland ; Olympia Werke ; Friesland ; Alltag ; Arbeit ; Sozialgeschichte ; Wirtschaftsgeschichte ; Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie ; Geschichtswissenschaft ; Guest Work Program ; Immigration ; Labour Migration ; North Germany ; Greece ; Everyday Life ; Work ; Social History ; Economic History ; Sociology of Work and Industry ; History ; Migration; Integration; Gastarbeit; Zuwanderung; Arbeitsmigration; Norddeutschland; Griechenland; Olympia Werke; Friesland; Alltag; Arbeit; Sozialgeschichte; Wirtschaftsgeschichte; Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie; Geschichtswissenschaft; Guest Work Program; Immigration; Labour Migration; North Germany; Greece; Everyday Life; Work; Social History; Economic History; Sociology of Work and Industry; History; ; Schortens-Roffhausen ; Griechischer Einwanderer ; Ausländischer Arbeitnehmer ; Erinnerung ; Olympia-Werke West ; Nordwestdeutschland ; Olympia Werke ; Griechischer Arbeitnehmer ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Geschichte
    URL: Cover
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9783839467800
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Religionswissenschaft Band 37
    Series Statement: Religionswissenschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Luzern 2021
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Thailänderin ; Familiennachzug ; Bewältigung ; Religiosität ; Isolation ; Binationale Ehe ; Schweiz ; Heirat ; Migration ; Schweiz ; Thailand ; Buddhismus ; Religion ; Tempel ; Einsamkeit ; Isolation ; Traum ; Alltag ; Geschlecht ; Religionswissenschaft ; Religionssoziologie ; Kulturanthropologie ; Marriage ; Switzerland ; Buddhism ; Loneliness ; Dream ; Everyday Life ; Gender ; Religious Studies ; Sociology of Religion ; Cultural Anthropology ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Schweiz ; Binationale Ehe ; Familiennachzug ; Thailänderin ; Isolation ; Bewältigung ; Religiosität
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bielefeld : transcript
    ISBN: 9783839461501
    Language: German , English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (378 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede Band 73
    Series Statement: Gesellschaft der Unterschiede
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 305.80943
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    Keywords: Rassismus ; Rassismus ; Diskriminierung ; Cultural Studies ; Qualitative Sozialforschung ; Quantitative Sozialforschung ; Empirische Forschung ; Forschungsmethoden ; Postkoloniale Theorie ; Postkolonialismus ; Race ; Intersektionalität ; Transnationalität ; Diaspora ; Diversität ; Migration ; Antirassismus ; Antisemitismus ; Antimuslimischer Rassismus ; Antiziganismus ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Soziologie ; Racism ; Discrimination ; Qualitative Social Research ; Empirical Research ; Postcolonial Theory ; Postcolonialism ; Intersectionality ; Transnationality ; Diversity ; Antiracism ; Antisemitism ; Anti-muslim Racism ; Antiziganism ; Social Inequality ; Sociology ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Rassismus
    Note: Erscheint als Open Access bei De Gruyter , Beiträge überwiegend deutsch, teilweise englisch
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 68
    ISBN: 9783837666458 , 383766645X
    Language: German
    Pages: 544 Seiten , Diagramme , 22.5 cm x 14.8 cm, 798 g
    Series Statement: Postcolonial Studies Band 47
    Series Statement: Postcolonial studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sylla, Nadine, 1988 - Die Konstruktion des Eigenen im Verhältnis zum Anderen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sylla, Nadine, 1988 - Die Konstruktion des Eigenen im Verhältnis zum Anderen
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Universität Osnabrück 2023
    DDC: 305.9069140943
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    Keywords: Flüchtlinge und politisches Asyl ; Migration, Einwanderung und Auswanderung ; Migration, immigration & emigration ; National liberation & independence, post-colonialism ; Nationale Befreiung und Unabhängigkeit, Postkolonialismus ; Refugees & political asylum ; SOCIAL SCIENCE / Emigration & Immigration ; Asyl ; Asylum ; Discourse Analysis ; Diskursanalyse ; Fleeing ; Flucht ; Flüchtlingsforschung ; Humanity ; Humanität ; Media ; Medien ; Migration ; Postcolonialism ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Deutschland ; Asylpolitik ; Diskurs ; Medien ; Geschichte 1977-1990 ; Deutschland ; Asylpolitik ; Diskurs ; Medien ; Geschichte 1990-1999 ; Deutschland ; Asyl ; Diskurs ; Medien
    Abstract: Mediale Diskurse über Asyl sind häufig emotional, polarisiert und erzeugen Bedrohungsgefühle. Außerdem bilden sie einen wesentlichen Raum für die Aushandlung des eigenen Selbstverständnisses und berühren Fragen von Humanität, Solidarität und Zugehörigkeit. Aus einer postkolonialen Perspektive sagen die meist binären Konstruktionen über die echten und unechten Flüchtlinge mehr über das Eigene als über die Ankommenden aus. Über den Zeitraum von 1977-1999 betrachtet Nadine Sylla, wie der Asyldiskurs der Bundesrepublik Konstruktionen des Eigenen hervorbringt. Sie untersucht, welche Beziehungsverhältnisse, Deutungsmuster und Wissensordnungen über Migration vorherrschen und wie sich diese über die Zeit verändern
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 489-544
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (107 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Danon, Alice Cognitive and Socioemotional Skills in Low-Income Countries: Measurement and Associations with Schooling and Earnings
    Keywords: Cognitive Skills ; Education Investment Returns ; Income ; Labor Earnings ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Return on Investment in Schooling ; Socioemotional Skills
    Abstract: This paper assesses the reliability and validity of cognitive and socioemotional skills measures and investigates the correlation between schooling, skills acquisition, and labor earnings. The primary data from Pakistan incorporates two innovations related to measurement and sampling. On measurement, the paper develops and implements a battery of instruments intended to capture cognitive and socioemotional skills among young adults. On sampling, the paper uses a panel that follows respondents from their original rural locations in 2003 to their residences in 2018, a period over which 38 percent of the respondents left their native villages. In terms of their validity and reliability, our skills measures compare favorably to previous measurement attempts in low- and middle-income countries. The following are documented in the data: (a) more years of schooling are correlated with higher cognitive and socioemotional skills; (b) labor earnings are correlated with cognitive and socioemotional skills as well as years of schooling; and (c) the earnings-skills correlations depend on respondents' migration status. The magnitudes of the correlations between schooling and skills on the one hand and earnings and skills on the other are consistent with a widespread concern that such skills are underproduced in the schooling system
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Perrin, Caroline Gendered Laws and Women's Financial Inclusion
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Discrimination ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Inclusion ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gender Equality ; Global Findex and Women ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Involuntary Financial Exclusion ; Law ; Legal Equality ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: This paper documents the relationship between legal gender equality and the use of financial services, using individual-level data from 148 developed and developing economies. The analysis, which combines data from the Global Findex and Women, Business and the Law databases, highlights the existence of a significant and positive correlation between gender equality in the law and women's access to financial products. The results show that greater legal equality alleviates women's involuntary financial exclusion. The findings also suggest that prevailing adverse social norms can 0ify the beneficial effects of legal equality, and that better implementation of the law can facilitate a stronger relationship between legal frameworks and women's financial inclusion
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mare, Davide S Bank Bailouts and Fiscal Contingent Liabilities
    Keywords: Bank Bailout ; Bank Distress ; Banking Law ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Contingent Liabilities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Cost ; Law and Development ; Problem Bank Resolution ; Socialize Bank Loss ; Systemic Importance
    Abstract: Implicit government guarantees to bail out troubled banks can produce a sizable fiscal contingent liability. Drawing on a rich history of various forms of staggered bailouts, this paper studies the link between bank bailouts and fiscal contingent liabilities using bank-level data for Kazakhstan-an upper-middle-income country in Central Asia. The paper first estimates the probability that a bank in distress is bailed out, conditioning on bank characteristics and financial soundness. Second, it estimates the magnitude of bailout costs depending on the size of banks, their ownership type, financial soundness, and the type of bailout instrument used by the government. The latter aims to contrast the fiscal contingent liabilities when the government uses bailout instruments without recourse on bank future profits-such as government purchases of bad loans at 100 percent nominal value-versus instruments that do not allow bank owners to socialize losses and privatize gains-such as properly governed and priced senior debt or equity injections. Third, the paper illustrates how the estimations could be used for projecting the expected contingent liabilities from bank bailouts
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Climate Development ; Economic Growth ; EMDES ; Energy Transition ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Space ; Inclusive Recovery ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Sustainability ; Transformation
    Abstract: This report makes the case for a big investment push for EMDEs' sustainable recovery and development, assesses the magnitude and composition of such investment, presents actions needed for an energy transition, looks at the role that innovations and state capacity can play in facilitating GRID, and proposes actions that governments, the private sector, MDBs, the IMF, and donors can undertake to mobilize financing at the large scale needed. The report summarizes the insights derived from the meetings of the High-Level Advisory Group (HLAG) on Sustainable and Inclusive Recovery and Growth, jointly led by Mari Pangestu, Ceyla Pazarbasioglu, and Nicholas Stern, and composed of experts from research institutions, the private sector, and governments, as well as senior World Bank Group and IMF staff members. The work of the HLAG, and thus this report, focuses on EMDEs and delves in greater depth into climate investment and financing, particularly for energy transition, as it is a less researched area. While doing so, it recognizes that policy and investment decisions in high-income countries, which accounted for only 16 percent of the global population in 2019 and yet for 32 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions (World Bank 2023a, 2023b), will be critical to whether the Paris Agreement goals can be reached. It also recognizes that these countries must play a key role in contributing financially to EMDEs' transition to low-carbon economies
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nakamura, Shohei Is Climate Change Slowing the Urban Escalator Out of Poverty? Evidence from Chile, Colombia, and Indonesia
    Keywords: Climatic Change ; Environment ; Flooding ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Urban Agglomeration ; Urban Climate Shock ; Urban Poverty
    Abstract: While urbanization has great potential to facilitate poverty reduction, climate shocks represent a looming threat to such upward mobility. This paper empirically analyzes the effects of climatic risks on the function of urban agglomerations to support poor households to escape from poverty. Combining household surveys with climatic datasets, the panel regression analysis for Chile, Colombia, and Indonesia finds that households in large metropolitan areas are more likely to escape from poverty, indicating better access to economic opportunities in those areas. However, the climate shocks offset such benefits of urban agglomerations, as extreme rainfalls and high flood risks significantly reduce the chance of upward mobility. The findings underscore the need to enhance resilience among the urban poor to allow them to fully utilize the benefits of urban agglomerations
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Shrestha, Maheshwor A Deeper Dive into the Relationship between Economic Development and Migration
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Development ; Growth ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Inverse-U ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Migration Hump ; Migration Patterns ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: This descriptive paper provides a nuanced perspective on the relationship between development and migration, extending the non-parametric analysis in Clemens (2020). A few stylized patterns of migration emerge as countries develop. First, the migration response to development differs by the types of origin and destination countries. As low-income countries develop, their migration to high-income destinations increases slowly but steadily, whereas migration to other low-income or neighboring countries decreases at early levels of development. As middle-income countries develop, their migration to high-income countries increases steadily and plateaus once they reach sufficiently high levels of income. Second, the composition of migrants changes as countries develop. In particular, migrants to high-income destination countries become more educated. Third, the emigration response from middle-income countries is muted for countries with larger populations, particularly toward high-income destinations. These patterns suggest a strong role multiple transformations-such as increasing incomes, increased global integration, a demographic transition, increased human capital, and domestic structural change-play in changing migration patterns as countries develop. The paper explores these migration patterns in light of these transformations
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alfani, Federica Job Displacement and Reallocation Failure: Evidence from Climate Shocks in Morocco
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climatic Shock ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Drought ; Employment and Unemployment ; Evapotranspiration Precipitation Index (SPEI) ; Gender and Climate Change ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Job Displacement ; Migration ; Resettlement ; Social Development ; Unemployment ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of severe drought shocks in Morocco's agriculture sector. Using a staggered difference-in-differences design, the estimates show that climatic shocks produced job displacement of about 6.5 percentage points for workers who were exposed to severe drought events. Overall, about 45 percent of these workers remained unemployed, generating a partial reallocation failure. The effects are significant only for severe and extreme shocks; they last for at least five years, and are more pronounced among females and the least educated workers
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change ; COVID-19 ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Transition ; Vulnerabilities
    Abstract: This report provides an assessment of the stability of the financial systems of selected Pacific Island Countries (PICs) in the context of COVID-19 and emerging risks. The report brings together an analysis of information provided by the central banks of the PICs covered by this study over the last two years. The purpose of the study is to assess the financial stability and vulnerabilities and to provide technical guidance to the PIC authorities to assist in their financial sector policy response. Chapter 1 presents an overview of the financial systems of the PICs. Chapter 2 presents an analysis of the impacts of COVID-19 on the financial systems of the PCIs and the policy responses to the pandemic. Chapter 3 looks at the challenges of transitioning from the pandemic to normal policy settings. Chapter 4 provides a set of bespoke policy recommendations with the aim of enhancing the ability to deal with financial sector risks and vulnerabilities. Finally, Chapter 5 puts forward recommendations for the assessment of climate and environmental related risks on the PICs. The report finds that the pandemic has negatively impacted economic growth in the PICs, challenging financial stability. Due to various relief measures adopted by governments in the region, and the lagged economic impact of the pandemic, the PICs' financial sectors do not yet fully reflect the risks to bank profitability and asset quality, which could materialize over 2022-23. Response and
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nie, Owen Banking Sector Risk in the Aftermath of Climate Change and Environmental-Related Natural Disasters
    Keywords: Banking ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Nonperforming Loans ; Physical Risks
    Abstract: Climate change and environmental risks are increasingly recognized as a concern for financial authorities, yet empirical evidence of the damage for bank balance sheets is relatively scant. This paper provides preliminary estimates of the aggregate impact of physical risks from climate and environmental-related natural disasters on bank balance sheets across 184 countries over nearly 40 years. Using the local projection method, the analysis finds that severe disaster episodes lead to an increase in the level of systemwide non-performing loans, which is persistent over time. The paper complements the cross-country results with a country-specific example, which finds that typhoon damages lead to a significant increase in non-performing loans in the Philippines between 2011 and 2018. The results suggest a role for financial policy and supervision to monitor, assess, and mitigate climate and environmental related physical risks to the banking sector
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Climate Change Impact On Debt Growth ; Country Debt Capacity ; COVID-19 Pandemic Impact On Debt ; Debt Sustainability Framework ; Determining Debt Distress ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Insecurity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; IFC ; Inflation ; Low-Income Country Debt ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; MIGA ; World Bank Debt Data
    Abstract: This evaluation, requested by the Committee on Development Effectiveness of the Executive Board of the International Development Association (IDA), is intended to provide input and insight into the upcoming World Bank-International Monetary Fund (IMF) review of the Low-Income Country Debt Sustainability Framework (LICDSF) currently planned for fiscal year 2023. The sharp rise in debt stress among low-income countries and a changing global risk landscape leading up to and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have pushed concerns with debt sustainability to the top of the global policy agenda. This evaluation assesses the World Bank's inputs into the LIC-DSF and how it uses LIC-DSF outputs to inform various corporate and country-level decisions. Main findings and recommendations include: (i) Expectations of the World Bank in taking the lead on long-term growth prospects should be clarified. (ii) Recently increased attention to debt data coverage should be sustained and extended; greater attention is needed to assess data quality. (iii) The DSA should be more directly and consistently used to inform priorities for the identification of fiscally oriented prior actions in development policy operations and SDFP performance and policy actions. (iv) The World Bank should continue to give increasing attention in the LIC-DSF to the long-term implications of climate change, in terms of both growth and fiscal requirements of adaptation and mitigation
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Calice, Pietro Unlocking SME Finance in Fragile and Conflict Affected Situations
    Keywords: Banking Reform ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Finance in Conflict Affected States ; Finance in Conflicted Affected States ; Financial Inclusion ; Fragility ; Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SME) ; Social Development
    Abstract: Access to finance is a key obstacle for the growth and development of small and medium-sized enterprises in fragile and conflict affected situations. This paper provides empirical evidence on the key macrofinancial and institutional drivers of financial inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises in a large sample of countries, highlighting the comparative importance of factors affecting countries with and without fragile and conflict affected situations. The results show that macroeconomic and institutional stability, along with reduced informality, banking sector soundness, and improved credit information environment, are associated with higher financial inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises. The results also show that strengthening the rule of law, government effectiveness, and control of corruption while increasing financial depth and reducing public sector borrowing and banking market concentration could help close the small and medium-sized enterprise financial inclusion gap between fragile and conflict affected situation countries and the best performing countries. These effects are generally stronger in middle-income countries with fragile and conflict affected situations than in low-income countries with fragile and conflict affected situations. The results point to the importance of adopting comprehensive macrofinancial and institutional strategies to improve financial inclusion of small and medium-sized enterprises in countries with fragile and conflict affected situations, tailoring reforms to country contexts
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Carbon-Neutral ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Household Incomes ; Housing Finance ; Inflation ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Investment
    Abstract: Economic activity bounced back in Q1 2023 with the removal of mobility restrictions and a surge in spending on services. However, growth momentum has slowed since April, indicating that China's recovery remains fragile and dependent on policy support. China's GDP growth is projected to rise to a 5.6 percent in 2023, led by a rebound in consumer spending. The economic recovery offers an important opportunity for policymakers to refocus their efforts on achieving China's longer-term development objectives. Structural reforms remain crucial to solidify the recovery and achieve the longer-term goals to (i) become a high-income country by 2035 through productivity-led and environmentally sustainable growth; (ii) peak carbon emissions before 2030 and become carbon-neutral by 2060; and (iii) share the gains from economic growth more equally among the population
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Spending
    Abstract: Cambodia's economic recovery solidified in 2022 with real growth accelerating to 5.2 percent. After shifting to "living with COVID-19" in late 2021, the economy is firmly on a path to recovery and has now returned to its pre-pandemic growth trajectory. Initially led by the strong performance of export-oriented manufacturing, growth drivers are rotating to the services and agriculture sectors. Meanwhile, the agriculture sector is benefitting from improved access to regional markets, thanks to newly ratified bi-lateral and regional free trade agreements. Weakening external demand is, however, starting to weigh on the country's economic recovery. Despite weakening goods export performance, the current account balance is improving, thanks to the rebound in the travel and tourism industry and remittances, while the oil price shock eased. The economic recovery and good revenue administration underpinned an across-the board improvement in domestic revenue collection. The authorities continued to provide cash transfers for poor and vulnerable households, although the worst of the pandemic is now behind us. In this regard, the Cambodian authorities have extended the COVID-19 cash transfer program, with an additional budget. To enhance the long-term resilience and competitiveness of the economy, efforts are needed to further promote export product diversification
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Keywords: EAP ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector ; Technical Assistance
    Abstract: The overarching objective of the Seoul Center for Finance and Innovation partnership was to improve and develop financial and private sectors in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region by delivering better technical assistance and advisory services to EAP countries. To achieve this objective, the Seoul Center provides grants to provide demand-driven, priority technical assistance and support capacity-building needs in EAP client countries. Since 2012, a total of 32 KTF grants have been allocated to 10 EAP countries and 2 regions (EAP and Global) in three phases. This limited scope impact assessment was undertaken on behalf of the Finance, Competitiveness, and Innovation Seoul Center Korean Trust Fund (KTF) in accord with an agreed term of reference. The purpose of this assignment is to carry out an independent impact assessment of select East Asia Pacific (EAP) country-level technical assistance and advisory grant funded projects completed over ten years from 2012 through 2022. The assessment of results realized focused on fifteen country-level TA and advisory KTF grant funded activities concluded by end-2022
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mensah, Justice Tei Mobile Phones and Local Economic Development: A Global Evidence
    Keywords: 3G and 4G ; Broadband Internet ; Cell Phone ; Connectivity ; Economic Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ICT Economics ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Mobile Phone ; Nightlights ; Technology and Development
    Abstract: This paper presents global evidence on the impact of expansion in mobile telephony and broadband Internet services on economic development at the subnational level. Leveraging two decades of satellite data on nightlights and the global expansion of 2G, 3G, and 4G mobile networks in over 34,000 subnational districts in 120 countries, it documents three main findings on the effects of mobile phones on local economic development (proxied by nightlights): I. The expansion of mobile coverage has a positive effect on economic activity. Using the GDP-nightlights elasticity from Henderson and others (2012), the estimates suggest a GDP growth-mobile phone penetration elasticity of 0.018-0.023; II. While mobile broadband (3G and 4G) Internet connectivity is associated with economic development across all countries, 2G connectivity boosts local economic growth mainly in developing countries; III. The economic effects of expansion in mobile network connectivity are more pronounced in countries that hitherto had limited access to fixed-line telephone infrastructure, thus highlighting the importance of mobile phones to developing countries in leapfrogging the technology ladder
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Challenges ; Inclusive Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; PER ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Expenditure Review
    Abstract: The Union of the Comoros is a small-island country in Eastern Africa that recorded a modest economic expansion and suffered from various fiscal challenges during the last decade that had an impact on long-term growth. Limited fiscal space to address development needs explains the country's low human capital and poor quality infrastructure, which in turn hamper efforts to increase productivity and private sector growth. In addition, due to low performing State-owned enterprise (SOEs) and weakening economic performance, Comoros faces significant fiscal risks. The analysis presented in this PER supports the efforts of the government of Comoros to enhance public expenditure efficiency, create fiscal space, and limit fiscal risks. The analysis is designed to focus on public investment management (PIM) and public financial management (PFM), identify reforms that could yield fiscal and efficiency gains, and assess the governance of SOEs
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: External Sector ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Monetary Policy ; Oil and Gas ; Public Finance
    Abstract: Iraq's economy continued its recovery after the sharp, pandemic-induced recession in 2020 but growth constraints in the oil sector have reemerged. After moderating in 2022, consumer price inflation ticked up in early 2023, fueled by the depreciation of the Iraqi dinar in the parallel market. Fiscal and external account balances benefitted from the oil windfall in 2022 but this trend significantly moderated in early 2023. The new budget is excessively expansionary, and lacks the structural reforms that Iraq needs to develop a vibrant and sustainable economy. The economic outlook remains subject to significant risks, largely due to deep structural challenges. Urgent implementation of financial sector reforms and modernization of its banking sector architecture, currently major barriers to economic diversification, are a critical condition to bolster the private sector and unlock much-needed job creation. Financial access in Iraq is amongst the lowest in the world, with only 19 percent of adults owning a bank account, highlighting a significant underutilized source of financing. Crucially, lack of financing remains the top constraints for small and medium enterprises and firms operating in the informal sector, undermining private sector-led growth and job creation. As this report's Special Focus highlights, this is in part due to the banking sector structure and operations, which is dominated by undercapitalized state-owned banks with weak institutional capacities that primarily provide financing to public sector entities and state-owned enterprises. The private commercial banking sector is weak and has limited capacity to support financial intermediation and is geared towards maximizing revenues from the foreign exchange auctions. Furthermore, the non-banking financial sector is nascent with small and underdeveloped capital markets, unregulated Micro Finance Institutions, and an underdeveloped insurance sector. To tackle these challenges, the sector's reform priorities include institutional reforms in state-owned banks and incentivizing digital financial services to increase financial intermediation and promote financial inclusion in Iraq. The full implementation of these reforms can help restore public confidence in the financial sector and help mobilize Iraq's wealth towards solving the pressing development challenges of the country
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als D'Aoust, Olivia Territorial Productivity Differences and Dynamics within Latin American Countries
    Keywords: Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Income Convergence ; Labor Earnings ; Location Effects ; Spatial Analysis ; Territorial Inequality ; Urbanization
    Abstract: The paper documents the evolution of territorial disparities in labor and location productivity in 14 countries in Latin America, using millions of observations from harmonized household surveys and censuses. Between the early 2000s and the late 2010s, most countries in the region experienced significant reductions in regional inequality as real labor incomes and location productivity premia converged at the first and second administrative levels. The leveling up reflected both the slowdown in productivity growth in affluent predominantly urban municipalities and the catchup of relatively poor, predominantly rural municipalities. Absolute convergence narrowed the labor income gaps with leading metropolitan areas, including the disparitites exploitable through migration, especially among the bottom 40 percent of households, as cities de-industrialized, yet continued to attract migrants. On the eve of the Covid-19 pandemic, income disparities with leading metropolitan areas remained high in nearly all countries, largely due to differences in educational attainment, but in a few countries, large differences in returns to endowments indicate potentially significant returns to migration to the leading metropolitan areas, especially for residents of relatively poor, remote regions. Rather than a clear rural-urban-metropolitan divide, in most countries the paper documents substantial overlap between the location-premia distributions of different types of second-level administrative areas and small differences between the average urban and rural place productivity premia
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bagga, Aanchal Do Public Works Programs have Sustained Impacts? A Review of Experimental Studies from LMICs
    Keywords: Africa Gender Innovation ; Experimental Evidence ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Low and Middle-Income Countries ; Safety Nets ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Social Protection ; Sustainability
    Abstract: Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have introduced public works programs that offer temporary cash-for-work opportunities to poor individuals. This paper reviews experimental evidence on the impacts of public works programs on participants over the short and medium run, providing new insights on whether they have sustained impacts. The findings show that public works mainly increase employment and earnings during the program. Short-term positive effects tend to fade in the medium run, except in a few cases in which large impacts on savings or investments in self-employment activities are also observed. Importantly, the estimated impacts on earnings are much lower than planned transfer amounts due to forgone earnings, raising questions about cost-effectiveness. There is also little evidence of public works programs improving food consumption expenditure. The review finds evidence of improvements in psychological well-being and women's empowerment in some cases, but not systematically, and with limitations in measurement. The paper concludes by outlining directions for future research
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Federalism ; Fiscal Performance ; Implementation Gaps ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Financial Management ; Revenue Sharing
    Abstract: The World Bank Nepal Fiscal Federalism Update aims to report annually on the progress of fiscal federalism in Nepal and identify implementation gaps. This first such update reviews the progress on fiscal federalism since the publication of the Federalism Capacity Needs Assessment (FCNA) in 2019
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; PER ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Social Assistance ; Western Balkans
    Abstract: Kosovo has gained a creditable reputation for prudent macro-fiscal management; yet necessary structural reforms and related fiscal pressures lie ahead. The country's track record includes consistently high output growth rates, prudent fiscal deficits supported by fiscal rules, and one of the lowest public debt levels among peers. The Government was able to successfully weather the COVID-19 crisis and mitigate the impact of the ongoing inflationary crisis caused by the Russian invasion of Ukraine thanks to its healthy fiscal accounts and stable financial sectors. At the same time, however, the overlapping external shocks have highlighted the inherent volatility that mirrors Kosovo's structural limitations - especially in health, energy, and education - and accentuates gaps in both human and physical capital. The objective of this Public Expenditure Review (PER) is to help the government identify means for improving the structure and quality of public services, enhance the equity of government spending, and take a holistic view of policies that will affect financing needs over time. To do so, the PER has analyzed fiscal issues that have not been explicitly detailed in, or are in the process of being incorporated into, the medium-term expenditure framework and the economic reform program. The most notable issues include the urgently needed energy investments, the ramifications of the new law on public salaries on the budget, the sustainability of the untargeted social protection system, and possible pathways of the cost of pensions in light of expected changes to eligibility criteria, and the health spending and health financing conundrum. The PER also looks back at past World Bank PER recommendations and their implementation record, in the attempt to shine a light on measures that remain valid and could still be implemented
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cull, Robert Trade Credit: Theory and Evidence for Emerging Economies and Developing Countries
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Banking Institutions ; Capital Markets and Capital Flows ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development and Growth ; International Trade ; Medium-Sized Firms ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Credit
    Abstract: Trade credit remains an important source of finance for firms in developing countries and many firms in developed countries, especially those that are young, small, or informationally opaque for other reasons. This paper summarizes the literature and explains the pervasiveness of trade credit, detailing its potential advantages over formal credit in terms of the information that buyers and sellers have about each other and their ability to monitor one another. Because it requires less formal contract enforcement, trade credit can be especially relevant where the rule of law and the legal system are weak. At the same time, reliance on information from social networks and informal institutional arrangements limits the scale of trade credit, and thus moderate improvements to formal enforcement can expand trade credit beyond social networks and enable customers to switch suppliers, which improves their credit terms. The patterns suggest a sweet spot or "Goldilocks" region where mid-size firms and those in countries at middling levels of development tend to rely relatively more heavily on trade credit than others. Going forward, detailed data on the relationship between suppliers and customers are crucial to enable more direct tests of theoretical predictions regarding trade credit
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amankwah, Akuffo The Welfare Effects of Structural Change and Internal Migration in Tanzania
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Cross-Sector Labor Movement ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Internal Migration ; Labor Market Shift ; Panel Data ; Poverty Reduction ; Structural Change ; Welfare Indicators
    Abstract: Structural change has implications for various dimensions of development, including poverty reduction. However, the existing empirical literature on Sub-Saharan African economies, including Tanzania, has mainly focused on trends and patterns in macroeconomic or aggregate welfare indicators, largely providing a descriptive analysis of the nature of structural change and its potential welfare implications. This paper provides micro insights on structural change in Tanzania and its effect on welfare, using a recent household panel dataset, which was collected between 2015 and 2021. The results show that cross-sector labor movements are dominated by movements between agriculture and services, although most individuals studied within the two periods continue to remain in agriculture, with industry's share in employment declining marginally. The paper shows that among the individuals studied, the number of people who slid into poverty was nearly twice the number who escaped poverty, and this is significantly influenced by the pattern of sectoral transitions experienced by the individuals. The findings show that in addition to sectoral transitions and migration being important to each other, they are both driven by similar micro factors. The paper highlights the importance of education (particularly secondary or higher education) to increasing the chances of an individual embarking on welfare-enhancing sectoral movement and associated migration across districts in Tanzania
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gassmann, Franziska Is the Magic Happening? A Systematic Literature Review of the Economic Multiplier of Cash Transfers
    Keywords: Cash Transfer ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Local Economy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiplier ; Poverty Alleviation ; Return ; Safety Net ; Social Accounting Matrix ; Social Assistance ; Social Protection ; Spillover Effect
    Abstract: The multiplier effects of cash transfers are receiving renewed attention globally. The existence of multipliers-or the generation of additional dollars for every one dollar injected as cash transfers-illuminates new aspects of the impacts of social assistance and holds the potential to redefine how "fiscal sustainability" is generally interpreted. However, multipliers also attract questions: are multipliers real and tangible How are multipliers estimated What method might be more suitable than others in different contexts What does the evidence reveal about those effects This paper briefly summarizes emerging findings from existing literature on low- and middle-income countries, including a total of 23 studies. The paper discusses the main estimation methods, such as social accounting matrix and econometric techniques; presents results on multipliers across studies; and draws lessons for future research and practice
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Education Finance ; Education Reform and Management ; Education System ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Learning Losses ; Pandemic
    Abstract: Commodity windfalls and private consumption have sustained Indonesia's growth despite a difficult global environment, but signs of normalizing domestic demand are emerging. Inflation is easing at a faster pace than markets anticipated. Indonesia's external vulnerabilities remain moderate. The fiscal stance has normalized reflecting faster fiscal consolidation, anchored by a broad-based rise in revenues and prudent public spending. Softening inflation and resilient capital flows have led Bank Indonesia (BI) to ease its pace of monetary tightening. The outlook remains stable as the economy normalizes following the post-pandemic recovery. While this is a robust outcome given levels of global uncertainty, Indonesia still faces declining productivity growth like other emerging market economies. Policy makers are encouraged to build on recent reforms and adopt further market-friendly policies and reduce constraints to competition to accelerate productivity growth. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has put tremendous efforts into mitigating the learning disruption caused by COVID-19. This study provides new evidence of learning loss in math and language, comparing data on grade 4 student learning before and after the COVID-19 pandemic-induced school closures across Indonesia. In line with international literature on COVID-19 - induced learning losses, students' future earnings and Indonesia's future productivity will be negatively affected if no action is taken. This study highlights the urgency of addressing learning loss by stimulating political commitment for learning recovery and prompting deliberate actions, with adequate resources to complete them
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions Insight
    Keywords: Cash Flows ; Contractual DEBT ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Recording and Monitoring ; Sovereign Loans
    Abstract: The objective of this note is to provide guidance for countries on how to manage contractual debt. It describes the steps necessary to manage debt after the loan becomes effective (or even during the negotiation's final stages) and until the contract is serviced and closed. These steps include identifying the key components of a debt contract that are needed to accurately service the debt, with a focus on recording and monitoring events that impact cash flows
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Benefits ; Human Capital ; Integration ; International Economics and Trade ; International Migration ; Job Markets ; Labor Markets ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Welfare
    Abstract: The global economic recovery remains fragile, creating choppy seas for the recovering Pacific. While global conditions have gradually improved since the pandemic and spillovers from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, progress on reducing inflation in major economies has proven more challenging than expected. Given that all Pacific countries are net importers, this has resulted in persistently high imported inflation. The speed of monetary policy tightening by major central banks has slowed, but easing is unlikely in the near term. Aggregate demand in major trading partners of the Pacific (particularly Australia and New Zealand) remains lackluster. This could limit demand for travel and tourism services and other income sources such as remittance and commodity exports. Despite uncertainties in the global economic recovery, Pacific economies are expected to see ongoing expansion in 2023 and 2024. Fiji led the Pacific's post-COVID-19 recovery with open borders and a strong rebound in 2022 and is now on track to reach its pre-pandemic output level in 2023. Ongoing recovery expectations in the Pacific are broadly in line with March 2023 World Bank projections except for Tuvalu and Palau, where growth has been revised down given weaker than expected outcomes in construction and tourism. In 2023, Pacific growth is expected to reach 3.9 percent and then moderate to 3.3 percent in 2024 as the initial post-COVID-19 rebound dissipates and the region moves towards its long-term trend growth of 2.6 percent. Nonetheless, uncertainty remains high and depends on whether a soft landing can be achieved among key trading partners as they battle ongoing inflation. Inflation remained stubborn across the Pacific at an average of over 6.7 percent in 2022, a substantial increase from the 1.5 percent average during 2019-2021. This has increased the risk of vulnerable populations falling into poverty. In line with global trends, Pacific inflation is expected to decline to an average of 6.0 percent in 2023 and gradually subside thereafter
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Racing against time
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Kreditmarkt ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; CBRs ; Economic Development ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Palestinian Economy ; West Bank and Gaza
    Abstract: Operating in environments marked by fragility, conflict, and violence poses complex and distinct challenges, and the Palestinian case is no different. A significant body of literature has emphasized the specific bottlenecks that exist, ranging from - in the first place - the movement, access, trade, and investment restrictions imposed by the Government of Israel (GoI) on the West Bank, and the near-blockade of Gaza, the noncontiguous geography of the territories, to the program advanced by the Palestinian Authority on structural reforms lacking momentum, and increasing penury of foreign aid. Numerous analytical and policy papers - spanning at least three decades, since the establishment of the AHLC forum - have emphasized the severity of the challenges at hand and the imperative of fostering cooperation among all parties. Despite relative clarity on the objectives, progress on the implementation of priorities has been modest, resulting in increased complexity and urgency at the present day. At the behest of the AHLC, this report aims to guide the renewed efforts of the PA and the GoI, the global community, and - more broadly - all relevant policymakers and stakeholders, as they lay the groundwork for sustainable growth and shared prosperity in the Palestinian territories and the wider region. In line with the above, the findings of this report are unsurprising. Unlocking the economic potential of the West Bank and Gaza requires urgent action, in order to spur per capita growth beyond near-stagnation levels, as well as to put the fiscal situation on a sounder footing. The removal, or at least a significant reduction, of restrictions by Israel is a vital prerequisite. Simultaneously, steadfast commitment by the PA to the implementation of a comprehensive reform agenda will be paramount to bolster both recovery and resilience, along with reinforcing institutional governance. In addition, as this report indicates, addressing shortfalls in the health sector will be pivotal to improve the efficiency of public spending, safeguarding human capital, improving service delivery, and revitalizing economic opportunities in a context marked by decades of fragility. While underscoring the burning pressure of these challenges, the World Bank remains fully committed to continuing its close technical collaboration with the PA, the GoI, and all relevant development partners, to help forging a path towards stability, security, economic progress and prosperity, and to contribute to the collective aspiration for a brighter future
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2109
    Keywords: Education ; Education Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; HRM ; Human Development ; Macro Fiscal Context ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Public Expenditure ; Sustainability
    Abstract: This is an overview of the CAR Human Development (HD) Public Expenditure Review (PER). This overview provides an analytical basis to decision-makers and stakeholders for the formulation of ambitious yet fiscally responsible interventions to improve human capital outcomes in CAR. The PER examines public expenditure trends of the education, health, and social protection (SP) sectors with a focus on adequacy, efficiency, and equity of expenditures as well as human resource management (HRM). The primary objective is to provide analytical insights for government policy development and prioritization strategy as it seeks to achieve a resilient recovery and rebuild its education and health sectors and establish a strong SP system which will help the poorest households invest and protect their own human capital. The PER can also serve as a useful source of knowledge and information to development partners seeking to deepen the impact of their support to the human capital development sectors. The recommendations put forth by the PER are those identified as fiscally sustainable and most important for rebuilding and strengthening human capital development sectors, including a focus on future human resource (HR) recruitment needed in the education and health sectors
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2186
    Keywords: Catalysts ; FICP ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Education ; Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Financial Sector ; Financial Structures
    Abstract: The Global State of Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection (FICP) Report, 2022 - which is an update to the 2013 and 2017 iterations of the Global FICP Survey report - details the key findings and provides a source of global data to benchmark efforts by financial sector authorities to improve the enabling environment for financial inclusion and consumer protection. To date, this is the only longitudinal and global survey of this nature. As such, this report serves as a valuable resource to shape the World Bank's country engagements, a reference document for regulators and supervisors and, finally, a tool for both public and private sector actors with an interest in knowing the developments in this sector. The Survey questionnaire covers key topics related to financial inclusion and financial consumer protection (FCP) and aligns with international guidance to financial sector authorities in these areas. Because the report aims to capture both a snapshot as well as trends over time, the survey questionnaire has been modified over the three cycles to reflect the changing policy and regulatory landscape of financial inclusion and consumer protection
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Health Taxes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High-Quality Health Care ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages ; Tax Revenue ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Tobacco ; Universal Health Coverage
    Abstract: This report has been prepared by the World Bank, at the request of the MoH, to support ongoing efforts to improve population health and revenue mobilization in the sector. The study estimates the health impacts of increasing taxation on SSBs, alcohol, and tobacco across gender and income-quintiles. The revenue potential of these taxes is also explored. The target audience for these findings includes senior policymakers and technical advisers in the MoH, Ministry of Economy, and Ministry of Finance (MoF). The remainder of this report is organized as follows. In Chapter 2, the authors reviewthe current state of health and consumption taxes in Armenia. Chapter 3 outlines themethods used to estimate the change in tax revenue and consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and SSBs. Chapter 4 reports the analysis results, including the potentialadditional fiscal space and health gains. Finally, chapter 5 presents the conclusionsbased on the findings
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Blue Carbon ; Blue Economy ; Environment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public and Private Investment ; Readiness Framework
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a practical framework to guide governments in catalyzing and scaling up public and private investment in Blue Carbon as part of their blue economy development. It does this by describing in detail a Blue Carbon Readiness Framework, a step-by-step, well-illustrated guide with simple checklists. Client countries can use the illustrations and checklists to determine their readiness to catalyze and scale up investment in blue carbon credit finance. The Blue Carbon Readiness Framework consists of three pillars: 1. Data and Analytics; 2. Policy and Institutions; 3. Finance
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