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  • 2005-2009  (280)
  • 2008  (200)
  • 2007  (81)
  • World Bank  (278)
  • NetLibrary, Inc
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Year
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: ill , 30 cm
    DDC: 304.6/32/0962
    Keywords: Fertility ; Egypt ; Egypt ; Population ; Birth control ; Egypt
    Note: World Fertility Survey, International Statistical Institute , This project was conducted as part of the World Fertility Survey and with the collaboration of the World Bank"--T.p. verso , Includes bibliographical references
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xix, 133 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg s.l.
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive 041181-4
    DDC: 305.5/690981
    Keywords: Marginality, Social / Brazil ; Poverty / Brazil ; Social mobility / Brazil ; Brazil / Social conditions
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: assessing social exclusion and mobility/Estanislao Gacitúa Marió and Michael Woolcock with Marisa von Bulow -- Social exclusion and poverty dynamics/Regis Bonelli, Gustavo Gonzaga, and Alinne Veiga -- Legitimization and acceptance: how Brazilians survive inequalities/Maria Celi Scalon and Ignacio Cano -- Conclusions and recommendations/Estanislao Gacitúa Marió.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-127) and index
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 0230610552 , 9780230610552
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (234 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2009 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Palgrave Macmillan series in international political communication
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Crack, Angela M. Global communication and transnational public spheres
    DDC: 303.48/33
    RVK:
    Keywords: International cooperation ; Communication, International ; Telecommunication Social aspects ; Information technology Social aspects ; Electronic books ; Telekommunikation ; Internationale Kooperation ; Informationstechnik ; Internationale Kommunikation
    Abstract: Information and communication technologies (ICT) enable citizens to communicate across state borders with greater ease than ever before, exciting much speculation about the emergence of transnational public spheres. This highly original work introduces this debate to International Relations
    Description / Table of Contents: Introducing transnational public spheres to international relations -- Reconstructing Habermasian public sphere theory -- Contending theories of transnational public spheres : propositions for an alternative analytical framework -- The information age: transborder communicative capacity -- The rise of global governance : transformations in sites of political authority -- Global civil society : transnational networks of mutual affinity -- Conclusion -- Bibliography.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introducing transnational public spheres to international relations -- Reconstructing Habermasian public sphere theory -- Contending theories of transnational public spheres: propositions for an alternative analytical framework -- The information age: transborder communicative capacity -- The rise of global governance: transformations in sites of political authority -- Global civil society: transnational networks of mutual affinity -- Conclusion
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [203]-228) and index , Electronic reproduction, Boulder, Colo : NetLibrary, 2009 , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New York : Oxford University Press
    ISBN: 0199711399 , 9780199711390
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiv, 466 p.) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2009 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. The changing portrayal of adolescents in the media since 1950
    DDC: 302.230835
    Keywords: Youth in mass media ; Mass media and youth ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Adolescents are eager consumers of mass media entertainment and are particularly susceptible to various forms of media influence, such as modeling, desensitization, and contagion. These once controversial phenomena are now widely accepted along with the recognition that th media are a major socializer of youth. During the economic boom of the post-World War II era, marketers and advertisers identified adolescents as a major audience, which led to the emergence of a pervasive youth culture. Enormous changes ensued in the media's portrayal of adolescents and the behaviors they emulate. These cha
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents; Contributors; Introduction: Mass Media and the Socialization of Adolescents Since World War II; Part I: The Emergence and Evolution of a Youth Culture in the Media; Part II: Portrayal of Adolescents and Influential Behaviors; Part III: Evolving Forms of Media Influence; Part IV: Policy Implications for Healthy Adolescent Development; Index;
    Description / Table of Contents: Pt. 1. The emergence and evolution of a youth culture in the media -- 1. Understanding the "jackpot market" / Bill Osgerby -- 2. "Still Talking about my generation!" the representation of youth in popular music / Andy Bennett -- 3. Music videos / Michael Rich -- Pt. 2. Portrayal of adolescents and influential behaviors -- 4. It matters what young people watch / Patrick E. Jamieson ... [et al.] -- 5. Adolescent gender role portrayals in the media / Jennifer L. Walsh, L. Monique Ward -- 6. Adolescent body image and eating in the media / Kristen Harrison -- 7. African Americans, Latinos, Asians, and Native Americans in the media / Carolyn A. Stroman, Jannette L. Dates -- 8. Adolescents and television violence / W. James Potter -- 9. Tobacco portrayals in the U.S. advertising and entertainment media / Timothy Dewhirst -- 10. The changing portrayal of alcohol use in television advertising / Jennifer Horner, Patrick E. Jamieson, Daniel Romer -- 11. From twin beds to sex at your fingertips / Susannah Stern and Jane D. Brown -- Pt. 3. Evolving forms of media influence -- 12. Games, they are-a changin' / James D. Ivory -- 13. Adolescents and the internet / Linda A. Jackson -- Pt. 4. Policy implications for healthy adolescent development -- 14. Policy interventions / C. Edwin Baker -- 15. Conclusions / Patrick E. Jamieson, Amy Jordan, Daniel Romer
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Electronic reproduction, Boulder, Colo : NetLibrary, 2008 , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 5
    ISBN: 082137074X , 082137219X , 0821372203 , 9780821370742 , 9780821372197 , 9780821372203
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xix, 133 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    Uniform Title: Exclusão social e mobilidade no Brasil.
    Parallel Title: Reproduktion von Social exclusion and mobility in Brazil
    DDC: 305.5/690981
    Keywords: Sozialgeschichte 1977-2001 ; Soziale Mobilität ; Ausgrenzung ; Brasilien ; Brazil Social conditions ; Brasilien ; Marginality, Social ; Brazil ; Poverty ; Brazil ; Social mobility ; Brazil ; Brasilien ; Soziale Mobilität ; Ausgrenzung ; Sozialgeschichte 1977-2001
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-127) and index , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:c2008
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821372258 , 9780821372265
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xii, 144 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Environment and development (Washington, D.C.)
    DDC: 382
    RVK:
    Keywords: Climatic changes Economic aspects ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes ; International trade ; Welthandel ; Klimaschutz ; World Trade Organization ; Klimaänderung
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-138) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    ISBN: 0821372912 , 0821372920 , 9780821372913 , 9780821372920
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xv, 246 p) , col. ill , 24 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank policy research report
    DDC: 332.109172/4
    Keywords: Banks and banking ; Financial services industry ; Banks and banking ; Financial services industry ; Banks and banking ; Financial services industry
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 213-235) and index , Statement of responsibility from p. xiii
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9780821373569
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxx, 120 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa human development series
    DDC: 338.967571/07
    Keywords: Rural development projects ; Science Study and teaching ; Government policy ; Technical assistance ; Technical education Government policy ; Technology and state ; Rural development projects ; Science Study and teaching ; Government policy ; Technical assistance ; Technical education Government policy ; Technology and state ; Rural development projects ; Science ; Technical assistance ; Technical education ; Technology and state
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 107) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    ISBN: 0821375016 , 9780821375020 , 9780821375013
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (105 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) was established as a global initiative in 2002. The EITI has since become the highest profile international standard for promoting transparency and accountability in countries dependent on oil, gas, minerals, and metals. As it is built around cooperation among governments, companies, and civil society organizations, the EITI has been called a "curious coalition" by some. However, this coalition now helps drive transparency in revenues and payments in resource-rich countries across the world as part of their good governance programs
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821375229 , 0821375237 , 9780821375228 , 9780821375235
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xx, 244 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 338.9001/4
    Keywords: Communication in economic development ; Communication in economic development ; Communication in economic development
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821373463 , 9780821373460
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 76 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa human development series
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 127
    DDC: 373.1200968
    Keywords: Education, Secondary ; Educational accountability ; High schools Administration ; School improvement programs ; Education, Secondary ; Educational accountability ; High schools Administration ; School improvement programs ; Education, Secondary ; Educational accountability ; High schools ; School improvement programs
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- International trends influencing secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Issues of governance in secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Management of secondary education: focus on the school -- Accountability -- The governance and accountability of private schools -- Special issue: addressing ICT and technical training -- Recommendations.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-76)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821368702 , 0821368710 , 9780821368701 , 9780821368718
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 383 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Latin American development forum series
    DDC: 338.98
    Keywords: Economic development ; Emigrant remittances ; Economic development ; Emigrant remittances ; Economic development ; Emigrant remittances
    Description / Table of Contents: The development impact of remittances in Latin America/ Pablo Fajnzylber and J. Humberto López -- How important are remittances in Latin America?/ Pablo Acosta, Pablo Fajnzylber, and J. Humberto López -- Migration and remittances in Latin America: patterns and determinants/ Yoko Niimi and çaglar özden -- Do remittances lower poverty levels in Latin America?/ Pablo Acosta ... [et al.] -- Remittances and household behavior: evidence for Latin America/ Pablo Acosta, Pablo Fajnzylber, and J. Humberto López -- Do remittances affect recipient countries' financial development?/ Maria Soledad Martínez Pería, Yira Mascaró, and Florencia Moizeszowicz -- Remittances, the real exchange rate, and the Dutch disease phenomenon/ J. Humberto López, Luis Molina, and Maurizio Bussolo -- Do conditional cash transfer programs crowd out private transfers?/ Pedro Olinto and Mette E. Nielsen -- Facilitating remittances flows and security in the system/ Massimo Cirasino, Mario Guadanillas, and Emanuel Salinas -- Remittances and growth: the role of complementary policies/ Cesar Calderón, Pablo Fajnzylber and J. Humberto Lóopez.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 13
    ISBN: 0821373374 , 9780821373378
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvi, 136 p) , col. ill., col. map , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 338.4/73621094
    Keywords: Chronic Disease Statistics economics ; Chronic Disease Tables economics ; Chronic diseases Economic aspects ; Chronic diseases Economic aspects ; Disabled Persons Tables statistics & numerical data ; Socioeconomic Factors Statistics ; Socioeconomic Factors Tables ; Unemployment Tables statistics & numerical data ; Chronic Disease Statistics economics ; Chronic Disease Tables economics ; Chronic diseases Economic aspects ; Chronic diseases Economic aspects ; Disabled Persons Tables statistics & numerical data ; Socioeconomic Factors Statistics ; Socioeconomic Factors Tables ; Unemployment Tables statistics & numerical data ; Chronic Disease ; Chronic Disease ; Chronic diseases ; Chronic diseases ; Disabled Persons ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Unemployment
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurement of disability and linkages with welfare, employment, and schooling -- The impact of health shocks on employment, earnings, and household consumption in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Health disabilities and labor productivity in Russia in 2004 -- The implications of poor health status on employment in Romania.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 14
    ISBN: 0821374621 , 9780821374627
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (x, 84 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 333.709678
    Keywords: Natural resources ; Natural resources ; Natural resources ; Tanzania ; Tanzania Economic policy ; Tanzania Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-84)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9780821374092 , 9780821374108
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxviii, 351 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Latin American development forum series
    DDC: 363.6098
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Privatization ; Public utilities Finance ; Public utilities Finance ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Privatization ; Public utilities Finance ; Public utilities Finance ; Public-private sector cooperation ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Privatization ; Public utilities ; Public utilities ; Public-private sector cooperation
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Setting the stage -- Learning from the existing literature -- Filling the gaps with new datasets and methodologies -- The impact on electricity distribution -- The impact on fixed line telecommunications -- The impact on water and sewerage -- An assessment of the electricity distribution performance of private and public utilities -- Determinants of impact: regulatory and contract variables -- Conclusions and moving forward.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 321-328) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821373994 , 9780821374276 , 9780821373996
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (232 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: This pocket-sized reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries includes key indicators on agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. The volume helps establish a sound base of information to help set priorities and measure progress toward environmental sustainability goals
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821375911 , 082137592X , 9780821375914 , 9780821375921
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxxv, 282 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 352.4/6097294
    Keywords: Finance, Public Accounting ; Finance, Public Accounting ; Finance, Public ; Haiti ; Haiti Appropriations and expenditures ; Haiti Appropriations and expenditures
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 279-282)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington D.C : World Bank on behalf of the Commission on Growth and Development
    ISBN: 0821374915 , 0821374923 , 9780821374917 , 9780821374924
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiii, 180 p) , ill. (chiefly col.), col. map , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 338.9/27091724
    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic development ; Economic development ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Economic policy ; Developing countries Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821375679 , 0821375687 , 9780821375679 , 9780821375686
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiii, 121 p) , col. ill , 28 cm.
    Additional Material: CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 382.09/0511
    Keywords: Commercial statistics ; Commercial statistics Databases ; Economic indicators ; Economic indicators Databases ; International trade ; International trade Databases ; Commercial statistics ; Commercial statistics Databases ; Economic indicators ; Economic indicators Databases ; International trade ; International trade Databases ; Commercial statistics ; Commercial statistics ; Economic indicators ; Databases ; Economic indicators ; International trade ; Databases ; International trade
    Note: Errata slip inserted , Includes bibliographical references (p. [119]-121) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821374052 , 9780821374061 , 9780821374054
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (277 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The World Bank Research Program. Abstracts of Current Studies is a compendium of research projects initiated, ongoing, or completed in fiscal years 2005 through 2007 (from July 1, 2004 through June 30, 2007).1 Each abstract summarizes the research questions, analytical methods used, and findings and policy implications, and describes the research team and publications produced. The volume also includes a complete list of research outputs produced by World Bank staff during this period. This research program generates knowledge that is an essential intellectual foundation of the World Bank's corporate strategies, lending, and policy advice. The research program is designed to increase understanding of the economic and social issues critical to the success of Bank operations, to inform policy dialogue, and to influence development thinking more generally. The World Bank has been a leader in development economics research and has also been the single most important source of data on economic development
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821374729 , 9780821374726
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 155 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available on the World Wide Web
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Trade
    Keywords: Economic development ; Exports ; Investments, Foreign ; Economic development ; Exports ; Investments, Foreign ; Economic development ; Exports ; Investments, Foreign ; Balkan Peninsula ; Balkan Peninsula ; Balkan Peninsula ; Balkan Peninsula Commerce ; Balkan Peninsula Economic integration ; Balkan Peninsula Economic policy ; Balkan Peninsula Commerce ; Balkan Peninsula Economic integration ; Balkan Peninsula Economic policy
    Description / Table of Contents: Motivation and macroeconomic context -- Trade trends and patterns and labor competitiveness -- Deepening integration -- Services as an engine of growth: the regional dimension of trade in services -- Attracting private investment.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-148) and index , Also available on the World Wide Web.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 082137401X , 9780821374290 , 9780821374016
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (152 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: The Little Data Book on External Debt provides a quick reference for users interested in external debt stocks and flows, major economic aggregates, key debt ratios, and the currency composition of long-term debt for all countries reporting through the Debtor Reporting system. A pocket edition of the Global Development Finance 2008, Volume II: Summary and Country Tables, it contains statistical tables for 135 countries as well as summary tables for regional and income groups
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 23
    ISBN: 0821375466 , 9780821375464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 170 p) , 25 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 145
    Keywords: Education, Higher ; Education, Higher
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821374303 , 9780821374313 , 9780821374306
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (229 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2008 is one of a series of pocket-sized books intended to provide a quick reference to development data on different topics. The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2008 provides data for more than 20 key indicators on business environment and private sector development in a single page for each of the World Bank member countries and other economies with populations of more than 30,000. These more than 200 country pages are supplemented by aggregate data for regional and income groupings
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 26
    ISBN: 082137074X , 082137219X , 0821372203 , 9780821370742 , 9780821372197 , 9780821372203
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xix, 133 Seiten) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    Uniform Title: Exclusão social e mobilidade no Brasil. 〈engl.〉
    DDC: 305.5/690981
    Keywords: Marginality, Social ; Poverty ; Social mobility ; Brazil / Social conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-127) and index
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 27
    ISBN: 0821377434 , 9780821377437
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xx, 67 p) , ill , 28 cm.
    Additional Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Keywords: Agriculture and state ; Agriculture and state ; Environmental policy ; Environmental policy ; Forest management Environmental aspects ; Forest management Environmental aspects ; Agriculture and state ; Agriculture and state ; Environmental policy ; Environmental policy ; Forest management Environmental aspects ; Forest management Environmental aspects ; Agriculture and state ; Agriculture and state ; Environmental policy ; Environmental policy ; Forest management ; Forest management
    Description / Table of Contents: Integrating environment into agriculture and forestry -- Agriculture and forestry have major impacts on the environment -- Focusing on the East and on agriculture -- Improving awareness of sustainability issues in agriculture and forestry -- Building capacity for implementation -- Increasing incentives for implementation -- Building on success -- Meeting the challenges ahead.
    Note: "Europe and Central Asia Region Sustainable Development Department , Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-67)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821373447 , 0821373455 , 9780821373446 , 9780821373453
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxxii, 98 p) , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa human development series
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 126
    DDC: 373.13/20967
    Keywords: High school libraries ; Textbooks ; High school libraries ; Textbooks ; High school libraries ; Textbooks ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Sekundarstufe ; Schulbuch ; Schulbibliothek ; Finanzierung
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-98)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821373048 , 0821373056 , 9780821373040 , 9780821373057
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 284 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 333.79/17
    Keywords: Energy policy ; Industries Energy conservation ; Finance ; Industries Energy consumption ; Energy policy ; Industries Energy conservation ; Finance ; Industries Energy consumption ; Energy policy ; Industries ; Industries
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 261-264) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 30
    ISBN: 0821373544 , 9780821373545
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (2 CD-ROMs) , sd., col , 4 3/4 in.
    Additional Material: 1 guide (59 p. : col. ill. ; 28 cm)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: WBI learning resources series
    DDC: 307.3/36416091724
    Keywords: Slums ; Urban poor Housing ; Slums ; Urban poor Housing ; Slums ; Urban poor
    Note: Title from opening screen of power point version , System requirements: Intel, Pentium 4, Intel Centrino, Intel Xeon, Intel Core Duo (or compatible) processor; Microsoft Windows XP with service pack 2, Windows Vista Home Premium, Business, Enterprise, or Ultimate (certified for 32-bit editions; 512MB of RAM or more recommended; RealOne Player (basic player) required for video features; Macromedia Flash Player (version 8.0 or higher) required for multimedia features; Web browser; 1024 x 768 minimum monitor resolution with 16-bit or greater video card; CD-ROM drive.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 0821374486 , 9780821374481
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 125 p) , col. ill., col. map , 24 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.196/979200967
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; World Bank ; World Bank ; AIDS (Disease) Economic aspects ; AIDS (Disease) International cooperation ; AIDS (Disease) Prevention ; Finance ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Tables economics ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Tables prevention & control ; HIV Infections Tables economics ; HIV Infections Tables prevention & control ; International Agencies Tables ; International Cooperation Tables ; Regional Health Planning Tables ; AIDS (Disease) Economic aspects ; AIDS (Disease) International cooperation ; AIDS (Disease) Prevention ; Finance ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Tables economics ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Tables prevention & control ; HIV Infections Tables economics ; HIV Infections Tables prevention & control ; International Agencies Tables ; International Cooperation Tables ; Regional Health Planning Tables ; World Bank ; World Bank ; AIDS (Disease) ; AIDS (Disease) ; AIDS (Disease) ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; HIV Infections ; HIV Infections ; International Agencies ; International Cooperation ; Regional Health Planning
    Description / Table of Contents: The diagnosis -- The Bank's response to date -- Strategic challenges in the new environment -- The agenda for action 2007-2011 -- Operational implications for the Bank.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-118) and index
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9780821374955
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxii, 94 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Orientation in development
    Keywords: Entrepreneurship Public opinion ; Entrepreneurship Public opinion ; Public opinion Africa, North ; Public opinion Middle East ; Self-employed women Public opinion ; Self-employed women Public opinion ; Social values ; Social values ; Entrepreneurship Public opinion ; Entrepreneurship Public opinion ; Public opinion Africa, North ; Public opinion Middle East ; Self-employed women Public opinion ; Self-employed women Public opinion ; Social values ; Social values ; Entrepreneurship ; Entrepreneurship ; Public opinion ; Public opinion ; Self-employed women ; Self-employed women ; Social values ; Social values
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-90) and index
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  • 33
    ISBN: 0821375776 , 0821375784 , 9780821375778 , 9780821375785
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxi, 97 p., [1] folded leaf) , ill. maps (some col.) , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 149
    DDC: 332/.0424
    Keywords: Foreign workers, Indonesian ; Migrant remittances ; Migrant remittances ; Foreign workers, Indonesian ; Migrant remittances ; Migrant remittances
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-97)
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821373862 , 9780821373873 , 9780821373866
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (418 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: Looking for accurate, up-to-date data on development issues? World Development Indicators is the World Bank's premier annual compilation of data about development. This indispensable statistical reference allows you to consult over 900 indicators for some 150 economies and 14 country groups in more than 80 tables. It provides a current overview of the most recent data available as well as important regional data and income group analysis in six thematic sections: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. The CD-ROM editions contain 46 years of time series data, covering 1960 to 2006, and offer mapping, charting, and data export formats
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9780821375112 , 9780821375129
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 504 p) , ill , 23cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.1/04252091724
    Keywords: Delivery of Health Care Statistics economics ; Developing Countries Statistics ; Health Care Costs Statistics ; Health Care Reform Statistics economics ; Health Care Reform Statistics standards ; Health Expenditures Statistics ; Health care reform Economic aspects ; Health status indicators ; Medical care Finance ; Medical care, Cost of ; Medical policy Economic aspects ; Delivery of Health Care Statistics economics ; Developing Countries Statistics ; Health Care Costs Statistics ; Health Care Reform Statistics economics ; Health Care Reform Statistics standards ; Health Expenditures Statistics ; Health care reform Economic aspects ; Health status indicators ; Medical care Finance ; Medical care, Cost of ; Medical policy Economic aspects ; Delivery of Health Care ; Developing Countries ; Health Care Costs ; Health Care Reform ; Health Care Reform ; Health Expenditures ; Health care reform ; Health status indicators ; Medical care ; Medical care, Cost of ; Medical policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9780821376102
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (195 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Doing Business
    Abstract: Comparing business regulation in 181 economies. Doing Business 2009 is the sixth in a series of annual reports comparing business regulations in 181 economies. Doing Business 2009 measures regulations affecting 10 areas of everyday business: Starting a business - steps, time, cost, and minimum capital to register a new business. Enforcing contracts - steps, time, and cost to enforce a commercial contract. Employing workers - indices of employment law rigidities cost of economic redundancies. Getting credit - extent of credit information sharing and creditor rights. Closing a business - steps, time, and cost to close down a business recovery rate for creditor. Registering property - steps, time, and cost to transfer ownership of commercial real estate. Protecting investors - indices on disclosure, investor suits, and standing in court. Dealing with construction permits - steps, time, and cost of business inspections and licensing. Paying taxes - statutory rates, number of taxes paid, and number of hours spent on preparing tax returns. Trading across borders - steps, time, and number of documents necessary to export and import. Doing Business 2009 updates all sets of indicators, ranks economies on their overall ease of doing business, and analyzes reforms to business regulation - identifying identifying which countries are improving the most. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. Doing Business 2009 focuses on how complex business regulations can impact business growth and job creation
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4701
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H. G Aggregate economic shocks, child schooling and child health
    Keywords: Children Health and hygiene ; Economic development Effect of education on ; Children Health and hygiene ; Economic development Effect of education on
    Abstract: "Do aggregate economic shocks, such as those caused by macroeconomic crises or droughts, reduce child human capital? The answer to this question has important implications for public policy. If shocks reduce investments in children, they may transmit poverty from one generation to the next. This paper uses a simple framework to analyze the effects of aggregate economic shocks on child schooling and health. It shows that the expected effects are ambiguous, because of a tension between income and substitution effects. The paper then reviews the recent empirical literature on the subject. In richer countries, like the United States, child health and education outcomes are counter-cyclical: they improve during recessions. In poorer countries, mostly in Africa and low-income Asia, the outcomes are pro-cyclical: infant mortality rises, and school enrollment and nutrition fall during recessions. In the middle-income countries of Latin America, the picture is more nuanced: health outcomes are generally pro-cyclical, and education outcomes counter-cyclical. Each of these findings is consistent with the simple conceptual framework. The paper discusses possible implications for expenditure allocation. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4705
    Parallel Title: Sabarwal, Shwetlena Does gender matter for firm performance?
    Keywords: Businesswomen ; Businesswomen ; Women-owned business enterprises ; Women-owned business enterprises ; Businesswomen ; Businesswomen ; Women-owned business enterprises ; Women-owned business enterprises
    Abstract: "Using 2005 firm level data for 26 countries in Eastern and Central Europe, this paper estimates performance gaps between male and female-owned businesses, while controlling for location by industry and country. The findings show that female entrepreneurs have a significantly smaller scale of operations (as measured by sales revenues) and are less efficient in terms of total factor productivity, although the difference is small. However, women entrepreneurs generate the same amount of profit per unit of revenue as men. Although both male and female entrepreneurs in the region are sub-optimally small, women's returns to scale are significantly larger than men's, implying that women would gain more from increasing their scale. The authors argue that the main reasons for the sub-optimal size of female-owned firms are that they are both capital constrained and concentrated in industries with small firms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4707
    Parallel Title: Corrêa, P. H. da Rocha Technology adoption and the investment climate
    Keywords: Diffusion of innovations ; Diffusion of innovations ; Diffusion of innovations ; Diffusion of innovations
    Abstract: "The international diffusion of technology presents an opportunity for developing economies distant from the world technological frontier to reduce their income gap relative to advanced economies. It is therefore crucial to understand why, when faced with similar technological alternatives different firms in different countries choose to adopt different vintages of capital. This paper examines technology adoption across firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The findings show that access to complementary inputs - managerial capacity, skilled labor, finance, and good infrastructure - and to international knowledge - through foreign direct investment or exports - is an important correlate of technology adoption. The link between market incentives and technology adoption is more nuanced. Although consumer pressure results in technology adoption, competitor pressure does not, suggesting that only firms with rents are able to adopt technology given substantial resource constraints. Privatized firms exhibit better technology adoption outcomes but only when a clear private owner with a profit incentive is present. Better governance is associated with technology adoption only in the countries that joined the European Union in 2004. Future increases in technology adoption by firms in the region will require complementary reforms of the investment climate. "--World Bank web site
    Abstract: "The international diffusion of technology presents an opportunity for developing economies distant from the world technological frontier to reduce their income gap relative to advanced economies. It is therefore crucial to understand why, when faced with similar technological alternatives different firms in different countries choose to adopt different vintages of capital. This paper examines technology adoption across firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The findings show that access to complementary inputs - managerial capacity, skilled labor, finance, and good infrastructure - and to international knowledge - through foreign direct investment or exports - is an important correlate of technology adoption. The link between market incentives and technology adoption is more nuanced. Although consumer pressure results in technology adoption, competitor pressure does not, suggesting that only firms with rents are able to adopt technology given substantial resource constraints. Privatized firms exhibit better technology adoption outcomes but only when a clear private owner with a profit incentive is present. Better governance is associated with technology adoption only in the countries that joined the European Union in 2004. Future increases in technology adoption by firms in the region will require complementary reforms of the investment climate. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4714
    Parallel Title: Paxton, Pamela Marie Individual and country-level factors affecting support for foreign aid
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic assistance
    Abstract: "In recent years donor countries have committed to dramatic increases in the supply of foreign aid to developing countries. Meeting and sustaining such commitments will require sufficient support among donor country voters and taxpayers. The determinants of public opinion in donor countries on foreign aid have received little attention. This paper examines attitudes to foreign aid with a large, multi-level, cross-national study. It outlines a theoretical rationale for support for foreign aid, discussing the importance of both individual factors and economic and social structures. The theory is tested with multi-level models, including both individual-level and country-level variables to predict positive attitudes. Two datasets are used to measure attitudes in donor countries: (1) the 1995 World Values Survey has information from approximately 6,000 individuals in nine countries and asks a rich battery of questions at the individual-level, and (2) the 2002 Gallup "Voice of the People" survey asks fewer questions of individuals but includes 17 donor countries. Using both surveys combines their distinct strengths and allows tests of individual and national-level theories across disparate samples. The results generally support the predictions that attitudes toward aid are influenced by religiosity, beliefs about the causes of poverty, awareness of international affairs, and trust in people and institutions. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4737
    Parallel Title: Walque, Damien de Race, immigration, and the U.S. labor market
    Keywords: Blacks Employment ; Immigrants ; Blacks Employment ; Immigrants ; United States Emigration and immigration ; Economic aspects ; United States Emigration and immigration ; Economic aspects
    Abstract: "It is generally expected that immigrants do not fare as well as the native-born in the U.S. labor market. The literature also documents that Blacks experience lower labor market outcomes than Whites. This paper innovates by studying the interaction between race and immigration. The study compares the labor market outcomes of four racial groups in the United States (Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics) interacted with their foreign born status, using the Integrated Public Use Micro Data Series data for the 2000 Census. Among women and for labor market outcomes such as labor force participation, employment, and personal income, the foreign born are doing worse than the native born from the same racial background, with the exception of Blacks. Among men, for labor force participation and employment, foreign-born Blacks are doing better than native Blacks. The paper tests different possible explanations for this "reversal" of the advantage of natives over immigrants among Blacks. It considers citizenship, ability in English, age at and time since arrival in the United States, as well as neighborhood effects, but concludes that none of these channels explains or modifies the observed reversal. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4742
    Parallel Title: Tsimpo, Clarence Rice prices and poverty in Liberia
    Keywords: Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Poverty ; Rice Prices
    Abstract: "When assessing the impact of changes in food prices on poverty, it is important to consider food producers (who may benefit from an increase in prices) as well as consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor consumers and producers. In the case of rice in Liberia however, the impact of a change in price is not ambiguous because a large share of the rice consumed is imported, while the rice locally produced is used mostly for auto-consumption. An increase in the price of rice will result in higher poverty in the country as a whole (even if some local producers will gain from this increase), while a reduction in price will reduce poverty. Furthermore, because rice represents a large share of food consumption, any change in its price is likely to have a large impact on poverty. Using data from the 2007 CWIQ survey, the paper finds that an increase or decrease of 20 percent in the price of rice could lead to an increase or decrease of three to four percentage points in the share of the population in poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4753
    Parallel Title: Klapper, Leora Taxation and capital structure
    Keywords: Corporations Taxation ; Small business Taxation ; Corporations Taxation ; Small business Taxation
    Abstract: "The authors examine the effects of taxation on financing policy using the corporate tax reform in 2001 in Croatia as a natural experiment. Since the extant literature on tax effects on capital structure studies listed firms in developed countries, it is worth investigating whether the same results apply to privately-held, small and medium size firms in transition economies. The findings provide significant evidence that lower taxes have affected the capital structure of Croatian firms, resulting in increased equity levels and decreased long-term debt levels. The authors also find that smaller and more profitable firms were more likely to reduce their debt levels. These findings are consistent with the trade-off theory of capital structure, which suggests that lower taxes decrease the incentive to hold debt due to decreasing interest tax deductibility. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4768
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Macro-micro feedback links of water management in South Africa
    Keywords: South Africa Economic conditions ; Water-supply ; South Africa Economic conditions ; Water-supply
    Abstract: "The pressure on an already stressed water situation in South Africa is predicted to increase significantly under climate change, plans for large industrial expansion, observed rapid urbanization, and government programs to provide access to water to millions of previously excluded people. The present study employed a general equilibrium approach to examine the economy-wide impacts of selected macro and water related policy reforms on water use and allocation, rural livelihoods, and the economy at large. The analyses reveal that implicit crop-level water quotas reduce the amount of irrigated land allocated to higher-value horticultural crops and create higher shadow rents for production of lower-value, water-intensive field crops, such as sugarcane and fodder. Accordingly, liberalizing local water allocation in irrigation agriculture is found to work in favor of higher-value crops, and expand agricultural production and exports and farm employment. Allowing for water trade between irrigation and non-agricultural uses fueled by higher competition for water from industrial expansion and urbanization leads to greater water shadow prices for irrigation water with reduced income and employment benefits to rural households and higher gains for non-agricultural households. The analyses show difficult tradeoffs between general economic gains and higher water prices, making irrigation subsidies difficult to justify. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4779
    Parallel Title: Development Research Group Lessons from World Bank research on financial crises
    Keywords: Financial crises ; Financial crises
    Abstract: "The benefits of financial development and globalization have come with continuing fragility in financial sectors. Periodic crises have had real but heterogeneous welfare impacts and not just for poor people; indeed, some of the conditions that foster deep and persistent poverty, such as lack of connectivity to markets, have provided a degree of protection for the poor. Past crises have also had longer-term impacts for some of those affected, most notably through the nutrition and schooling of children in poor families. As in other areas of policy, effective responses to a crisis require sound data and must take account of incentives and behavior. An important lesson from past experience is that the short-term responses to a crisis-macroeconomic stabilization, trade policies, financial sector policies and social protection-cannot ignore longer-term implications for both economic development and vulnerability to future crises. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/17/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4796
    Parallel Title: Ahmed, Sadiq Global food price inflation
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Food prices ; Food prices
    Abstract: "The surge in global commodity prices of the past few years has presented a tremendous development challenge for South Asian countries. The large loss of income from the terms of trade shock has worsened macroeconomic balances, fueled rapid inflation, and hurt growth. Although commodity prices have come down recently, the benefits are being clouded by the emergence of a severe global financial crisis. The adverse consequences of the food price hike for the poor are large; the global financial crisis could further worsen the situation due to falling economic opportunities and government revenues. South Asian countries need to accelerate reforms to avoid facing a serious downturn in economic activity, investment, exports, and income. Governments in South Asia have responded by stabilizing domestic food prices through a number of short-term measures, tightened monetary policy to reduce inflation, and increased spending on a range of safety net programs for the poor. Some of the policies employed, such as export bans, are not consistent with the long-term welfare of the country or the region. Safety net interventions need to be made consistent with a longer-term poverty reduction strategy and fiscal sustainability. Most importantly, policy attention now needs to shift toward efforts to increase farm productivity, improve rural infrastructure, and lower the vulnerability of the poor. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4682
    Parallel Title: Mitchell, Donald O A note on rising food prices
    Keywords: Biomass energy ; Food prices ; Biomass energy ; Food prices
    Abstract: "The rapid rise in food prices has been a burden on the poor in developing countries, who spend roughly half of their household incomes on food. This paper examines the factors behind the rapid increase in internationally traded food prices since 2002 and estimates the contribution of various factors such as the increased production of biofuels from food grains and oilseeds, the weak dollar, and the increase in food production costs due to higher energy prices. It concludes that the most important factor was the large increase in biofuels production in the U.S. and the EU. Without these increases, global wheat and maize stocks would not have declined appreciably, oilseed prices would not have tripled, and price increases due to other factors, such as droughts, would have been more moderate. Recent export bans and speculative activities would probably not have occurred because they were largely responses to rising prices. While it is difficult to compare the results of this study with those of other studies due to differences in methodologies, time periods and prices considered, many other studies have also recognized biofuels production as a major driver of food prices. The contribution of biofuels to the rise in food prices raises an important policy issue, since much of the increase was due to EU and U.S. government policies that provided incentives to biofuels production, and biofuels policies which subsidize production need to be reconsidered in light of their impact on food prices. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4686
    Parallel Title: King, Elizabeth M Timing and duration of exposure in evaluations of social programs
    Keywords: Policy sciences Evaluation ; Policy sciences Evaluation
    Abstract: "Impact evaluations aim to measure the outcomes that can be attributed to a specific policy or intervention. Although there have been excellent reviews of the different methods that an evaluator can choose in order to estimate impact, there has not been sufficient attention given to questions related to timing: How long after a program has begun should one wait before evaluating it? How long should treatment groups be exposed to a program before they can be expected to benefit from it? Are there important time patterns in a program's impact? Many impact evaluations assume that interventions occur at specified launch dates and produce equal and constant changes in conditions among eligible beneficiary groups; but there are many reasons why this generally is not the case. This paper examines the evaluation issues related to timing and discusses the sources of variation in the duration of exposure within programs and their implications for impact estimates. It reviews the evidence from careful evaluations of programs (with a focus on developing countries) on the ways that duration affects impacts. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4710
    Parallel Title: Borchert, Ingo Trade diversion under selective preferential market access
    Keywords: European Economic Community Commerce ; European Economic Community Commerce
    Abstract: "Through its diverse trade preference schemes, the European Union provides different groups of developing countries with different degrees of market access. This paper is the first to demonstrate empirically that such staggered market access induces sizable trade diversion to the detriment of relatively less preferred beneficiary countries. In particular, preferences granted to African, Caribbean and Pacific economies are shown to impair the export performance of seven developing countries whose products only qualify for basic preferences under the Generalized System of Preferences. Exports to the European Union decline by about 30 percent if the African, Caribbean and Pacific tariff falls by 10 percentage points. In terms of forgone trade volume, losses for these relatively disadvantaged countries amount on average to 9 percent of their total trade with the European Union, depending on the country and its main exports. These intra-developing country distortions are driven by highly substitutable, often labor-intensive commodities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4715
    Parallel Title: Arbache, Jorge Saba Hunting for leopards
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "This paper examines the country-level dynamics of long-run growth in Africa between 1975 and 2005. The authors examine how growth has affected mobility and the distribution of income among countries. They analyze changes in cross-country income structure and convergence, and look for evidence of the formation of country groups or "clubs." Using a novel method of breaking up the growth histories of African economies into medium-term spells of growth accelerations and declines, the authors investigate whether a group of African "leopards" - the regional equivalent of Asia's "tigers" - is beginning to emerge. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4719
    Parallel Title: Portugal-Pérez, Alberto Trade costs in Africa
    Keywords: Africa, Sub-Saharan Commerce ; Export duties ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Commerce ; Export duties
    Abstract: "This paper reviews data and research on trade costs for Sub-Saharan African countries. It focuses on: border-related costs, transport costs, costs related to behind-the border issues, and the costs of compliance with rules of origin specific to preferential trade agreements. Trade costs are, on average, higher for African countries than for other developing countries. Using gravity-model estimates, the authors compute ad-valorem equivalents of improvements in trade indicators for a sample of African countries. The evidence suggests that the gains for African exporters from improving the trade logistics half-way to the level in South Africa is more important than a substantive cut in tariff barriers. As an example, improving logistics in Ethiopia half-way to the level in South Africa would be roughly equivalent to a 7.5 percent cut in tariffs faced by Ethiopian exporters. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4723
    Parallel Title: Iacovone, Leonardo Multi-product exporters
    Keywords: Exports ; Exports
    Abstract: "Recent developments in trade theory, especially research on multi-product firms, have not been matched by similar progress on the empirical front. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting a novel set of stylized facts on firm-product dynamics observed during an export boom. This exercise is possible thanks to a unique firm-product level dataset covering about 85 percent of Mexican industrial output for the period 1994-2003. The main findings are as follows. First, there is a substantial degree of product turnover at the firm-product level in response to declining trade costs. Second, "core competencies" - the fact that firms have a cost advantage or greater expertise at manufacturing some of their products - are the main driver of firms' decision to introduce or drop export products. Third, new exporters tend to "start small" in terms of both values and number of exported products. Fourth, even if the expansion in the number of exported products played a role in stimulating Mexican exports, the growth in volume of pre-existing products was the main driver of the export boom. Finally, the introduction of new export products is preceded by a surge in investment. These findings are in line with many, but not all, predictions of recent theoretical work. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4727
    Parallel Title: Abbink, Klaus The relevance of a rules-based maize marketing policy
    Keywords: Corn Marketing ; Corn Marketing
    Abstract: "Strategic interaction between public and private actors is increasingly recognized as an important determinant of agricultural market performance in Africa and elsewhere. Trust and consultation tend to positively affect private activity while uncertainty of government behavior impedes it. This paper reports on a laboratory experiment based on a stylized model of the Zambian maize market. The experiment facilitates a comparison between discretionary interventionism and a rules-based policy in which the government pre-commits itself to a future course of action. A simple precommitment rule can, in theory, overcome the prevailing strategic dilemma by encouraging private sector participation. Although this result is also borne out in the economic experiment, the improvement in private sector activity is surprisingly small and not statistically significant due to irrationally cautious choices by experimental governments. Encouragingly, a rules-based policy promotes a much more stable market outcome, thereby substantially reducing the risk of severe food shortages. These results underscore the importance of predictable and transparent rules for the state's involvement in agricultural markets. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4731
    Parallel Title: Abe, Kazutomo Governance, corruption, and trade in the Asia Pacific region
    Keywords: Balance of trade ; Balance of trade
    Abstract: "This paper examines the impact of reducing corruption and improving transparency to lower trade costs in the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation region. The authors find, based on a computable general equilibrium model, significant potential trade and welfare gains for Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation members, with increased transparency and lower levels of corruption. Results suggest that trade in the region would increase by 11 percent and global welfare would expand by
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4735
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Multilateralism beyond Doha
    Keywords: International economic relations ; International economic relations
    Abstract: "There is a fundamental shift taking place in the world economy to which the multilateral trading system has failed to adapt. The Doha process focused on issues of limited significance while the burning issues of the day were not even on the negotiating agenda. This paper advances five propositions: (i) the traditional negotiating dynamic, driven by private sector interests largely in the rich countries, is running out of steam; (ii) the world economy is moving broadly from conditions of relative abundance to relative scarcity, and so economic security has become a paramount concern for consumers, workers, and ordinary citizens; (iii) international economic integration can contribute to enhanced security; (iv) addressing these new concerns - relating to food, energy, and economic security - requires a wider agenda of multilateral cooperation, involving not just the WTO but other multilateral institutions; and (v) despite shifts in economic power across countries, the commonality of interests and scope for give-and-take on these new issues make multilateral cooperation worth attempting. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4739
    Parallel Title: Nouve, Kofi Impact of rising rice prices and policy responses in Mali
    Keywords: Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Mali Economic conditions ; Mali Economic conditions
    Abstract: "The increase in the international price of rice is likely to have substantial negative impacts on the poor in countries such as Mali which are net importers of rice. This paper relies on a dynamic CGE model to estimate the likely impact of the recent increase in rice prices on poverty with and without policy responses. Two sets of policy responses are considered: import tax cuts on rice and measures to increase productivity of domestic rice production. The results suggest that an increase in productivity would have a much larger positive impact than a reduction in taxes. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4790
    Parallel Title: Njinkeu, Dominique Expanding trade within Africa
    Keywords: Africa Commerce ; Africa Commerce
    Abstract: "This paper examines the impact of trade facilitation on intra-African trade. The authors examine the role of trade facilitation reforms, such as increased port efficiency, improved customs, and regulatory environments, and upgrading services infrastructure on trade between African countries. They also consider how regional trade agreements relate to intra-African trade flows. Using trade data from 2003 to 2004, they find that improvement in ports and services infrastructure promise relatively more expansion in intra-African trade than other measures. They also show that, almost all regional trade agreements have a positive effect on trade flows. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4700
    Parallel Title: Luo, Xubei Rising income inequality in China
    Keywords: Income Regional disparities ; Income distribution ; Income Regional disparities ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "Income inequality in China has risen rapidly in the past decades across regions, between rural and urban sectors, and within provinces. The dynamics of divergence across these sub-national areas have taken the form of a "race to the top" - meaning that all segments of the population, including the poor with low education in lagging inland rural areas, have experienced gains in average income. The largest gains have been registered by those with higher income and education in leading coastal urban areas. Using the China Economic, Population, Nutrition and Health Survey data of 1989 and 2004, we show that the most important factors explaining overall inequality are differential returns to schooling and sector of employment. A decomposition analysis based on household income determination shows that the increase in returns to education explains two-thirds of income changes in urban areas and one-sixth in rural areas. The widening income gaps are the consequence of higher growth in leading urban and coastal areas and that the skilled population has benefited more from the economic reforms carried out during the last 25 years. The authors argue that rising income inequality can be part of a normal process of development at a certain stage, and that the dynamics of spatial income divergence in the form of "a race to the top" can be desirable to some extent as it unleashes competitive pressure and creates incentives for investment in skills. Continuing to improve market efficiency and investing in people, in particular improving education service in lagging areas to poor people, are important for sustainable growth and equitable distribution in the long run. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4729
    Parallel Title: Giles, John The great proletarian cultural revolution, disruptions to education, and returns to schooling in urban China
    Keywords: Postsecondary education ; Postsecondary education ; China History Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 ; China History Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976
    Abstract: "In determining whether a country's higher education system should be expanded, it is important for policymakers first to determine the extent to which high private returns to post-secondary education are an indication of the scarcity of graduates instead of the high unobserved ability of students who choose to attend post-secondary education. To this end, the paper identifies the returns to schooling in urban China using individual-level variation in educational attainment caused by exogenous city-wide disruptions to education during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. For city-cohorts who experienced greater disruptions, children's educational attainment became less correlated with that of their fathers and more influenced by whether their fathers held administrative positions. The analysis calculates returns to college education using data from the China Urban Labor Survey conducted in five large cities in 2001. The results are consistent with the selection of high-ability students into higher education. The analysis also demonstrates that these results are unlikely to be driven by sample selection bias associated with migration, or by alternative pathways through which the Cultural Revolution could have affected adult productivity. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4740
    Parallel Title: Wodon, Quentin Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices
    Keywords: Grain Prices ; Poverty ; Grain Prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the (short term) impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers (who benefit from an increase in prices) and food consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor producers and consumers. In Ghana, the impact of a change in the price of rice is not ambiguous because a large share of the rice consumed is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is much larger than the positive impact for producers. For maize by contrast, the impact is ambiguous since much of the consumption is locally produced. Using a recent and comprehensive household survey, this paper provides an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in Ghana using both simple statistical analysis and non-parametric methods. The paper finds that rising food prices for rice, maize, and other cereals would together lead to an increase in poverty, but that by contrast to a number of other countries, this increase, while not negligible, may not be as large as feared. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4744
    Parallel Title: Joseph, George Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices
    Keywords: Grain Prices ; Poverty ; Grain Prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the (short term) impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers (who benefit from an increase in prices) and food consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor producers and consumers. In Mali the impact of a change in the price of rice is not ambiguous because about half of the rice consumed in the country is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is much larger than the positive impact for producers. By contrast, for millet and sorghum, as well as corn, the impact is more ambiguous since much of the consumption is locally produced. Using a recent and comprehensive household survey, this paper provides an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in Mali using both simple statistical analysis and non-parametric methods. The paper finds that rising food prices for rice, millet and sorghum, corn, as well as wheat and bread could together lead to a substantial increase in poverty, with the increase in the price of rice having by far the largest negative impact. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4748
    Parallel Title: Palmer, Edward The market for retirement products in Sweden
    Keywords: Health insurance ; Individual retirement accounts ; Pension trusts ; Health insurance ; Individual retirement accounts ; Pension trusts
    Abstract: "Far-reaching changes in the regulation of financial markets and the organization of public pensions in the 1980s and 1990s transformed the landscape for retirement products in Sweden. First, banking and insurance were extensively deregulated in the 1980s, while the securities markets experienced major expansion. Insurance received a large boost from the authorization of unit-linked products in the early 1990s. Second, the public pension system was reformed. Survivor benefits for widows were eliminated from the public pillar in the late 1980s, leading to a large increase in demand for term life insurance. The old defined benefit public pension system was replaced by a notional or nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) scheme, while a funded defined contribution (FDC) component was also created in the public pillar. The four occupational pension funds that cover the majority of Swedish workers were also converted into FDC schemes. This paper reviews the implications of these changes for the Swedish annuity market. It discusses the regulation of payout options in Sweden, highlighting the compulsory use of life annuities in the public pillar and the preference for term annuities in the occupational funds. It examines the performance of providers of retirement products, including the PPM, and reviews the increasing focus on risk-based regulation and supervision. The paper also emphasizes Sweden's success in moving in the direction of increased funding and privatization of old age insurance, while maintaining its basic character as a highly developed welfare state. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4752
    Parallel Title: Bruhn, Miriam In pursuit of balance
    Abstract: "Randomized experiments are increasingly used in development economics, with researchers now facing the question of not just whether to randomize, but how to do so. Pure random assignment guarantees that the treatment and control groups will have identical characteristics on average, but in any particular random allocation, the two groups will differ along some dimensions. Methods used to pursue greater balance include stratification, pair-wise matching, and re-randomization. This paper presents new evidence on the randomization methods used in existing randomized experiments, and carries out simulations in order to provide guidance for researchers. Three main results emerge. First, many researchers are not controlling for the method of randomization in their analysis. The authors show this leads to tests with incorrect size, and can result in lower power than if a pure random draw was used. Second, they find that in samples of 300 or more, the different randomization methods perform similarly in terms of achieving balance on many future outcomes of interest. However, for very persistent outcome variables and in smaller sample sizes, pair-wise matching and stratification perform best. Third, the analysis suggests that on balance the re-randomization methods common in practice are less desirable than other methods, such as matching. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821373889 , 9780821373897 , 9780821373880
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (155 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: Global Development Finance - the World Bank's annual report on the external financing of developing countries - provides monitoring and analysis of development finance, identifying key emerging trends and policy challenges in international financial flows that are likely to affect the growth prospects of developing countries. As major financial institutions currently recognize losses from the U.S. subprime mortgage market crisis and rebuild their balance sheets through a more conservative approach to lending and risk management, the central theme of this year's report will be the market for international bank credit to developing countries.It is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. Vol I: Analysis and Outlook reviews recent trends in financial flows to developing countries. Vol II. Summary and Country Tables* includes comprehensive data for 138 countries, as well as summary data for regions and income groups. Also available on CD-ROM, with more than 200 historical time series from 1970 to 2007, and country group estimates for 2008
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Peru is favored by a stable and growing economy and the availability of indigenous sources of energy for electricity generation, hydro and natural gas. Installed capacity in Peru in 2006 was 6658 MW, of which 48 percent was hydro-based. However, regarding new investment in generation, there is reason for concern. Demand growth over the past five years has been 5-10 percent, with no signs of slowing down. At the rate of 10 percent demand growth, 400 MW of new generation capacity is necessary each year, representing at least US
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The public expenditure and institutional assessment (PEIA) were motivated by a number of factors. First, both the Government of Iraq (GoI) and its international development partners have recognized the critical importance of sound management of Iraq's substantial public financial resources. Both parties support the reform and modernization of public financial management (PFM), as articulated in the International Compact for Iraq (ICI). Secondly, international experience demonstrates the importance of establishing a baseline against which progress in PFM over time can be measured. This implies the need for an assessment which provides the information necessary to measure the performance of a country's PFM system. Thirdly, the devastating circumstances in Iraq during the past 5 years have made the institutional arrangements for PFM the subject of considerable uncertainty. The PEIA can help to shape and prioritize the necessary development program. The report is organized in two main parts. Volume one contains a summary of the main issues to emerge from the public expenditure and financial accountability (PEFA) assessment and a discussion of a number of specific PFM issues of current importance to Iraq, including: capital investment budgeting (CIB), oil revenue management, the Iraq financial management information system (IFMIS), public accounting and accountability, and payroll management. Volume two contains a detailed technical analysis behind the PEFA assessment
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Corporate Governance Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This report assesses Bulgaria's corporate governance policy framework for publicly traded companies. It highlights recent improvements to laws and regulation, makes policy recommendations, and provides investors with a benchmark against which to measure corporate governance in Bulgaria. This report updates the 2002 Corporate Governance ROSC (CG ROSC). As Bulgaria continues its dynamic pace of reforms, all key stakeholders involved in the reforms process may wish to focus on the following four reform priorities: first, the Financial Supervision Commission (FSC) should continue to strictly enforce existing laws and may wish to focus on how the following three groups "comply or explain" with the recently issued national code of corporate governance (NCGC): (i) holding companies, in which governance practices are considered insufficient; (ii) the largest ten issuers that make-up most of the trading and market capitalization; and (iii) principal issuers on the unofficial market that are driving much of the market's growth. Second, the task force that launched the NCGC may wish to eventually review the NCGC to offer more practical guidance on how to implement good practice. Third, the government and regulators may wish to make minor amendments to the legal and regulatory framework. Fourth and finally, the most important factor to improve corporate governance will be to train and thus, over time, build a cadre of qualified, experienced, and professional directors who are empowered to ensure that the "law on the books" translates into actual practice
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  • 68
    ISBN: 082137320X , 0821373218 , 9780821373200 , 9780821373217
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 199 p) , ill. (some col.), col. map , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 336.3/909598
    Keywords: Finance, Public ; Government spending policy ; Finance, Public ; Government spending policy ; Finance, Public ; Government spending policy ; Indonesia ; Indonesia Appropriations and expenditures ; Evaluation ; Indonesia Appropriations and expenditures ; Evaluation
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-139)
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 082137365X , 9780821373668 , 9780821373651
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (201 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Abstract: Global Economic Prospects 2008: Technology Diffusion in the Developing World examines the state of technology in developing countries and the pace with which it has advanced since the early 1990s. It reveals both encouraging and cautionary trends. On the one hand, the pace of technological progress in developing countries has been much faster than in high-income countries-reflecting increased exposure to foreign technology as a result of linkages with high-skilled diasporas and the opening of these countries to international trade and foreign direct investment.On the other hand, the technology gap remains large, and the domestic factors that determine how quickly technologies spread within developing countries often stymie progress, especially among low-income countries. This year's Global Economic Prospects comes on the heels of an extended period of strong growth and a 15 year period of strong performance in much of the developing world, which has contributed to substantial declines in global poverty. While high oil prices and heightened market volatility may signal a coming pause in this process, over the longer term continued technological progress should continue to push back poverty. "Rapid technological progress in developing countries has been central to the reduction of poverty in recent decades. While the integration of global markets has played and will continue to play a key role in this, future success will increasingly depend on strengthening technical competencies and the business environment for innovative firms in developing countries
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  • 70
    ISBN: 0821374761 , 9780821374764
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (x, 30 p) , 25 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 137
    DDC: 362.196/9792009729
    Keywords: AIDS (Disease) ; HIV infections ; AIDS (Disease) ; HIV infections
    Abstract: In June 2006, Ministers of Education and representatives of National AIDS Authorities met in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, under the auspices of the CARICOM Council on Human and Social Development, and agreed to promote education sector leadership in addressing HIV and AIDS and to create a supportive policy and financial environment at national and regional levels. This report describes the development of these regional processes and how they have led to a stronger education sector response at the regional level. It also focuses on developments in three countries (Guyana, Jamaica, and St. Lucia) as examples of how this regional effort translates into action at the national level
    Note: "UNESCO/ World Bank partnership in support of CARICOM Strategy in Education and HIV&AIDS
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  • 71
    ISBN: 082137205X , 0821372068 , 9780821372050 , 9780821372067
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiii, 182 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.5/561091724
    Keywords: Budget ; Economic assistance Management ; Poverty Government policy ; Budget ; Economic assistance Management ; Poverty Government policy ; Budget ; Economic assistance ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-176) and index
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  • 72
    ISBN: 0821369334 , 9780821369333
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xi, 220 p) , ill , 27 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: WBI learning resources series
    DDC: 614.4/2072
    Keywords: Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Equality Health aspects ; Research ; Stastistical methods ; Health Services Accessibility ; Health Surveys ; Health services accessibility Research ; Statistical methods ; Health surveys Methodology ; Household surveys ; Quality Indicators, Health Care ; World Health ; World health Research ; Statistical methods ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Equality Health aspects ; Research ; Stastistical methods ; Health Services Accessibility ; Health Surveys ; Health services accessibility Research ; Statistical methods ; Health surveys Methodology ; Household surveys ; Quality Indicators, Health Care ; World Health ; World health Research ; Statistical methods ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Equality ; Health Services Accessibility ; Health aspects ; Health Surveys ; Research ; Health services accessibility ; Health surveys ; Household surveys ; Stastistical methods ; Research ; Methodology ; Statistical methods ; Quality Indicators, Health Care ; World Health ; World health
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Data for health equity analysis: requirements, sources, and sample design -- Health outcome #1: child survival -- Health outcome #2: anthropometrics -- Health outcome #3: adult health -- Measurement of living standards -- Concentration curves -- The concentration index -- Extensions to the concentration index: inequality aversion and the health achievement index -- Multivariate analysis of health survey data -- Nonlinear models for health and medical expenditure data -- Explaining differences between groups: Oaxaca decomposition -- Explaining socioeconomic-related health inequality: decomposition of the concentration index -- Who benefits from health sector subsidies? benefit incidence analysis -- Measuring and explaining inequity in health service delivery -- Who pays for health care? progressivity of health finance -- Redistributive effect of health finance -- Catastrophic payments for health care -- Health care payments and poverty.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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  • 73
    ISBN: 0821371894 , 9780821371893
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (viii, 92 p) , col. ill , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available online
    Series Statement: Occasional paper / FIAS 18
    Keywords: Foreign Investment Advisory Service ; Foreign Investment Advisory Service ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Latvia Economic conditions 21st century ; Latvia Economic policy 21st century ; Latvia Economic conditions 21st century ; Latvia Economic policy 21st century
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-92) , Also available online.
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821372238 , 0821372246 , 9780821372234 , 9780821372241
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 78 p) , ill., map , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Environment and development
    DDC: 339.4/9091724
    Keywords: Environmental health ; Households Economic aspects ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Natural resources ; Poverty Environmental aspects ; Environmental health ; Households Economic aspects ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Natural resources ; Poverty Environmental aspects ; Environmental health ; Households ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Natural resources ; Poverty
    Description / Table of Contents: Understanding poverty-environment linkages at the household level -- Poverty and environmental change at the macro scale -- Environmental management and pathways to household welfare -- Scope of the report -- Some key conclusions -- Local natural resources, poverty, and degradation: examining empirical regularities -- The importance of environmental income to the poor -- Commons as a source of insurance -- The effect of growth on local resource use -- Welfare impacts of degradation -- The role of poverty in environmental change -- Conclusions -- Health outcomes and environmental pathogens -- Theoretical linkages between health outcomes and environmental conditions -- Empirical evidence of linkages between health outcomes and environmental conditions -- How robust are the empirical findings? -- Conclusions and tentative policy implications -- Household welfare and policy reforms -- Selected policy reforms: evidence from case studies -- Challenges and data limitations -- Conclusions -- Directions for change -- Use of local natural resources -- Design principles for improving environmental health -- Better data for monitoring change -- Policy reforms for managing the environment and reducing poverty -- Moving forward.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-74) and index
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9780821374580 , 9780821374597
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (x, 76 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank country study
    Keywords: Education Economic aspects ; Education and state ; Labor supply Effect of education on ; Education Economic aspects ; Education and state ; Labor supply Effect of education on ; Education ; Education and state ; Labor supply
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-76)
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  • 76
    ISBN: 0821373846 , 9780821373859 , 9780821373842
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (267 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Monitoring Report
    Abstract: Global Monitoring Report 2008, the fifth in an annual series, is essential reading for those who wish to follow the global development agenda and debate in 2008. The year marks the midpoint toward the 2015 deadline for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It is also an important year to work toward a consensus on how the world is going to respond to the challenge of climate change, building on the foundation laid at the Bali climate change conference in December 2007. The report spans this agenda. It provides a comprehensive assessment of progress toward the MDGs and related policies and actions. It addresses the challenge of climate change and environmental sustainability and assesses its implications for development. The report's assessment of MDGs at midpoint presents a mixed picture, one of both significant progress and formidable challenges. The first MDG, reducing extreme poverty by half, is likely to be met at the global level, thanks to a remarkable surge in global economic growth over the past decade. But, on current trends, the human development MDGs are unlikely to be met. Prospects are gravest for the goals of reducing child and maternal mortality, but shortfalls are also likely in the primary school completion. nutrition, and sanitation MDGs. The potential effects of climate change compound the challenge of achieving the development goals and sustaining progress. The report's messages are clear: urgent action is needed to help the world get back on track to achieve the MDGs; and urgent action is also needed to combat climate change that threatens the well-being of all countries, but particularly of poor countries and poor people. The goals of development and environmental sustainability are closely related, and the paths to those goals have important synergies
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  • 77
    ISBN: 0821375482 , 9780821375495 , 9780821375488
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xii, 277 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 368.38/2
    Keywords: Health insurance Cross-cultural studies ; Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Mandatory Programs organization & administration ; Mandatory Programs organization & administration ; National Health Programs organization & administration ; National Health Programs organization & administration ; Health insurance Cross-cultural studies ; Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Mandatory Programs organization & administration ; Mandatory Programs organization & administration ; National Health Programs organization & administration ; National Health Programs organization & administration ; Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Health insurance ; Mandatory Programs ; Mandatory Programs ; National Health Programs ; National Health Programs
    Description / Table of Contents: Governing mandatory health insurance: concepts, framework, and cases/ by William D. Savedoff -- Good governance dimensions in mandatory health insurance: a framework for performance assessment/ by B. Hansl ... [et al.] -- Costly success: an integrated health insurer in Costa Rica/ by James Cercone and José Pacheco -- Governing a single-payer mandatory health insurance system: the case of Estonia/ by Triin Habicht -- Governing multiple health insurers in a corporatist setting: the case of the Netherlands/ by Hans Maarse -- Governing a hybrid mandatory health insurance system: the case of Chile/ by Ricardo Bitrán ... [et al.] -- Lessons from governance trends for developing countries/ by William D. Savedoff.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    ISBN: 082137432X , 0821374338 , 9780821374320 , 9780821374337
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xiv, 178 p) , ill., maps , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Agriculture and rural development
    DDC: 333.73
    Keywords: Land use Environmental aspects ; Rural development Environmental aspects ; Sustainable agriculture ; Land use Environmental aspects ; Rural development Environmental aspects ; Sustainable agriculture ; Land use ; Rural development ; Sustainable agriculture ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental aspects
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4676
    Parallel Title: Nehru, Vikram The concept of odious debt
    Keywords: Debt relief ; Debts, External ; Debt relief ; Debts, External
    Abstract: "Despite the popularity of the term among advocates of debt forgiveness, there is little agreement on a workable definition of "odious" debts and there are but few examples where the concept has been invoked in law to justify non-payment of sovereign debts. Most often, these have been cases when a successor state or government has refused to honor certain debts contracted by its predecessor state or government. Repudiating sovereign debts on broader grounds - such as that money may have been misused by the borrower or that results were not as hoped for at the outset of lending - would create real risks not only of reduced financial flows to poorer countries as a result of the danger of ex post challenges to lenders' claims, but also of moral hazard and lack of project ownership. This paper presents a discussion of the extant legal and financial environment facing developing country sovereign borrowers and develops a proposed approach within this environment to address issues of concern underlying the concept of odious or illegitimate debt. The authors make the case for focusing attention on codes of conduct along the lines of the Equator Principles and on refining forward-looking attempts to increase aid effectiveness and recover stolen assets. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4681
    Parallel Title: Marouani, Mohamed Ali Assessing interactions among education, social insurance, and labor market policies in a general equilibrium framework
    Keywords: Job creation ; Unemployment ; Job creation ; Unemployment
    Abstract: "This paper develops a general equilibrium model to analyze the marginal and joint impacts that alternative macroeconomic, education, and social protection policies have on the dynamics of employment and unemployment by skill level. The model introduces a disaggregated treatment of the labor market that incorporates an informal sub-sector in every sector of the economy. The analysis explicitly models the distribution of skills in the labor force by following over time sex-age cohorts across various levels of the education system and in the labor market. And it integrates a module that projects the revenues and expenditures of the pension system. The model is applied to the case of Morocco. Simulations show that even under positive assumptions regarding economic growth, unemployment rates are likely to remain close to current levels in the next decade. The paper argues that only an integrated package of policies that affect the macro-economy, the investment climate, and the education and social protection systems would allow sustainable creation of enough "good quality" jobs. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4688
    Parallel Title: Fox, M. Louise Are skills rewarded in Sub-Saharan Africa?
    Keywords: Labor productivity ; Manufacturing industries ; Wages ; Labor productivity ; Manufacturing industries ; Wages
    Abstract: "Using recent matched employer-employee data from the manufacturing sector in 20 Sub-Saharan African countries, the authors analyze how the supply of skills and legal origin of the country affect the wage setting process. The wage analysis yields three main findings. First, increasing returns to education, especially for older workers, suggest that the expansion of education in Africa has reduced returns to education for entrants in the labor market. Second, age effects matter not just for returns to education, but also for the wage setting process more generally. In particular, in civil-law countries, returns to seniority are rewarded only after a certain age. Third, workers exercise some power in the wage setting process but their influence varies by linguistic group. In common-law countries, union presence benefits all workers equally, not just members, whereas in civil-law countries, only older members enjoy higher wages. The authors also contrast wage premia with relative marginal productivities for different age, occupation, and education categories. The findings show that in general, older, highly educated, and highly ranked workers receive wage premia that do not reflect a higher relative marginal productivity. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4691
    Parallel Title: Melecky, Martin Comparing constraints to economic stabilization in Macedonia and Slovakia
    Keywords: Economic stabilization ; Economic stabilization ; Economic stabilization ; Economic stabilization ; Macedonia (Republic) Economic policy ; Slovakia Economic policy ; Macedonia Economic policy ; Slovakia Economic policy
    Abstract: "This paper re-emphasizes the link from structural policies to enhanced macroeconomic stabilization using a small structural model estimated on quarterly data for Macedonia and Slovakia over 1995-2007. The success of macroeconomic stabilization, typically in the hands of monetary policy, is not only determined by a suitable choice of the nominal anchor, which shapes the reaction function of monetary policy, but also the constraints within which the monetary policy strives to achieve its objectives. The key attributes of the constraints to macroeconomic stabilization are economic rigidities and structural shocks. By benchmarking the estimated economic rigidities and structural shocks faced by Macedonia to those faced by Slovakia, the authors find that Macedonia has relatively weaker transmission mechanisms of monetary policy, higher output rigidity, and a lower exchange rate pass-through, and faces larger external shocks. For Macedonia, these relatively higher constraints on monetary policy together with the chosen exchange rate anchor result in greater output and inflation volatility relative to Slovakia. Hence, it appears that small, open economies with stronger economic rigidities should apply monetary policy regimes that allow for more flexible adjustments in external relative prices to enhance their macroeconomic stability. "--World Bank web site
    Abstract: "This paper re-emphasizes the link from structural policies to enhanced macroeconomic stabilization using a small structural model estimated on quarterly data for Macedonia and Slovakia over 1995-2007. The success of macroeconomic stabilization, typically in the hands of monetary policy, is not only determined by a suitable choice of the nominal anchor, which shapes the reaction function of monetary policy, but also the constraints within which the monetary policy strives to achieve its objectives. The key attributes of the constraints to macroeconomic stabilization are economic rigidities and structural shocks. By benchmarking the estimated economic rigidities and structural shocks faced by Macedonia to those faced by Slovakia, the authors find that Macedonia has relatively weaker transmission mechanisms of monetary policy, higher output rigidity, and a lower exchange rate pass-through, and faces larger external shocks. For Macedonia, these relatively higher constraints on monetary policy together with the chosen exchange rate anchor result in greater output and inflation volatility relative to Slovakia. Hence, it appears that small, open economies with stronger economic rigidities should apply monetary policy regimes that allow for more flexible adjustments in external relative prices to enhance their macroeconomic stability. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4697
    Parallel Title: Patrinos, Harry Anthony A positive stigma for child labor?
    Keywords: Child labor ; Stigma (Social psychology) ; Child labor ; Stigma (Social psychology)
    Abstract: "The authors introduce a simple empirical model that assumes a positive stigma (or norm) toward child labor that is common in some developing countries. They illustrate the positive stigma model using data from Guatemala. Controlling for several child and household-level characteristics, the analysis uses two instruments for measuring stigma: a child's indigenous background and the household head's childhood work experience. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4717
    Parallel Title: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep How will climate change shift agro-ecological zones and impact African agriculture ?
    Keywords: Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes ; Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes
    Abstract: "The study develops a new method to measure the impacts of climate change on agriculture called the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) Model. A multinomial logit is estimated to predict the probability of each AEZ in each district. The average percentage of cropland and average crop net revenue are calculated for each AEZ. Then an estimate of the amount of cropland in Africa and where it is located is provided. Using current conditions, the model calculates baseline values of cropland and crop net revenue, and estimates the future impact of climate change using two scenarios-harsh and mild. Total cropland does not change much across the two climate scenarios. However, the predicted change in African crop revenue ranges from a loss of 14 percent in the mild climate scenario to 30 percent in the harsher climate scenario. The analysis reveals that the greatest harm from climate change is that it will shift farms from high to low productive AEZs. The approach not only identifies the aggregate impacts, but also indicates where the impacts occur across Africa. The central region of Africa is hurt the most, especially in the harsher climate scenario. The Agro-Ecological Zone Model is a promising new method for valuing the long-term impacts of climate change on agriculture. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4724
    Parallel Title: Douidich, Mohammed Simulating the impact of geographic targeting on poverty alleviation in Morocco
    Keywords: Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty Research ; Economic assistance, Domestic ; Poverty Research
    Abstract: "The authors employ the recently completed "poverty map" for Morocco, referring to the year 2004, as a tool for an ex-ante evaluation of the distributional incidence of geographic targeting of public resources. They simulate the impact on poverty of transferring an exogenously given budget to geographically defined sub-groups of the population according to their relative poverty status. In both rural and urban areas, the findings reveal large gains from targeting smaller administrative units, such as communes or districts. However, these gains are still far from the poverty reduction that would be possible had the planners had access to information on household level income or consumption. The results indicate that a useful way forward might be to combine fine geographic targeting using a poverty map with within-community targeting mechanisms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4692
    Parallel Title: Bodea, Cristina Political violence and economic growth
    Keywords: Economic development ; Political violence ; Economic development ; Political violence
    Abstract: "This paper analyzes the economic growth impact of organized political violence. First, the authors articulate the theoretical underpinnings of the growth impact of political violence in a popular model of growth under uncertainty. The authors show that, under plausible assumptions regarding attitudes toward risk, the overall effects of organized political violence are likely to be much higher than its direct capital destruction impact. Second, using a quantitative model of violence that distinguishes between three levels of political violence (riots, coups, and civil war), the authors use predicted probabilities of aggregate violence and its three manifestations to identify their growth effects in an encompassing growth model. Panel regressions suggest that organized political violence, especially civil war, significantly lowers long-term economic growth. Moreover, unlike most previous studies, the authors also find ethnic fractionalization to have a negative and direct effect on growth, though its effect is substantially ameliorated by the institutions specific to a non-factional partial democracy. Third, the results show that Sub-Saharan Africa has been disproportionately impacted by civil war, which explains a substantial share of its economic decline, including the widening income gap relative to East Asia. Civil wars have also been costly for Sub-Saharan Africa. For the case of Sudan, a typical large African country experiencing a long-duration conflict, the cost of war amounts to
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4695
    Parallel Title: Eskeland, Gunnar S Transportation fuel use, technology and standards
    Keywords: Energiekonsum ; Kraftstoff ; Mineralölsteuer ; Welt
    Abstract: "There is a debate among policy analysts about whether fuel taxes alone are the most effective policy to reduce fuel use by motorists, or whether to also use mandatory standards for fuel efficiency. A problem with a policy mandating fuel economy standards is the "rebound effect," whereby owners with more efficient vehicles increase vehicle usage. If an important part of negative externalities from transport are associated with vehicle kilometers (accidents, congestion, road wear) rather than fuel consumption, the rebound effect increases negative externalities. Taxes and standards should be mutually supportive because fuel taxes often meet political resistance. Over time, fuel efficiency standards can reduce political resistance to fuel taxes. Thus, by raising fuel efficiency standards now, politicians may be able to pursue higher fuel tax paths in the future. Another argument in support of fuel efficiency standards and similar policies is that standards to a greater extent than taxes can be announced in advance and still be credible and change the behavior of inventors, firms, and other agents in society. A further argument is that standards can be used with greater force and commitment through international coordination. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4699
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David Who is coming from Vanuatu to New Zealand under the new recognized Seasonal Employer Program ?
    Keywords: Seasonal labor ; Seasonal labor ; Seasonal labor ; Seasonal labor
    Abstract: "New Zealand's new Recognized Seasonal Employer program allows workers from the Pacific Islands to come to New Zealand for up to seven months to work in the horticulture and viticulture industries. One of the explicit objectives of the program is to encourage economic development in the Pacific. This paper reports the results of a baseline survey taken in Vanuatu, which the authors use to examine who wants to participate in the program, and who is selected among those interested. The findings show that the main participants are males in their late 20s to early 40s, and most are married and have children. Most workers are subsistence farmers in Vanuatu and have not completed more than 10 years of schooling. Such workers would be unlikely to be accepted under existing migration channels. Nevertheless, the program workers from Vanuatu tend to come from wealthier households, and have better English literacy and health than individuals not applying for the program. Lack of knowledge about the policy and the costs of applying appear to be the main barriers preventing poorer individuals applying. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4762
    Parallel Title: Khemani, Stuti Populist fiscal policy
    Keywords: Coalition governments ; Fiscal policy ; Coalition governments ; Fiscal policy
    Abstract: "Political economy explanations for fiscal profligacy are dominated by models of bargaining among organized interest groups over group-specific targeted benefits financed by generalized taxation. These models predict that governments consisting of a coalition of political parties spend more than single-party regimes. This paper presents an alternative model-that of populist pressure on political parties to spend more on the general public good, financed by costly income taxation-and obtains the opposite prediction. According to this model, public spending and taxes are lower under coalition governments that can win elections more cheaply. Indeed, in order to win elections, coalition partners need to satisfy a smaller share of swing voters than does a single-party government that enjoys narrower support from its core constituency. A coalition government therefore spends less on the public good to capture the share of the swing vote necessary for re-election. Using data from more than 70 countries during the period 1970-2006, the paper provides robust supporting evidence for this alternative model. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4738
    Parallel Title: Wodon, Quentin Rising food prices in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Food prices Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Poverty Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Food prices Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Poverty Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions
    Abstract: "The increase in food prices represents a major crisis for the world's poor. This paper aims to review the evidence on the potential impact of higher food prices on poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, and examines the extent to which policy responses will benefit the poor. The paper shows that rising food prices are likely to lead to higher poverty in sub-Saharan Africa as the negative impact on net poor consumers outweighs the benefits to poor producers. A recent survey shows that the most common policy response in sub-Saharan African countries is reducing taxes on food while outside the region price controls or targeted consumer subsidies are the most popular measure. Sub-Saharan African countries also have a higher prevalence of food-based safety net programs which are being scaled up to respond to rising prices. The review suggests that the benefits from reducing import tariffs on staples may accrue largely to the non-poor. Social protection programs show more promise, but geographic targeting is likely to be crucial in ensuring that benefits reach the neediest. The paper also argues that anti-poverty interventions ought to retain their focus on rural areas where poverty remains highest even after taking into account the adverse impact on the urban poor due to the rise in food prices. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4741
    Parallel Title: Parra, Juan Carlos Comparing the impact of food and energy price shocks on consumers
    Keywords: Food prices ; Power resources Prices ; Prices ; Food prices ; Power resources Prices ; Prices
    Abstract: "Many countries have been affected by food and oil price shocks. Rising energy costs have manifested themselves through higher prices of gas at the pump and through price increases for many other goods such as kerosene and transport. But in some countries there has also been some degree of protection for consumers for example when authorities have chosen to try to keep electricity tariffs affordable through implicit subsidies (which are unfortunately often poorly targeted). For food prices, the effect on consumers has often been more rapid than for oil-related products, as the increase in import prices have been typically fully passed on to consumers and has often been accompanied by increases in the prices of domestically produced foods. Recent attention has therefore rightly been focused on food prices, but the issue of oil prices is important as well. While food prices tend to have a larger direct impact on consumers due to the larger share of food in total household consumption, oil prices may have larger multiplier effects than food prices because oil-related products are used as intermediary products in many productive sectors. It therefore remains an open question as to whether the medium-term impact of food or oil prices is likely to be larger in any given country. It also remains open to question as to whether urban as opposed to rural households are most likely to be affected. While urban households are likely to rely on consumption of imported goods more than rural households, the weight of food and possibly oil-related products may well be larger in the consumption patterns of rural than urban households. Answering these questions may be useful to guide discussions on compensatory measures that governments can take to respond to the twin crisis of higher food and oil prices. In this context the objective of this paper is to provide a comparative analysis of the multiplier impact of both types of price shocks using a recent Social Accounting Matrix for Ghana. The paper finds that both the direct impacts of food prices and the indirect impacts of oil prices are potentially large, so that both should be dealt with by authorities when considering compensatory measures to protect households from higher consumer prices. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4745
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Potential impact of higher food prices on poverty
    Keywords: Food prices ; Food supply ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Food supply ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers who are poor or near-poor and could benefit from an increase in prices and food consumers who are poor or near-poor and would loose out when the price increases. In most West and Central African countries, the sign (positive or negative) of the impact is not ambiguous because a substantial share of food consumption is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is larger than the positive impact for net sellers of locally produced foods. Yet even if the sign of the impact is clear, its magnitude is not. Using a set of recent and comprehensive household surveys, this paper summarizes findings from an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in a dozen countries. Rising food prices for rice, wheat, maize, and other cereals as well as for milk, sugar and vegetable oils could lead to a substantial increase in poverty in many of the countries. At the same time, the data suggest that the magnitude of the increase in poverty between different countries is likely to be different. Finally, the data suggest that a large share of the increase in poverty will consist of deeper levels of poverty among households who are already poor, even if there will also be a larger number of poor households in the various countries. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4798
    Parallel Title: Beegle, Kathleen Migration and economic mobility in Tanzania
    Keywords: Migration, Internal ; Migration, Internal
    Abstract: "This study explores the extent to which migration has contributed to improved living standards of individuals in Tanzania. Using longitudinal data on individuals, the authors estimate the impact of migration on consumption growth between 1991 and 2004. The analysis addresses concerns about heterogeneity and unobservable factors correlated with both income changes and the decision to migrate. The findings show that migration adds 36 percentage points to consumption growth, during a period of considerable growth in consumption. These results are robust to numerous tests and alternative specifications. Unpacking the findings, the analysis finds that moving out of agriculture is correlated with much higher growth than staying in agriculture, although growth is always higher in any sector if one physically moves. Economic mobility is strongly linked to geographic mobility. The puzzle is why more people do not move if returns to geographic mobility are high. The evidence is consistent with models in which exit barriers are set by home communities (through social and family norms) that prevent migration of certain categories of people. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4673
    Parallel Title: Medlin, Carol Potential applications of conditional cash transfers for prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: HIV (Viruses) Prevention ; Sexually transmitted diseases Prevention ; HIV (Viruses) Prevention ; Sexually transmitted diseases Prevention
    Abstract: "A growing number of developing countries have introduced conditional cash transfer programs that provide money to poor families with certain contingencies attached - such as requiring school attendance or regular immunization and health check-ups. As the popularity of conditional cash transfer programs has grown, experimentation with potential applications in other areas of health, such as sexual and reproductive health, and HIV prevention, in particular, has also increased. Evaluations of conditional cash transfer programs have focused almost exclusively on uptake of health and educational services, which make relatively low demands of participants compared with more complex interventions, which require the cessation of risky behaviors, such as smoking, obesity, and substance abuse. The literature on contingency management - based on the principle that behavioral change occurs when appropriate behaviors are reinforced and rewarded - provides a richer picture of the complexity of the use of conditionality to encourage healthy behavioral change. This paper examines developing countries' experiences with conditional cash transfer programs and the results of trials in clinical settings on the efficacy of contingency management, and addresses their relevance for designing conditional cash transfer programs to address risky sexual behavior and promote the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4677
    Parallel Title: Available in another form The consequences of child labor
    Keywords: Child labor ; Child labor
    Abstract: "This paper exploits a unique longitudinal data set from Tanzania to examine the consequences of child labor on education, employment choices, and marital status over a 10-year horizon. Shocks to crop production and rainfall are used as instrumental variables for child labor. For boys, the findings show that a one-standard-deviation (5.7 hour) increase in child labor leads 10 years later to a loss of approximately one year of schooling and to a substantial increase in the likelihood of farming and of marrying at a younger age. Strikingly, there are no significant effects on education for girls, but there is a significant increase in the likelihood of marrying young. The findings also show that crop shocks lead to an increase in agricultural work for boys and instead lead to an increase in chore hours for girls. The results are consistent with education being a lower priority for girls and/or with chores causing less disruption for education than agricultural work. The increased chore hours could also account for the results on marriage for girls. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4680
    Parallel Title: Finger, J. M Safeguards and antidumping in Latin American trade liberalization
    Keywords: Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade ; Dumping (International trade) ; Free trade
    Abstract: "The binding of tariff rates and adoption of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization-sanctioned safeguards and antidumping mechanisms provided the basis to remove a multitude of instruments of protection in the Latin American countries discussed in this paper. At the same time, they helped in maintaining centralized control over the management of pressures for protection in agencies with economy-wide accountabilities. The World Trade Organization's procedural requirements (for example, to follow published criteria, or participation by interested parties) helped leaders to change the culture of decision-making from one based on relationships to one based on objective criteria. However, when Latin American governments attempted to introduce economic sense - such as base price comparisons on an economically sensible measure of long-run international price rather than the more generous constructed cost concept that is the core of WTO rules - protection-seekers used the rules against them. They pointed out that World Trade Organization rules do not require the use of such criteria, nor do procedures in leading users (industrial countries) include such criteria. In sum, the administrative content of the rules supported liberalization; the economic content did not. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4689
    Parallel Title: Fung, K. C China and Central and Eastern European countries
    Keywords: Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign
    Abstract: "China has emerged as one of the top recipients of foreign direct investment in the world. Meanwhile, the successful transition experience of many Central and Eastern European countries has also allowed them to attract an increasing share of global foreign direct investment. In this paper, the authors use a panel data set to investigate whether foreign direct investment flows to these two regions are complements, substitutes, or independent of each other. Taking into account the role of host country characteristics - such as market size, degree of trade liberalization, and human capital - the authors find no evidence that foreign direct investment flows to one region are at the expense of those to the other. Instead, the results suggest that foreign direct investment flows are driven by distinct regional production networks (and thus are largely independent of each other) and the development of global supply chains (indicating that foreign direct investment flows are complementary). "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4693
    Parallel Title: Fock, Achim Financing rural development for a harmonious society in China
    Keywords: Rural development Finance ; Rural development Finance
    Abstract: "The Government of China has placed strong emphasis on addressing problems related to agriculture, farmers, and rural society, with the development of a "new socialist countryside" designated as a top priority for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). The financing of public services in rural areas will be a key determinant of the Plan's success. This report analyzes the performance of the intergovernmental fiscal system - the financing of rural development through counties, townships, and villages - and the impact of recent reforms. The authors show that achieving the government's objectives will require channeling substantial new resources to rural areas. In addition, ensuring the effective transfer of resources and their efficient utilization will require fundamental reforms to a wide range of public institutions, including budget and planning processes, personnel management systems, and the organization of government agencies. The authors argue that a comprehensive reform strategy is needed to address fundamental vertical and horizontal imbalances in the intergovernmental fiscal system The reforms must reach beyond the fiscal system to build improved accountability mechanisms to improve public service delivery at the grassroots level. And, given China's size and diversity, reform efforts must focus on improving incentive structures at the county, township, and village levels. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4696
    Parallel Title: Berger, Allen N Bank competition and financial stability
    Abstract: "Under the traditional "competition-fragility" view, more bank competition erodes market power, decreases profit margins, and results in reduced franchise value that encourages bank risk taking. Under the alternative "competition-stability" view, more market power in the loan market may result in greater bank risk as the higher interest rates charged to loan customers make it more difficult to repay loans and exacerbate moral hazard and adverse selection problems. But even if market power in the loan market results in riskier loan portfolios, the overall risks of banks need not increase if banks protect their franchise values by increasing their equity capital or engaging in other risk-mitigating techniques. The authors test these theories by regressing measures of loan risk, bank risk, and bank equity capital on several measures of market power, as well as indicators of the business environment, using data for 8,235 banks in 23 developed nations. The results suggest that - consistent with the traditional "competition-fragility" view - banks with a greater degree of market power also have less overall risk exposure. The data also provide some support for one element of the "competition-stability" view - that market power increases loan portfolio risk. The authors show that this risk may be offset in part by higher equity capital ratios. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4706
    Parallel Title: Labonne, Julien A road to trust
    Keywords: Transaction costs ; Transaction costs
    Abstract: "The authors explore the relationship between transaction costs and generalized trust. Using panel data from 2,100 households in 135 rural communities of the Philippines, the paper shows that where transaction costs are reduced (proxied by road construction), there is an increase in generalized trust. Consistent with the argument that generalized trust is built through repeated interactions, the authors find that the individuals most likely to engage in exchange exhibit an increase in trust after road construction. These results suggest that, rather than being an input to economic growth, trust might be a product of reduced transaction costs (which also favors growth). "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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