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  • 2005-2009  (5,418)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (3,979)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (1,439)
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Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 437: Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076303
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 ; Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 437 : Méthode d'essai d'opacité et de perméabilité de la cornée bovine pour l'identification de substances corrosives et fortement irritantes pour l'œil
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability test method (BCOP) is an in vitro test method that can be used to classify substances as 'ocular corrosives and severe irritants'. The BCOP uses isolated corneas from the eyes of cattle slaughtered for commercial purposes, thus avoiding the use of laboratory animals. Each treatment group (test substance, negative/positive controls) consists of a minimum of three eyes where the cornea has been excised and mounted to a holder. Depending on the physical nature and chemical characteristics of the test substance, different methods can be used for its application since the critical factor is ensuring that the test substance adequately covers the epithelial surface. Toxic effects to the cornea are measured as opacity and permeability, which when combined gives an In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS) for each treatment group. A substance that induces an IVIS superior or equal to 55.1 is defined as a corrosive or severe irritant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076303-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing Water for All : An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059498
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Water
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous ; Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. OECD Managing water for all
    DDC: 338.4/336361
    RVK:
    QT 600
    Keywords: Wasser ; Wasserversorgung ; Wasserpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Environmental impact charges / OECD countries / Statistics ; Water quality management / OECD countries / Finance ; Environment ; OECD ; Wasser ; Wasserversorgung ; Finanzierung
    Abstract: Water is a key prerequisite for human and economic development, and for maintaining ecosystems. However, billions of people lack access to water and sanitation services, mainly due to poor governance and inadequate investment and maintenance. This report, which emphasises the economic and financial aspects of water resources management and water service provision, the need for an integrated approach (including governance considerations) to address these complex policy challenges, and the importance of establishing a firm evidence base to support policy development and implementation, summarises the results of OECD work in this area.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: De l'eau pour tous
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059498-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing Risk in Agriculture : A Holistic Approach (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075313
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion des risques dans l'agriculture ; Une approche holistique
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Managing risk in agriculture
    RVK:
    ZB 91200
    Keywords: Agriculture Economic aspects ; Agriculture and Food ; OECD ; Landwirtschaft ; Risikomanagement ; Strategisches Management ; Agrarpolitik ; Konzeption
    Abstract: The sources of risk in agriculture are numerous and diverse, ranging from events related to climate and weather conditions to animal diseases; from changes in agriculture commodities prices to changes in fertilizer and other input prices; and from financial uncertainties to policy and regulatory risks. Agricultural risks are not independent, but rather are linked both to each other and as part of a system that includes all available instruments, strategies and policies designed to manage risk. A holistic approach is thus necessary. This book examines the current magnitude and characteristics of risk-related policies in agriculture and what is known about the quantitative size of agricultural risks. It looks at the on-farm, off-farm, and market instruments available to manage risk, and it explains how the holistic approach helps clarify the role of governments.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u. d. T.: Gestion des risques dans l'agriculture : une approache holistique
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075313-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education: Spain 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039360
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (166 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education ; Spain
    Abstract: With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. This review, designed to help Spain understand how improving tertiary education can help it achieve its economic and social goals, presents an overview of Spain's tertiary education system, an account of trends and developments, an analysis of strengths and challenges, and recommendation for future development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039360-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Money Laundering through the Football Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073579
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: This report is based on four main sources: an extensive literature review, the analysis of theanswers to a questionnaire sent to FATF and FSRB members; the results of a typology workshop andsubsequent consultation with the football sector. Results to the questionnaire were obtained in October 2008 from 25 countries, mostly European,seven South-American countries, two from Asia and Australia. The responding countries differ widely insize, role and organisation of football in society (ranging from large countries with big football leagues tosmaller nations or nations with only non-professional football). Differences in information, position andinterest in the person or organisation that provided the answers (national football association, governmentrepresentatives, national FIUs, the police or judicial authorities) needed to be taken into consideration aswell.Following the analysis of questionnaires, a workshop on money laundering and the footballsector was held in Monaco in November 2008 as part of the 2008 FATF/MONEYVAL Typologiesmeeting. This workshop was very well supported by members of the FATF, MONEYVAL andrepresentatives of other countries. The following participants were involved in the 2-day breakout sessionwhich considered issues in depth: Belgium, Brazil, Cyprus, Egmont Group, France, International OlympicCommittee (IOC), Ireland, Italy, Monaco, Norway, Russia, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, theNetherlands and the United Kingdom.The study has also relied on the experience and cooperation of the private sector. Arepresentative of the IOC attended the Monaco workshop in November 2008. Consultation withrepresentatives of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and of the Union ofEuropean Football Associations (UEFA) also took place in January and April 2009. Those representativesreceived a copy of the report and were given the opportunity to comment. All the comments of the private sector were taken into account when considered relevant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073579-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Handbook on Deriving Capital Measures of Intellectual Property Products (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264079205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbook on Deriving Capital Measures of Intellectual Property Products; (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Handbook on Deriving Capital Measures of Intellectual Property Products: (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Handbook on deriving capital measures of intellectual property products
    RVK:
    QI 200
    Keywords: Immaterialgüterrechte ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Economics ; Immaterialgut ; Immaterielles Wirtschaftsgut ; Messung ; System of National Accounts ; Kapitalbildung
    Abstract: The latest System of National Accounts (the 2008 SNA) explicitly recognises, for the first time, that expenditures on research and experimental development (R&D) should be recorded as capital formation. This is a natural extension to the 1993 SNA, which recommends recording many acquisitions of software and databases, mineral exploration, and entertainment, artistic and literary originals as capital formation, too. These products have a common characteristic, namely that their value reflects the underlying intellectual property they embody, which is why they are referred to collectively in this publication as intellectual property products (IPPs). But they also share another important characteristic: their measurement is not straightforward, and in the absence of clear guidance it is highly likely that estimates will not be comparable between countries. This Handbook is designed to provide that guidance by considering IPPs collectively, based on their common characteristics, by type, based on any specificities, such as data availability, and by detailed transaction - for example the valuation of IPPs that have been produced for internal use by their developers, the valuation of unsuccessful IPPs, and the production of IPPs produced and made freely available by government.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264079205-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gadgets and Gigawatts : Policies for Energy Efficient Electronics (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059542
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (424 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: By 2010 there will be over 3.5 billion mobile phones subscribers, 2 billion TVs in use around the world and 1 billion personal computers.This book examines how "smart" this equipment is from an energy efficiency perspective and what the potential is for energy savings. It includes a global assessment of the changing pattern in residential electricity consumption over the past decade and an in-depth analysis of the role played by electronic equipment. It reviews the influence that government policies have had on creating markets for more energy efficient appliances and identifies new opportunities for creating smarter, more energy efficient homes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059542-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Innovation in Firms : A Microeconomic Perspective (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056213
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (224 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD innovation strategy
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Innovation in firms
    RVK:
    QP 210
    Keywords: Innovationsmanagement ; Innovation ; Mikrodaten ; OECD-Staaten ; Creative ability in business ; Technological innovations Economic aspects ; Science and Technology ; Unternehmen ; Innovation ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Datenanalyse
    Abstract: Innovation has become a key factor for economic growth, but how does the process take place at the level of individual firms? This book presents the main results of the OECD Innovation Microdata Project -- the first large-scale effort to exploit firm-level data from innovation surveys across 20 countries in an internationally harmonised way, with a view to addressing common analytical questions. Through the use of common indicators and econometric modeling, this analytical report presents a broad overview of how firms innovate in different countries, highlights some of the limitations of current innovation surveys, and identifies directions for future research.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056213-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Patent Statistics Manual (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056442
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD patent statistics manual
    RVK:
    QP 215
    RVK:
    QR 360
    Keywords: Patent ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Anleitung ; Patent ; Statistik
    Abstract: This 2009 edition of the OECD Patent Statistics Manual takes stock of the recent developments in the field. It provides guiding principles for the use of patent data in the context of S&T measurement, and recommendations for the compilation and interpretation of patent indicators in this context. It aims to show what patent statistics can and cannot be used for, and how to count patents in order to maximise information on S&T activities while minimising statistical noise and biases. Finally, it describes how patent data can be used in the analysis of a wide array of topics related to technical change and patenting activity including industry-science linkages, patenting strategies by companies, internationalisation of research, and indicators on the value of patents.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056442-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education: China 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039346
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: In many OECD countries, tertiary education systems have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. Within governance frameworks that encourage institutions, individually and collectively, to fulfil multiple missions, tertiary education systems must aim for the broad objectives of growth, full employment and social cohesion. In this context, the OECD launched a major review of tertiary education with the participation of 24 nations. The principal objective of the review is to assist countries in understanding how the organisation, management and delivery of tertiary education can help them achieve their economic and social goals. China is one of 14 countries which opted to host a Country Review, in which a team of external reviewers carried out an in-depth analysis of tertiary education policies. This report includes: an overview of China's tertiary education system; an account of trends and developments in tertiary education in China; an analysis of the strengths and challenges in tertiary education in China; and recommendations for future policy development. This review of tertiary education in China forms part of the OECD Thematic Review of Tertiary Education, a project conducted between 2004 and 2008.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039346-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education: Finland 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049048
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (154 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education ; Finland
    Abstract: With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. This book provides an overview of Finland's tertiary education system including an account of recent trends and developments, an analysis of the strengths and challenges, and recommendations for future policy development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049048-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measuring Government Activity (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060784
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (131 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Measuring government activity
    DDC: 352
    RVK:
    MF 6500
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Sektor ; Messung ; OECD-Staaten ; Government productivity Measurement ; Public administration Evaluation ; Governance ; Regierung ; Verwaltungshandeln ; Messung ; Regierung ; Verwaltungshandeln ; Messung
    Abstract: The size and the economic significance of the public sector make it a major contributor to economic growth and social welfare. The goods and services government provides, its redistributive and regulatory powers, and how those are exercised affect the way business is conducted and people live their lives in every country. Citizens are entitled to understand how government works and how public revenues are used. This book provides a significant contribution to developing a coherent, reliable system for data collection and analysis. It summarises the available OECD and other international data on public sector inputs and processes. It also examines the existing internationally comparable data on outputs and outcomes, and recommends new approaches to measurement.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Mesurer l'activité des administrations
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060784-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estudio de la OCDE sobre el proceso presupuestario en México (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075962
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal on Budgeting, Volume 2009 Supplement 1; OECD Review of Budgeting in Mexico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Journal on Budgeting, Volume 2009 Supplement 1: OECD Review of Budgeting in Mexico
    Keywords: Governance ; Mexico
    Abstract: A lo largo de la última década, México ha experimentado una reforma económica y política significativa. Durante este periodo se han registrado importantes mejoras en la salud de las finanzas públicas que deja a México en mejor postura para soportar la actual crisis económica global. Desde 2006 el gobierno mexicano ha avanzado con la aprobación de una serie de leyes y reformas dirigidas a enfrentar los retos estructurales, mejorar la responsabilidad y transparencia fiscales, y crear un proceso y un marco presupuestarios más eficientes y transparentes en línea con las prácticas internacionales. El informe comenta las recientes reformas en México y los sistemas actuales para la formulación del presupuesto, la función del Congreso, la ejecución del presupuesto y la gestión financiera, así como la rendición de cuentas de los resultados (presupuesto basado en resultados). Además, el informe formula propuestas para futuras reformas.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075962-es
    URL: Volltext
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Governing Regional Development Policy : The Use of Performance Indicators (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056299
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Multi-level Governance Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conduire les politiques de développement régional ; Les indicateurs de performance
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Governing regional development policy
    RVK:
    QY 000
    Keywords: Regionalpolitik ; Regional planning ; Regional planning Case studies ; Regional economics ; Regional economics Case studies ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Graue Literatur ; OECD ; Regionalpolitik ; Anreizsystem ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: This report examines both the challenges and the opportunities associated with designing and using indicator systems as a tool for the governance of regional development policy. It draws on the experiences of a number of OECD countries and provides an in-depth look at the cases of Italy, the United Kingdom (England), the United States and the European Union. It builds on previous OECD work on the governance of regional development policy by extending lessons about contractual relations among levels of government to performance indicator systems.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056299-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    An Appraisal of the Chilean Fisheries Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073951
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Políticas de pesca y acuicultura de Chile ; Informe de base
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. An appraisal of the Chilean fisheries sector
    Keywords: Fisheries Chile ; Agriculture and Food ; Chile ; Chile ; Fischerei ; Aquakultur
    Abstract: Chile is one of the major players in the world fishing scene. But during the past fifty years, Chile has had to face issues of over-investment, sharp declines in catch levels, disputes among stakeholders, fleet downsizing, and aquaculture diseases, among others. This report describes the challenging and complex learning process that the Chilean fisheries and aquaculture sector has undergone and the evolution of its policies and management systems. Governance of the industrial, artisanal and aquaculture industries has followed different paths of policy development and current management reflects the particular pressures confronting each segment of the sector. And policy evolution continues, with a range of initiatives underway to meet the current challenges. The Chilean state has been one of the main forces behind these developments, laying the foundation for a strong and robust fisheries and aquaculture sector.
    Note: Span. Ausg. u.d.T.: Políticas de pesca y acuicultura de Chile
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073951-en
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Rural Policy Reviews: China 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (258 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China
    Keywords: Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; China ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: With more than 700 million residents living in rural areas, China is still a predominantly rural country. But despite substantial improvements in standards of living, the Chinese countryside is largely lagging behind. This report analyses the key socio-economic forces at work in China's rural areas and discusses the current government strategy for rural development. It argues that in order to bridge rural-urban divides the current policy approach needs to go further in recognising rural-urban complementarities beyond agriculture and that food-security targets need to be balanced with wider rural development objectives.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059573-en
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Changing Boundaries of Social Enterprises (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055513
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (274 p.)
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The changing boundaries of social enterprises
    RVK:
    QR 400
    Keywords: Nonprofit-Organisation ; Sozialwirtschaft ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Entrepreneurship ; Nonprofit-Organisation
    Abstract: Social enterprises are entering a new phase of consolidation after overcoming various challenges over the last 10 years in their efforts to foster sustainable local development, help create local wealth and jobs, and fight social exclusion. This book contains recommendations for national and local policy makers and presents a set of international best practices based on new legislation that has been enacted, novel frontiers that have opened up, and support and financial tools that have been developed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055513-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (65 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les Principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The revised OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises were adopted by the governments of the 30 Member countries of the OECD and Argentina, Brazil and Chile on the occasion of the OECD's annual Council meeting at Ministerial level in Paris on 27 June 2000. This booklet comprises the revised text and commentary, implementation procedures and the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060326-en
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Test No. 436: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Acute Toxic Class Method (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076037
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The method described by this Test Guideline provides information that allows hazard assessment for short-term exposure to a test article by inhalation, and allows the substance to be classified according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The test method is based on a stepwise procedure, each step using 3 animals of each sex (the preferred species is rat). Animals are exposed in inhalation chambers to a pre-defined concentration for 4 hours. Absence or presence of compound-related mortality of the animals at one step will determine the next step. Animals in severe pain or distress should be humanely killed. The starting concentration is selected from one of four fixed levels corresponding to GHS categories 1-4 for gases, vapours or aerosols. Animals are observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity for a total of at least 14 days. Animals' body weights should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076037-en
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inshell Hazelnuts : = Noisettes en coque (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264066304
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This publication provides comments and illustrations of standards in force regarding the classification, presentation and marking of inshell hazelnuts in international trade under the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It is a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in trade in Inshell Hazelnuts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264066304-en-fr
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  • 21
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    Test No. 455: The Stably Transfected Human Estrogen Receptor-alpha Transcriptional Activation Assay for Detection of Estrogenic Agonist-Activity of Chemicals (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076372
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 ; Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 455 : Essai d'activation transcriptionnelle faisant intervenir le récepteur d'œstrogène alpha humain transfecté de façon stable pour la détection de l'activité œstrogénique agoniste des substances testées
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an in vitro assay, which provides mechanistical information, and can be used for screening and prioritization purposes. The test system utilises the hERalpha-HeLa-9903 cell line derived from a human cervical tumor and stably transfected. This cell line can measure the ability of a test chemical to induce hERalpha-mediated transactivation of luciferase gene expression. The cells are exposed to 7 non-cytotoxic concentrations of the test chemical for 20-24 hours to induce the reporter gene products. Four reference chemicals should be included in each experiment: a strong estrogen (17beta-estradiol), a weak estrogen (17alpha-estradiol), a very weak estrogen (17alpha-methyltestosterone) and a negative control (corticosterone). The activity of the luciferase enzyme is measured in a luminometer. A test chemical is considered to be positive if the maximum response induced is equal to or exceeds 10% of the response of the positive control (1 nM 17alpha-estradiol) in at least two of two or two of three runs. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076372-en
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  • 22
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    OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education: Japan 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (127 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education ; Japan
    Abstract: In many OECD countries, tertiary education systems have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. Within governance frameworks that encourage institutions, individually and collectively, to fulfil multiple missions, tertiary education systems must aim for the broad objectives of growth, full employment and social cohesion. In this context, the OECD launched a major review of tertiary education with the participation of 24 nations. The principal objective of the review is to assist countries in understanding how the organisation, management and delivery of tertiary education can help them achieve their economic and social goals. Japan is one of 14 countries which opted to host a Country Review, in which a team of external reviewers carried out an in-depth analysis of tertiary education policies. This report includes: an overview of Japan's tertiary education system; an account of trends and developments in tertiary education in Japan; an analysis of the strengths and challenges in tertiary education in Japan; and recommendations for future policy development. This review of tertiary education in Japan forms part of the OECD Thematic Review of Tertiary Education, a project conducted between 2004 and 2008.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039322-en
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  • 23
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    Test No. 453: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 ; Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 453 : Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The objective of a combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study is to identify carcinogenic and the majority of chronic effects, and to determine dose-response relationships following prolonged and repeated exposure. The rat is typically used for this study. For rodents, each dose group and concurrent control group intended for the carcinogenicity phase of the study should contain at least 50 animals of each sex, while for the chronic toxicity phase of the study should contain at least 10 animals of each sex. At least three dose levels should be used, in addition to the concurrent control group for both the chronic toxicity phase and the carcinogenicity phase of the study. The three main routes of administration are oral, dermal, and inhalation. The Test Guideline focuses on the oral route of administration. The period of dosing and duration of the study is normally 12 months for the chronic phase, and 24 months for the carcinogenicity phase. The study report should include: measurements (weighing) and regular detailed observations (haematological examination, urinalysis, clinical chemistry), as well as necropsy procedures and histopathology. All these observations permit the detection of neoplastic effects and a determination of carcinogenic potential as well as the general toxicity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071223-en
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  • 24
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    OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education: Norway 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264039308
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (98 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education ; Norway
    Abstract: With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. This book provides an overview of Norway's tertiary education system including an account of recent trends and developments, an analysis of strengths and challenges, and recommmedations for future policy development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264039308-en
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  • 25
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    Guidance Manual for the Control of Transboundary Movements of Recoverable Wastes (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060753
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance Manual includes detailed explanations on how to implement the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended; copies of the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL (Annex A), including Appendices 3 and 4, and Appendix 8 which have been amended by C(2008)156; the updated consolidated lists of waste subject to the Green and Amber control procedures (Annexes B and C); other relevant information to facilitate the implementation of the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, such as applicable international transport agreements and a sample contract; and queries of the interactive database aiming to facilitate the paperwork of all parties involved in transboundary movements of wastes by providing the necessary information to complete the forms for the notification and movement documents. The database includes the information required by the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended and some practical information for each OECD member country (http://www2.oecd.org/waste).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060753-en
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  • 26
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    Políticas de pesca y acuicultura de Chile : Informe de base (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077195
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (158 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. An Appraisal of the Chilean Fisheries Sector
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Chile
    Abstract: Chile es uno de los participantes más importantes del ámbito pesquero internacional. Este informe describe el reto que ha supuesto el complejo proceso de aprendizaje que el sector pesquero y acuícola chileno ha llevado a cabo y la evolución de sus políticas y sistemas de gestión. Pero durante los últimos cincuenta años el gobierno de los sectores industrial, artesanal y acuícola ha seguido diferentes trayectorias de desarrollo de políticas y la gestión actual refleja las presiones concretas a las que cada segmento del sector hace frente. Chile ha tenido que afrontar cuestiones de sobreinversión, severos descensos en los niveles de captura, disputas entre las partes implicadas, disminución del tamaño de las flotas y enfermedades acuícolas, entre otras. Y la evolución de las políticas continúa, con una serie de iniciativas en marcha para responder a los desafíos actuales. El Estado Chileno ha sido una de las principales fuerzas que se encuentran tras estos avances, sirviendo de base para un sector pesquero y acuícola sólido y robusto.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077195-es
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  • 27
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    Forets tropicales humides du Cameroun : Une decennie de reformes (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821380130
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (228 p)
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Environment and Sustainable Development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: En 1994, le gouvernement camerounais a initie des reformes legales et commerciales visant a reguler les droits d'acces et d'usage des forets tropicales, qui constituent une richesse incontestable pour le pays. Ces reformes cherchaient a equilibrer les interets publics et prives et a plus largement integrer les perspectives economiques, culturelles et environnementales. Aujourd'hui, plus de 60 pourcent des forets tropicales du Cameroun sont exploitees selon un plan d'amenagement agree. L'exploitation illegale dans les forets amenagees a significativement diminue, la biodiversite est protegee plus efficacement et l'industrie forestiere, restructuree, adhere largement aux pratiques de gestion durable reconnues internationalement. Base sur des donnees historiques, des recherches specifiques et des travaux analytiques, 'Forets tropicale humides du Cameroun : Une decennie de reformes' presente la genese et le deploiement de ces reformes. Ce livre identifie les politiques qui ont porte leur fruit, celles qui n'ont pas fonctionne et propose des ameliorations. Bien que ces reformes aient ete elaborees et mises en oeuvre dans un contexte specifique, les enseignements tires de cette experience pourront servir a d'autres pays, connaissant des realites similaires. Ce livre devrait etre notamment utiles aux analystes politiques et experts du developpement, ainsi qu'aux gouvernements, aux populations et aux agences de developpement des pays riches en forets tropicales, en Afrique et ailleurs
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7879-3
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  • 28
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    La promesa del desarrollo en la primera infancia en America Latina y el Caribe (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: En America Latina y el Caribe, gran cantidad de ninos pequenos no reciben nutricion, estimulos ni cuidados adecuados, aun habiendose demostrado que el desarrollo en la primera infancia afecta enormemente los resultados de la vida futura de una persona, incluidos los aspectos de salud, educacion y acceso a buenos trabajos. 'La promesa del desarrollo en la primera infancia en America Latina y el Caribe' presenta opciones para implementar intervenciones efectivas en la ninez temprana para garantizar que todos los pequenos de la region reciban oportunidades adecuadas para lograr su maximo potencial. El libro busca ayudar a cerrar las brechas que existen en el conocimiento sobre el desarrollo en la primera infancia y las politicas relacionadas en America Latina y el Caribe, mediante la revision de una seleccion de programas de DPI de la region y del resto del mundo & incluidos aquellos sobre educacion, salud y nutricion&, y extrayendo lecciones relacionadas con su diseno, implementacion e institucionalizacion
    DOI: 10.1596/978-9-5883-0778-7
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  • 29
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    Evaluacion ambiental estrategica para la formulacion de politicas : un instrumento para la buena gobernabilidad (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: La edicion de este libro se deriva de documentos de antecedentes preparados originalmente como base para un estudio del Banco Mundial publicado en 2005, titulado 'Integrating Environmental Considerations in Policy Formulation: Lessons from Policy- Based SEA Experience'. Las politicas publicas constituyen una herramienta clave para atender la degradacion ambiental actual y futura y el uso de los recursos naturales. El libro contiene importantes ensenanzas sobre como mejorar el diseno y la implementacion de la Evaluacion Ambiental Estrategica (EAE) a las politicas publicas, tanto desde la perspectiva de la oferta como de la demanda, para hacerlas mas sostenibles. Asimismo se explora la eficacia de la aplicacion de la EAE a las politicas y presenta un nuevo marco conceptual y metodologico para su aplicacion
    DOI: 10.1596/978-9-5883-0770-1
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  • 30
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    From Falling Behind to Catching Up : A Country Economic Memorandum for Malawi (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464811951
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (80 p)
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Public Sector Governance
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Despite decades of development efforts supported by significant amounts of foreign aid, Malawi has experienced weak and volatile economic growth performance over a sustained period of time. Malawi's growth remains an outlier even compared to its geographically and demographically similar peers. Moreover, growth has been distributed unequally, with little impact on poverty. Per capita income has improved only minimally in the 50 years since independence, and Malawi now has one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world. From Falling Behind to Catching Up aims to improve readers' understanding of the puzzle of Malawi's development performance and identify ways for the country to achieve robust growth and stay on a stable growth path that helps the poor. The book places a strong emphasis on assessing Malawi's growth experience since independence from a comparative international perspective. It seeks to benchmark Malawian outcomes on growth, structural change, and transformation against peers and explores possible reasons for divergence from international trends. The book also puts deeper drivers of economic growth at the center of the discussion, looking in particular at the institutions and policies that may have affected Malawi's growth outcomes and ones that could help Malawi avoid macroeconomic instability in the future. This book first begins by discussing Malawi's macroeconomic situation and challenges in fiscal management, reviewing and drawing lessons from the instability, slippages, and shocks Malawi has experienced since independence. Second, given how critical the agricultural sector is to poverty reduction in Malawi, the overview explores the current state of agricultural markets. Third, looking at the factors that may constrain higher growth in the future, challenges in private sector development and job creation are discussed. Finally, building on the analysis of challenges, the book concludes with a summary of policy recommendations aimed at helping Malawi begin catching up with its peers
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1194-4
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  • 31
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    Transferencias monetarias condicionadas : reduccion de la pobreza actual y future (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (364 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: En este informe se analiza el impacto de las transferencias monetarias condicionadas (TMC) en los resultados actuales en terminos de pobreza, educacion, salud y nutricion. Para ello, se utiliza como fundamento una gran cantidad de evaluaciones de impacto de programas de TMC cuidadosamente elaboradas. Especificamente, se plantea un marco conceptual que analiza la justificacion economica y politica de las TMC; se examina la creciente evidencia empirica acumulada sobre las TMC, en especial aquella proveniente de evaluaciones de impacto; se analiza como el marco conceptual y los resultados sobre los impactos deben utilizarse como insumos para el diseno de programas de TMC en la practica, y se estudia que lugar ocupan las TMC en el contexto mas amplio de las politicas sociales
    DOI: 10.1596/978-9-5883-0773-2
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  • 32
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    Le prix et le cout du transport en Afrique : Etude des principaux corridors (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821378816
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (180 p)
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Infrastructure
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Pour la majorite des pays africains sans littoral, le prix du transport represente 15 a 20 % du cout des importations ; une proportion deux a trois fois superieure a celle de la plupart des pays developpes. On le sait, des resultats commerciaux mediocres s'expliquent beaucoup par le manque d'infrastructures. C'est pourquoi, il importe de comprendre quels sont les services de transport regional en operation dans les pays africains sans littoral ; de la meme facon, pouvoir identifier les disparites qui existent entre les reglementations et les anomalies contenues dans les dispositions reglementaires, qui reduisent l'efficacite des infrastructures. 'Le prix et le cout du transport en Afrique' propose une analyse des differentes raisons qui expliquent les mauvaises performances du secteur largement observees sur le continent. Les auteurs avancent d'excellentes raisons pour justifier l'application d'un certain nombre de reformes nationales et regionales indispensables aux efforts menes pour s'attaquer non seulement aux causes sous-jacentes du niveau eleve des prix et des couts du transport sur le continent, mais aussi au caractere imprevisible des prestations fournies en Afrique. Cet ouvrage sera un instrument tres utile pour les autorites de tutelle de la region ; il les aidera a concevoir et mettre en cuvre des politiques de transport integrees au service de la croissance durable
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7882-3
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  • 33
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    Early and Ware Potatoes : = Pommes de terre de primeur et pommes de terre de conservation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068391
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This publication provides comments and illustrations of standards in force regarding the classification, presentation and marking of potatoes in international trade under the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It is a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in trade in potatoes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068391-en-fr
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  • 34
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    Equally prepared for life? : How 15-year-old boys and girls perform in school (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264064072
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This report explores the educational performance and attitudes of males and females during childhood and adolescence. It opens with a general summary of gender differences measured outside of the PISA assessment programme and then considers the knowledge gained about gender-related issues from PISA 2000, PISA 2003 and PISA 2006 when reading, mathematics and science respectively were the major domains of assessment. Among the key findings: in reading in PISA 2000, females significantly outscored males in all countries; in mathematics in PISA 2003, males outscored females somewhat; in the combined science scale in PISA 2006, there was no overall significant difference observed between males and females. However, when examining the various science competencies, knowledge components and attitudes to science, there were some marked differences.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264064072-en
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  • 35
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    The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation : Policies and Options for Global Action beyond 2012 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073616
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (302 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Économie de la lutte contre le changement climatique ; Politiques et options pour une action globale au-delà de 2012
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The economics of climate change mitigation
    DDC: 530
    RVK:
    QT 800
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Klimaschutz ; Entwicklungsländer ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Climatic changes Government policy ; Environmental economics ; Environmental policy ; Greenhouse gas mitigation Economic aspects ; Greenhouse gas mitigation Government policy ; Environment ; Entwicklungsländer ; Klimaänderung ; Klimaschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Soziale Kosten ; Umweltökonomie
    Abstract: Against the background of a projected doubling of world greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century, this book explores feasible ways to abate them at least cost. Through quantitative analysis, it addresses key climate policy issues including: an ideal set of climate policy tools; the size of the economic and environmental costs of incomplete country or sector coverage of climate change mitigation policies; how to concretely develop a global carbon market; the case for, and what can we reasonably expect from, R&D and technology support policies; and the incentives for major emitting countries to join a climate change mitigation agreement.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Économie de la lutte contre le changement climatique
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073616-en
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  • 36
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    Overcoming Barriers to Administrative Simplification Strategies : Guidance for Policy Makers (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059726
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la mise en œuvre des stratégies de simplification administrative ; Orientations destinées aux décideurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Overcoming Barriers to Administrative Simplification Strategies; Guidance for Policy Makers (Arabic version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la mise en œuvre des stratégies de simplification administrative : Orientations destinées aux décideurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Overcoming Barriers to Administrative Simplification Strategies: Guidance for Policy Makers (Arabic version)
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Governments face the challenge of rationalising and minimising administrative burdens imposed by bureaucratic requirements. At the same time, they need to use administrative procedures as a source of information and a tool for implementing public policies. Administrative simplification strategies are designed to streamline procedures, reduce complexity, paperwork and uncertainty. This guide draws on the experience of, and policy dialogue between, member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Middle East and North African countries (MENA). It reviews common barriers to designing and implementing a strategy for administrative simplification and offers 22 approaches to overcome them, providing a synthesis of good practices among policy makers and practitioners working on cutting red tape.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059726-en
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  • 37
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    Test No. 412: Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070783
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (14 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 ; Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation ; étude sur 28 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 412 : Toxicité subaigüe par inhalation : étude sur 28 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This revised Test Guideline 412 (TG 412) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a limited period of time (28 days), and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 5 male and 5 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 28 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test article. This guideline allows the study director the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070783-en
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  • 38
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    Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation: Policy Guidance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264054950
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement ; Document d'orientation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo ; Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento; Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Adaptation au changement climatique et coopération pour le développement : Document d'orientation
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integración de la Adaptación en la Cooperación para el Desarrollo : Guía sobre Políticas
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integração da Adaptação às Alterações Climáticas na Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento: Guia para o Desenvolvimento de Políticas
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Integrating climate change adaptation into development co-operation
    DDC: 363.73874
    RVK:
    AR 28300
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Environment ; Development ; Klimaänderung ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
    Abstract: The negative impacts of climate change will hit poor people and poor countries disproportionately, and further compromise the achievement of their development objectives. Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Development Co-operation provides essential information and advice on how to facilitate the integration of adaptation into development processes. The objectives of this policy guidance are to: i) promote understanding of the implications of climate change on development practice and the associated need to mainstream climate adaptation in development co-operation agencies and partner countries; ii) identify appropriate approaches for integrating climate change adaptation into development policies at national, sectoral and project levels and in urban and rural contexts; and iii) identify practical ways for donors to support developing country partners in their efforts to reduce their vulnerability to climate variability and climate change. While efforts to integrate climate change adaptation will be led by developing country partners, international donors have a critical role to play in supporting such efforts.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264054950-en
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  • 39
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    Test No. 413: Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90-day Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070806
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 ; Toxicité subchronique par inhalation ; 90 jours
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 413 : Toxicité subchronique par inhalation : 90 jours
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This revised Test Guideline 413 (TG 413) has been designed to fully characterize test article toxicity by the inhalation route following repeated exposure for a period of 90 days, and to provide data for quantitative inhalation risk assessments. It was updated in 2017 to enable the testing and characterisation of effects of nanomaterials tested. Groups of at least 10 male and 10 female rodents are exposed 6 hours per day for 90 days to a) the test chemical at three or more concentration levels, b) filtered air (negative control), and/or c) the vehicle (vehicle control). Animals are generally exposed 5 days per week but exposure for 7 days per week is also allowed. Males and females are always tested, but they may be exposed at different concentration levels if it is known that one sex is more susceptible to a given test chemical. The results of the study include measurement and daily and detailed observations (haematology and clinical chemistry), as well as ophthalmology, gross pathology, organ weights, and histopathology. This Test Guideline allows the flexibility to include satellite (reversibility) groups, interim sacrifices, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung burden (LB) for particles, neurologic tests, and additional clinical pathology and histopathological evaluations in order to better characterize the toxicity of a test chemical.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070806-en
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  • 40
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    Pears : = Poires (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068322
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (108 p.)
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This publication provides comments and illustrations of standards in force regarding the classification, presentation and marking of pears in international trade under the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It is a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in trade in pears.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068322-en-fr
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  • 41
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Copenhagen, Denmark 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060036
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Copenhagen, Denmark
    Keywords: Stadtwachstum ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; Ballungsraum ; Kopenhagen ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Denmark ; Kopenhagen ; Ballungsraum ; Stadtentwicklung
    Abstract: The Copenhagen metropolitan region accounts for nearly half of Denmark's national output and plays a key role for the country as a whole. Nevertheless, it has witnessed only modest economic growth over the last decade. This review of metropolitan area policy for Copenhagen examines key challenges including modest economic growth, scarcity of skilled workers and barriers to research and development. The report also examines how public institutions affect regional economic growth. Issues considered include: inter-municipal co-operation, local finance, public management, political leadership, and coordination mechanisms between the central government and the region.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060036-en
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  • 42
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    Achieving Better Value for Money in Health Care (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264074231
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Health Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Obtenir un meilleur rapport qualité-prix dans les soins de santé
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Achieving better value for money in health care
    RVK:
    QX 705
    Keywords: Gesundheitskosten ; Gesundheitsreform ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Gesundheitspolitik
    Abstract: Rising public health care spending remains a problem in virtually all OECD and EU member countries. As a consequence, there is growing interest in policies that will ease this pressure through improved health system performance. This report examines selected policies that may help countries better achieve the goal of improved health system efficiency and thus better value for money. Drawing on multinational data sets and case studies, it examines a range policy instruments. These include: the role of competition in health markets; the scope for improving care coordination; better pharmaceutical pricing policies; greater quality control supported by stronger information and communication technology in health care; and increased cost sharing.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264074231-en
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  • 43
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    Engaging with High Net Worth Individuals on Tax Compliance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068872
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Engaging with high net worth individuals on tax compliance
    RVK:
    QL 410
    Keywords: Finanzverwaltung ; Steuermoral ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Reichtum ; Individuum ; Steuermoral ; Steuerpolitik
    Abstract: High Net Worth Individuals (HNWIs) pose significant challenges to tax administrations due to the complexity of their affairs, their revenue contribution, the opportunity for aggressive tax planning, and the impact of their compliance behaviour on the integrity of the tax system. This publication examines in detail this taxpayer segment, describes their usage of aggressive tax planning schemes and proposes prevention, detection and response strategies that tax administrations can use to respond to these challenges. It also addresses aspects of voluntary disclosure initiatives for past non-compliance that may be particularly pertinent in the current environment. The publication outlines a number of innovative approaches to enable governments to better manage the risks involved with marketed tax schemes and tailor-made arrangements. To improve compliance, tax administrations could consider changing the structure of their operations to focus resources effectively, for example, through the creation of a dedicated HNWI unit. Other recommendations include creating the appropriate legal framework, exploring forms of co-operative compliance and engaging more in international co-operation, at both the strategic and operational level.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068872-en
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  • 44
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: United States 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075290
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.)
    Series Statement: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als United States
    DDC: 331.34
    RVK:
    QG 620
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; USA ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States ; USA ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik
    Abstract: First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on the United States contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075290-en
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  • 45
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    Clusters, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pôles de compétitivité, innovation et entrepreneuriat
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Clusters, innovation and entrepreneurship
    RVK:
    QG 000
    Keywords: Regionales Cluster ; Innovation ; Entrepreneurship ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Cluster ; Innovation ; Entrepreneurship
    Abstract: This publication explores the success of major innovation and entrepreneurship clusters in OECD countries, the challenges they now face in sustaining their positions and the lessons for other places seeking to build successful clusters. What are the key factors for cluster success? What problems are emerging on the horizon? Which is the appropriate role of the public sector in supporting the expansion of clusters and overcoming the obstacles? The book addresses these and other issues, analysing seven internationally reputed clusters in depth: Grenoble in France, Vienna in Austria, Waterloo in Canada, Dunedin in New Zealand, Medicon Valley in Scandinavia, Oxfordshire in the United Kingdom, and Madison, Wisconsin, in the United States. For each cluster, it looks at the factors that have contributed to its growth, the impact of the cluster on local entrepreneurship performance, and the challenges faced for further expansion. It also puts forward a set of policy recommendations geared to the broader context of cluster development. This publication is essential reading for policy makers, practitioners and academics wishing to obtain good practices in cluster development and guidance on how to enhance the economic impact of clusters.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264044326-en
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  • 46
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    Transport Energy and CO2 : Moving towards Sustainability (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073173
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (416 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Transport, energy and CO 2
    DDC: 628.5/32
    RVK:
    AR 27700
    Keywords: Verkehr ; Kraftstoff ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Welt ; Energy ; OECD ; Verkehrspolitik ; Klimaschutz ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: Car ownership is set to triple by 2050, trucking activity will double and air travel could increase fourfold. This book examines how to enable mobility without accelerating climate change. It finds that if we change the way we travel, adopt technologies to improve vehicle efficiency and shift to low-CO2 fuels, we can move onto a different pathway where transport CO2 emissions by 2050 are far below current levels, at costs that are lower than many assume. The report discusses the prospects for shifting more travel to the most efficient modes and reducing travel growth rates, improving vehicle fuel efficiency by up to 50% using cost-effective, incremental technologies, and moving toward electricity, hydrogen, and advanced biofuels to achieve a more secure and sustainable transport future. If governments implement strong policies to achieve this scenario, transport can play its role and dramatically reduce CO2 emissions by 2050.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073173-en
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  • 47
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    IEA Scoreboard 2009 : 35 Key Energy Trends over 35 Years (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264063785
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Measuring and assessing how much has been done by member countries over the years to follow their underlying principles is not an easy task. Each country is unique in terms of economy, geography, climate, energy resources, etc. Taking into account some of these specificities, the IEA Scoreboard 2009 compares what has been achieved by member countries in diversifying their energy mix, in promoting non-fossil fuels and energy efficiency, in encouraging research and development, and, more generally, in creating a policy framework consistent with their shared policy goals. Since the IEA Scoreboard 2009 is published in conjunction with the 35th anniversary of the IEA, 35 themes, ranging from diversification to prices, show how IEA countries have performed in their efforts to attain energy security, environmental protection and economic growth. This book, which combines statistical rigour with easy access and readability, is an ideal resource for anyone who would like to have a quick overview of energy development in IEA member countries over the last 35 years. The publication also includes selected energy-related statistics for over 140 countries, economies and regions in the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264063785-en
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  • 48
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    OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies: Slovenia 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068995
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Labour Market and Social Policies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Henrard, Valentine Slovenia
    DDC: 331.12094973
    RVK:
    QG 490
    RVK:
    QV 200
    RVK:
    QX 400
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Flexicurity ; Sozialpolitik ; Slowenien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Slovenia ; Slowenien ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Rentenversicherung ; Sozialpolitik
    Abstract: This report analyses the main challenges for labour market and social policies in Slovenia and considers the available policy options from the perspective of OECD countries' experience. It finds that Slovenia has one of the most equal income distributions in the world and a tradition of social dialogue. However, its unemployment insurance and employment service system are not sufficient to deal effectively with the present economic crisis and the country is also faced with rapid population ageing and a low employment rate among 55-to-64 year olds. This report makes recommendations to deal with these issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068995-en
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  • 49
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    Strategies for Business, Government and Civil Society to Fight Corruption in Asia and the Pacific (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077010
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (218 p.)
    Series Statement: ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Strategies for business, government and civil society to fight corruption in Asia and the Pacific
    RVK:
    MD 7200
    RVK:
    QL 415
    Keywords: Korruption ; Wirtschaftskriminalität ; Asiatisch-pazifischer Raum ; Governance ; Konferenzschrift 2008 ; Asiatisch-Pazifischer Raum ; Korruption ; Bekämpfung
    Abstract: Bribery is bad for business, so why do businesses continue to bribe? What roles do business, government, and civil society have in the fight against corruption - and notably in the fight against bribery in business? The 6th Regional Anti-Corruption Conference for Asia and the Pacific gathered experts from countries and jurisdictions of Asia and the Pacific, OECD member countries, leading enterprises and businesses associations, civil society, and development partners to respond to these questions and to share their experiences in fighting bribery in business. The conference, organized by the ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific in late November 2008, explored (i) possible drivers and incentives for anti-corruption reform; (ii) the role of criminal law standards and corporate compliance mechanisms; (iii) the risks and countermeasures against private-to-private corruption; (iv) preventing and managing conflicts of interest; (v) international initiatives to counter bribery; (vi) how development partners can become involved in the fight against bribery and corruption. This book presents the proceedings of the conference.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077010-en
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  • 50
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    Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes: Poland 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077263
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (126 p.)
    Series Statement: Jobs for Youth/Des emplois pour les jeunes
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Poland
    RVK:
    QG 475
    RVK:
    QV 221
    Keywords: Junge Arbeitskräfte ; Polen ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Poland ; Polen ; Jugendlicher Arbeitnehmer
    Abstract: First experiences on the labour market have a profound influence on later working life. This report on Poland contains a survey of the main barriers to employment for young people, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to improve the transition from school-to-work, and a set of policy recommendations for further action by the public authorities and social partners.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077263-en
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  • 51
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    Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102466
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (210 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.145
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence et interactions entre aéroports, services de transports aériens et ferroviaires
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: How should airports be regulated to contain market power? This round table proceedings first examines whether they need to be regulated at all. It concludes that because regulation is inevitably imperfect and costly, policy makers should establish conditions for competition to emerge between airports in preference to comprehensive regulation, whenever possible. Economic regulation is sometimes necessary, such as when airports are heavily congested. The proceedings determines which approaches are likely to work best and also assesses strategies for managing greenhouse gas emissions. It finds that although including aviation in an open emission trading scheme could help mitigate emissions efficiently across the economy, it should not be expected to produce major cuts in CO2-emissions in aviation itself. Finally the proceedings identifies the economic conditions under which high-speed rail can provide a competitive substitute for aviation, revealing the limited relevance of rail to reducing greenhouse gas emissions from this part of the transport market.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102466-en
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  • 52
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    Innovation and Growth : Chasing a Moving Frontier (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073975
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (266 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Innovation and growth
    RVK:
    QR 000
    Keywords: Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; BRICS-Staaten ; Forschung ; Entwicklung ; Innovation ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Entwicklungsländer ; Innovation ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Abstract: Innovation is crucial to long-term economic growth, even more so in the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis. In this volume, the OECD and the World Bank jointly take stock of how globalisation is posing new challenges for innovation and growth in both developed and developing countries, and how countries are coping with them. The authors discuss options for policy initiatives that can foster technological innovation in the pursuit of faster and sustainable growth. The various chapters highlight how the emergence of an integrated global market affects the impact of national innovation policy. What seemed like effective innovation strategies (e.g. policies designed to strengthen the R&D capacity of domestic firms) are no longer sufficient for effective catch-up. The more open and global nature of innovation makes innovation policies more difficult to design and implement at the national scale alone. These challenges are further complicated by new phenomena, such as global value chains and the fragmentation of production, the growing role of global corporations, and the ICT revolution. Where and why a global corporation chooses to anchor its production affects the playing field for OECD and developing economies alike. Selected as a 2009 Notable Document by the American Library Association Government Documents Round Table.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073975-en
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  • 53
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    Piracy of Digital Content (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065437
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stryszowski, Piotr Piracy of digital content
    RVK:
    QR 360
    Keywords: Urheberrechtsverletzung ; Science and Technology ; Internet ; Kulturgut ; Produktpiraterie
    Abstract: This book studies digital piracy - the infringement of copyrighted content (such as music, films, software, broadcasting, books, etc.) - where the end product does not involve the use of hard media, such as CDs and DVDs. It presents the unique economic properties of markets for pirated digital products, where the existence of a large number of suppliers willing to provide pirated content at virtually no cost poses new and difficult challenges to copyright owners and policy makers in combating that piracy. These economic features, together with rapid technological developments, create special and unique problems to policy makers and the large number of actors involved in different jurisdictions. This book also provides an illustrative, in-depth case study of the sports rights owners sector, highlighting how it is affected by digital piracy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065437-en
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  • 54
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    Internet Access for Development (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056312
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (110 p.)
    Series Statement: The Development Dimension
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Internet access for development
    RVK:
    QR 760
    Keywords: Informationstechnik ; Internet ; Welt ; Entwicklungsländer ; Governance ; Development ; Science and Technology ; Entwicklungsländer ; Telekommunikationsnetz ; Internet ; Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ; Kohärenz ; OECD ; Telekommunikationsmarkt ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung
    Abstract: The Internet has been remarkably successful in developing greater opportunities for communication access - and economic growth and social development - for the first billion users. The majority of the next several billion users will be mainly from developing countries and will connect to the Internet principally via wireless networks. But there are substantial discrepancies in access to ICTs between developed and developing countries and also within countries, depending on factors such as gender, rural coverage, skills and educational levels. This book examines how the market for internet traffic exchange has evolved and explores the coherence of policies pursued by developed and developing countries. It notes the increasing innovation occurring in a number of developing countries with competitive markets and discusses how liberalisation has helped to expand of access networks and make ICT services increasingly affordable and available to the poor. The report also highlights the employment, micro-entrepreneurial and social development opportunities which have emerged as access levels have risen among low-income users. The study notes that gateway service monopolies - still in 70 countries - raise the prices for accessing international capacity and reduce the affordability of Internet access to business and end users.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056312-en
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  • 55
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    Port Competition and Hinterland Connections (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102251
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Series Statement: ITF Round Tables no.143
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence entre les ports et les liaisons terrestres avec l'arrière-pays
    RVK:
    QR 800
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This Round Table publication discusses the policy and regulatory challenges posed by the rapidly changing port environment. The sector has changed tremendously in recent decades with technological and organisational innovation and a powerful expansion of trade. Although ports serve hinterlands that now run deep into continents, competition among ports is increasingly intense and their bargaining power in the supply chain has consequently weakened. Greater port throughput is meeting with increasing resistance from local communities because of pollution and congestion. In addition, local regulation is warranted but made difficult by the distribution of bargaining power among stakeholders. Higher-level authorities could develop more effective policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102251-en
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  • 56
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    Building Transparent Tax Compliance by Banks (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067851
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Building transparent tax compliance by banks
    RVK:
    QL 410
    Keywords: Steuermoral ; Bank ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; OECD ; Steuerplanung ; Kreditwesen ; Governance ; Steuervermeidung ; Bank ; Risikomanagement
    Abstract: This book analyses the role banks play in the provision of aggressive tax planning arrangements. It examines the nature of banking, the complex structured financing transactions developed by banks and how they are then used by both banks and their clients. It also explores the internal governance processes that banks use to manage tax risk and the prevention, detection and response strategies applied by different revenue bodies in responding to the challenges that banks pose. The book makes a number of recommendations for revenue bodies and identifies best practices for consideration by banks.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067851-en
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  • 57
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    Computer Viruses and Other Malicious Software : A Threat to the Internet Economy (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056510
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (246 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Computer viruses and other malicious software
    DDC: 005.8
    RVK:
    ST 276
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology ; Computervirus
    Abstract: Malware attacks are increasing both in frequency and sophistication, thus posing a serious threat to the Internet economy and to national security. This book is a first step toward addressing the threat of malware in a comprehensive, global manner. It informs readers about malware -- its growth, evolution and countermeasures to combat it; presents new research into the economic incentives driving cyber-security decisions; and makes specific suggestions on how the international community can better work together to address the problem.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056510-en
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  • 58
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    OECD Rural Policy Reviews, Italy 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056237
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Rural Policy Reviews
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Italy
    Keywords: Ländliche Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsplanung ; Italien ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Italy ; Italien ; Ländliche Entwicklung
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of rural policy in Italy. On average, rural regions in Italy have some of the highest GDP per capita among the OECD countries, yet unexploited potential remains. This analysis of rural Italy reveals heterogeneous economic conditions, an increasing elderly population and a diminished focus on environmental concerns. This suggests the need for a broader rural policy approach that reflects the changing demands upon rural resources and that considers other aspects of rurality including health, education and quality of life.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056237-en
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  • 59
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    Regulatory Impact Analysis : A Tool for Policy Coherence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067110
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (182 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'analyse d'impact de la réglementation ; Un outil au service de la cohérence des politiques
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bounds, Gregory Regulatory impact analysis
    RVK:
    QR 300
    Keywords: Governance ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Regulierung ; Wirkungsanalyse
    Abstract: Regulatory impact analysis (RIA) is a systemic approach to critically assessing the positive and negative effects of proposed and existing regulations and non-regulatory alternatives. This publication brings together recent OECD research and analysis concerning methodological issues and country experiences with RIA. The collected papers cover a number of challenges to the effectiveness of RIA including: systemic factors which influence the quality of RIA; methodological frameworks that can assist RIA to improve regulation; guidance on using RIA to avoid unnecessary regulation of competitive markets; and a review of the use of RIA in the regulation of corporate governance across a number of OECD countries. Taken together, this publication provides valuable, practical guidance on how to improve the performance of RIA systems to promote economic welfare through better quality regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067110-en
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  • 60
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    The Financing of Nuclear Power Plants (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264079229
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le financement des centrales nucléaires
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als The financing of nuclear power plants
    Keywords: Kernkraftwerk ; Finanzierung ; OECD-Staaten ; Nuclear Energy ; OECD ; Kernkraftwerk ; Finanzierung
    Abstract: Many countries have recognised that greater use of nuclear power could play a valuable role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, given the high capital cost and complexity of nuclear power plants, financing their construction often remains a challenge. This is especially true where such financing is left to the private sector in the context of competitive electricity markets. This study examines the financial risks involved in investing in a new nuclear power plant, how these can be mitigated, and how projects can be structured so that residual risks are taken by those best able to manage them. Given that expansion of nuclear power programmes will require strong and sustained government support, the study highlights the role of governments in facilitating and encouraging investment in new nuclear generating capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264079229-en
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  • 61
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Chile 2009 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060791
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (222 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Chile 2009 ; (Spanish version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chile
    Keywords: Regionalentwicklung ; Regionales Wachstum ; Regionalpolitik ; Chile ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Chile ; Chile ; Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalpolitik
    Abstract: Chile has achieved strong economic growth during the last 20 years. Nevertheless, its economy depends on a few resource-based sectors located in a small number of regions. The performance of Chilean regions varies significantly and regional disparities in GDP per capita are very high compared to those in OECD countries. Chilean regions have thus far so not fully utilised their assets and reached their potential for growth. This report recommends moving towards a territorial approach to development in Chile in order to better adapt public management to the different opportunities and needs of the diverse territories of the country. Chilean regions would particularly benefit from context-specific policies to boost productivity, such as those targeting innovation and entrepreneurship, and to improve education and training.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060791-en
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  • 62
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    Strengthening Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073326
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcement des organisations régionales de la pêche
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cox, Anthony Strengthening regional fisheries management organisations
    Keywords: Fischschutz ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Seefischerei ; Fischwirtschaft ; Regionalwirtschaft ; Organisation
    Abstract: With the development and entry into force of the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement in 1995, the international community made a commitment to strengthen Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), established to deal with the management of shared high seas resources. This study takes stock of the changes made in RFMOs, highlighting a gradual process of improvement that has translated into significant success stories. While there is no single recipe for this process, ensuring that the fundamental building blocks are in place to help create and maintain the economic and political momentum for change is important. Altering the underlying economic incentives may help to better align the interests of member countries, allowing coalitions for change to develop within the membership. The study and its analysis is built on evidence from a range of case studies of RFMOs, most notably the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CSBT), the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT), the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO) and the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073326-en
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  • 63
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    Taxation of SMEs : Key Issues and Policy Considerations (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264024748
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (147 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.18
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Taxation of SMEs
    RVK:
    QL 641
    RVK:
    PP 8080
    Keywords: KMU ; Unternehmensbesteuerung ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Steuerrecht ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb ; OECD
    Abstract: This report covers a broad range of SME taxation issues, including possible effects of taxation on the creation and growth of SMEs, and considerations arising from a relatively high compliance burden. Differing income tax and social security contribution burdens of unincorporated and incorporated SMEs are considered in detail, with analysis of average statutory tax rates carried out to investigate possible tax distortions to business creation and business structure decisions of a single worker/owner of an SME. Various arguments are presented for and against the targeting of tax incentives at SMEs. Country examples of SME tax incentives and compliance cost reduction measures are provided in the report.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264024748-en
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  • 64
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    International Trade : Free, Fair and Open? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060265 , 9789264107137
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Insights
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le commerce international ; Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationaler Handel; Frei, fair und offen?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Love, Patrick International trade
    DDC: 382.1
    RVK:
    QM 200
    Keywords: Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Außenhandel ; Handelsvertrag ; Freihandel ; Fairer Handel ; Liberalisierung ; Economics ; Trade ; Erde ; Welthandel
    Abstract: International trade affects the price and availability of practically everything we buy. It also plays a role in many other domains, including jobs, the environment and the fight against poverty. OECD Insights: International Trade argues that prosperity has rarely, if ever, been achieved or sustained without trade. Trade alone, however, is not enough. Policies targeting employment, education, health and other issues are also needed to promote well-being and tackle the challenges of a globalised economy. "The OECD is a major source for insightful analyses of current trade issues. It also plays a role in disseminating skilfully the results of less accessible writings on trade. This short book is a valuable addition to the latter endeavour and should be on the shelf of policy makers." -Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060265-en
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  • 65
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    Natural Tracer Profiles Across Argillaceous Formations : The CLAYTRAC Project (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060487
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (362 p.)
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This technical report describes the results of the Nuclear Energy Agency's CLAYTRAC project, in which natural tracer data from nine sites was evaluated to assess potential impacts of disposal of radiological waste in geological repositories. It shows scientific information from numerous sites and applies robust analytical methods to improve the understanding of radionuclide migration and evolution of sites for deep geological disposal. These results improve the understanding of sites, and thus the confidence in safety, for geological disposal of radioactive waste.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060487-en
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  • 66
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    Preventing Violence, War and State Collapse : The Future of Conflict Early Warning and Response (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059818
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (134 p.)
    Series Statement: Conflict and Fragility
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prévenir la violence, la guerre et l'effondrement des États ; L'avenir des systèmes d'alerte précoce et de réponse rapide
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The international community today is hardly in a position to avoid another genocide, as witnessed in Rwanda in 1994, despite the significant evolution of early warning systems in recent years. Based on a review of the literature on early warning and response, as well as inputs from surveyed agencies, Preventing Violence, War and State Collapse assesses the value and role of early warning for the prevention of violent conflict and identifies the most effective early warning and response systems. It concludes with a set of recommendations for policy makers in donor and partner countries in influencing future developments in this field.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059818-en
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  • 67
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    Strategic and Policy Issues Raised by the Transition from Thermal to Fast Nuclear Systems (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060654
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (86 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Questions stratégiques et politiques liées à la transition des systèmes nucléaires thermiques aux systèmes rapides
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The renewed interest in nuclear energy triggered by concerns about global climate change and security of supply could lead to substantial growth in nuclear electricity generation and expanded interest in fast neutron reactors with closed fuel cycles. Moving from the current fleet of thermal neutron reactors to fast neutron systems will require many decades and extensive RD&D efforts. This book identifies and analyses key strategic and policy issues raised by such a transition, and provides guidance to decision makers on the best approaches for implementing transition scenarios.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060654-en
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  • 68
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    Global Monitoring Report 2009 : A Development Emergency (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821378601
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (219 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Global Monitoring Report
    Abstract: A Development Emergency: the title of this year's Global Monitoring Report, the sixth in an annual series, could not be more apt. The global economic crisis, the most severe since the Great Depression, is rapidly turning into a human and development crisis. No region is immune. The poor countries are especially vulnerable, as they have the least cushion to withstand events. The crisis, coming on the heels of the food and fuel crises, poses serious threats to their hard-won gains in boosting economic growth and reducing poverty. It is pushing millions back into poverty and putting at risk the very survival of many. The prospect of reaching the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015, already a cause for serious concern, now looks even more distant. A global crisis must be met with a global response. The crisis began in the financial markets of developed countries, so the first order of business must be to stabilize these markets and counter the recession that the financial turmoil has triggered. At the same time, strong and urgent actions are needed to counter the impact of the crisis on developing countries and help them restore strong growth while protecting the poor. Global Monitoring Report 2009, prepared jointly by the staff of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, provides a development perspective on the global economic crisis. It assesses the impact on developing countries, their growth, poverty reduction, and other MDGs. And it sets out priorities for policy response, both by developing countries themselves and by the international community. This report also focuses on the ways in which the private sector can be better mobilized in support of development goals, especially in the aftermath of the crisis
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7859-5
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  • 69
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    The Political Economy of Village Sanitation in South India : Capture Or Poor Information? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ban, Radu The Political Economy of Village Sanitation in South India
    Abstract: Despite efforts to mandate and finance local governments' provision of environmental sanitation services, outcomes remain poor in the villages surveyed in the four South Indian states. The analysis indicates some key issues that appear to hinder improvements in sanitation. Local politicians tend to capture sanitary infrastructure and cleaning services for themselves, while also keeping major village roads reasonably well-served. Their decisions suggest, however, that they neither understand the health benefits of sanitation, nor the negative externalities to their own health if surrounding areas are poorly served. Our findings suggest that improving sanitary outcomes requires disseminating information on the public goods nature of their health benefits, as well as on the local government's responsibilities. It also requires putting public health regulations in place, along with measures to enable accountability in service provision
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4802
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  • 70
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    A Structural Model of Establishment and Industry Evolution : Evidence From Chile (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Seker, Murat A Structural Model of Establishment and Industry Evolution
    Abstract: Many recent models have been developed to fit the basic facts on establishment and industry evolution. While these models yield a simple interpretation of the basic features of the data, they are too stylized to confront the micro-level data in a more formal quantitative analysis. In this paper, the author develops a model in which establishments grow by innovating new products. By introducing heterogeneity to a stylized industry evolution model, the analysis succeeds in explaining several features of the data, such as the thick right tail of the size distribution and the relations between age, size, and the hazard rate of exit, which had eluded existing models. In the model, heterogeneity in producer behavior arises through a combination of exogenous efficiency differences and accumulated innovations resulting from past endogenous research and development investments. Integrating these forces allows the model to perform well quantitatively in fitting data on Chilean manufacturers. The counterfactual experiments show how producers respond to research and development subsidies and more competitive market environments
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4947
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  • 71
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    Do International Treaties Promote Development? : the Convention On the Rights of the Child and Basic Immunization (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gauri, Varun Do International Treaties Promote Development?
    Abstract: Little evidence is available on whether changing global rules so as to promote human rights can enhance development outcomes. The Convention on the Rights of the Child was almost universally ratified by the mid-1990s, but it is unclear whether treaty ratification was associated with better or wider protection of children’s rights. This paper uses an instrumental variable approach to investigate whether treaty ratification was associated with stronger effort at the country level on child survival, and particularly with higher rates of immunization coverage. The paper finds that ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child was correlated with a subsequent increase in immunization rates, but only in upper middle and high-income countries. Treaties can promote development outcomes, but require institutional support to do so
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4964
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  • 72
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    Assessing the Macroeconomic Impacts of Natural Disasters : Are There Any? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Hochrainer, Stefan Assessing the Macroeconomic Impacts of Natural Disasters
    Abstract: There is an ongoing debate on whether disasters cause significant macroeconomic impacts and are truly a potential impediment to economic development. This paper aims to assess whether and by what mechanisms disasters have the potential to cause significant GDP impacts. The analysis first studies the counterfactual versus the observed gross domestic product. Second, the analysis assesses disaster impacts as a function of hazard, exposure of assets, and, importantly, vulnerability. In a medium-term analysis (up to 5 years after the disaster event), comparing counterfactual with observed gross domestic product, the authors find that natural disasters on average can lead to negative consequences. Although the negative effects may be small, they can become more pronounced depending mainly on the size of the shock. Furthermore, the authors test a large number of vulnerability predictors and find that greater aid and inflows of remittances reduce adverse macroeconomic consequences, and that direct losses appear most critical
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4968
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  • 73
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    Can Malaysia Escape the Middle-Income Trap? : A Strategy for Penang (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Yusuf, Shahid Can Malaysia Escape the Middle-Income Trap?
    Abstract: How can Penang upgrade and diversify its economy? This paper addresses this question using a number of methodologies that have been developed for assessing competitiveness and identifying the direction of future industrial evolution. The results show that although Penang was successful in attracting foreign direct investment to the electronics industry, this has not translated into a deepening of industrial capabilities or the nurturing of innovation capacity in Penang. No large Malaysian firms in Penang have taken the lead in innovation and there is little new entry by local firms, despite incentives provided by local and national governments are generous. Universiti Sains Malaysia, the principal university in Penang, is contributing through provision of skills, and it is beginning to multiply university industry linkages. However, the university’s research activities are too limited and too diffuse to significantly initiate innovation by local industry. Under the current circumstances, and given its relatively small size, Penang will have to try much harder to strengthen its competitive advantage in its most important industry -electronics- through actions that build research capital. It will also have to increase its efforts to develop the potential of other value-adding activities, such as medical services and tourism. A strategy focused on localization economies is likely to be the most feasible option
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4971
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  • 74
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    Remittances and Natural Disasters : Ex-Post Response and Contribution To Ex-Ante Preparedness (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Mohapatra, Sanket Remittances and Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Macro- and micro-economic evidence suggests a positive role of remittances in preparing households against natural disasters and in coping with the loss afterwards. Analysis of cross-country macroeconomic data shows that remittances increase in the aftermath of natural disasters in countries that have a larger number of migrants abroad. Analysis of household survey data in Bangladesh shows that per capita consumption was higher in remittance-receiving households than in others after the 1998 flood. Ethiopian remittance-dependent households seem to use cash reserves rather than sell livestock to cope with drought. In Burkina Faso and Ghana, international remittance-receiving households, especially those receiving remittances from high-income developed countries, tend to have housing built of concrete rather than mud and greater access to communication equipment, suggesting that they are better prepared against natural disasters
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4972
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  • 75
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    The Economics of Teacher Supply in Indonesia (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Chen, Dandan The Economics of Teacher Supply in Indonesia
    Abstract: This paper examines the phenomenon of the over-supply of teachers but shortage of qualified teachers in Indonesia. Using a theoretical framework of government-dominated market with government-set wage rate and demand for teachers, the analysis explores how teacher supply, particularly the composition of the teaching force with low or high qualification, would be determined by current and future public policies. Using 2001 to 2008 Indonesian Labor Force Survey data, the paper further estimates the potential effect of the most recent teacher law, which could give college educated teachers a significant pay increase, on the composition of the Indonesian teaching force with differentiated education backgrounds. Using a sample of workers with college education, the author finds that the relative wage rate of teachers and that of alternative occupations significantly influence the decision of college educated workers to become teachers. It is also found that the wage rate set by the most recent teacher law would increase the share of teachers approximately from 16 to 30 percent of the college-educated labor force. This increase that is due to the new government-set wage rate, would result in a pupil-teacher ratio of 24 to 25 pupils per teacher with college education, but will require a more than 31 percent increase in the wage bill for teacher salaries. The empirical approach of this paper is derived from a structural model that takes into account the endogeneity of the wage rate and corrects for sample-selection bias due to occupational choice
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4975
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  • 76
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    Educational and Health Impacts of Two School Feeding Schemes : Evidence From A Randomized Trial in Rural Burkina Faso (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kazianga, Harounan Educational and Health Impacts of Two School Feeding Schemes
    Abstract: This paper uses a prospective randomized trial to assess the impact of two school feeding schemes on health and education outcomes for children from low-income households in northern rural Burkina Faso. The two school feeding programs under consideration are, on the one hand, school meals where students are provided with lunch each school day, and, on the other hand, take-home rations that provide girls with 10 kg of cereal flour each month, conditional on 90 percent attendance rate. After running for one academic year, both programs increased girls’ enrollment by 5 to 6 percentage points. While there was no observable significant impact on raw scores in mathematics, the time-adjusted scores in mathematics improved slightly for girls. The interventions caused absenteeism to increase in households that were low in child labor supply while absenteeism decreased for households that had a relatively large child labor supply, consistent with the labor constraints. Finally, for younger siblings of beneficiaries, aged between 12 and 60 months, take-home rations have increased weight-for-age by .38 standard deviations and weight-for-height by .33 standard deviations. In contrast, school meals did not have any significant impact on the nutrition of younger children
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4976
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  • 77
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    Natural Disasters and Growth : Going Beyond the Averages (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman Natural Disasters and Growth
    Abstract: There has been a steady increase in the occurrence of natural disasters. Yet their effect on economic growth remains unclear, with some studies reporting negative, and others indicating no, or even positive effects. These seemingly contradictory findings can be reconciled by exploring the effects of natural disasters on growth separately by disaster and economic sector. This is consistent with the insights from traditional models of economic growth, where production depends on total factor productivity, the provision of intermediate outputs, and the capital-labor ratio, as well as the existence of important intersector linkages. Applying a dynamic Generalized Method of Moments panel estimator to a 1961-2005 cross-country panel, three major insights emerge. First, disasters affect economic growth - but not always negatively, and differently across disasters and economic sectors. Second, although moderate disasters can have a positive growth effect in some sectors, severe disasters do not. Third, growth in developing countries is more sensitive to natural disasters - more sectors are affected and the magnitudes are non-trivial
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4980
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    More On the Energy : Non-Energy Commodity Price Link (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Baffes, John More On the Energy
    Abstract: This paper examines the energy/non-energy commodity price link, based on a reduced form econometric model and using annual data from 1960 to 2008. The transmission elasticity from energy to the non-energy index is estimated at 0.28. At a more disaggregated level, the fertilizer index exhibited the largest elasticity (0.55), followed by precious metals (0.46), food (0.27), metals and minerals (0.25), and raw materials (0.11). By contrast, only a few price indices responded strongly to inflation, although the trend parameter estimate (often viewed as a proxy for technological progress) is negative for agriculture and positive for metals. A key implication of the pass-through results is that for as long as energy prices remain elevated, most non-energy commodity prices are expected to be high
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4982
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  • 79
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    Diasporas (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Beine, Michel Diasporas
    Abstract: Migration flows are shaped by a complex combination of self-selection and out-selection mechanisms. In this paper, the authors analyze how existing diasporas (the stock of people born in a country and living in another one) affect the size and human-capital structure of current migration flows. The analysis exploits a bilateral data set on international migration by educational attainment from 195 countries to 30 developed countries in 1990 and 2000. Based on simple micro-foundations and controlling for various determinants of migration, the analysis finds that diasporas increase migration flows, lower the average educational level and lead to higher concentration of low-skill migrants. Interestingly, diasporas explain the majority of the variability of migration flows and selection. This suggests that, without changing the generosity of family reunion programs, education-based selection rules are likely to have a moderate impact. The results are highly robust to the econometric techniques, accounting for the large proportion of zeros and endogeneity problems
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4984
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  • 80
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    Post-Macroeconomics : Reflections on the Crisis and Strategic Directions Ahead (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Monga, Celestin Post-Macroeconomics
    Abstract: For decades, many researchers argued that economics had nothing to fear from enriching itself with lessons and advances from other disciplines. Unfortunately, these suggestions were either neglected or dismissed upfront in what was then arbitrarily considered mainstream economics. The global crisis has led even Nobel Prize winners to acknowledge that the problem facing economists and policy makers today is mostly intellectual - it is the need to confront the systematic failure of thinking, especially on the part of macroeconomists. Despite its unprecedented magnitude and heavy financial, human, and intellectual cost, the crisis certainly does not invalidate everything that has been learned about macroeconomics. However, the costs highlight some of mistakes of the dominant intellectual macroeconomic framework. Post-macroeconomics should not be understood as another metanarrative of the end of metanarratives. The use of the prefix post here suggests and emphasizes much more than temporal posterity. Post-macroeconomics should follow from macroeconomics more than it follows after macroeconomics. The theorizing of post-macroeconomics is therefore neither systematically oppositional nor hegemonic. It does not advocate a - dialectic opposition - between macroeconomics and post-macroeconomics. Rather, it suggests that the latter builds on the former and goes beyond it
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4986
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  • 81
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    Disasters and Economic Welfare : Can National Savings Help Explain Post-Disaster Changes in Consumption? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Mechler, Reinhard Disasters and Economic Welfare
    Abstract: The debate on whether natural disasters cause significant macroeconomic impacts and indeed hinder development is ongoing. Most analyses along these lines have focused on impacts on gross domestic product. This paper looks beyond this standard national accounting aggregate, and examines whether traditional and alternative national savings measures combined with adjustments for the destruction of capital stocks may contribute to better explaining post-disaster changes in welfare as measured by changes in consumption expenditure. The author concludes that including disaster asset losses may help to better explain variations in post-disaster consumption, albeit almost exclusively for the group of low-income countries. The observed effect is rather small and in the range of a few percent of the explained variation. For low-income countries, capital stock and changes therein, such as forced by disaster shocks, seem to play a more important role than for higher-income economies, where human capital and technological progress become crucial. There are important data constraints and uncertainties, particularly regarding the quality of disaster loss data and the shares of capital stock losses therein. Another important challenge potentially biasing the results is the lack of data on alternative savings measures for many disaster-exposed lower-income countries and small island states
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4988
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  • 82
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    Financial Institutions and Markets Across Countries and Over Time : Data and Analysis (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Financial Institutions and Markets Across Countries and Over Time
    Abstract: This paper introduces the updated and expanded version of the Financial Development and Structure Database and presents recent trends in structure and development of financial institutions and markets across countries. The authors add indicators on banking structure and financial globalization. They find a deepening of both financial markets and institutions, a trend concentrated in high-income countries and more pronounced for markets than for banks. Similarly, the recent increase in cross-border lending and debt issues has been concentrated in high-income countries, while low and lower-middle income countries have experienced an increase in remittance flows. Low net interest margins, rising profitability and declining stability in high-income countries’ banking sectors characterize the recent financial sector boom in high income countries leading up to the global financial crisis of 2007
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4943
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  • 83
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    Are There Diminishing Returns To Transfer Size in Conditional Cash Transfers? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Filmer, Deon Are There Diminishing Returns To Transfer Size in Conditional Cash Transfers?
    Abstract: There is increasing evidence that conditional cash transfer programs can have large impacts on school enrollment, including in very poor countries. However, little is known about which features of program design - including the amount of the cash that is transferred, how frequently conditions are monitored, whether non-complying households are penalized, and the identity or gender of the cash recipients - account for the observed outcomes. This paper analyzes the impact of one feature of program design - namely, the magnitude of the transfer. The analysis uses data from a program in Cambodia that deliberately altered the transfer amounts received by otherwise comparable households. The findings show clear evidence of diminishing marginal returns to transfer size despite the fact that even the larger transfers represented on average only 3 percent of the consumption of the median recipient households. If applicable to other settings, these results have important implications for other programs that transfer cash with the explicit aim of increasing school enrollment levels in developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4999
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  • 84
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    Does Regulatory Supervision Curtail Microfinance Profitability and Outreach? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cull, Robert Does Regulatory Supervision Curtail Microfinance Profitability and Outreach?
    Abstract: Regulation allows microfinance institutions to evolve more fully into banks, particularly for institutions aiming to take deposits. But there are potential trade-offs. Complying with regulation and supervision can be costly. The authors examine the implications for the institutions’ profitability and their outreach to small-scale borrowers and women. The tests draw on a new database that combines high-quality financial data on 245 of the world’s largest microfinance institutions with newly-constructed data on their prudential supervision. Ordinary least squares regressions show that supervision is negatively associated with profitability. Controlling for the non-random assignment of supervision via treatment effects and instrumental variables regressions, the analysis finds that supervision is associated with substantially larger average loan sizes and less lending to women than in ordinary least squares regressions, although it is not significantly associated with profitability. The pattern is consistent with the notion that profit-oriented microfinance institutions absorb the cost of supervision by curtailing outreach to market segments that tend to be more costly per dollar lent. By contrast, microfinance institutions that rely on non-commercial sources of funding (for example, donations), and thus are less profit-oriented, do not adjust loan sizes or lend less to women when supervised, but their profitability is significantly reduced
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4948
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  • 85
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    Forecasting Local Climate for Policy Analysis : A Pilot Application for Ethiopia (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Blankespoor, Brian Forecasting Local Climate for Policy Analysis
    Abstract: This paper describes an approach to forecasting future climate at the local level using historical weather station and satellite data and future projections of climate data from global climate models (GCMs) that is easily understandable by policymakers and planners. It describes an approach to synthesize the myriad climate projections, often with conflicting messages, into an easily-interpreted set of graphical displays that summarizes the basic implications of the ensemble of available climate models. The method described in the paper can be applied to publicly-available data for any country and for any number of climate models. It does not depend on geographic scale and can be applied at the subnational, national, or regional level. The paper illustrates the results for future climate for Ethiopia using future climate scenarios projects by 8 global climate models. The graphical displays of nine possible future climate regimes (average temperature, precipitation and their seasonal distribution) for each grid-cell about 50km X 50 km). It also provides the probability associated with each of the nine-climate regimes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5004
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  • 86
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    Measures of Investor and Consumer Confidence and Policy Actions in the Current Crisis (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Dailami, Mansoor Measures of Investor and Consumer Confidence and Policy Actions in the Current Crisis
    Abstract: The current financial crisis has highlighted the danger that declines in confidence can have a self-fulfilling effect on economic activity. In this paper, the authors consider ways of measuring investor and consumer confidence, and try to explain the evolution of confidence using measures of financial volatility, investment performance, macroeconomic outcomes, and policy actions. They identify a link between investor and consumer confidence. Finally, they show that liquidity provision and easing of interest rates had only a limited effect on financial market spreads during the crisis, arguing for additional measures to address the loss of confidence. The paper focuses on the need for financial regulatory reform, and shows how the incentives to cooperate in this area are stimulated by a common shock to confidence
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5007
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  • 87
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    How Land Title Affects Child Labor? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Moura, Mauricio How Land Title Affects Child Labor?
    Abstract: Secure property rights are considered a key determinant of economic development. However, evaluation of the causal effects of land titling is a difficult task. Since 2004, the Brazilian government, through a program called "Papel Passado," has issued titles to more than 85,000 families and has the goal to reach 750,000. Another topic in public policy that is crucial for developing economies is child labor force participation. In Brazil, about 5.4 million children and teenagers between 5 and 17 years old are working full time. This paper examines the direct impact of securing a property title on child labor force participation. In order to isolate the causal role of ownership security, this study uses a comparison between two close and similar communities in the City of Osasco case (a town with 650,000 people in the São Paulo metropolitan area). The key point of this case is that some units participate in the program and others do not. One of them, Jardim Canaã, received land titles in 2007; the other, Jardim DR, given fiscal constraints, will not be part of the program until 2012, and for that reason became the control group. Estimates, generated using the difference-in-difference econometric technique suggest that titling results in a substantial decrease in child labor force participation for the families that received the title compared with the others. These findings are relevant for future policy tools for dealing with informality and how it affects economic growth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5010
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  • 88
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    Too Poor To Grow (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lopez, Humberto Too Poor To Grow
    Abstract: Recent theoretical literature has suggested a variety of mechanisms through which poverty may deter growth and become self-perpetuating. A few papers have searched for empirical regularities consistent with those mechanisms - such as aggregate non-convexities and convergence clubs. However, a seemingly basic implication of the theoretical models, namely that countries suffering from higher levels of poverty should grow less rapidly, has remained untested. This paper attempts to fill that gap and provide a direct empirical assessment of the impact of poverty on growth. The paper’s strategy involves including poverty indicators among the explanatory variables in an otherwise standard empirical growth equation. Using a large panel dataset, the authors find that poverty has a negative impact on growth that is significant both statistically and economically. This result is robust to a variety of specification changes, including (i) different poverty lines; (ii) different poverty measures; (iii) different sets of control variables; (iv) different estimation methods; (v) adding inequality as a control variable; and (vi) allowing for nonlinear effects of inequality on growth. The paper also finds evidence that the adverse effect of poverty on growth works through investment: high poverty deters investment, which in turn lowers growth. Further, the data suggest that this mechanism only operates at low levels of financial development, consistent with the predictions of theoretical models that underscore financial market imperfections as a key ingredient of poverty traps
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5012
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  • 89
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    Subnational Credit Ratings : A Comparative Review (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Liu, Lili Subnational Credit Ratings
    Abstract: This paper surveys methodological issues in subnational credit ratings and highlights key challenges for developing countries. Subnational borrowing from capital markets has been on the rise owing to fiscal decentralization and demand for infrastructure investments. A prerequisite for accessing capital markets, subnational credit ratings have also emerged as a part of broader reform for fiscal sustainability. They facilitate a more transparent budgetary and financial management system. The global financial crisis makes subnational credit ratings more relevant, as they contribute to fiscal risk evaluations and fiscal adjustment. In addition to subnationals’ own credit strength, the creditworthiness of the sovereign and the intergovernmental fiscal system are among the most critical rating criteria. Implicit and contingent liabilities are integral to the rating process. Indirect debt instruments including off-balance-sheet financing create fiscal risks. The ongoing financial crisis has reinforced the rating focus on the management of liquidity, debt structure, and off-balance-sheet liabilities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5013
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  • 90
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    Credit Constraints and Investment Behavior in Mexico's Rural Economy (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Love, Inessa Credit Constraints and Investment Behavior in Mexico's Rural Economy
    Abstract: This paper uses two recently completed surveys of individual entrepreneurs (farmers and microentrepreneurs) and registered enterprises (agricultural and nonagricultural) operating in Mexico’s rural sector to provide new evidence about the factors influencing the incidence of credit constraints and investment behavior. To measure the incidence of credit constraints, the authors use self-reported information on whether economic agents have a demand for loans, separating formal and informal markets. They define credit constraints as a situation where rural agents report an unsatisfied demand for loans (formal or informal), which originates from rural agents having projects that are too risky or from impediments hindering the ability of rural agents and lenders to reduce information asymmetries. The authors find that the self-reported demand for loans is low. Nevertheless, the incidence of credit constraints is pervasive, especially among individual entrepreneurs. The low use of loans has consequences for the amount of investments that occur in the rural economy, posing a major obstacle to Mexico’s convergence towards its NAFTA partners. The empirical analysis, which includes proxies of business prospects and creditworthiness, shows that improving the availability of loans to credit constrained agents would increase the number of agents making investments and their investment to capital ratios
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5014
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  • 91
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    Lock-In Effects of Road Expansion On CO2 Emissions : Results From A Core-Periphery Model of Beijing (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anas, Alex Lock-In Effects of Road Expansion On CO2 Emissions
    Abstract: In the urban planning literature, it is frequently explicitly asserted or strongly implied that ongoing urban sprawl and decentralization can lead to development patterns that are unsustainable in the long run. One manifestation of such an outcome is that if extensive road investments occur, urban sprawl and decentralization are advanced and locked-in, making subsequent investments in public transit less effective in reducing vehicle kilometers traveled by car, gasoline use and carbon dioxide emissions. Using a simple core-periphery model of Beijing, the authors numerically assess this effect. The analysis confirms that improving the transit travel time in Beijing’s core would reduce the city’s overall carbon dioxide emissions, whereas the opposite would be the case if peripheral road capacity were expanded. This effect is robust to perturbations in the model’s calibrated parameters. In particular, the effect persists for a wide range of assumptions about how location choice depends on travel time and a wide range of assumptions about other aspects of consumer preferences
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5017
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  • 92
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    When Do Sudden Stops Really Hurt? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Caner, Mehmet When Do Sudden Stops Really Hurt?
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the drivers and consequences of sudden stops of capital flows. It focuses on the impact of external vulnerability on the depth and length of sudden stop crises. The authors analyze 43 developing and developed countries between 1993 and 2006. They find evidence that external vulnerability not only significantly impacts the probability of a sudden stop crisis, but also prolongs the time it takes for growth to revert to its long-term trend once a sudden stop occurs. Interestingly, external vulnerability does not significantly impact the size of the instantaneous output effect in case of a sudden stop but prompts a cumulative output effect through significantly diminishing the speed of adjustment of output to its trend. This finding implies that countries financing a large part of their absorption externally do not suffer more ferocious output losses in a sudden stop crisis, but take longer to adapt afterward and are hence expected to suffer more protracted crises periods. Compared with previous literature, this paper makes three contributions: (i) it extends the country and time coverage relative to datasets that have previously been used to analyze related topics; (ii) it specifically accounts for time-series autocorrelation; and (iii) it provides an analysis of the adjustment path of economic growth after a sudden stop
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5021
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  • 93
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    Unpacking Youth Unemployment in Latin America (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cunningham, Wendy Unpacking Youth Unemployment in Latin America
    Abstract: High youth unemployment rates may be a signal of difficult labor market entry for youth or may reflect high churning. The European and United States literature finds the latter conclusion while the Latin American literature suggests the former. This paper uses panel data to examine whether Latin American youth follow OECD patterns or are, indeed, unique. By decomposing transition matrices into propensity to move and rate of separation matrices and estimating duration matrices, the authors find that Latin American youth do follow the OECD trends: their high unemployment reflects high churning while their duration of unemployment is similar to that of non-youth. The paper also finds that young adults (age 19-24) have higher churning rates than youth; most churning occurs between informal wage employment, unemployment, and out-of-the labor force, even for non-poor youth; and unemployment probabilities are similar for men and women when the analysis control for greater churning by young men. The findings suggest that the "first employment" programs that have become popular in the region are not addressing the key constraints to labor market entry for young people and that more attention should be given to job matching, information, and signaling to improve the efficiency of the churning period
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5022
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  • 94
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    On Interfuel Substitution : Some International Evidence (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Serletis, Apostolos On Interfuel Substitution
    Abstract: This paper estimates interfuel substitution elasticities in selected developing and industrialized economies at the national and sector levels. In doing so, it employs state-of-the-art techniques in microeconometrics, particularly the locally flexible normalized quadratic functional forms, and provides evidence consistent with neoclassical microeconomic theory. The results indicate that the interfuel substitution elasticities are consistently below unity, revealing the limited ability to substitute between major energy commodities (i.e., coal, oil, gas, and electricity). While the study finds some evidences of larger interfuel substitution potential in high-income economies as compared to that in the middle- and low-income economies in the industrial and transportation sectors, no such evidence is observed in the residential and electricity generation sectors or at the national level. The implication is that interfuel substitution depends on the structure of the economy, not the level of economic development. Moreover, a higher change in relative prices is needed to induce switching toward a lower carbon economy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5026
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  • 95
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    Ex-Ante Methods To Assess the Impact of Social Insurance Policies On Labor Supply With An Application To Brazil (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Robalino, David A Ex-Ante Methods To Assess the Impact of Social Insurance Policies On Labor Supply With An Application To Brazil
    Abstract: This paper solves and estimates a stochastic model of optimal inter-temporal behavior to assess how changes in the design of the unemployment benefits and pension systems in Brazil could affect savings rates, the share of time that individuals spend outside of the formal sector, and retirement decisions. Dynamics depend on five main parameters: preferences regarding consumption and leisure, preferences regarding formal Vs. informal work, attitudes towards risks, the rate of time preference, and the distribution of an exogenous shock that affects movements in and out of the social security system (given individual decisions). The yearly household survey is used to create a pseudo panel by age-cohorts and estimate the joint distribution of model parameters based on a generalized version of the Gibbs sampler. The model does a good job in replicating the distribution of the members of a given cohort across states (in or out of the social security / active or retired). Because the parameters are related to individual preferences or exogenous shocks, the joint distribution is unlikely to change when the social insurance system changes. Thus, the model is used to explore how alternative policy interventions could affect behaviors and through this channel benefit levels and fiscal costs. The results from various simulations provide three main insights: (i) the Brazilian SI system today might generate distortions (lower savings rates and less formal employment) that increase the costs of the system and might generate regressive redistribution; (ii) there are important interactions between the unemployment benefits and pension systems, which calls for joint policy analysis when considering reforms; and (iii) current distortions could be reduced by creating an actuarial link between contributions and benefits and then combining matching contributions and anti-poverty targeted transfers to cover individuals with limited or no savings capacity
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5027
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  • 96
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    China : Urban Services and Governance (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Brixi, Hana China
    Abstract: The study addresses governance challenges in public service delivery in China. It builds on the citizen scorecard survey conducted in five Chinese cities in 2006 to gauge citizens’ experience with public services, and demonstrates the usefulness of citizens’ feedback for policy development and implementation. The survey found that citizens were generally pleased with urban public services, but worried about the associated fees. Compared with the official urban residents, the urban poor and rural migrants in cities reported sharper utilization constraints, lower readiness to complain or pay informal fees, and a much larger income share spent on public services. The reported citizens’ perceptions sometimes diverged from the evidence and pointed to significant information asymmetries. Explaining the survey results, the study reveals problems of inadequacy, inequality and misaligned incentives in public resource allocation. The study presents several successful experiments reducing the dependence on user fees in basic education and primary healthcare. It recognizes that China has been undertaking comprehensive reforms to enhance equity and quality in public service delivery. Such reforms have included measures to strengthen the regulatory, monitoring, and enforcement systems and accountability relationships. In the context of the ongoing reforms, this study highlights the need to: a) hold the provincial governments accountable for public service delivery performance; b) develop effective mechanisms to align public resources and incentives at each level of government with the national priorities; and c) develop proper means to empower the citizens. In this context, the study affirms that the Chinese government is rightly placing reforms in the intergovernmental, administrative, and public finance systems at the top of its agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5030
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  • 97
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    Aid and Trust in Country Systems (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Knack, Stephen Aid and Trust in Country Systems
    Abstract: The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness sets targets for increased use by donors of recipient country systems for managing aid. A consensus view holds that country systems are strengthened when donors trust recipients to manage aid funds, but undermined when donors manage aid through their own separate parallel systems. This paper provides an analytical framework for understanding donors’ decisions to trust in country systems or instead to micro-manage aid using their own systems and procedures. Where country systems are sufficiently weak, the development impact of aid is reduced by donors’ reliance on them. Trust in country systems will be sub-optimal, however, if donors have multiple objectives in aid provision rather than a sole objective of maximizing development outcomes. Empirical tests are conducted using data from an OECD survey designed to monitor progress toward Paris Declaration goals. Trust in country systems is measured in three ways: use of the recipient’s public financial management systems, use of direct budget support, and use of program-based approaches. The authors show using fixed effects regression that a donor’s trust in recipient country systems is positively related to (1) trustworthiness or quality of those systems, (2) tolerance for risk on the part of the donor’s constituents, as measured by public support for providing aid, and (3) the donor’s ability to internalize more of the benefits of investing in country systems, as measured by the donor’s share of all aid provided to a recipient
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5005
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
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    Crisis in Latin America : Infrastructure Investment, Employment and the Expectations of Stimulus (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Schwartz, Jordan Z Crisis in Latin America
    Abstract: Infrastructure investment is a central part of the stimulus plans of the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region as it confronts the growing financial crisis. This paper estimates the potential effects on direct, indirect, and induced employment for different types of infrastructure projects with LAC-specific variables. The analysis finds that the direct and indirect short-term employment generation potential of infrastructure capital investment projects may be considerable - averaging around 40,000 annual jobs per US
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5009
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
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    Banking Crises and Exports : Lessons From the Past (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Iacovone, Leonardo Banking Crises and Exports
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the impact of banking crises on manufacturing exports exploiting the fact that sectors differ in their needs for external financing. Relying on data from 23 banking crises episodes involving both developed and developing countries during the period 1980-2000 the authors separate the impact of banking crises on export growth from that of other exogenous shocks (i.e. demand shocks). Their findings show that during a crisis the export of sectors more dependent on external finance grow significantly less than other sectors. However, this result holds only for sectors depending more heavily on banking finance as opposed to inter-firm finance. Furthermore, sectors characterized by higher degree of assets tangibility appear to be more resilient in the face of a banking crisis. The effect of the banking crises on exports is robust and additional to external demand shocks. The effect of the latter is independent and additional to that of a banking shock, and is particularly significant for sectors producing durable goods
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5016
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
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    Finance in Africa : Achievements and Challenges (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Finance in Africa
    Abstract: In spite of shallow financial markets, Sub-Saharan Africa will not escape the repercussions of the global financial crisis. The global turmoil threatens the progress Sub-Saharan Africa has made in financial sector deepening and broadening over the recent years and underlines the importance of continuing and deepening the necessary institutional reforms. In this context it is important to define the role of government in expanding financial sectors in a sustainable and market-friendly manner. Foreign banks have brought more benefits than risks for their host economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are certainly not a panacea and not a substitute for institutional and policy reform. The profile of foreign banks, however, has changed, with more and more regional banks emerging. This trend toward regional integration is promising as it might allow the small African financial system to reap benefits from scale economies, but it also requires regulatory and supervisory improvements and coordination across the region
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5020
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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