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  • 2010-2014  (630)
  • 2010  (630)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (630)
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  • 2010-2014  (630)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Vulnerable places, vulnerable people : trade liberalization, rural poverty and the environment (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Policy ; Environmental Economics ; Natural Resource Management ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Rural Development ; Trade ; Entwicklungsländer ; Welthandel ; Liberalisierung ; Armut ; Umweltverschmutzung
    Abstract: While some argue that trade liberalization has raised incomes and led to environmental protection in developing countries, others claim that it generates neither poverty reduction nor sustainability. The detailed case studies in this book demonstrate that neither interpretation is universally correct, given how much depends on specific policies and institutions that determine 'on-the-ground' outcomes. Drawing on research from six countries around the developing world, the book also presents the unique perspectives of researchers at both the world's largest development organization (The World Bank) and the world's largest conservation organization (World Wildlife Fund) on the debate over trade liberalization and its effects on poverty and the environment. The authors trace international trade rules and events down through national development contexts to investigate on-the-ground outcomes for real people and places. The studies underscore the importance of evaluating trade from a perspective that pays attention to environmental and social vulnerability and understands the linkages between poverty reduction and environmental protection. The lessons drawn provide a critical first step in developing the appropriate response options needed to ensure that trade plays a positive role in promoting truly sustainable development
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    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Partenariats public-prive pour les services d'eau urbains : Bilan des experiences dans les pays en developpement (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821385074
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (p)
    Series Statement: Trends and Policy Options (PPIAF)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage s'adresse aux responsables gouvernementaux ainsi qu'aux bailleurs de fonds et aux autres parties prenantes dans les services d'eau urbains. Il analyse les resultats enregistres par plus de 65 grands Partenariats public-prive (PPP) du secteur de l'eau (representant plus de 100 millions d'habitants desservis) mis en cuvre dans differentes regions du monde sur une periode de 15 ans, du point de vue de l'acces a l'eau, de la qualite du service, de l'efficacite operationnelle et du niveau des tarifs. Il vise a mieux comprendre comment resoudre les multiples problemes que pose la fourniture de services d'eau et d'assainissement dans les villes des pays en developpement (PED). La population urbaine desservie par des operateurs prives de services d'eau dans les PED n'a cesse de grossir depuis 1990. Pour bon nombre d'entre elles, les progres constates en matiere de service et d'efficacite confirment l'interet des PPP. La mise en cuvre de PPP pour les services d'eau dans les PED a rarement ete une tache facile, et ils ne doivent pas etre consideres comme la seule voie de reforme possible. Neanmoins, il ressort de cette analyse de donnees factuelles qu'un partenariat bien concu entre les secteurs public et prive dans un PED peut etre efficace pour redresser une compagnie des eaux peu performante. Le principal objectif ne doit plus etre d'attirer des capitaux prives mais d'utiliser des operateurs prives pour ameliorer la qualite et l'efficacite des services. Un cercle vertueux se cree alors, par lequel la compagnie des eaux ameliore sa situation financiere et devient progressivement capable de financer une part plus importante de ses besoins d'investissement
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8506-7
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Banque mondiale - Rapport annuel 2010 (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821386132
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank Annual Report
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Le present rapport couvre la periode allant du 1er juillet 2009 au 30 juin 2010. Conformement aux reglements respectifs de la Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le developpement (BIRD) et de l'Association internationale de developpement (IDA) - qui, reunies, prennent le nom de Banque mondiale -, ce Rapport annuel a ete etabli par les Administrateurs des deux institutions. Monsieur Robert B. Zoellick, President de la BIRD et de l'IDA, et President du Conseil des Administrateurs, a soumis ce rapport, ainsi que les budgets administratifs et les etats fi nanciers audites, au Conseil des Gouverneurs. Les rapports annuels de la Societe fi nanciere internationale (IFC), de l'Agence multilaterale de garantie des investissements (MIGA) et du Centre international pour le reglement des diff erends relatifs aux investissements (CIRDI) sont publies separement
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8529-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estandares internacionales de informacion financiera : guia practica - quinta edicion (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (p)
    Series Statement: World Bank Training Series
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: La aplicacion de los Estandares Internacionales de Informacion Financiera (IFRS) en una situacion de negocios puede tener un efecto significativo en los resultados financieros y en la posicion de una division de negocios o de toda una empresa. Estandares internacionales de informacion financiera: guia practica ofrece a ejecutivos, gerentes y analistas financieros del sector privado una muy buena preparacion en cuanto a las herramientas que necesitan para participar en analisis y decisiones sobre el buen uso y aplicacion de los IFRS. Cada capitulo resume un Estandar, cuya estructura es la siguiente: objetivo del Estandar, alcance del Estandar, conceptos clave, tratamiento contable, presentacion y difusion, analisis financiero e interpretacion. Muchos capitulos del libro contienen tambien ejemplos que ilustran la aplicacion practica de los conceptos basicos sobre un Estandar particular. La publicacion incluye asi mismo todos los estandares establecidos por la "International Accounting Standards Board" (IASB), hasta diciembre de 2008
    DOI: 10.1596/978-9-5883-0780-0
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Los recursos naturales en America Latina y El Caribe : Mas alla de bonanzas y crisis? (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (96 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Para los gobiernos de muchos paises de la region de America Latina y el Caribe ha sido problematico el manejo de la produccion de recursos naturales y de sus repetidos ciclos de bonanzas y crisis. 'Los recursos naturales en America Latina y el Caribe Mas alla de bonanzas y crisis?', es un libro que trata sobre las grandes preocupaciones asociadas con la dependencia de los bienes primarios, en el que se resume el estado del arte en la bibliografia existente y que llena los vacios de conocimiento con nuevos analisis. En el informe se encuentra que algunos efectos negativos comunmente aceptados de la dependencia de los recursos naturales son en gran parte mitos y que otros, en cambio, son realidades. Los temas cubiertos en este estudio incluyen el crecimiento fiscal a largo plazo, la volatilidad fiscal, los impactos institucionales y los efectos ambientales y sociales. En el se analizan tambien las implicaciones para el desarrollo y las politicas en la region
    DOI: 10.1596/978-9-5883-0791-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Le systeme educatif malien : Analyse sectorielle pour une amelioration de la qualite et de l'efficacite du systeme (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821384268
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (192 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank Working Papers - Africa Human Development Series
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Ce rapport constitue une mise jour de celui realise en 2005 et permet d'evaluer l'avancement vers les principaux objectifs de la deuxieme phase du Programme d'Investissement de l'Education (PISE) en mettant en lumiere a la fois les recents succes du systeme educatif malien ainsi que les principaux defis auxquels il devra faire face dans les annees a venir. Il a ete prepare par une equipe nationale malienne avec l'appui conjoint de la Banque Mondiale et du Pole d'Analyse Sectorielle en education de l'UNESCO/BREDA pour aider le Gouvernement du Mali et ses partenaires au developpement dans l'elaboration de la troisieme phase (2010-2012) du PISE. Ces resultats ont donc servi de base de discussions a la definition de nouveaux arbitrages pour le systeme et notamment la faisabilite de certains choix de politique educative et de leur financement. Les documents de travail de la Banque mondiale sont disponibles a l'unite ou par souscription, en format imprime ou en ligne sur internet www.worldbank.org/elibrary
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8425-1
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Connecting to Compete 2010 : Trade Logistics in the Global Economy--The Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the second edition of Connecting to Compete, a report on the new dataset for the 2010 Logistics Performance Index (LPI) and its component indicators. Based on a worldwide survey of global freight forwarders and express carriers, the LPI is a benchmarking tool developed by the World Bank that measures performance along the logistics supply chain within a country. The index can help countries identify challenges and opportunities and improve their logistics performance. The World Bank conducts the survey every two years. The 2010 LPI also provides a snapshot of selected performance indicators in nearly 130 countries, including expanded information on the time, cost, and reliability of import and export supply chains, infrastructure quality, performance of core services, and the friendliness of trade clearance procedures. The 2010 LPI and its indicators encapsulate the firsthand knowledge of movers of international trade, collected amid the economic turmoil of 2009. This information is relevant for policymakers and the private sector seeking to identify priorities for reform agendas. Findings include the following. First, except in high-income countries, the availability and quality of trade-related infrastructure is a major constraint to performance, but the specific priorities tend to vary across countries. Second, efficient border management and coordination of the various agencies involved in border clearance is increasingly important. Third, a major challenge for the international community is how to help the lowest performing countries benefit from an increasingly open global trading system
    DOI: 10.1596/24599
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    State-Building : Key Concepts and Operational Implications in Two Fragile States--The Case of Sierra Leone and Liberia (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper aims to provide a very distilled summary of the concepts shaping the discourse around state-building in fragile, conflict-affected situations, and to explore some of the operational implications for international development practitioners working in these settings, drawing on experience from two post-conflict countries. The paper arises out of a collaboration between Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (UNDP) and the World Bank's Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries Group to strengthen their analytical work and guidance to country offices in the area of state building, and to extend interagency cooperation at headquarters and field level. This paper, and the operational guidance it proposes, is a product of the missions to Sierra Leone and Liberia, and its principal audience is country office staff in fragile and conflict-affected settings. The material in this paper is organised around four themes:(i) Current concepts and theory on state-building; (ii) Our practical experience with applying a state-building lens to specific aspects of programming in Sierra Leone and Liberia; (iii) Some operational considerations on approaching statebuilding in fragile, conflict-affected settings; and (iv) Proposals for what an overworked country office can do to support state-building. This paper sits alongside a detailed report on, Donor Support for Capacity Development in Post-Conflict States: Reflections from Two Case Studies in West Africa, which was also developed as part of the UNDP-World Bank collaboration and field missions
    DOI: 10.1596/24780
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Articulations of Local Governance in Timor-Leste : Lessons for Local Development under Decentralization (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Law and Justice Study
    Abstract: In pursuing a decentralization policy that sets out to devolve elements of state authority to municipalities, the Government of Timor-Leste faces a key challenge: how to combine different types of governance systems that have legitimacy at local and state levels. In order to inform this process, this policy note looks at how communities and local government currently work together to plan and implement local development initiatives. It attempts to answer the question, 'what steps might the government of Timor-Leste take to amplify the voice of citizens in development planning, and the responsiveness of the state to those voices?' This note informs current discussions on community-planning processes, dispute-resolution and complaints mechanisms within local development programs, and other important aspects of the decentralization agenda through a perspective informed by in-depth, local-level policy analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/30533
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Comparison of CAPI and PAPI through a Randomized Field Experiment (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper reports on a randomized survey experiment among one thousand eight hundred and forty households, designed to compare pen-and-paper interviewing (PAPI) to computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). The authors find that PAPI data contain a large number of errors, which can be avoided in CAPI. The authors show that error counts are not randomly distributed across the sample, but are correlated with household characteristics, potentially introducing sample bias in analysis if dubious observations need to be dropped. The authors demonstrate a tendency for the mean and spread of total measured consumption to be higher on paper compared to CAPI, translating into significantly lower measured poverty, higher measured inequality and higher income elasticity estimates. Investigating further the nature of PAPI's measurement error for consumption, the authors fail to reject the hypothesis that it is classical: it attenuates the coefficient on consumption when used as explanatory variable and the authors find no evidence of bias when consumption is used as dependent variable. Finally, CAPI and PAPI are compared in terms of interview length, costs and respondents' perceptions
    DOI: 10.1596/33699
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Central African Republic Country Environmental Analysis : Environmental Management for Sustainable Growth (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Abstract: The objectives of this Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) for the Central African Republic, are to provide an analytical basis for the development of policy recommendations, assist in defining priority investments to address the most significant environmental management challenges, and inform decision-making in relation to the achievement of sustainable economic growth. This analysis consists of three components, the first being an identification and estimation of the principal sources, costs, and trends, of environmental degradation. This is followed by an analysis of the current institutional capacity for environmental management. Finally, priority environmental issues are analysed, leading to a set of policy and investment recommendations. The three most important priorities are: environmental management in the mining sector; management of forests and wildlife resources; and promoting growth that is resilient to climate change. Two generic CEA tasks were also undertaken: an analysis of the costs of environmental degradation, and an assessment of institutional capacity for environmental management. Recommendations for policy, investment, and technical assistance are presented as short, medium, or long term priorities, in table format, together with an indication of the primary responsibility for each action, and an initial budget estimate for the investment, and technical assistance recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/33933
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Republic of Indonesia Financial Sector Assessment Program : CPSS-IOSCO Recommendations for Securities Settlement Systems--The Equity and Corporate Bonds Securities Settlement Systems (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This assessment forms part of the joint International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank Indonesia Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) which is being undertaken during 2009-2010. The assessment, which covers the private sector equity and corporate bonds securities system's observance of the Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems / International Organization of Securities Commissions (CPSS/IOSCO) recommendations for securities settlement systems, was conducted during an ad hoc mission. The assessment focuses on two types of trades. First the clearing and settlement process is assessed as regards equity transactions traded on the stock exchange Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX), cleared through the Clearing and Guarantee Corporation (KPEI) clearing system (e-CLEARS) and settled through the Central Securities Depository for the Stock Exchange securities (KSEI) settlement system (C-BEST). In addition, the assessment focuses on corporate bond transactions, which are traded outside the exchange and settled through the KSEI settlement system (C-BEST)
    DOI: 10.1596/27739
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Armenia : Public Financial Management Reform Priorities (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to provide practical recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the public financial management system as inputs to the envisaged Armenian public financial management (PFM) reform strategy. The paper aims at providing a comprehensive analysis of most of the key elements of the financial management system thus supplementing existing analyses undertaken for each function in isolation. By doing so, the paper aims at contributing to the reaching of consensus among key stakeholders to public financial management and the financial management reform process in Armenia including within the Ministry of Finance, line ministries, elected officials, control agencies, the interested public and international partners. The report is structured as follows: chapter two provides a review of budget formulation processes. Chapter three assesses budget execution. Chapter four looks at capacity, organization and motivation and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) support issues. Finally, chapter five looks at reform scenarios, management and funding
    DOI: 10.1596/2909
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  • 14
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    Remarks for the Plenary Session of the Summit of Heads of State of the Central American Integration System (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Robert B. Zoellick, President of the World Bank Group, noted that the region could be more competitive if, working together, you removed bottlenecks to growth; modernized customs systems; facilitated trade; improved infrastructure, integrated your energy grid, and enhanced transport; strengthened the education and skills of your people; and created a better environment for private investment, small business and entrepreneurs. He spoke on the following topics: past and recent integration achievements; an agenda for integration; and the package of World Bank Group initiatives. He announced a two-year trade facilitation window, support for an INCAE training program for public administration, a technical assistance facility to support trade promotion, and a program to support judicial transparency
    DOI: 10.1596/29640
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  • 15
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    Democratizing Development Economics (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Robert B. Zoellick, President of the World Bank Group, charged that economics, and in particular development economics, must broaden the scope of the questions it asks - thereby also becoming more relevant to today's complex, multi-faceted problems. He discussed the following topics: (i) from hubris to humility; (ii) are we equipped to tackle the pressing issues of the day?; (iii) a new multi-polar world requires multi-polar knowledge; (iv) has development economics lost its way?; (v) re-examining the old truisms; (vi) what we now need to know; and (vii) beyond the ivory tower to a new research model on open data, open knowledge, open solution. He identified four problems that merit future research: economic transformation; inclusive and sustainable development; dealing with risk and vulnerability; and results-based analysis of what works. The Bank remains the largest single source of development knowledge, and this treasure chest will be opened to everyone. We have questions to answer. We need to listen and democratize development economics
    DOI: 10.1596/29641
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  • 16
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    Remarks for Opening Plenary of the High Level Segment - COP10 (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Robert B. Zoellick, President of the World Bank Group, discussed four topics: (i) why focus on biodiversity; (ii) World Bank Group investment in biodiversity; (iii) who should be focusing on biodiversity; and (iv) how we value the wealth of biodiversity
    DOI: 10.1596/29642
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  • 17
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    Arguing traditions : Denying Kenya's Women Access to Land Rights (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Two major approaches on how to address women's land security can be identified: reforming the formal legal sector, and embracing informal community practices. However, through research conducted among Kenya's agricultural communities, the authors find that these systems formal, informal, or hybrid are underpinned (and undermined) by the same local power dynamics that control and ultimately prevent women from obtaining land, leaving all of these systems inadequate in ensuring women's access to land. Community leaders play a key role not only as local power brokers, decision makers, and protectors of local practices, but also as gatekeepers to the formal system. Thus, their decisions to support local power dynamics and limit access to the formal system essentially supporting traditions? in lieu of rights can effectively deny women access to their land rights. Based on these findings, the authors argue that the policy debate must shift away from pitting formal legislative approaches against support for 'customary' systems. With economic and political contexts influencing individuals, the debate must look at the social context within communities, whose members must be pressed to reject attempts to 'hijack' custom and legitimize abusive, self-serving behavior. This problem needs to be tackled using the same avenues that currently promote the marginalization of women, that is, the sociocultural value systems that determine which behavior, arguments, and actions are legitimate in a community. By working with existing positive values, the justice system used formal or informal becomes less important and a lasting, positive change on women's access to land rights might be achieved
    DOI: 10.1596/30531
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  • 18
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    Indonesia Economic Quarterly, September 2010 : Looking Forward (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Indonesian economic quarterly reports on and synthesizes the past three months' key developments in Indonesia's economy. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy for the outlook for Indonesia's economic and social welfare. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Indonesia's evolving economy. Indonesia's economy continues to record robust growth, in contrast with the volatility and uncertainty characterizing major economies globally. The robustness of growth has allowed the policy focus to shift from near-term uncertainty towards achieving the investments and reform required to achieve sustained and strong growth over the longer-term. Meeting the Government's target of over 7 percent growth by 2014 requires strong rises in investment, particularly in infrastructure, and in skills and productivity. Quarterly output accelerated in Q2, resulting in year-on-year growth of 6.2 percent, the highest since the onset of the global economic crisis two years earlier. Domestic demand, particularly private consumption, underpins the growth performance and has been associated with rising imports, particularly for investment and intermediate goods. Slow disbursement of government expenditures continue to act as a drag on growth, but less so than in Q1. Indonesia's trading partners also recorded stronger growth than expected, although the overall contribution of net external demand to growth was negative in Q2. Correspondingly, domestic-oriented sectors outperformed externally-oriented sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/30838
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  • 19
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    Indonesia Economic Quarterly, March 2010 : Building Momentum (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Indonesian Economic Quarterly reports on and synthesizes the past three months' key developments in Indonesia's economy. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy for the outlook for Indonesia's economic and social welfare. Its coverage ranges from the macroeconomy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Indonesia's evolving economy
    DOI: 10.1596/30836
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  • 20
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    World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update 2010, Volume 2 : Robust Recovery, Rising Risks (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Abstract: Output has recovered to above pre-crisis levels throughout developing East Asia and, in some countries, is expanding at near pre-crisis rates. Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is likely to rise 8.9 percent in the region in 2010, up from 7.3 percent in 2009 and in line with the average growth rate during 2000-08. Economic expansion is projected to slow to about 7.8 percent in 2011, as spare capacity becomes scarce, fiscal and monetary stimulus measures are gradually unwound, and economic growth in the advanced economies remains relatively flat. Encouragingly, the private sector is once again becoming the engine of growth, confidence is returning, and trade flows have returned to pre-crisis levels. But the recovery so far has generated little incremental manufacturing employment in some of the middle-income countries. With output gaps closing rapidly and private investment recovering strongly, the authorities in most East Asian countries are unwinding their stimulus measures. Finally, a more consistent application of policy incentives for investment and growth across space is called for, especially recognizing China's unique combination of fiscal decentralization and centralized government structure. Extending preferential policies related to taxation and deregulation further inland, broadening the access to credit, and standardizing basic health and education services across provinces will greatly level the playing field in favor of the inland provinces, improving both equity and growth
    DOI: 10.1596/2536
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    Latvia Diagnostic Review of Consumer Protection and Financial Capability : Volume 2. Comparison Against Good Practices (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Diagnostic Review of Consumer Protection and Financial Capability in Latvia is the ninth report in a World Bank-sponsored pilot program to assess consumer protection in financial services in developing and middle-income countries. The publication of the Diagnostic Review for Latvia aims to enhance development of financial consumer protection both in Latvia and worldwide. The Review is presented in two volumes. Volume I notes the importance of consumer protection in financial services, describes the Government's policy strategy for financial consumer protection, provides statistics on the size and growth of the retail financial sector in Latvia, and sets out the key findings and recommendations of the Review. Volume II provides an assessment of the Latvian consumer protection institutional and legal framework and practices against the benchmark of Good Practices for six segments of the financial sector-banking, nonbanking credit institutions, securities, insurance, private pensions and credit reporting systems
    DOI: 10.1596/25904
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Managing Contingent Liabilities in Public-Private Partnerships : Practice in Australia, Chile, and South Africa (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Contingent liabilities create management problems for governments. They have a cost, but judging what the cost is and whether it is worth incurring is difficult. Except in the case of contingent liabilities created by simple guarantees of debt, governments usually can incur contingent liabilities without budgetary approval or recognition in the governments accounts. So governments may prefer contingent liabilities to other obligations. (The uncertainty surrounding contingent liabilities can work differently. It is well known that PPPs create contingent liabilities, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and others often warn of the risks. The initial reaction of a cautious Ministry of Finance may be to seek to avoid all contingent liabilities.) Management problems also arise once a government has incurred a contingent liability. Projects need to be monitored to reduce risks if possible. Spending on contingent liabilities must sometimes be forecast, despite the difficulty
    DOI: 10.1596/23187
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    Inspections Reforms : Do Models Exist? (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Analytical review of Inspections reforms in twenty five worldwide, with analysis of models and features of reforms undertaken. This paper provides a detailed look at the organizational and operational aspects of inspection reform and provides the basis for a substantive analysis of principles, commonalities and processes thereof. This paper attempts to standardize various approaches to inspection reform in a common framework. The paper identifies several models of organizational inspection reform and groups them into five general models/categories, applying a matrix approach to link this to the operational aspects of inspection reform. The paper features a detailed account of different models of inspection reforms in selected countries
    DOI: 10.1596/25077
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    New Partnership in Global Development Finance (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Robert B. Zoellick, President of the World Bank Group, discussed these topics: a new, more globalized world; global aid architecture; the World Bank and a new multilateralism; and Russia's role in development. One of the strategic challenges for the World Bank Group is to contribute to the m modernization of multilateralism. This week's "Moscow Process" can spark a broader international dialogue with new development partners. Finance is most effective if blended with shared experience -- knowledge and learning -- customized to fit local needs. The Bank's new access to information policy sets a new standard for multilateral organizations
    DOI: 10.1596/29638
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    East Asia and Pacific Economic Update, November 2009 : Transforming the Rebound into Recovery (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Abstract: A vigorous economic rebound is under way in East Asia since the second quarter of 2009, following the sharp impact from the financial crisis and the global recession that began in late 2008. As much as the reduction in exports and industrial production across the region in the fourth quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 was unexpectedly swift and deep, so is the strength of the rebound, with doubts about green shoots dispelled in a matter of months and replaced by near-consensus views of a synchronized global rebound led by emerging East Asia. The robust rebound is due to a combination of timely and large fiscal and monetary stimulus in most countries in East Asia, notably in China, and a powerful process of inventory restocking that began after mid-2009. Globally, the advanced economies joined the rebound trend in the third quarter of 2009, and their contributions to global industrial production notably driven by inventory accumulation have begun to outpace the contribution from the East Asia region. These developments are set against a background of solid macroeconomic fundamentals, including high foreign exchange reserves, large private and corporate savings, and low corporate and government debt. The region's well-capitalized banks and much improved banking supervision since the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis have also helped limit financial contagion and the transmission of the forces of global recession
    DOI: 10.1596/2691
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    Enhancing Agronomic Practices for Improved Ecosystem Resilience in I and D Operations : A Practice Note (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Abstract: Water management in irrigated agriculture has been identified as a sustainability challenge due to a combination of continuously increasing demand and the ability of farmers to access water in excess of renewable supply. Intensive irrigation and related agricultural practices can also impair soil and water resources on which they rely by way of pollution and degradation of soil health. Thereby input-intensive farming can generate externalities beyond the intended immediate benefits. These risks are all well understood. However, methods to systematically integrate such measure into irrigation development goals have typically been lacking. Raising the environmental performance of intensive arable production can be accomplished through a broader adoption of good agricultural practice on irrigated land and by enhancing farmers' skills in soil and water management as well as through related national-level governance strategies. Relevant agronomic practices include those that reducing pollution, improving soil fertility, and enhancing biodiversity can minimize the impacts of agricultural production on natural ecosystems and the services they provide. These also include appropriate matching of crop, soil type, and irrigation methods. Conserving the natural resource base and reducing quality impacts while improving producer net returns is a core objective of WSiA. As a practice of responsible use of natural resources, water stewardship in agriculture (WSiA) responds to sustainability challenges presented by irrigated agriculture by protecting farming operations from resource-related risks as well as minimizing potentially negative impacts on water users and the natural environment
    DOI: 10.1596/34194
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    Taking Stock : An Update on Vietnam's Recent Economic Developments (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Vietnam has navigated the global crisis better than many other countries. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 5.3 percent in 2009, accelerating to 6.9 percent in the last quarter of the year. At 5.8 percent, the figure for the first quarter of 2010 was less impressive, but claims that growth has slowed down are most probably unwarranted. More recently, a sizeable stimulus package, combining tax rebates and exemptions with increased government spending and rapid credit growth succeeded at supporting domestic demand and sustaining economic growth. The success is all the more remarkable given that exports accounted for roughly 67 percent of GDP when the crisis hit. There has been no banking crisis, but two years of macroeconomic turbulence and policy shifts created risks for the banking system. The desire for an early normalization of interest rates is understandable. But if pursued aggressively it could be easily interpreted as a return to aggressive stimulus policies, thus undermining the still frail confidence in the dong. Combined with stronger macroeconomic management, it should be possible for Vietnam to gradually free itself from the 'stop-and-go' cycle that has characterized macroeconomic policies over the last three years
    DOI: 10.1596/27918
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Mongolia : Groundwater Assessment of the Southern Gobi Region (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The report looks critically at the water resources and the current and projected future water demands in the Southern Gobi Region (SGR) using the widely dispersed data and information that are currently available. An important conclusion of the report is that almost all the significant sources of groundwater in the SGR are 'fossil' or 'non-renewable', meaning that they are finite resources which cannot be replenished. Not only will that, but pumping water out of these fosil aquifers tend to cause a drop in the groundwater levels above them. The report proposes practical steps by which water resources development and management could be managed to best serve economic and infrastructure development while giving attention to environmental protection and service to communities in the SGR. The report also highlights the urgent need for more data. A more detailed picture of the distribution and quantity of the groundwater would give planners first, a better idea of both the limits to the growth of the SGR; and, second, of the future water demands, its spatial distribution, quality requirements, and the possibilities to increase water use efficiency and water re-use. Thus there is a need to bring all information and data together to form the basis for rational planning
    DOI: 10.1596/27855
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 29
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    El Salvador Financial Sector Assessment Program Update : Capital Market Development (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The capital markets in Salvador are small and relatively underdeveloped, and have played a very limited role in the economy. On average, institutional investors invest less than 10 percent of their total assets in capital market instruments. In 2009, there were only five new issuances of corporate bonds and three in the case of equity. Banks and pension funds are the main institutional investors. The current market architecture and the natural monopoly it grants to the exchange hamper market development and prevent the modernization of the regulatory framework. There is an urgent need to overhaul of the regulatory framework to promote sound market development in the short-to-medium term. The regulatory framework should guarantee a level playing field between bonds and bank deposits, which should be reflected in the investment guidelines for institutional investors. The exchange should reposition itself to become more competitive and strategic at the local and regional level. The investment funds law should be finally approved to broaden and diversify the investor base. The importance of this reform is paramount as the current reliance on just two main institutional investors (banks and pension funds), with investment limitations (35 percent each per issue), creates a major limitation for new issuances. In the medium -to long- run, it is recommended to explore gradually integrating the individual markets at the regional level. This paper is divided into following four parts: part one gives current market situation; part two gives regulatory and supervisory framework; part three gives recommendations; and part four is reference section
    DOI: 10.1596/27735
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Proactive Transparency : The Future of the Right to Information? (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This paper identifies four primary drivers of proactive disclosure throughout history. The first is the need to inform the public about laws and decisions and the public's right to be informed, to know their rights and obligations. The second is the public's demand for the information needed to hold governments accountable both at and between elections. The third is the demand for information in order to participate actively in decision-making. The fourth is the provision to the public of information needed to access government services, which has expanded significantly in the past decade with growth of electronic access to services or 'e-government.' This paper attempts to advance the debate around that question by analyzing the multiple proactive disclosure provisions in national law and international treaties in order to identify the emerging global consensus on the classes of information which should be included in a proactive disclosure regime. The paper examines the practical challenges related to the implementation of proactive disclosure regimes and some of the lessons learned from which principles for making proactive disclosure work in practice can be derived. It concludes by identifying some future challenges and areas where additional research is needed
    DOI: 10.1596/25031
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    Investment Law Reform : A Handbook for Development Practitioners (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The chief purpose of this ...
    DOI: 10.1596/25206
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    The End of the Third World? : Modernizing Multilateralism for a Multipolar World (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: Robert B. Zoellick, President of the World Bank Group, spoke on the theme that we are now in a new, fast-evolving multipolar world economy in which outdated classifications no longer fit. He discussed these topics: (i) the end of the third world; (ii) multilateralism matters; (iii) new sources of demand; (iv) new poles of growth; (v) Africa as a potential pole of growth; (vi) economic shifts mean potential power shifts; (vii) the danger of geo-politics as usual; (viii) financial reform; (ix) climate change; (x) managing for crisis response; (xi) new role for rising powers; (xii) what does this changing world mean for development?; (xiii) modernizing multilateral institutions; (xiv) reforming to become more representative and legitimate; and (xv) reforming by adding resources; and (xvi) reforming to become more effective, innovative, and accountable. We need a League of Networks
    DOI: 10.1596/29639
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    Indonesia Economic Quarterly, June 2010 : Continuity Amidst Volatility (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The Indonesian economic quarterly reports on and synthesizes the past three months' key developments in Indonesia's economy. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy for the outlook for Indonesia's economic and social welfare. Its coverage ranges from the macro economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in Indonesia's evolving economy. Through an uncertain environment, Indonesia's economy continued to consolidate its recovery from the global economic and financial crisis. As expected, growth moderated in the first quarter of 2010, but remained above pre-crisis averages, and appears to have accelerated in the second. Price growth remained relatively modest for the most part, supporting consumers' spending power. International financial flows remained large but volatile, continuing to challenge policy makers. Further large flows in March and April into liquid Indonesian financial assets reversed during the volatility in global financial markets in May. But the authorities appear to have managed this well and the impact on local financial markets was comparatively small. The economy is expected to gradually accelerate through 2011, largely due to domestic demand. The renewed volatility in global financial conditions and uncertain developed economy outlook has increased the near term downside risks to forecasts, while domestic political developments appear to be increasing the longer-term risk that the government falls short of its ambitious reform agenda required to lift growth above 7 percent by mid-decade
    DOI: 10.1596/30837
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    Global Commodity Markets : Review and Price Forecast (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This is a companion to the Global Economic Prospects 2010. Most commodity prices reached historical highs in mid-2008, giving rise to the longest and broadest commodity boom of the post-WWII period. Apart from strong and sustained economic growth, the boom was fueled by numerous factors including years of low prices and low investment; a weak dollar; and investment fund activity. Rapid economic growth caused global stocks of many commodities to fall to levels not seen since the early 1970s, in turn accelerating the price increases that peaked in 2008. Further exacerbating the demand and supply mismatch were the diversion of some food commodities to the production of biofuels, adverse weather conditions, and government policies such as export bans and prohibitive taxes. The financial crisis that erupted in September 2008 and the subsequent global economic downturn relieved most of the demand-side pressures and induced sharp price declines across most commodity sectors. The largest declines occurred in industrial commodities such as metals (which had also registered the greatest gains in the early 2000s). Between July 2008 and February 2009, prices of energy declined by two-thirds while those of metals dropped by more than half. Prices of agricultural goods retreated by more than 30 percent, with prices of edible oils dropping by 42 percent. The troughs in energy and non-energy indices broadly coincided with troughs in global economic activity (particularly in China and East Asia)
    DOI: 10.1596/27846
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    World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update 2010, Volume 1 : Emerging Stronger from the Crisis (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Abstract: East Asia has recovered from the economic and financial crisis. Largely thanks to China, the region's output, exports and employment have mostly returned to the levels before the crisis. Leading the global economy, real gross domestic product (GDP) growth in developing East Asia is poised to rise to 8.7 percent in 2010 after slowing from 8.5 percent in 2008 to 7.0 percent in 2009. This report also identifies two common regional agenda items for the medium term. First, the process of regional integration, driven by Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) commitments to creating a single economic area, will need to continue. Deeper regional economic integration is now even more important, given prospects for slower growth in advanced economies. Behind-the-border trade barriers must be lowered, even in the face of incipient protectionist pressures around the world, including in the region. Deeper integration will encourage agglomeration economies and intra-industry trade, support sustainable urbanization, lower costs, and increase international competitiveness. Second, addressing climate change is high priority in the region. Mitigation measures must be strengthened to improve land and water use, bolster energy efficiency and conservation, and foster a much larger role for renewable sources of energy. Moreover, with investment rates in the region higher than in developed countries, there is scope for East Asia to move rapidly to the "green" technology frontier. Such a move will give the region a competitive advantage in a sector poised for rapid global growth. At the same time, the adaptation agenda will require enhancing the region's cooperation and disaster risk management frameworks. Institutional and regulatory frameworks for improving the resiliency of economic activity, reducing drought and flood risk, and managing coastal areas and small islands, are critically needed
    DOI: 10.1596/2455
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    Samoa : Debt Management Performance Assessment (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Debt Management Performance Assessment
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the mission based on information available as on 28 January 2010. An executive summary and a summary of the indicative performance indicators are presented in section two. The country context and recent developments and reforms in the area of public financial management, which are important for the evaluation, are provided in section three. Section four explains each scoring in detail. Section six concludes and discusses potential next steps
    DOI: 10.1596/34037
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    Madagascar Economic Update : Why Has the Malagasy Economy Not Yet Collapsed? (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Madagascar's economy has suffered but not collapsed since the beginning of the political crisis in early 2009. This resistance is viewed mainly as the combination of: 1) the modest rebound in private activities due to the quasi-absence of violence over the past few months; 2) the surge in informal activities pushed by the strong performance of the rural sector; and 3) official aid flows, still equivalent to 5 percent of Gross Domestic product (GDP), that have been directed to vulnerable population and communities
    DOI: 10.1596/27824
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Informe Anual 2010 del Banco Mundial : Resena del Ejercicio (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821386118
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank Annual Report
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: De manera creciente, los paises en desarrollo proveen la demanda que esta sacando a la economia global de la crisis. Las importaciones del mundo en desarrollo representan mas de la mitad del aumento de la demanda mundial por importaciones desde 2000. Los paises en desarrollo son importadores de bienes y servicios de capital. La proporcion del mundo en desarrollo en el PIB mundial en terminos de la PPA aumento de 33,7% en 1980 a 43,4% en 2010. Las perspectivas de crecimiento de estas naciones son buenas y las proyecciones senalan que excederan la recuperacion de los paises de ingreso mas alto. Los accionistas del Grupo del Banco Mundial aprobaron el primer aumento importante de capital del Banco, es decir US
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8530-2
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    Les defis du systeme educatif Burkinabe en appui a la croissance economique (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821383841
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (204 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank Working Papers - Africa Human Development Series
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Ce rapport est le produit de la collaboration entre une equipe nationale et une equipe d'appui exterieur. Il a permis le renforcement des competences en analyse sectorielle des ministeres en charge de l'education et a permis d'enrichir le dialogue sur le developpement du secteur de l'education dans le pays. Il a egalement contribue a l'identification des options de politique devant permettre la realisation des objectifs de l'EPT dans un cadre financier soutenable. Les options de politique educatives discutees dans le cadre d'un modele sectoriel de simulation financiere elabore a la suite de cette analyse ont conduit a la reactualisation du plan decennal de developpement de l'enseignement de base et d'y integrer une composante essentielle de cet enseignement de base qu'est le premier cycle de l'enseignement secondaire dans la perspective de developper a terme un enseignement
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8382-7
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    La economia politica del Banco Mundial : los primeros anos (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821376492
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Este libro trata sobre los primeros anos del Banco Internacional de Reconstruccion y Fomento (BIRF), comunmente conocido como el Banco Mundial, cuando enfrento por primera vez el tema del desarrollo que hoy dia es parte fundamental de su mision. El libro se ocupa principalmente de la forma en que el Banco interpreto su mision y, mas especificamente, como nacio: que eventos lo formaron, que bagaje cultural e ideologico tenia y cual fue el contexto historico en que surgio
    DOI: 10.1596/978-9-5883-0787-9
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    Global Development Finance 2010 : External Debt of Developing Countries (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821382301
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (317 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: Global Development Finance: External Debt of Developing Countries (GDF)-the World Bank’s annual report on debt financing of developing countries-includes comprehensive data for 128 countries that report under the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System, as well as summary data for regions and income groups. The GDF is available in print or electronically. The print edition includes an overview section focusing on trends in financial flows as well as trends in external debt for developing countries in 2008. It also highlights support from the World Bank Group to developing countries and the developments in debt restructuring in 2008. Together with this review of major financial developments in the previous year, you can find summary tables of regional and income group aggregates, and country tables. The electronic version contains the complete time-series database and is available as a CD-ROM or through an online subscription -- GDF Online.Data can be downloaded for further analysis from either the CD-ROM* or Online editions. Both include more than 200 historical time series from 1970 to 2008. The database covers external debt stocks and flows and their components, foreign direct investment, and equity flows along with key debt ratios, providing a detailed, country-by-country picture of the debt of developing countries. The mapping and charting functions included on both the CD-ROM and Online editions allow users to visualize the data and save images for use in other applications. These features plus data export options in standard formats like Excel make GDF the most comprehensive and detailed source of economic data on external debt and financial flows. Users of GDF Online may also choose their preferred language interface: English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, or Chinese. In previous editions, Global Development Finance: External Debt of Developing Countries was published as Global Development Finance: Volume 2
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8229-5
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    Africa Development Indicators 2010: Silent and Lethal : How Quiet Corruption Undermines Africa's Development Efforts (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821382035
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Africa Development Indicators
    Abstract: Reliable quantitative data are essential for understanding economic, social and governance development because it provides evidence, and evidence are crucial to set policies, monitor progress and evaluate results. Africa Development Indicators 2010 (ADI) provides the most detailed collection of data on Africa available. It puts together data from different sources, and is an essential tool for policy makers, researchers, and other people interested in Africa. The opening articles of the ADI 2010 print edition focus on behaviors that are difficult to observe and quantify, but whose impact on service delivery and regulation has adverse long-term effects on households. The term "quiet corruption" is introduced to indicate various types of malpractice of frontline providers (teachers, doctors, and other government officials at the front lines of service provision) that do not involve monetary exchange. The prevalence of quiet corruption and its long-term consequences might be even more harmful for developing countries, and for the poor in particular who are more exposed to adverse shocks to their income and are more reliant on government services to satisfy their most basic needs
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8202-8
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  • 43
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    The Little Data Book on External Debt 2010 (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821384671
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (146 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: The Little Data Book on External Debt provides a quick reference for users interested in external debt stocks and flows, major economic aggregates, key debt ratios, and the currency composition of long-term debt for all countries reporting through the Debtor Reporting system. A pocket edition of Global Development Finance 2010, Summary and Country Tables, it contains statistical tables for 135 countries as well as summary tables for regional and income groups
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8246-2
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  • 44
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    The Little Data Book on Information and Communication Technology 2010 (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821384473
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (230 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: This Little Data Book presents at-a-glance tables for over 140 economies showing the most recent national data on key indicators of information and communications technology (ICT), including access, quality, affordability, efficiency,sustainability, and applications
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8248-6
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  • 45
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    Global Development Finance 2011 : External Debt of Developing Countries (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821386743
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (328 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: Global Development Finance 2011: External Debt of Developing Countries is a continuation of the World Bank's publications Global Development Finance, Volume II (1997 through 2009) and the earlier World Debt Tables (1973 through 1996). As in previous years, GDF 2011 provides statistical tables showing the external debt of 128 developing countries that report public and publicly guaranteed external debt to the World Bank's Debtor Reporting System (DRS). It also includes tables of key debt ratios for individual reporting countries and the composition of external debt stocks and flows for individual reporting countries and regional and income groups along with some graphical presentations. GDF 2011 draws on a database maintained by the World Bank External Debt (WBXD) system. Longer time series and more detailed data are available from the Global Development Finance 2011 on CD-ROM and the World Bank open databases, which contain more than 200 time series indicators, covering the years 1970 to 2009 for most reporting countries, and pipeline data for scheduled debt service payments on existing commitments to 2017. The database covers external debt stocks and flows, major economic aggregates, and key debt ratios, as well as average terms of new commitments, currency composition of longterm debt, and debt restructurings in greater detail than can be included in the GDF book. The CD-ROM also contains the full contents of the print version of GDF 2011. Text providing country notes, definitions, and source information is linked to each table. World Bank open databases are available through the World Bank's website data.worldbank.org. The Little Data Book on External Debt 2011 provides a quick reference to the data from GDF 2011. For more information on the GDF database, visit http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog. Global Development Finance 2011: External Debt of Developing Countries is unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of the developing world. This report is an indispensible resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8673-6
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  • 46
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    Hegelian Macroeconomics : The Dialectics of Global Imbalances (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Monga, Celestin Hegelian Macroeconomics
    Abstract: Traditional narratives of external imbalances have focused on the analysis of national accounts, trade flows, and financial flows. They have generated two opposing views of the current situation of the world economy: on one side, a prudent, if not pessimistic view considers large imbalances as evidence of problems with the international monetary and financial system, and symptoms of domestic distortions (mainly in the United States and China). On the other side, a relaxed, if not optimistic view suggests that global imbalances are not anomalies but simply the predictable outcome of a world with increasingly globalized financial flows in search of the right mix of risks and returns. The former view prescribes that the two largest countries in the world rebalance their economies to avoid the potentially painful cost of disruption and adjustment. The latter contends that global imbalances will be corrected through time by the normal functioning of market forces. This paper offers a critical analysis of these competing explanations of the United States-China imbalances and suggests a way of reconciling them. Starting with an exploration of the accounting frameworks that underpin any discussion of current account deficits and surpluses, the paper argues that China and the United States have become economically so interdependent that fears of any abrupt change in their current Nash equilibrium situation may be exaggerated. The paper also uses Hegel’s parable of the development of self-consciousness to explain the dynamics between the two countries. Hegel may not have been a great philosopher of history but his analysis of lordship and bondage (also known as the master-slave dynamics) provides a good framework for analyzing the dialectics of recognition and acknowledgement that currently characterizes the macroeconomic relationships between the United States and China
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5175
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  • 47
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    Undervaluation Through Foreign Reserve Accumulation : Static Losses, Dynamic Gains (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Korinek, Anton Undervaluation Through Foreign Reserve Accumulation
    Abstract: This paper shows that real exchange rate undervaluation through the accumulation of foreign reserves may improve welfare in economies with learning-by-investing externalities that arise disproportionately from the tradable sector. In the presence of targeting problems or when policy choices are restricted by multilateral agreements, first-best policies such as subsidies to capital accumulation, or subsidies to tradable production are not feasible. A neo-mercantilist policy of foreign reserve accumulation "outsources" the targeting problem or overcomes the multilateral restrictions by providing loans to foreigners that can only be used to buy up domestic tradable goods. This raises the relative price of tradable versus non-tradable goods (i.e. undervalues the real exchange rate) at the static cost of temporarily reducing tradable absorption in the domestic economy. However, since the tradable sector generates greater learning-by-investing externalities, it leads to dynamic gains in the form of higher growth. The net welfare effects of reserve accumulation depend on the balance between the static losses from lower tradable absorption versus the dynamic gains from higher growth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5250
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  • 48
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    Russian Trade and Foreign Direct Investment Policy At the Crossroads (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Tarr, David Russian Trade and Foreign Direct Investment Policy At the Crossroads
    Abstract: This paper summarizes the estimates of what Russia will get from World Trade Organization accession and why. A key finding is the estimate that Russia will gain about
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5255
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  • 49
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    Gender-Targeted Conditional Cash Transfers : Enrollment, Spillover Effects and Instructional Quality (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Hasan, Amer Gender-Targeted Conditional Cash Transfers
    Abstract: This paper considers the effects of a gender-targeted conditional cash transfer program for girls in classes 6 to 8. It finds that the program is successful in increasing the enrollment of girls in classes 6 to 8 as intended. It also finds evidence to suggest that the program generated positive spillover effects on the enrollment of boys. This success does, however, appear to be poised to come at a cost. The student-teacher ratio in treated districts is also climbing. This suggests that in the absence of active steps to address these increasing student-teacher ratios, instructional quality is likely to suffer. The success of the program appears to be driven by enrollment increases in urban schools. This suggests the need for a reassessment of the targeting criteria in rural schools
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5257
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  • 50
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    The Offshore Services Value Chain : Developing Countries and the Crisis (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gereffi, Gary The Offshore Services Value Chain
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the recent evolution and impact of the global economic crisis on the offshore services industry. Using a global value chains framework, the authors classify the offshore services sector in a comprehensive set of general and industry-specific activities that correspond to different segments and stages in the value-adding process for services. Through an analysis of the impact of the economic crisis on the industry, a small decline in demand was found; however this did not cause any structural changes in the market. The crisis has created two opposing effects: general contraction of demand by existing customers due to the recession; and, at the same time, a substitution effect by which new services are being moved from developed countries to emerging economies in search of cost reduction. The paper concludes that the offshore services industry will continue to offer growth opportunities for developing countries not only among existing market players, but also a range of new countries. The industry has the potential to become an important source for employment and economic growth around the globe
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5262
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  • 51
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    Aid for Trade, Infrastructure, and the Growth Effects of Trade Reform : Issues and Implications for Caribbean Countries (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Moreira, Emmanuel Pinto Aid for Trade, Infrastructure, and the Growth Effects of Trade Reform
    Abstract: This paper examines how aid-for-trade programs can help to magnify the growth benefits that developing countries can reap from trade reform and global integration, with a special emphasis on the Caribbean region. The first part discusses various rationales for trade-related aid, viewed both as a compensatory scheme (aimed at cushioning the impact of revenue cuts and adjustment costs) and a promotion scheme (aimed at alleviating supply-side constraints). In the latter case, particular attention is paid to the role of infrastructure as a constraining factor on trade expansion. The second part discusses the relevance of aid-for-trade arguments for Caribbean countries and identifies a number of specific issues for the region. The third part illustrates the potential growth effects of aid-for-trade programs with simulation results for the Dominican Republic - a country where infrastructure indicators remain relatively weak. The results illustrate the potentially large growth benefits that a temporary and well-targeted aid-for-trade program can provide to countries of the region
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5265
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    Accounting for Selectivity and Duration-Dependent Heterogeneity When Estimating the Impact of Emigration On Incomes and Poverty in Sending Areas (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Stillman, Steven Accounting for Selectivity and Duration-Dependent Heterogeneity When Estimating the Impact of Emigration On Incomes and Poverty in Sending Areas
    Abstract: The impacts of international emigration and remittances on incomes and poverty in sending areas are increasingly studied with household survey data. But comparing households with and without emigrants is complicated by a triple-selectivity problem: first, households self-select into emigration; second, in some emigrant households everyone moves while others leave members behind; and third, some emigrants choose to return to the origin country. Allowing for duration-dependent heterogeneity introduces a fourth form of selectivity - one must now worry not just about whether households migrate, but also when they do so. This paper clearly sets out these selectivity issues and their implications for existing migration studies, and then addresses them by using survey data designed specifically to take advantage of a randomized lottery that determines which applicants to the over-subscribed Samoan Quota may immigrate to New Zealand. The analysis compares incomes and poverty rates among left behind members in households in Samoa that sent Samoan Quota emigrants with those for members of similar households that were unsuccessful in the lottery. Policy rules control who can accompany the principal migrant, providing an instrument to address the second selectivity problem, while differences among migrants in which year their ballot was selected allow for estimation of duration effects. The authors find that migration reduced poverty among former household members, but they also find suggestive evidence that this effect may be short-lived as both remittances and agricultural income are negatively related to the duration that the migrant has been abroad
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5268
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Thirty-Five Years of Long-Run Energy Forecasting : Lessons for Climate Change Policy (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Hourcade, Jean-Charles Thirty-Five Years of Long-Run Energy Forecasting
    Abstract: This paper sheds light on an implicit dimension of the climate policy debate: the extent to which supply-side response (emission-reducing energy technologies) may substitute for the transformation of consumption behavior and thus help get around the political difficulties surrounding such behavioral transformation. The paper performs a meta-review of long-term energy forecasts since the end of the 1960s in order to put in perspective the controversies around technological optimism about the potential for cheap, large-scale, carbon-free energy production. This retrospective analysis encompasses 116 scenarios conducted over 36 years and analyzes their predictions for a) fossil fuels, b) nuclear energy, and c) renewable energy. The analysis demonstrates how the predicted relative shares of these three types of energy have evolved since 1970, for two cases: a) predicted shares in 2010, which shows how the initial outlooks for the 2000-2010 period have been revised as a function of observed trends; and b) predicted shares for t+30, which shows how these revisions have affected medium-term prospects. The analysis shows a decrease, since 1970, in technological optimism about switching away from fossil fuels; this decrease is unsurprisingly correlated with a decline in modelers’ beliefs in the suitability of nuclear energy. But, after a trend of increasing optimism, a declining trend also characterizes renewable energies in the 1980s and 1990s before a slight revival of technological optimism about renewables in the aftermath of Kyoto
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5298
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  • 54
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    Consumer Protection and Financial Literacy : Lessons From Nine Country Studies (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Rutledge, Susan L Consumer Protection and Financial Literacy
    Abstract: The recent turmoil in financial markets worldwide has emphasized the need for adequate consumer protection and financial literacy for long-term stability of the financial sector. This Working Paper aims to summarize key lessons from reviews of consumer protection and financial literacy in nine middle-income countries of Europe and Central Asia (Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, the Russian Federation and Slovakia). All the country assessments used a systematic common approach, based on a set of Good Practices for Consumer Protection and Financial Literacy developed by the World Bank's Europe and Central Asia Region. The objective of the Working Paper is to contribute to the international dialog on strengthening financial consumer protection and financial literacy in emerging markets.A financial consumer protection regime should meet three objectives. First, consumers should receive accurate, simple, comparable information of a financial service or product, before and after buying it. Second, consumers should have access to expedient, inexpensive and efficient mechanisms for dispute resolution with financial institutions. Third, consumers should be able to receive financial education when and how they want it. A common challenge among the nine countries is the need of an adequate institutional structure for financial consumer protection. However independent of the specific institutional structures, financial consumers should have one single agency where to submit complaints and inquiries. Financial institutions should be required to apply fair, non-coercive and reasonable practices when selling and advertising financial products and services to consumers. Personal data should also be carefully protected
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5326
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  • 55
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    Energy Access, Efficiency, and Poverty : How Many Households Are Energy Poor in Bangladesh ? (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Samad, Hussain A Energy Access, Efficiency, and Poverty
    Abstract: Access to energy, especially modern sources, is a key to any development initiative. Based on cross-section data from a 2004 survey of some 2,300 households in rural Bangladesh, this paper studies the welfare impacts of household energy use, including that of modern energy, and estimates the household minimum energy requirement that could be used as a basis for an energy poverty line. The paper finds that although the use of both traditional (biomass energy burned in conventional stoves) and modern (electricity and kerosene) sources improves household consumption and income, the return on modern sources is 20 to 25 times higher than that on traditional sources. In addition, after comparing alternate measures of the energy poverty line, the paper finds that some 58 percent of rural households in Bangladesh are energy poor, compared with 45 percent that are income poor. The findings suggest that growth in electrification and adoption of efficient cooking stoves for biomass use can lower energy poverty in a climate-friendly way by reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Reducing energy poverty helps reduce income poverty as well
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5332
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  • 56
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    U.S. Antidumping : Much Ado About Zeroing (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (58 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bown, Chad P U.S. Antidumping
    Abstract: The United States use of "zeroing" in its antidumping procedures has become a political flash point threatening some legitimacy of the WTO's dispute settlement system. This paper provides a positive analysis of the zeroing issue, explains how it has evolved and who is likely to be affected by it. The authors use economic theory to identify how export price volatility accentuates the impact of zeroing on the size of U.S. antidumping tariffs and review the WTO caseload over zeroing. They describe the impact that the U.S.'s retrospective system for assessing antidumping margins has on zeroing and the political economy implications as the U.S. struggles to generate policy reform. The authors survey existing evidence of the impact of the zeroing on dumping margins and contribute their own evidence to suggest that zeroing is just as likely to impact the size of U.S. antidumping duties applied on developing country exports as developed economy exports. Thus while developed economies have filed the vast majority of WTO disputes against the U.S. over zeroing, the authors conclude that zeroing is also likely a relevant issue for developing country exporters as over 60 percent of the product lines currently subject to U.S. antidumping are exported by developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5352
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  • 57
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    Shadow Economies All Over The World : New Estimates for 162 Countries From 1999 To 2007 (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Montenegro, Claudio E Shadow Economies All Over The World
    Abstract: paper presents estimations of the shadow economies for 162 countries, including developing Eastern European, Central Asian, and high-income countries over the period 1999 to 2006/2007. According to the estimations, the average size of the shadow economy (as a percentage of "official" gross domestic product) in 2006 in 98 developing countries is 38.7 percent; in 21 Eastern European and Central Asian (mostly transition) countries, it is 38.1 percent, and in 25 high-income countries, it is 18.7 percent. The authors find that the driving forces of the shadow economy are an increased burden of taxation (both direct and indirect), combined with labor market regulations and the quality of public goods and services, as well as the state of the "official" economy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5356
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  • 58
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    Are Banks Too Big To Fail Or Too Big To Save ? : International Evidence From Equity Prices and CDS Spreads (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Are Banks Too Big To Fail Or Too Big To Save ?
    Abstract: Deteriorating public finances around the world raise doubts about countries' abilities to bail out their largest banks. For an international sample of banks, this paper investigates the impact of government indebtedness and deficits on bank stock prices and credit default swap spreads. Overall, bank stock prices reflect a negative capitalization of government debt and they respond negatively to deficits. The authors present evidence that in 2008 systemically large banks saw a reduction in their market valuation in countries running large fiscal deficits. Furthermore, the change in bank credit default swap spreads in 2008 relative to 2007 reflects countries' deterioration of public deficits. The results of the analysis suggest that some systemically important banks can increase their value by downsizing or splitting up, as they have become too big to save, potentially reversing the trend to ever larger banks. The paper also documents that a smaller proportion of banks are systemically important - relative to gross domestic product - in 2008 than in the two previous years, which could reflect private incentives to downsize
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5360
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  • 59
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    Biofuels : Markets, Targets and Impacts (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Biofuels
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent developments in biofuel markets and their economic, social and environmental impacts. Several countries have introduced mandates and targets for biofuel expansion. Production, international trade and investment have increased sharply in the past few years. However, several existing studies have blamed biofuels as one of the key factors behind the 2007-2008 global food crisis, although the magnitudes of impacts in these studies vary widely depending on the underlying assumptions and structure of the models. Existing studies also have huge disparities in the magnitude of long-term impacts of biofuels on food prices and supply; studies that model only the agricultural sector show higher impacts, whereas studies that model the entire economy show relatively lower impacts. In terms of climate change mitigation impacts, there exists a consensus that current biofuels lead to greenhouse gas mitigation only when greenhouse gas emissions related to land-use change are not counted. If conversion of carbon rich forest land to crop land is not avoided, the resulting greenhouse gas release would mean that biofuels would not reduce cumulative greenhouse gas emissions until several years had passed. Overall, results from most of the existing literature do not favor diversion of food for large-scale production of biofuels, although regulated production of biofuels in countries with surplus land and a strong biofuel industry are not ruled out. Developments in second generation biofuels offer some hope, yet they still compete with food supply through land use and are currently constrained by a number of technical and economic barriers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5364
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  • 60
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    Taxes and Caps As Climate Policy Instruments With Domestic and Imported Fuels (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Strand, Jon Taxes and Caps As Climate Policy Instruments With Domestic and Imported Fuels
    Abstract: This paper develops a global model of climate policy, focusing on the choice between tax and cap-and-trade solutions. The analysis assumes that the world can be split into two regions, with two fuels that both lead to carbon emissions. Region A consumes all fuels, and is responsible for defining and implementing climate policy. Region B produces all of fuel 1 (oil), while fuel 2 (interpreted as coal, natural gas, or renewables) is both produced and consumed in region A. The paper studies three model variants. All involve full policy coordination in each country block, but no coordination across blocks; and all involve an optimal producer tax on fuel 1 by region B. In model 1, region A sets two fuel consumption taxes, one for each fuel. The optimal region A tax on fuel 1 then exceeds the Pigou level as defined by the region; the tax set on fuel 2 is Pigouvian. The presence of a second fuel in region A reduces region B’s optimal tax on fuel 1. In model 2, region A sets a common carbon tax, which is lower (higher) for fuel 1 (2) than in model 1. In model 3, region A sets a carbon emissions cap. This enhances region B’s strategic position via the trade-off between fuels 1 and 2 in region A, following from the cap. In realistic cases, this leaves region A strategically weaker under a cap policy than under a tax policy, more so the less carbon-intensive the local fuel (2) is. In conclusion, a fuel-consuming and importing region that determines a climate policy will typically prefer to set a carbon tax, instead of setting a carbon emissions cap. The main reason is that a tax is more efficient than a cap at extracting rent from fuel (oil) exporters
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5171
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  • 61
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    Sponsoring A Race To the Top : the Case for Results-Based Intergovernmental Finance for Merit Goods (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Shah, Anwar Sponsoring A Race To the Top
    Abstract: Intergovernmental finance is a significant source of sub-national finance in most countries. In both industrial and developing countries, formula based "manna from heaven" general purpose transfers dominate but co-exist with highly intrusive micro-managed "command and control" specific purpose transfers. Both these types of transfers undermine political and fiscal accountability. Reforms to bring in design elements that incorporate incentives for results-based accountability are resisted by both donors and recipients alike. This is because the donors perceive such reforms as attempts at chipping away at their powers and recipients fear such programs will be intrusive. This paper presents conceptual and practical underpinnings of grant designs that could further simplicity, objectivity, and local autonomy objectives while furthering citizen-centric results-based accountability. The paper further highlights a few notable recent initiatives in both industrial and developing countries that embrace such directions for reform. The paper concludes that results-based intergovernmental finance offers significant potential to minimize tradeoffs between local autonomy and accountability while furthering access to merit goods
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5172
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  • 62
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    International aid and financial crises in donor countries (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Dang, Hai-Anh International aid and financial crises in donor countries
    Abstract: The global financial crisis has already led to sharp downturns in the developing world. In the past, international aid has been able to offset partially the effects of crises that began in the developing world, but because this crisis began in the wealthy countries, donors may be less willing or able to increase aid in this crisis. Not only have donor-country incomes fallen, but the cause of the drop - the banking and financial-sector crisis - may exacerbate the effect on aid flows because of its heavy fiscal costs. This paper estimates how donor-country banking crises have affected aid flows in the past, using panel data from 24 donor countries between 1977 and 2007. The analysis finds that banking crises in donor countries are associated with a substantial additional fall in aid flows, beyond any income-related effects, perhaps because of the high fiscal costs of crisis and the debt hangover in the post-crisis periods. In most specifications, aid flows from crisis-affected countries fall by an average of 20 to 25 percent (relative to the counterfactual) and bottom out only about a decade after the banking crisis hits. In addition, the results confirm that donor-country incomes are robustly related to per-capita aid flows, with an elasticity of about 3. Because all donor countries are being hit hard by the current global recession, and several have also suffered banking-sector crises, there are reasons to expect that aid could fall by a significant amount (again, relative to the counterfactual) in the coming years - just when aid may be most clearly justified to help smooth exogenous shocks to developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5162
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  • 63
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    Global value chains in the electronics industry : was the crisis a window of opportunity for developing countries ? (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kawakami, Momoko Global value chains in the electronics industry
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence of the importance of electronics global value chains (GVCs) in the global economy, and discusses the effects of the recent economic crisis on the industry. The analysis focuses on how information is exchanged and introduces the concept of "value chain modularity." The authors identify three key firm level actors - lead firms, contract manufacturers, and platform leaders - and discuss their development, or "co-evolution" in the context of global integration. Company, cluster, and country case studies are then presented to illustrate how supplier capabilities in various places have developed in the context of electronics global value chains. The findings identify some of the persistent limits to upgrading experienced by even the most successful firms in the developing world. Four models used by developing country firms to overcome these limitations are presented: (1) global expansion though acquisition of declining brands (emerging multinationals); (2) separation of branded product divisions from contract manufacturing (original design manufacturing (ODM) spinoffs); (3) successful mixing of contract manufacturing and branded products (platform brands) for contractors with customers not in the electronic hardware business; and (4) the founding of factory-less product firms that rely on global value chains for a range of inputs, including production (emerging factory-less start-ups)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5417
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  • 64
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    Economic valuation of development projects : a case study of a non-motorized transport project in India (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Wang, Hua Economic valuation of development projects
    Abstract: One of the major difficulties in doing cost-benefit analysis of a development project is to estimate the total economic value of project benefits, which are usually multi-dimensional and include goods and services that are not traded in the market. Challenges also arise in aggregating the values of different benefits, which may not be mutually exclusive. This paper uses a contingent valuation approach to estimate the economic value of a non-motorized transport project in Pune, India, across beneficiaries. The heads of households which are potentially affected by the project are presented with a detailed description of the project, and then are asked to vote on whether such a project should be undertaken given different specifications of costs to the households. The total value of the project is then derived from the survey answers. Econometric analysis indicates that the survey responses provide generally reasonable valuation estimates
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5422
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  • 65
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    Trade and economic growth : evidence on the role of complementarities for CAFTA-DR countries (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Poggioa, Virginia Trade and economic growth
    Abstract: This paper examines the effects of trade on growth among Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement countries. To accomplish this task, the authors collected a panel data set of 136 countries over 1960-2010, and estimated cross-country growth regressions using an econometric methodology that accounts for unobserved effects and the likely endogeneity of the growth determinants. Following recent empirical efforts, they tested whether the impact of trade openness on growth may be more effective after surpassing a "minimum threshold" in specific areas closely related to economic development. The analysis finds not only that there is a robust causal link from trade to growth, but also that the growth benefits from trade are larger in countries with higher levels of education and innovation, deeper financial markets, a stronger institutional framework, more developed infrastructure networks, a high level of integration with world capital markets, and less stringent economic regulations. On average, rising trade has benefited growth in Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement countries. However, the lack of progress in structural reforms has not allowed these countries to maximize the potential benefits from trade
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5426
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  • 66
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    The worldwide governance indicators : methodology and analytical issues (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kraay, Aart The worldwide governance indicators
    Abstract: This paper summarizes the methodology of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project, and related analytical issues. The WGI cover over 200 countries and territories, measuring six dimensions of governance starting in 1996: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. The aggregate indicators are based on several hundred individual underlying variables, taken from a wide variety of existing data sources. The data reflect the views on governance of survey respondents and public, private, and NGO sector experts worldwide. The WGI also explicitly report margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data. Even after taking these margins of error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country and over-time comparisons. The aggregate indicators, together with the disaggregated underlying source data, are available at www.govindicators.org
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5430
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  • 67
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    Macroprudential stress-testing practices of central banks in central and south eastern Europe : an overview and challenges ahead (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Podpiera, Anca Maria Macroprudential stress-testing practices of central banks in central and south eastern Europe
    Abstract: Stress tests are the main practical tools of macroprudential oversight. This paper reviews the stress-testing practices of central banks in Central and South Eastern Europe (CSEECBs) and outlines the challenges in the area of stress testing going forward. The authors discuss good practice and the applied approaches by CSEECBs focusing on the main components of a typical macroprudential stress test, i.e. constructing the baseline and stress scenarios, mapping macroeconomic scenarios and microeconomic factors to risk factors, calculating risk exposures to different risk indicators, and estimating outcome indicators to inform macroprudential policy. The main challenges for the CSEECBs going forward involve needed improvements in data reliability, consideration of quantitative microprudential indicators in macroprudential stress tests, explicit incorporation of dynamics in stress tests to include reaction functions of banks and macroprudential policy, institutionalization of macroprudential policy responses to alarming stress-test results, use of the top-down and bottom-up stress test results in supervisory communication, cooperation of macroprudential and microprudential supervision, and information exchange for better cross-border supervision of international banking groups
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5434
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  • 68
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    Identification strategy : a field experiment on dynamic incentives in rural credit markets (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Goldberg, Jessica Identification strategy
    Abstract: How do borrowers respond to improvements in a lender's ability to punish defaulters? This paper reports the results of a randomized field experiment in rural Malawi that examines the impact of fingerprinting borrowers in a context where a unique identification system is absent. Fingerprinting allows the lender to more effectively use dynamic repayment incentives: withholding future loans from past defaulters while rewarding good borrowers with better loan terms. Consistent with a simple model of borrower heterogeneity and information asymmetries, fingerprinting led to substantially higher repayment rates for borrowers with the highest ex ante default risk, but had no effect for the rest of the borrowers. The change in repayment rates is driven by reductions in adverse selection (smaller loan sizes) and lower moral hazard (for example, less diversion of loan-financed fertilizer from its intended use on the cash crop)
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5438
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  • 69
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    Banking sector stability, efficiency, and outreach in Kenya (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cull, Robert Banking sector stability, efficiency, and outreach in Kenya
    Abstract: Although Kenya's financial system is by far the largest and most developed in East Africa and its stability has improved significantly over the past years, many challenges remain. This paper assesses the stability, efficiency, and outreach of Kenya's banking system, using aggregate, bank-level, and survey data. Banks' asset quality and liquidity positions have improved, making the system more resistant to shocks, and interest rate spreads have declined, in part due to reduction in the overhead costs of foreign banks. Outreach remains limited, but has improved in recent years, driven by mobile payments services in the domestic remittance market. Fostering a level regulatory playing field for all deposit-taking institutions is a key remaining challenge. Specifically, an effective but not overly burdensome framework for regulation and supervision of microfinance institutions and cooperatives is a priority. Maintaining an openness to new, and non-bank, providers of financial services, which has enabled the success of mobile payments, could also further outreach
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5442
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  • 70
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    Building Countercyclical Fiscal Policies in Latin America : The International Experience (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gutierrez, Mario Building Countercyclical Fiscal Policies in Latin America
    Abstract: This paper reviews the international experience of developed and underdeveloped economies in reducing the pro-cyclicality and deficit bias of fiscal policies and promoting the adoption of effective countercyclical fiscal policy actions. The paper draws lessons and best international practices for building fiscal policy frameworks and adopting feasible countercyclical fiscal policies in Latin America. The authors review the main arguments regarding the proper role and limitations of countercyclical fiscal policies, and offer an evaluation of the international evidence demonstrating the typical pro-cyclicality and deficit bias of fiscal policy. The paper analyzes the international experience with fiscal frameworks, budgetary rules, and other mechanisms for implementing countercyclical fiscal policies, and describes the necessary preconditions for building a stable and effective countercyclical fiscal policy framework in Latin America. The authors review the international best practices for establishing a reliable and effective countercyclical fiscal policy in the region
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5211
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  • 71
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    Distance and Regionalization of Trade for Low-Income Countries (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Carrere, Celine Distance and Regionalization of Trade for Low-Income Countries
    Abstract: The "distance effect" measuring the elasticity of trade flows to distance has been rising since the early 1970s in a host of studies based on the gravity model, leading observers to call it the "distance puzzle". This paper reviews the evidence and explanations. Using an extensive data set of 124 countries over the period 1970-2005, the authors confirm the existence of this puzzle and identify that it only applies to poor countries (the bottom third in per capita income terms in the sample - i.e., the low-income countries according to the World Bank classification, 2006). The analysis shows that this group has intensified trade with closer partners and has chosen new partners that are closer than existing partners, leading to a regionalization of their trade at both extensive and intensive margins (regionalization of trade is absent for the other countries). Combining several methods on cross-section and panel estimates of the gravity equation, the authors estimate that low-income countries exhibit a significant rising distance effect on their trade, around 18 percent between 1970 and 2006. There is no more distance "puzzle" for trade within richer countries (the top third in per capita income terms in the sample). The paper disposes of several previous explanations of the puzzle, and notes that this regionalization could well be a reflection of increased integration of this group of countries in the world economy or greater marginalization
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5214
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  • 72
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    Self-Enforcing Trade Agreements : Evidence From Time-Varying Trade Policy (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bown, Chad P Self-Enforcing Trade Agreements
    Abstract: This paper estimates a model of a government making trade policy adjustments under a self-enforcing trade agreement in the presence of economic shocks. The empirical model is motivated by the formal theories of cooperative trade agreements. The authors find evidence that United States' use of its antidumping policy during 1997-2006 is consistent with increases in time-varying "cooperative" tariffs, where the likelihood of antidumping is increasing in the size of unexpected import surges, decreasing in the volatility of imports, and decreasing in the elasticities of import demand and export supply. The analysis finds additional support for the theory that some US antidumping use is consistent with cooperative behavior through a second empirical examination of how trading partners responded to these new US tariffs. Even after controlling for factors such as the expected cost and benefit to filing a WTO dispute or engaging in antidumping retaliation, the analysis find that trading partners are less likely to challenge such "cooperative" US antidumping tariffs that were imposed under terms-of-trade pressure suggested by the theory
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5223
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  • 73
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    Rethinking Market Discipline in Banking : Lessons From the Financial Crisis (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Stephanou, Constantinos Rethinking Market Discipline in Banking
    Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to rethink the use of market discipline for prudential purposes in light of lessons from the financial crisis. The paper develops the main building blocks of a market discipline framework, and argues for the need to take an expansive view of the concept. It also illustrates using actual bank case studies from the United States its apparent failures in the crisis, particularly the failure to prevent the buildup of systemic, as opposed to idiosyncratic, risks. However, while the role of market discipline in the design of macro-prudential regulation appears to be largely constrained, more can be done on the micro-prudential side to promote clearer market signals of bank riskiness and to encourage their use in the supervisory process
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5227
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  • 74
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    Eliciting probabilistic expectations with visual aids in developing countries : how sensitive are answers to variations in elicitation design? (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Delavande, Adeline Eliciting probabilistic expectations with visual aids in developing countries
    Abstract: Eliciting subjective probability distributions in developing countries is often based on visual aids such as beans to represent probabilities and intervals on a sheet of paper to represent the support. The authors conducted an experiment in India that tested the sensitivity of elicited expectations to variations in three facets of the elicitation methodology: the number of beans, the design of the support (pre-determined or self-anchored), and the ordering of questions. The results show remarkable robustness to variations in elicitation design. Nevertheless, the added precision offered by using more beans and a larger number of intervals with a predetermined support improves accuracy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5458
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  • 75
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    The Chrysler effect : the impact of the Chrysler bailout on borrowing costs (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Anginer, Deniz The Chrysler effect
    Abstract: Did the U.S. government's intervention in the Chrysler reorganization overturn bankruptcy law? Critics argue that the government-sponsored reorganization impermissibly elevated claims of the auto union over those of Chrysler's other creditors. If the critics are correct, businesses might suffer an increase in their cost of debt because creditors will perceive a new risk, that organized labor might leap-frog them in bankruptcy. This paper examines the financial market where this effect would be most detectible, the market for bonds of highly unionized companies. The authors find no evidence of a negative reaction to the Chrysler bailout by bondholders of unionized firms. They thus reject the notion that investors perceived a distortion of bankruptcy priorities. To the contrary, bondholders of unionized firms reacted positively to the Chrysler bailout. This evidence suggests that bondholders interpreted the Chrysler bailout as a signal that the government will stand behind unionized firms. The results are consistent with the notion that too-big-to-fail government policies generate moral hazard in the credit markets
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5462
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    Rising food prices and coping strategies : household-level evidence from Afghanistan (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: D'Souza, Anna Rising food prices and coping strategies
    Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of rising wheat prices - during the 2007/08 global food crisis - on food security in Afghanistan. Exploiting the temporal stratification of a unique nationally-representative household survey, the analysis finds evidence of large declines in real per capita food consumption and in food security (per capita calorie intake and household dietary diversity) corresponding to the price shocks. The data reveal smaller price elasticities with respect to calories than with respect to food consumption, suggesting that households trade off quality for quantity as they move toward staple foods and away from nutrient-rich foods such as meat and vegetables. In addition, there is increased demand in the face of price increases (Giffen good properties) for wheat products in urban areas. This study improves on country-level simulation studies by providing estimates of actual household wellbeing before and during the height of the global food crisis in one of the world's poorest, most food-insecure countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5466
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  • 77
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    Trade and Financial Sector Reforms : Interactions and Spillovers (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Taylor, Ashley Trade and Financial Sector Reforms
    Abstract: The allocation of production across firms is a potentially important explanation of the productivity gap between rich and poor economies. Reforms to trade policy and the domestic financial sector are often both key elements of policy packages aimed at reducing productive distortions. However, the impact of each reform in reallocating production within an economy is usually analyzed independently. This paper asks how do such general equilibrium effects of trade and domestic financial sector reforms interact in terms of their effects on productivity, wages and utility. Motivated by recent firm-level studies, I add two-way linkages between firms’ production and exporting decisions and their financial constraints to a general equilibrium heterogeneous firm trade model. The interaction effects between reforms appear qualitatively important. Trade and domestic financial sector reforms have complementary effects on the average productivity and size of domestic producers. However, if much reallocative work has already been done through a well-functioning financial sector, the marginal benefits of trade liberalisation for wages and household utility are reduced. Improvements in the ability to use exports as pledgeable collateral enhance both the wage and productivity effects of trade reforms. The model also highlights the potential for financial sector reforms in one economy to be exported via the trade channel, affecting decisions to produce or export in the foreign economy and putting downward pressure on foreign real wages
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5279
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  • 78
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    Understanding the Impact of Economic Shocks On Labor Market Outcomes in Developing Countries : An Application To Indonesia and Mexico (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gutierrez, Catalina Understanding the Impact of Economic Shocks On Labor Market Outcomes in Developing Countries
    Abstract: In this paper the authors use a search and matching model of multi-sector labor markets, to understand the channels through which economic shocks affect labor market outcomes in developing countries. In the model workers can be employed in agriculture, formal or informal urban jobs, or unemployed. Economic shocks are manifested as either increased turbulence in the formal/informal sectors or a decrease in overall sectoral productivity. By calibrating the model to Indonesia and Mexico, the authors are able to understand how the 1998 Indonesian crisis and the 2001 Mexican recession translated into labor market outcomes. They then venture to simulate how the current financial crisis might affect the allocation of labor and earnings across sectors, in these countries. The results suggest that in both countries past crises have increased the degree of turbulence of the formal sector, increasing job destruction. However, while in Indonesia the crisis affected the overall formal sector productivity, this was not the case in Mexico. This explains the larger blow to formal wages - relative to the size of the shock- witnessed by Indonesian workers. The response of the informal sector was also different: In both countries the informal sector was able to act as a buffer, as relative earnings increased. However, while in Mexico it became much harder to find informal sector opportunities and easier to keep the job once found; in Indonesia turbulence in the informal sector increased substantially increasing the job destruction rate of informal jobs and limiting the cushioning role that the informal sector might have played. The agricultural sector was spared from the shock in both countries. In Indonesia, it actually benefited from an unusual exogenous increase in the price of rise. The simulations show that if either the informal or agricultural sectors are spared from the shocks, large reallocations of labor might occur, and the overall effect of the shock is smaller. Instead, if these sectors can’t buffer the shock, the reallocation of labor is much smaller, but earnings in the formal sector drop substantially. The authors also explore the impact of alternative policies. They find that in relatively flexible markets where informality can be seen more as a choice rather than as queuing, unemployment benefits and informal employment subsidies may have paradoxical effects, by discouraging formal search. Instead, policies targeted at creating informal employment and boo ...
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5283
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    Poverty Lines Across the World (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Poverty Lines Across the World
    Abstract: National poverty lines vary greatly across the world, from under
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5284
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    The Payout Phase of Pension Systems : A Comparison of Five Countries (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Rudolph, Heinz P The Payout Phase of Pension Systems
    Abstract: This paper provides a comparative summary of the payout phase of pension systems in five countries - Australia, Chile, Denmark, Sweden, and Switzerland. All five countries have large pension systems with mandatory or quasi-mandatory retirement savings schemes. But they exhibit important differences in the structure and role of different pillars, regulation of payout options, level of annuitization, market structure, capital regulations, risk management, and use of risk sharing arrangements. The paper summarizes the experience of these countries and highlights the lessons they offer to other countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5288
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  • 81
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    Universal Minimum Old Age Pensions : Impact On Poverty and Fiscal Cost in 18 Latin American Countries (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Pestieau, Pierre Universal Minimum Old Age Pensions
    Abstract: Alleviating poverty for the elderly requires a different approach from other age groups, and a minimum pension is likely to be the only viable option. This paper examines the impact on old age poverty and the fiscal cost of universal minimum old age pensions in 18 Latin American countries using recent household survey data. First the authors measure old age poverty rates for these countries. Then they discuss the design of minimum pensions schemes - means-tested or not - as well as the disincentives they introduce for the economic and social behavior of households including labor supply, saving and family solidarity. Finally, the authors use household survey data to simulate the fiscal cost and the impact on poverty rates of alternative minimum pension schemes in the 18 countries. They show that a universal minimum pension would substantially reduce poverty among the elderly (except in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay where minimum pension systems already exist and poverty rates are low). Such schemes have much to be commended in terms of incentives, spillover effects and administrative simplicity, but they have a high fiscal cost. The latter is a function of the age at which benefits are awarded, the prevailing longevity, the generosity of benefits, the efficacy of means testing, and the fiscal capacity of the country
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5292
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  • 82
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    The role of trade costs in global production networks : evidence from China's processing trade regime (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ma, Alyson C The role of trade costs in global production networks
    Abstract: In a seminal contribution, Yi (2003) has shown that vertically specialized trade should be more sensitive to changes in trade costs than regular trade. Yet empirical evidence of this remains remarkably scant. This paper uses data from China's processing trade regime to analyze the role of trade costs on trade within global production networks (GPNs). Under this regime, firms are granted duty exemptions on imported inputs as long as they are used solely for export purposes. As a result, the data provide information on trade between three sequential nodes of a global supply chain: the location of input production, the location of processing (in China) and the location of further consumption. This makes it possible to examine the role of both trade costs related to the import of inputs (upstream trade costs) and trade costs related to the export of final goods (downstream trade costs) on intra-GPN trade. The authors show that intra-GPN trade differs from regular trade in that it not only depends on downstream trade costs, but also on upstream trade costs and the interaction of both. Moreover, intra-GPN trade is more sensitive to oil price movements and business cycle movements than regular trade. Finally, the paper analyzes three channels through which intra-GPN trade have amplified the trade collapse during the recent Global Recession
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5490
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
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    The full economic cost of groundwater extraction (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Strand, Jon The full economic cost of groundwater extraction
    Abstract: When a groundwater basin is exploited by a large number of farmers, acting independently, each farmer has little incentive to practice conservation that would primarily benefit other farmers. This can lead to excessive groundwater extraction. When farmers pay less than the full cost of electricity used for groundwater pumping, this problem can be worsened; while the problem can be somewhat relieved by rationing the electricity supply. The research in this paper constructs an analytical framework for describing the characteristics of economically efficient groundwater management plans, identifying how individual water use decisions by farmers collectively depart from efficient resource use, and examining how policies related to both water and electricity can improve on the efficiency of the status quo. It is shown that an optimal scheme for pricing electricity used for pumping groundwater includes two main elements: 1) the full (marginal) economic cost of electricity must be covered; and 2) there must be an extra charge, reflected in the electricity price, corresponding to the externality cost of groundwater pumping. The analysis includes a methodology for calculating the latter externality cost, based on just a few parameters, and a discussion of how electricity pricing could be modified to improve efficiency in both power and water use
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5494
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  • 84
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    A flaw in the model…that defines how the world works (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bieta, Volker A flaw in the model…that defines how the world works
    Abstract: The authors of this paper claim that modeling financial markets based on probability theory is a severe systematic mistake that led to the global financial crisis. They argue that the crisis was not just the result of risk managers using outdated financial data, but that the employed efficiency model-also referred to as the stochastic model-is basically flawed. In an exemplary way, the analysis proves that this model is unable to account for interactions between market participants, neglects strategic interdependences, and hence leads to erroneous solutions. The central message is that the existing efficiency model should be replaced by an approach using agent-based scenario analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5498
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  • 85
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    Corporate vulnerability and bank stability : Evidence from Jordan (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Love, Inessa Corporate vulnerability and bank stability
    Abstract: This paper uses data on publicly listed companies in Jordan to evaluate corporate vulnerability and perform corporate stress testing. The exercise finds that both earnings and interest rate shocks have significant impact on corporate vulnerability. Because different banks have different sector exposures, and different sectors exhibit different vulnerability at different times, the stress tests that include corporate exposure will provide a more precise evaluation of bank soundness
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5502
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 86
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    Understanding the benefits of regional integration to trade : the application of a gravity model to the case of Central America (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gordillo, Darwin Marcelo Understanding the benefits of regional integration to trade
    Abstract: The paper identifies the impact of physical barriers to trade within Central America through the use of an augmented and partially constrained Gravity Model of Trade. Adjusting the Euclidian distance factor for Central America by real average transport times, the model quantifies the impact of poor connectivity and border frictions on the region's internal trade as well as its trade with external partners, such as the United States and Europe. In addition, the authors benchmark Central America's trade coefficients against those of a physically integrated region by running a parallel Gravity Model for the 15 core countries of the European Union. This allows for the estimation of potential intra-regional and external trade levels if Central America were to reduce border frictions and time of travel between countries and thus benefit from both the adjacency of each country's neighbors and the gravitational pull of the region's economies. The analysis is conducted for all of Central America's trade and is also disaggregated for three groups of products-processed fruits and vegetables; steel and steel products; and grains-by both volume and value. This differentiation tests the consistency of the results while providing insight into the differentiation in trading patterns and potential for these containerized, break-bulk, and bulk products. The results of the model include a potential doubling in intraregional exports if Central America could achieve the adjacency and time-distance factors of a truly integrated region. In addition, the region's combined exports to the European Union and the United States are projected to increase by more than a third compared with the current level, assuming European Union-level adjacency performance. Even more external trade benefits would accrue by reducing the economic penalty imposed by overland transport and border crossing inefficiencies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5506
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 87
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    Can China's rural elderly count on support from adult children? : Implications of rural-to-urban migration (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Giles, John Can China's rural elderly count on support from adult children?
    Abstract: This paper shows that support from the family continues to be an important source of support for the rural elderly, particularly the rural elderly over 70 years of age. Decline in likelihood of co-residence with, or in close proximity to, adult children raises the possibility that China's rural elderly will receive less support in the forms of both income and in-kind instrumental care. Although descriptive evidence on net financial transfers suggests that the elderly with migrant children will receive similar levels of financial transfers as those without migrant children, the predicted variance associated with these transfers implies a higher risk that elderly with migrant children may fall into poverty. Reducing the risk of low incomes among the elderly is one important motive for new rural pension initiatives supported by China's government, which are scheduled to be expanded to cover all rural counties by the end of the 12th Five Year Plan in 2016
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5510
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  • 88
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    Health, Demographic Transition and Economic Growth (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Jorgensen, Ole Hagen Health, Demographic Transition and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This paper develops a link between four central components of the demographic transition: survival rates; fertility decisions; altruistic intergenerational transfers from workers toward their parents; and economic growth. An increase in child survival is found to reduce the fertility rate and altruistic transfers, and thereby increase the savings rate and the productivity growth rate. The analysis illustrates the key role of child health in the demographic transition
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5304
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  • 89
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    Rigidities in Employment Protection and Exporting (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Seker, Murat Rigidities in Employment Protection and Exporting
    Abstract: A large number of studies have shown that contribution of exporters to economic growth and development is much higher than non-exporting firms. This evidence has lead governments to improve their trade policies in order to increase foreign exposure of firms. However, improvements in trade policies can only be fully effective when they are complemented with other regulatory reforms that improve the investment climate for firms. This study focuses on a particular aspect of investment climate, namely employment protection legislation, and shows how these regulations discourage firms from exporting. Using a rich set of firm level data from 26 countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region, the author shows that firms that cannot create new jobs due to restrictive labor regulations are less likely to export. Evidence shows that firms that plan to export expand their size before they start to export. However the rigidities in labor markets make this adjustment costly. Higher costs of labor decrease operating profits and lead to a higher threshold value of productivity required for entering export markets. As a result, a smaller fraction of firms chooses to export
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5303
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 90
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    Measuring the Technical Efficiency of Airports in Latin America (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Perelman, Sergio Measuring the Technical Efficiency of Airports in Latin America
    Abstract: This paper studies the technical efficiency of airports in Latin America. The evolution of productive efficiency in the region has seldom been studied, mainly due to lack of publicly available data. Relying on a unique dataset that was obtained through questionnaires distributed to airport operators, the authors use Data Envelopment Analysis methods to compute an efficient production frontier and compare the technical efficiency of Latin American airports relative to airports around the world. In a second stage, they estimate a truncated regression to study the drivers of observed differences in airport efficiency. According to the results, institutional variables (private/public operation), the socioeconomic environment (level of gross domestic product), and airport characteristics (hub airport, share of commercial revenues) matter in explaining airport productive efficiency. Finally, the authors compute total factor productivity changes for Latin American airports for 1995-2007. The region has implemented a wide variety of private sector participation schemes for the operation of airports since the mid 1990s. The results show that private operators have not had higher rates of total factor productivity change
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5339
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
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    Financial Globalization and the Russian Crisis of 1998 (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Pinto, Brian Financial Globalization and the Russian Crisis of 1998
    Abstract: Russia had more-or-less completed the privatization of its manufacturing and natural resource sectors by the end of 1997. And in February 1998, the annual inflation rate at last dipped into the single digits. Privatization should have helped with stronger micro-foundations for growth. The conquest of inflation should have cemented macroeconomic credibility, lowered real interest rates, and spurred investment. Instead, Russia suffered a massive public debt-exchange rate-banking crisis just six months later, in August 1998. In showing how this turn of events unfolded, the authors focus on the interaction among Russia's deteriorating fiscal fundamentals, its weak micro-foundations of growth and financial globalization. They argue that the expectation of a large official bailout in the final 10 weeks before the meltdown played an important role, with Russia's external debt increasing by
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5312
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  • 92
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    Information, Direct Access To Farmers, and Rural Market Performance in Central India (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Goyal, Aparajita Information, Direct Access To Farmers, and Rural Market Performance in Central India
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impact of a change in procurement strategy of a private buyer in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Beginning in October 2000, internet kiosks and warehouses were established that provide wholesale price information and an alternative marketing channel to soy farmers in the state. Using a new market-level dataset, the estimates suggest a significant increase in soy price after the introduction of kiosks, supporting the predictions of the theoretical model. Moreover, there is a robust increase in area under soy cultivation. The results point towards an improvement in the functioning of rural agricultural markets
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5315
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 93
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    Is There A Distress Risk Anomaly ? : Corporate Bond Spread As A Proxy for Default Risk (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Yildizhan, Celim Is There A Distress Risk Anomaly ?
    Abstract: Although financial theory suggests a positive relationship between default risk and equity returns, recent empirical papers find anomalously low returns for stocks with high probabilities of default. The authors show that returns to distressed stocks previously documented are really an amalgamation of anomalies associated with three stock characteristics - leverage, volatility and profitability. In this paper they use a market based measure - corporate credit spreads - to proxy for default risk. Unlike previously used measures that proxy for a firm's real-world probability of default, credit spreads proxy for a risk-adjusted (or a risk-neutral) probability of default and thereby explicitly account for the systematic component of distress risk. The authors show that credit spreads predict corporate defaults better than previously used measures, such as, bond ratings, accounting variables and structural model parameters. They do not find default risk to be significantly priced in the cross-section of equity returns. There is also no evidence of firms with high default risk delivering anomalously low returns
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5319
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  • 94
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    A Framework for Assessing Systemic Risk (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Dijkman, Miquel A Framework for Assessing Systemic Risk
    Abstract: When faced with financial crises, authorities worldwide tend to respond aggressively with public support measures. Given the adverse impact on moral hazard and market discipline, support measures involving public money are ideally limited to crisis situations involving systemic risk: a disturbance in the financial system that is serious enough to affect the real economy. This note sets out the main characteristics of a systemic risk assessment framework: a simple analytical framework that can be used by authorities with financial crisis management responsibilities in times of financial crisis to assess the extent to which that particular crisis situation poses systemic risk
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5282
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  • 95
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    OECD Imports : Diversification and Quality Search (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Strauss-Kahn, Vanessa OECD Imports
    Abstract: This paper explores the evolution of OECD imports over time and as a function of income levels, measuring the concentration of those imports across origin countries at the product level. The authors find evidence of diversification followed, in the last years of the sample period (post-2000), by a slight re-concentration. This re-concentration is entirely explained by the growing importance of Chinese products in OECD imports. They also find evidence of relatively more volatile concentration levels for differentiated goods, consistent with a simple model of adverse selection and screening of suppliers by OECD buyers. Finally, they find that "accession" to OECD markets occurs directly (rather than after acquiring prior export experience on other markets) for more than half of the (extra-OECD) exporter/product pairs, but that one to eight years of experience enhances subsequent survival on OECD markets. Exports that reach OECD markets after more than eight years of experience elsewhere tend to survive less
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5285
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  • 96
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    Designing the Payout Phase of Pension Systems : Policy Issues, Constraints and Options (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Rocha, Roberto Designing the Payout Phase of Pension Systems
    Abstract: This paper examines the policy issues, constraints and options facing policymakers in promoting the development of sound markets for retirement products. It discusses the various risks faced by pensioners and the risk characteristics of alternative retirement products and also reviews the risks faced by providers of retirement products and the management and regulatory challenges of dealing with these risks. The paper focuses on policies that could be adopted by developing and transitioning countries where financial and insurance markets are not well developed. It argues for promoting an adequate level of annuitization but avoiding excessive annuitization. It also argues for favoring combinations of payout options, covering different products at a particular point in time as well as different payout options over time. The paper also discusses the choice between centralized and decentralized markets and highlights the basic elements of an effective regulation of risk management
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5289
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  • 97
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    Can Subjective Well-Being Predict Unemployment Length ? (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Mavridis, Dimitris Can Subjective Well-Being Predict Unemployment Length ?
    Abstract: This paper uses 16 waves of panel data from the British Household Panel Survey to evaluate the role of subjective well-being in determining labor market transitions. It confirms a previous finding in the literature: individuals report a fall in their happiness when they lose a job, but they report a smaller fall when they are surrounded by unemployed peers, an effect called the "social norm". The main results of interest are that job search effort and unemployment duration are affected by the utility differential between having a job and being unemployed. Since this differential is also affected by the social norm, it implies that when unemployment increases, the unemployed are happier and they reduce their search effort. These results indicate that unemployment hysteresis has labor supply causes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5293
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
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    Labor Supply and Retirement Policy in An Overlapping Generations Model With Stochastic Fertility (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Jensen, Svend E. Hougaard Labor Supply and Retirement Policy in An Overlapping Generations Model With Stochastic Fertility
    Abstract: Using a stochastic general equilibrium model with overlapping generations, this paper studies a policy rule for the retirement age aiming at offsetting the effects on the supply of labor following fertility changes. The authors find that the retirement age should increase more than proportionally to the direct fall in labor supply caused by a fall in fertility. The robustness of this result is checked against alternative model specifications and parameter values. The efficacy of the policy rule depends crucially on the link between the preference for leisure and the response of the intensive margin of labor supply to changes in the statutory retirement age. The model has subsequently been calibrated for Brazil by Jorgensen (2010), in the context of the Brazil Aging Study
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5382
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  • 99
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    Adaptation To Climate Extremes in Developing Countries : The Role of Education (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Laplante, Benoit Adaptation To Climate Extremes in Developing Countries
    Abstract: Global climate models predict a rise in extreme weather in the next century. To better understand future interactions among adaptation costs, socioeconomic development, and climate change in developing countries, observed losses of life from floods and droughts during 1960-2003 are modeled using three determinants: weather events, income per capita, and female education. The analysis reveals countries with high female education weathered extreme weather events better than countries with equivalent income and weather conditions. In that case, one would expect resilience to increase with economic growth and improvements in education. The relationship between resilience in the face of extreme weather events and increases in female education expenditure holds when socioeconomic development continues but the climate does not change, and socioeconomic development continues with weather paths driven by "wet" and "dry" Global Climate Models. Educating young women may be one of the best climate change disaster prevention investments in addition to high social rates of return in overall sustainable development goals
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5342
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  • 100
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    Growth Identification and Facilitation : The Role of the State in the Dynamics of Structural Change (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lin, Justin Yifu Growth Identification and Facilitation
    Abstract: Active economic policies by developing countries’ governments to promote growth and industrialization have generally been viewed with suspicion by economists, and for good reasons: past experiences show that such policies have too often failed to achieve their stated objectives. But the historical record also indicates that in all successful economies, the state has always played an important role in facilitating structural change and helping the private sector sustain it across time. This paper proposes a new approach to help policymakers in developing countries identify those industries that may hold latent comparative advantage. It also recommends ways of removing binding constraints to facilitate private firms’ entry into those industries. The paper introduces an important distinction between two types of government interventions. First are policies that facilitate structural change by overcoming information and coordination and externality issues, which are intrinsic to industrial upgrading and diversification. Such interventions aim to provide information, compensate for externalities, and coordinate improvements in the "hard" and "soft" infrastructure that are needed for the private sector to grow in sync with the dynamic change in the economy’s comparative advantage. Second are those policies aimed at protecting some selected firms and industries that defy the comparative advantage determined by the existing endowment structure-either in new sectors that are too advanced or in old sectors that have lost comparative advantage
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5313
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