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  • 2010-2014  (1.212)
  • 2013  (582)
  • 2010  (630)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (1.212)
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  • 2010-2014  (1.212)
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Inclusion matters (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464800108
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource , Illustrations
    Serie: New Frontiers of Social Policy
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 302
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0010-8
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-0010-8
    URL: Inhaltsbeschreibung der Sammlung und Zugangshinweise
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    HeBIS
  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Developing a Housing Microfinance Product : The First Microfinance Bank's Experience in Afghanistan (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Urban Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this case study is to document an example of the successful design and implementation of housing micronance (HMF) products by analyzing the approach taken by the First Micronance Bank of Afghanistan (FMFB-A) from 2009 to 2013. This report aims to encourage other lenders to follow suit and offer housing-related loans to low-income earners. It is part of IFC's MENA Micronance Knowledge Management project, which aims to raise awareness among micronanceinstitutions (MFIs) about the importance of risk management, product development, and transformation. FMFB-A was established in 2003 with the mission to reduce poverty and promote nancial inclusion by providing its clients with access to nancial services. Shareholders of FMFB-A are the Aga Khan Agency for Micronance (AKAM), Aga Khan Foundation USA, the German Development Bank (KfW), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). FMFB-A has a nation-widepresence in Afghanistan and serves over 53,000 clients with an outstanding portfolio of 64.5 million dollars. Housing nance accounts for about 17 percent of its total portfolio. FMFB-Ais currently the only MFI in Afghanistan that offers a housing micronance product. FMFB-A implemented a rigorous, albeit exible, approach to the roll-out of its HMF products in Afghanistan. The idea to develop an HMF product at FMFB-A started in 2007 as a response to client demand. Its aim has been to increase access to housing micronance for Afghanistan's low-income households in urban and rural areas. It also sought to improve the quality of housing for this segment by offering construction technical assistance (CTA) services
    DOI: 10.1596/26123
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Belarus Macroeconomic Update : Achieving Stability and Growth (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This note assesses recent macroeconomic developments in Belarus and presents a medium-term economic outlook for 2013-2016 in three scenarios. These scenarios are sensitive to underlying assumptions and are provided to illustrate the main macroeconomic policy choices, available to Belarus. The first scenario (baseline scenario) assumes that the authorities continue macroeconomic policies of the past year, with alternating phases of policy loosening and tightening, motivated by attempts to balance growth and stability. The second scenario (expansionary scenario) assumes that the authorities pursue more aggressive expansionary policies (compared to the baseline scenario) to boost growth in the short term. Prioritizing growth at the expense of stability will reignite macroeconomic imbalances.The third scenario (sustainable growth scenario) assumes that the authorities put in place policies that ensure macroeconomic stability and provide a basis for sustainable growth. This includes a policy framework that (i) maintains the flexible exchange rate regime; (ii) sustains tight monetary policy, namely containing credit growth, including under government directed lending programs to contain inflation and real exchange rate appreciation; (iii) balances wage growth so that it does not exceed productivity growth; (iv) maintains tight fiscal policy and a balanced budget over the medium term. These three scenarios highlight the main macroeconomic trade-offs that Belarus is facing in the current environment. This note is organized as follows: Section one highlights recent macroeconomic trends; Section two provides the three macroeconomic scenarios; and Section three provides the Bank's recommendations for macroeconomic and structural policies. Annex one outlines the structural modernization agenda that could support sustainable medium term growth. Annex two provides detailed assumptions, underlying the three scenarios. Annex three presents the results of simple sensitivity analysis of the potential impact of price declines in potash fertilizer
    DOI: 10.1596/26094
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    World Bank Group Impact Evaluations : Relevance and Effectiveness (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821397183
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (165 p)
    Ausgabe: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Kurzfassung: Impact evaluation has grown more popular as a method for identifying the causal links between interventions and outcomes. These kind of evaluations assess changes that can be attributed to a particular intervention. Both innovations in statistical methods and the demand for evaluations that can measure such development results are increasing. The World Bank Group is the largest producer of impact evaluations among all development institutions. Thus, IEG has evaluated the relevance, quality, and influence of World Bank and IFC impact evaluations. IEG finds that the World Bank Group portfolio of impact evaluations is largely aligned with sector strategies and project objectives. Selection and coordination of impact evaluations has been improving. Most World Bank impact evaluations meet either medium or high quality standards, and about half of IFC impact evaluations did. Issues related to funding, staff capacity, and incentives, however, constrain the scope and coverage of impact evaluations in the Bank Group. IEG makes five recommendations to strengthen the Bank Group’s impact evaluation efforts, revolving around consistency, coordination, quality standards, and ensuring operational relevance. Both development and evaluation professionals will find valuable lessons in this evaluation. There are real benefits from impact evaluations, including their influence on development practices through contributions to project assessment and design of future projects. Thus, development practitioners engaged in designing projects, evaluators interestedin using similar methodology, and the general evaluation community will be able to use the lessons IEG sets out in this report
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9717-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Afghanistan in transition : looking beyond 2014 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821398616
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 330.9581
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development ; Postwar reconstruction ; Economic development ; Postwar reconstruction ; Economic development ; Postwar reconstruction ; Afghanistan ; Afghanistan ; Afghanistan ; Afghanistan ; Afghanistan Economic conditions 21st century ; Afghanistan Economic policy ; Afghanistan History 2001- ; Afghanistan Politics and government 2001- ; Afghanistan Economic conditions 21st century ; Afghanistan Economic policy ; Afghanistan History 2001- ; Afghanistan Politics and government 2001-
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9861-6
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/2013 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821397848
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (127 p)
    Ausgabe: World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Africa Development Indicators
    Schlagwort(e): Afrika ; Wirtschaft
    Kurzfassung: The Little Data Book on Africa 2012/2013 is a pocket edition of Africa Development Indicators 2012/2013. It contains some 115 key indicators on economics, human development, governance, and partnership and is intended as a quick reference for users of the Africa Development Indicators 2010 book and African Development Indicators Online. The country tables present the latest available data for World Bank member countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, covering about 1,700 indicators from 1961 to 2011. Key themes are : • Basic indicators • Drivers of growth • Participating in growth • Capable states • Partnerships. Designed to provide all those interested in Africa with quick reference and a reliable set of data to monitor development programs and aid flows in the region, this is an invaluable pocket edition reference tool for analysts and policy makers who want a better understanding of the economic and social developments occurring in Africa. For free access to Africa Development Indicators online, please visit http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9783-1
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Improving learning in Uganda : problematic curriculum areas and teacher effectiveness ; insights from national assessment (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821397435 , 9780821398470 , 9780821398500
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (3 volumes)) , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: A World Bank study
    DDC: 371.2/07096761
    Schlagwort(e): Curriculum planning ; School children Food ; School improvement programs ; School-based management ; Teacher effectiveness ; Curriculum planning ; School children Food ; School improvement programs ; School-based management ; Teacher effectiveness ; Curriculum planning ; School children ; School improvement programs ; School-based management ; Teacher effectiveness
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9847-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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    Online-Ressource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Low-carbon development : opportunities for Nigeria (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082139925X , 0821399268 , 9780821399255 , 9780821399262
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 338.9669
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon dioxide mitigation Economic aspects ; Climatic changes ; Greenhouse gas mitigation Economic aspects ; Sustainable development ; Carbon dioxide mitigation Economic aspects ; Climatic changes ; Greenhouse gas mitigation Economic aspects ; Sustainable development ; Carbon dioxide mitigation ; Climatic changes ; Greenhouse gas mitigation ; Sustainable development
    Anmerkung: "The report was prepared by a World Bank team led by Raffaello Cervigni and including (in alphabetical order) Abimbola A. Adubi, Ademola Braimoh, Amos Abu, Anushika Karunaratne, Benedicte Marie Cecile Augeard , Beula Selvadurai, Ella Omomene Iklaga, Erik Magnus Fernstrom, Francesca Fusaro, Irina Dvorak, Joseph Ese Akpokodje, Rikard Liden, Sarwat Hussain, Shobha Shetty, Stephen Danyo, Stephen Ling. Onno Ruhl, former Country Director for Nigeria, provided guidance and institutional support , Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9925-5
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Results and Performance of the World Bank Group 2012 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821398562
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (83 p)
    Ausgabe: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Kurzfassung: The World Bank Group has made important contributions to poverty reduction in developing countries. But to stay relevant under the uncertain conditions that characterize today’s global development context, the Bank Group needs to enhance its capacity to help clients cope with weak economic growth, address persistent disparities in development progress, and manage the increasingly global and cross-cutting nature of development solutions. The messages in this report from the Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) seek to help the Bank Group improve its programs and development outcomes. Thus the primary audience is Bank Group management. Additional audiences include other development organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and civil society organizations that are involved in development issues, as they also seek better development outcomes. This report addresses IEG’s work over the last year, summarizing findings from its evaluations and discussing the trends that are revealed. In particular, as a consequence of the Bank Group’s rapid, large-scale response to the 2008–09 crisis, the Bank’s remaining capital headroom precludes a comparable expansion should another crisis occur. In addition, the extent to which country programs meet their objectives has yet to reach the performance target set in the Bank’s Corporate Scorecard. Development outcome ratings of Bank-funded investment projects, as well as the outcome ratings for International Finance Corporation (IFC) investments, have recently declined. IEG’s findings suggest that enhancing the quality of projects at their outset as well as their supervision would help reverse the decline in Bank project ratings; along the same line, improving IFC’s work quality would strengthen the results of its investments. Evaluation evidence also underscores the importance of sustained dialogue with stakeholders and of high-quality analytical work to sharpen the understanding of client circumstances, which is essential for successful outcomes. Effective development solutions require intensified efforts by the Bank Group to work across conventional boundaries
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9853-1
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Promoting healthy living in Latin America and the Caribbean : governance of multisectoral activities to prevent health risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464800160
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (xxiv, 221 pages) , illustrations , 26 cm
    Ausgabe: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 613.098
    Schlagwort(e): Health Behavior ; Health Behavior ; Health Policy ; Health Policy ; Health Promotion ; Health Promotion ; Preventive Health Services ; Preventive Health Services ; Risk Factors ; Risk Factors ; Health Behavior ; Health Behavior ; Health Policy ; Health Policy ; Health Promotion ; Health Promotion ; Preventive Health Services ; Preventive Health Services ; Risk Factors ; Risk Factors
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Noncommunicable diseases in Latin America and the CaribbeanRisk factors for NCDs in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Economic impact of NCDs in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Population-based interventions to promote healthy living -- Multisectoral interventions to prevent health risk factors for NCDs in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Lessons learned and agenda for the future.
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0016-0
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Determinants of Export Survival in the Lao PDR (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Stirbat, Liviu Determinants of Export Survival in the Lao PDR
    Kurzfassung: This paper explores a rich dataset of monthly firm-level data on the population of exporters of Lao PDR from 2005 to 2010. The survival analysis uses a discrete-time logistic model based on firm-product-destination triplets while accounting for unobserved heterogeneity. It looks in detail at the role played by two important and related determinants of survival: experience and networks. These are particularly relevant for developing countries, where relevant export experience in firms is likely to be limited and networks leveraging it all the more important. The analysis reveals the positive impact of having prior experience with the export product and destination, experience with importing, as well as using a developed neighboring country as launch platform. Networks are found to be most relevant when they are most specific-the largest impact comes from province level aggregations of firms selling the same product in the same market during a particular month. A competing risks model was also investigated to discern the impact of these determinants on the likelihood of experiencing an upgrade to a superior product versus termination when a trade contract ends
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6301
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Inequality of Opportunity, Income Inequality and Economic Mobility : Some International Comparisons (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Brunori, Paolo Inequality of Opportunity, Income Inequality and Economic Mobility
    Kurzfassung: Despite a recent surge in the number of studies attempting to measure inequality of opportunity in various countries, methodological differences have so far prevented meaningful international comparisons. This paper presents a comparison of ex-ante measures of inequality of economic opportunity (IEO) across 41 countries, and of the Human Opportunity Index (HOI) for 39 countries. It also examines international correlations between these indices and output per capita, income inequality, and intergenerational mobility. The analysis finds evidence of a “Kuznets curve” for inequality of opportunity, and finds that the IEO index is positively correlated with overall income inequality, and negatively with measures of intergenerational mobility, both in incomes and in years of schooling. The HOI is highly correlated with the Human Development Index, and its internal measure of inequality of opportunity yields very different country rankings from the IEO measure
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6304
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Trade Costs in the Developing World : 1995 - 2010 (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Arvis, Jean-François Trade Costs in the Developing World
    Kurzfassung: The authors use newly collected data on trade and production in 178 countries to infer estimates of trade costs in agriculture and manufactured goods for the 1995-2010 period. The data show that trade costs are strongly declining in per capita income. Moreover, the rate of change of trade costs is largely unfavorable to the developing world: trade costs are falling noticeably faster in developed countries than in developing ones, which serves to increase the relative isolation of the latter. In particular, Sub-Saharan African countries and low-income countries remain subject to very high levels of trade costs. In terms of policy implications, the analysis finds that maritime transport connectivity and logistics performance are very important determinants of bilateral trade costs: in some specifications, their combined effect is comparable to that of geographical distance. Traditional and non-traditional trade policies more generally, including market entry barriers and regional integration agreements, play a significant role in shaping the trade costs landscape
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6309
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Emerging Economies, Trade Policy, and Macroeconomic Shocks (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Bown, Chad P Emerging Economies, Trade Policy, and Macroeconomic Shocks
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates the impact of aggregate fluctuations on the time-varying trade policies of 13 major emerging economies over 1989-2010. By 2010, these World Trade Organization member countries collectively accounted for 21 percent of world merchandise imports and 22 percent of world gross domestic product. The paper examines determinants of carefully constructed, bilateral measures of new import restrictions on products arising through the temporary trade barrier (TTB) policies of antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing duties. The approach explicitly addresses changes to the institutional environment facing these emerging economies as they joined the WTO and adopted disciplines to restrain their application of other trade policies, such as applied import tariffs. The paper presents evidence of a counter-cyclical relationship between macroeconomic shocks and new TTB import restrictions in addition to an important role for fluctuations in bilateral real exchange rates. Furthermore, for the subset of major Group of 20 emerging economies, the trade policy responsiveness coinciding with WTO establishment in 1995 suggests a significant change relative to the pre-WTO period; i.e., new import restrictions became more counter-cyclical over time. Finally, the paper documents evidence on changes to some of these empirical relationships coinciding with the Great Recession
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6315
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Wage Effects of High-Skilled Migration : International Evidence (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Grossmann, Volker Wage Effects of High-Skilled Migration
    Kurzfassung: The international migration of high-skilled workers may trigger productivity effects at the macro level such that the wage rate of skilled workers increases in host countries and decrease in source countries. The authors exploit data on international bilateral migration flows and provide evidence consistent with this theoretical hypothesis. They propose various instrumentation strategies to identify the causal effect of skilled migration on log differences of GDP per capita, total factor productivity, and the wages of skilled workers between pairs of source and destination countries. These strategies aim to address the endogeneity problem that arises when international wage differences affect migration decisions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6317
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Role of Men in the Economic and Social Development of Women : Implications for Gender Equality (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Farré, Lídia The Role of Men in the Economic and Social Development of Women
    Kurzfassung: This paper is a critical review of the literature on the issue of how male behavior affects female outcomes in the promotion of gender equality. It employs the family as the main unit of analysis because a large part of gender interactions occurs within this institution. This survey first summarizes recent studies on the distribution of power within the family and identifies several factors that have altered the bargaining position of men and women over the last decades. It then reviews empirical work on the contribution of men, as fathers and husbands, to the health and socioeconomic outcomes of women in both developed and developing countries. Finally, it discusses a set of economic policies that have intentionally or unintentionally affected men's attitudes and behaviors. The main implication is that policies meant to achieve gender equality should focus on men rather than exclusively target women
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6323
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    How Long Will it Take to Lift One Billion People Out of Poverty? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin How Long Will it Take to Lift One Billion People Out of Poverty?
    Kurzfassung: Alternative scenarios are considered for reducing by one billion the number of people living below
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6325
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Is Foreign Aid Fungible? : Evidence from the Education and Health Sectors (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Van de Sijpe, Nicolas Is Foreign Aid Fungible?
    Kurzfassung: This paper adopts a new approach to the issue of foreign aid fungibility. In contrast to most existing empirical studies, panel data are employed that contain information on the specific purposes for which aid is given. This allows linking aid that is provided for education and health purposes to recipient public spending in these sectors. In addition, aid flows that are recorded on a recipient's budget are distinguished from those that are not recorded on budget, and the previous failure to differentiate between on- and off-budget aid is shown to produce biased estimates of fungibility. Sector program aid is the measure of on-budget aid, whereas technical cooperation serves as a proxy for off-budget aid. The appropriate treatment of off-budget aid leads to lower fungibility estimates than those reported in many previous studies. Specifically, in both sectors and across a range of specifications, technical cooperation, which is the largest component of total education and health aid, leads to, at most, a small displacement of recipient public expenditures
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6346
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Gender Equality and Economic Growth in Brazil : A Long-Run Analysis (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Agénor, Pierre-Richard Gender Equality and Economic Growth in Brazil
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the long-run impact of policies aimed at fostering gender equality on economic growth in Brazil. The first part provides a brief review of gender issues in the country. The second part presents a gender-based, three-period OLG model that accounts for women's time allocation between market work, child rearing, human capital accumulation, and home production. Bargaining between spouses depends on relative human capital stocks, and thus indirectly on access to infrastructure. The model is calibrated and various experiments are conducted, including investment in infrastructure, conditional cash transfers, a reduction in gender bias in the market place, and a composite pro-growth, pro-gender reform program. The analysis showed that fostering gender equality, which may partly depend on the externalities that infrastructure creates in terms of women's time allocation and bargaining power, may have a substantial impact on long-run growth in Brazil
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6348
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Service Sector Reform and Manufacturing Productivity : Evidence from Indonesia (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Duggan, Victor Service Sector Reform and Manufacturing Productivity
    Schlagwort(e): 1997-2009 ; Dienstleistungssektor ; Auslandsinvestition ; Produktivität ; Indonesien
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the extent to which policy restrictions on foreign direct investment in the Indonesian service sector affected the performance of manufacturers over the period 1997-2009. It uses firm-level data on manufacturers' total factor productivity and the OECD's foreign direct investment Regulatory Restrictiveness Index, combined with data from Indonesia's input-output tables regarding the intensity with which manufacturing sectors use services inputs. Controlling for firm-level fixed effects and other relevant policy indicators, it finds, first, that relaxing policies toward foreign direct investment in the service sector was associated with improvements in perceived performance of the service sector. Second, it finds that this relaxation in service sector foreign direct investment policies accounted for 8 percent of the observed increase in manufacturers' total factor productivity over the period. The total factor productivity gains accrue disproportionately to those firms that are relatively more productive, and that gains are related to the relaxation of restrictions in both the transport and electricity, gas, and water sectors. Total factor productivity gains are associated, in particular, with the relaxation of foreign equity limits, screening, and prior approval requirements, but less so with discriminatory regulations that prevent multinationals from hiring key personnel abroad
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6349
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 21
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    Vietnam's Evolving Poverty Map : Patterns and Implications for Policy (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Lanjouw, Peter Vietnam's Evolving Poverty Map
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses small area estimation techniques to update Vietnam's province and district-level poverty map to 2009. It finds that poverty rates continue to be highest in the northern and central mountainous regions, where ethnic minorities make up a large fraction of the population. Poverty has fallen in most provinces and districts over this decade, but the pace of poverty reduction has been least pronounced in those localities with high initial poverty or inequality levels. As a result, poverty rates have become more spatially concentrated over time, which is consistent with widely observed growth processes linked to agglomeration. The authors hypothesize that this makes geographic targeting of the poor more relevant as a means to re-balance growing welfare disparities between geographic areas. Simulations indicate that in both 1999 and 2009, geographic targeting for poverty alleviation improves upon a uniform lump-sum transfer and this becomes more evident the more spatially disaggregated the target populations. The analysis further indicates that the gains from geographic targeting have become more pronounced over time in Vietnam. Although poverty reduction in Vietnam has been impressive, further progress may thus warrant increased attention to geographic targeting
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6355
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 22
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    Small States - Performance in Public Debt Management (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Prasad, Abha Small States - Performance in Public Debt Management
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes the status of public debt management performance in 17 small states through the findings of the Debt Management Performance Assessment reports. Empirical evidence indicates that the higher the quality of a country's policies and institutions, the better is its capacity to carry debt and withstand exogenous shocks. Borrowing for productive purposes can be an important element in boosting growth of gross domestic product but, conversely, excessive borrowing or poorly structured debt in terms of maturity, currency, or interest rate composition can quickly offset the positive impact, deter new foreign and domestic investment, compromise reform programs, depress growth of gross domestic product, exacerbate the challenge of meeting debt service obligations, and may induce or propagate economic crises. Arguments in favor of sound debt management are especially compelling for small states that must mitigate the particular risks to which their economies are exposed. Against this backdrop, the paper identifies aspects of debt management where small states do relatively well and those where they perform poorly, relative to other developing countries, and examines the underlying factors at play. It elaborates on some of the successful measures taken by small states to enhance debt management performance and considers how these may be applied more broadly in other small states. The paper offers a number of practical suggestions to strengthen debt management performance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6356
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 23
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    Equilibrium Credit : The Reference Point for Macroprudential Supervisors (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Buncic, Daniel Equilibrium Credit
    Kurzfassung: Equilibrium credit is an important concept because it helps identify excessive credit provision. This paper proposes a two-stage approach to determine equilibrium credit. It uses two stages to study changes in the demand for credit due to varying levels of economic, financial and institutional development of a country. Using a panel of high and middle-income countries over the period 1980-2010, this paper provides empirical evidence that the credit-to-GDP ratio is inappropriate to measure equilibrium credit. The reason for this is that such an approach ignores heterogeneity in the parameters that determine equilibrium credit across countries due to different stages of economic development. The main drivers of this heterogeneity are financial depth, access to financial services, use of capital markets, efficiency and funding of domestic banks, central bank independence, the degree of supervisory integration, and experience of a financial crisis. Countries in Europe and Central Asia show a slower adjustment of credit to its long-run equilibrium compared with other regions of the world
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6358
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 24
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    Impact Evaluation of a Large-Scale Rural Sanitation Project in Indonesia (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (59 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Cameron, Lisa Impact Evaluation of a Large-Scale Rural Sanitation Project in Indonesia
    Kurzfassung: Lack of sanitation and poor hygiene behavior cause a tremendous disease burden among the poor. This paper evaluates the impact of the Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing project in Indonesia, where about 11 percent of children have diarrhea in any two-week period and more than 33,000 children die each year from diarrhea. The evaluation utilizes a randomized controlled trial but is unusual in that the program was evaluated when implemented at scale across the province of rural East Java in a way that was designed to strengthen the enabling environment and so be sustainable. One hundred and sixty communities across eight rural districts participated, and approximately 2,100 households were interviewed before and after the intervention. The authors found that the project increased toilet construction by approximately 3 percentage points (a 31 percent increase in the rate of toilet construction). The changes were primarily among non-poor households that did not have access to sanitation at baseline. Open defecation among these households decreased by 6 percentage points (or 17 percent). Diarrhea prevalence was 30 percent lower in treatment communities than in control communities at endline (3.3 versus 4.6 percent). The analysis cannot rule out that the differences in drinking water and handwashing behavior drove the decline in diarrhea. Reductions in parasitic infestations and improvements in height and weight were found for the non-poor sample with no sanitation at baseline
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6360
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 25
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    Mass Media and Public Policy : Global Evidence from Agricultural Policies (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Olper, Alessandro Mass Media and Public Policy
    Kurzfassung: Mass media play a crucial role in information distribution and in the political market and public policy making. Theory predicts that information provided by the mass media reflects the media's incentives to provide news to different groups in society and affects these groups' influence in policy making. The paper use data on agricultural policy from 69 countries spanning a wide range of development stages and media markets to test these predictions. The empirical results are consistent with theoretical hypotheses that public support for agriculture is affected by the mass media. In particular, an increase in media (television) diffusion is associated with policies that benefit the majority to a greater extent and is correlated with a reduction in agriculture taxation in poor countries and a reduction in the subsidization of agriculture in rich countries, ceteris paribus. The empirical results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased competition in commercial media reduces transfers to special interest groups and contributes to more efficient public policies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6362
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 26
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    Does a Wife's Bargaining Power Provide More Micronutrients to Females : Evidence from Rural Bangladesh (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Rahman, Aminur Does a Wife's Bargaining Power Provide More Micronutrients to Females
    Kurzfassung: Using calories in a unitary framework, previous literature has claimed lack of gender inequality in intrahousehold food distribution. This paper finds that while there is lack of gender disparity in the calorie adequacy ratio, the disparity is prominent among children, adolescents, and adults for a number of critical nutrients. Pregnant and lactating women also receive much less of most of these nutrients compared with their requirements. A wife's bargaining power (proxied by assets at marriage), as opposed to her husband's, significantly and positively affects the nutrient allocations of children and adolescents and of adult females. The bargaining effects remain significant after controlling for unobserved household characteristics and the potential nutrition-health-labor market linkage. The findings, which have important policy implications for the growing problem of micronutrient malnutrition in the developing world, also imply that perhaps the nutrition-health-labor market linkage as a key explanation for intrahousehold food distribution has been overemphasized in the previous literature
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6363
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 27
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    External Shocks, Fiscal Policy and Income Distribution : Alternative Scenarios for Moldova (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Kinnunen, Jouko External Shocks, Fiscal Policy and Income Distribution
    Kurzfassung: The economy of Moldova, which has one of the lowest levels of gross national income per capita in the World Bank Europe and Central Asia region, is strongly linked to the outside world, especially to the neighboring countries of the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States. This paper analyzes a set of scenarios for Moldova up to 2020, defined to shed light on issues related to an alternative future dominated by goods and services exports as opposed to today's reliance on worker remittances. The analysis is based on a Moldovan version of MAMS (Maquette for Millennium Development Goal Simulations), a CGE (Computable General Equilibrium) model for country strategy analysis. In sum, the impact of increased export demand and productivity growth is more positive when these shocks are directed to manufacturing, a sector more heavily linked to international trade, compared with agriculture. Increased productivity in transport and communications generates faster growth with widely diffused benefits, reaching households in a relatively equitable manner compared with foreign trade-induced growth. A comparison between adverse shocks in two areas, higher energy import prices, and lower remittances, designed to have similar effects on gross domestic product, suggests that a remittance shock leads to less of a poverty increase, related to the fact that remittance-receiving households are not highly vulnerable; among sectors, agriculture is most vulnerable due to heavy energy reliance. Finally, well-targeted transfer schemes may offer an effective tool for diffusing the benefits of economic growth to the whole population, perhaps also contributing to more general acceptance of structural change
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6365
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 28
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    Gender and Agriculture : Inefficiencies, Segregation, and Low Productivity Traps (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Croppenstedt, Andre Gender and Agriculture
    Kurzfassung: Women make essential contributions to agriculture in developing countries, where they constitute approximately 43 percent of the agricultural labor force. However, female farmers typically have lower output per unit of land and are much less likely to be active in commercial farming than their male counterparts. These gender differences in land productivity and participation between male and female farmers are due to gender differences in access to inputs, resources, and services. In this paper, the authors review the evidence on productivity differences and access to resources. They discuss some of the reasons for these differences, such as differences in property rights, education, control over resources (e.g., land), access to inputs and services (e.g., fertilizer, extension, and credit), and social norms. Although women are less active in commercial farming and are largely excluded from contract farming, they often provide the bulk of wage labor in the nontraditional export sector. In general, gender gaps do not appear to fall systematically with growth, and they appear to rise with GDP per capita and with greater access to resources and inputs. Active policies that support women's access and participation, not just greater overall access, are essential if these gaps are to be closed. The gains in terms of greater productivity of land and overall production are likely to be large
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6370
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 29
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    What Does Variation in Survey Design Reveal about the Nature of Measurement Errors in Household Consumption? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Gibson, John What Does Variation in Survey Design Reveal about the Nature of Measurement Errors in Household Consumption?
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses data from eight different consumption questionnaires randomly assigned to 4,000 households in Tanzania to obtain evidence on the nature of measurement errors in estimates of household consumption. While there are no validation data, the design of one questionnaire and the resources put into its implementation make it likely to be substantially more accurate than the others. Comparing regressions using data from this benchmark design with results from the other questionnaires shows that errors have a negative correlation with the true value of consumption, creating a non-classical measurement error problem for which conventional statistical corrections may be ineffective
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6372
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 30
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    Fifteen Years of Inequality in Latin America : How have Labor Markets Helped? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Azevedo, João Pedro Fifteen Years of Inequality in Latin America
    Kurzfassung: Household income inequality has declined in Latin America in the past decades, contributing significantly to poverty reduction in the region. Although available evidence shows that changes in the labor income are among the main factors behind these inequality trends, few studies have analyzed more closely the labor market dynamics that have led to a decline in total income inequality in some countries, but also to an increase in others. Using household survey data for a sample of 15 countries in Latin America from 1995 to 2010, this paper uses an extension of the Juhn-Murphy-Pierce methodology to decompose changes in labor income inequality (hourly wages) into a quantity effect (capturing changes in the distribution of workers' skills), price effect (reflecting returns to skills), and unobservables effect (other components, within skill groups, affecting labor income). The results show that falling returns to skills for both education and experience is, on average, driving the decline in labor income inequality in Latin America. The quantity effect, in turn, has contributed little to inequality reduction, mostly attributable to a larger dispersion in years of experience, possibly linked to the region's demographic transition and to significant increases in female labor force participation. Additional findings show that wage inequality, still high in the region, is coupled with inequality in terms of hours worked. The paper complements the existing literature by presenting separate results for males and females, as well as formal and informal sector workers as an attempt to control for secular shifts in these characteristics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6384
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 31
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    The Energy Transition of the Transition Economies : An Empirical Analysis (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Zhang, Fan The Energy Transition of the Transition Economies
    Kurzfassung: The aggregate manufacturing energy intensity of 28 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia had declined by 35 percent during 1998-2008. This study reveals strong evidence of convergence: less efficient countries improved more rapidly and the cross-country variance in energy productivity narrowed over time. An index decomposition analysis indicates that energy intensities declined largely because of more efficient energy use rather than shifts from energy intensive to less intensive manufacturing activities. Income growth and energy price increases were the main drivers of the convergence. They dominated the impact of trade, which led to specialization in energy intensive industries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6387
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 32
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    European Bank Deleveraging and Global Credit Conditions : Implications of a Multi-Year Process on Long-Term Finance and Beyond (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Feyen, Erik European Bank Deleveraging and Global Credit Conditions
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses European bank deleveraging and its impact on global credit conditions. Before the onset of the global financial crisis, European banks had rapidly expanded their foreign lending activities. However, European banks have since been tightening credit conditions in Europe more for longer-term lending, a trend that banks expect to continue. European financial stress has been transmitted to emerging markets that have experienced a sustained deterioration of credit standards and funding conditions. As a result, European lending in emerging markets has been lagging behind lending of other international banks although European banks remain a dominant source of funding. "Good" bank deleveraging is still necessary from a prudential perspective. Although acute "bad" deleveraging pressures due to financial stress, which can trigger a credit crunch, have subsided recently on account of decisive policy measures, tail risks remain. Curtailing lending will probably be a core component of this multi-year deleveraging process. Taken together, European bank deleveraging warrants close attention
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6388
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 33
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    Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries : A General Equilibrium Perspective (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Lofgren, Hans Closing Rural-Urban MDG Gaps in Low-Income Countries
    Kurzfassung: This paper addresses policies aimed at closing the rural-urban gap for one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the under-five mortality rate (U5MR). The paper relies on the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS), a computable general equilibrium model, applied to the database of an archetypical low-income country. The scenarios, which focus on the period 2013-2030, include a "business-as-usual" base scenario and policy scenarios that analyze efforts to raise the rural population up to the urban level in terms of health services or the under-five mortality rate. The policy scenarios are implemented with alternative sources of fiscal space. The results indicate that, if current trends continue, considerable progress for MDGs should be expected by 2030. If the government raises rural health services, then the decline in the rural U5MR would accelerate. If most additional resources come from foreign grants or government efficiency gains, then the repercussions for other development indicators, including poverty reduction, would be positive. However, if most additional resources are from domestic taxes or borrowing, then progress for the rural U5MR would come at the expense of less progress for other indicators. Sensitivity analysis shows that these qualitative findings are robust to different values for two parameters related to initial rural-urban cost and service gaps. However, quantitatively, the results depend on the values of these two parameters, implying that individual country characteristics strongly influence the fiscal-space requirements for and consequences of equalizing rural-urban MDG services and outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6390
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 34
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    Political Economy Aspects of Fuel Subsidies : A Conceptual Framework (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Strand, Jon Political Economy Aspects of Fuel Subsidies
    Kurzfassung: While notoriously inefficient, fuel subsidies are widespread, and in many cases politically stable. This paper discusses and models various political economy aspects of fuel subsidies, focusing on gasoline and kerosene. Both economic and political are considered to explain differences in subsidies, with particular focus on democratic and autocratic governments. A political process is modeled whereby a promise of low fuel prices is used in democracies to attract voters, and in autocracies to mobilize support among key groups. Subsidies to fuels are viewed as either easier to observe, easier to commit to, easier to deliver, or better targeted at core groups, than other public goods or favors offered by rulers. Easier commitment and delivery than for regular public goods can explain the high prevalence of such policies in autocracies, and also in young democracies where the capacity to commit to or deliver complex public goods is not yet fully developed. The analysis provides a framework for empirical testing and verification
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6392
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 35
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    Food Price Volatility and Domestic Stabilization Policies in Developing Countries (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Gouel, Christophe Food Price Volatility and Domestic Stabilization Policies in Developing Countries
    Kurzfassung: When food prices spike in countries with large numbers of poor people, public intervention is essential to alleviate hunger and malnutrition. For governments, this is also a case of political survival. Government actions often take the form of direct interventions in the market to stabilize food prices, which goes against most international advice to rely on safety nets and world trade. Despite the limitations of food price stabilization policies, they are widespread in developing countries. This paper attempts to untangle the elements of this policy conundrum. Price stabilization policies arise as a result of international and domestic coordination problems. At the individual country level, it is in the national interest of many countries to adjust trade policies to take ad-vantage of the world market in order to achieve domestic price stability. When countercyclical trade policies become widespread, the result is a thinner and less reliable world market, which further decreases the appeal of laissez-faire. A similar vicious circle operates in the domestic market: without effective policies to protect the poor, such as safety nets, food market liberalization lacks credibility and makes private actors reluctant to intervene, which in turn forces government to step in. The current policy challenge lies in designing policies that will build trust in world markets and increase trust between pub-lic and private agents
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6393
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 36
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    Chinese Firms' Entry to Export Markets : The Role of Foreign Export Spillovers (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Mayneris, Florian Chinese Firms' Entry to Export Markets
    Kurzfassung: In this paper, the effect of proximity to multinational exporters on the creation of new export linkages (the extensive margin of trade) is debated. Using panel data from Chinese customs for 1997-2007, the capacity for Chinese domestic firms to begin exporting new varieties to new markets is shown to respond positively to the export activity of neighboring foreign firms. These spillovers are shown to be product and country specific. This conclusion is robust to fixed effects and instrumental variable specifications that control for both supply and demand shocks that could bias the estimations. The impact is sizable. The marginal impact of product-country-specific foreign export spillovers is five times as large as the effect of a 10 percent increase in the demand for the product in the destination country. Foreign export spillovers are also shown to be primarily limited to ordinary trade activities. Overall, our findings suggest that even for a country with an important cost-advantage such as China, there is room for initiatives from policy-makers that will diffuse best practices regarding export experience among exporters
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6398
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 37
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    Measuring the Effect of a Community-Level Program on Women's Empowerment Outcomes : Evidence from India (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Kandpal, Eeshani Measuring the Effect of a Community-Level Program on Women's Empowerment Outcomes
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses primary data from rural north India to show that participation in a community-level female empowerment program significantly increases access to employment, physical mobility, and political participation. The program provides support groups, literacy camps, adult education classes, and vocational training for rural women in several states of India; the data are from Uttarakhand. The paper uses instrumental variables and truncation-corrected matching on primary data to disentangle the program's mechanisms, separately considering its effect on women who work, and those who do not work but whose reservation wage is increased by participation. The analysis also finds significant spillover effects on non-participants relative to women in untreated districts. It finds consistent estimates for average treatment and intent to treat effects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6399
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 38
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    Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries : A Meta Regression Analysis (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (65 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Cho, Yoonyoung Entrepreneurship Programs in Developing Countries
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a synthetic and systematic review on the effectiveness of various entrepreneurship programs in developing countries. It adopts a meta-regression analysis using 37 impact evaluation studies that were in the public domain by March 2012, and draws out several lessons on the design of the programs. The paper observes wide variation in program effectiveness across different interventions depending on outcomes, types of beneficiaries, and country context. Overall, entrepreneurship programs have a positive and large impact for youth and on business knowledge and practice, but no immediate translation into business set-up and expansion or increased income. At a disaggregate level by outcome groups, providing a package of training and financing is more effective for labor activities. In addition, financing support appears more effective for women and business training for existing entrepreneurs than other interventions to improve business performance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6402
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 39
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    Harnessing Emotional Connections to Improve Financial Decisions : Evaluating the Impact of Financial Education in Mainstream Media (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Berg, Gunhild Harnessing Emotional Connections to Improve Financial Decisions
    Kurzfassung: This paper exploits the emotional connections and viewer attentiveness of mainstream media to evaluate the economic impact of financial education messages on debt management delivered through a popular television soap opera in South Africa. The study uses a symmetric encouragement design to compare outcomes of individuals who were randomly assigned to watch a soap opera with financial messages, "Scandal!" to those of individuals who were invited to watch a similar soap opera without financial messages, "Muvhango." Both shows overlapped in evening primetime and had similar past viewership profiles. The financial storyline spanned two months and featured one of the leading characters of the show borrowing excessively and irresponsibly through hire-purchase, gambling, and ending up in financial distress; and eventually seeking help to find her way out. Two intermediate and one final follow-up surveys were conducted as part of the study. The analysis finds individuals assigned to watch Scandal had significantly higher financial knowledge of the issues highlighted in the soap opera storyline, in particular messages delivered by the leading character. On behavior, Scandal viewers were almost twice more likely to borrow from formal sources, less likely to engage in gambling, and less prone to enter hire purchase agreements. Messages promoting a national debt mediation helpline delivered by an external character did not sustain traction beyond immediate interest. Three qualitative focus groups highlight the importance of emotional connections with the leading character in motivating behavior change
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6407
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 40
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    Subnational Fiscal Policy in Large Developing Countries : Some Lessons from the 2008-09 Crisis for Brazil, China and India (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Fardoust, Shahrokh Subnational Fiscal Policy in Large Developing Countries
    Kurzfassung: In response to the Great Recession of 2008, many national governments implemented fiscal stimuli packages in 2009 and 2010 to prevent further declines in aggregate demand and to jump start their economic recovery. Where subnational governments responded with fiscal contraction, as in the United States, the impact was muted; where states/provinces also expanded expenditures, as in China and India, the impact was magnified. Increases in recurrent expenditure, which were made in Brazil and India, acted as short-term stimulants; additional public investment, as in China, appears to have had a more lasting impact on growth. Large developing countries typically exhibit high interregional inequality in levels of development and global integration, resulting in differential magnitude and timing of the crisis impact. For example, coastal states in India were affected more severely and quickly than landlocked states; revenue moved in opposite directions in the two types of state in 2009. Where fiscal stress varies widely across subnational entities, central transfers alone cannot prevent pro-cyclicality of subnational fiscal response to a recession. There is need for flexibility in subnational borrowing within a sustainable fiscal framework. Many Indian states were able to maintain or accelerate their spending thanks to the additional borrowing permitted in 2009 and 2010. In comparison, limited borrowing capacity and lack of flexibility in federal grants restricted the contribution of Brazilian states to fiscal stimulus. Legal prohibition of subnational borrowing induced China's provinces to finance additional investments through extra-budgetary borrowing by nongovernment entities, with significant fiscal risks on account of contingent liabilities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6409
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 41
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    Should Marginal Abatement Costs Differ across Sectors? : The Effect of Low-Carbon Capital Accumulation (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (21 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Vogt-Schilb, Adrien Should Marginal Abatement Costs Differ across Sectors?
    Kurzfassung: The optimal timing, sectoral distribution, and cost of greenhouse gas emission reductions is different when abatement is obtained though abatement expenditures chosen along an abatement cost curve, or through investment in low-carbon capital. In the latter framework, optimal investment costs differ in each sector: they are equal to the value of avoided carbon emissions, minus the value of the forgone option to invest later. It is therefore misleading to assess the cost-efficiency of investments in low-carbon capital by comparing levelized abatement costs, that is, efforts measured as the ratio of investment costs to discounted abatement. The equimarginal principle applies to an accounting value: the Marginal Implicit Rental Cost of the Capital (MIRCC) used to abate. Two apparently opposite views are reconciled. On the one hand, higher efforts are justified in sectors that will take longer to decarbonize, such as urban planning; on the other hand, the MIRCC should be equal to the carbon price at each point in time and in all sectors. Equalizing the MIRCC in each sector to the social cost of carbon is a necessary condition to reach the optimal pathway, but it is not a sufficient condition. Decentralized optimal investment decisions at the sector level require not only the information contained in the carbon price signal, but also knowledge of the date when the sector reaches its full abatement potential
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6415
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 42
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    Schooling, Violent Conflict, and Gender in Burundi (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Verwimp, Philip Schooling, Violent Conflict, and Gender in Burundi
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the effect of exposure to violent conflict on human capital accumulation in Burundi. It combines a nationwide household survey with secondary sources on the location and timing of the conflict. Only 20 percent of the birth cohorts studied (1971-1986) completed primary education. Depending on the specification, the probability of completing primary schooling for a boy exposed to violent conflict declines by 7 to 17 percentage points compared to a nonexposed boy, with a decline of 11 percentage points in the preferred specification. In addition, exposure to violent conflict reduces the gender gap in schooling, but only for girls from nonpoor households. Forced displacement is one of the channels through which conflict affects schooling. The results are robust to various specifications and estimation methods
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6418
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 43
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    Foreign Job Opportunities and Internal Migration in Vietnam (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Fukase, Emiko Foreign Job Opportunities and Internal Migration in Vietnam
    Schlagwort(e): Multinationales Unternehmen ; Binnenwanderung ; Regionale Arbeitsmobilität ; Vietnam
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the role of employment opportunities created by foreign-owned firms as a determinant of internal migration and destination choice using the Vietnam Migration Survey 2004 and the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey 2004. Multinomial logit and conditional logit models are estimated to study both origin and destination-specific characteristics of migrants. The paper finds that the migration response to foreign job opportunities is larger for female workers than male workers; there appears to be intermediate selection in terms of educational attainment; and migrating individuals on average tend to go to destinations with higher foreign employment opportunities, even controlling for income differentials, land differentials, and distances between sending and receiving areas
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6420
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 44
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    Foreign Wage Premium, Gender and Education : Insights from Vietnam Household Surveys (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Fukase, Emiko Foreign Wage Premium, Gender and Education
    Schlagwort(e): Eigentümerstruktur ; Geschlechterunterschiede ; Bildung ; Lohn
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the differential impacts of foreign ownership on wages for different types of workers (in terms of educational background and gender) in Vietnam using the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys of 2002 and 2004. Whereas most previous studies have compared wage levels between foreign and domestic sectors using firm-level data (thus excluding the informal sector), one advantage of using the Living Standards Surveys in this paper is that the data allow wage comparison analyses to extend to the informal wage sector. A series of Mincerian earnings equations and worker-specific fixed effects models are estimated. Several findings emerge. First, foreign firms pay higher wages relative to their domestic counterparts after controlling for workers' personal characteristics. Second, the higher the individual workers' levels of education, the larger on average are the wage premiums for those who work for foreign firms. Third, longer hours of work in foreign firm jobs relative to working in the informal wage sector are an important component of the wage premium. Finally, unskilled women experience a larger foreign wage premium than unskilled men, reflecting the low earning opportunities for women and a higher gender gap in the informal wage sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6421
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 45
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    Eliciting Illegal Migration Rates through List Randomization (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: McKenzie, David Eliciting Illegal Migration Rates through List Randomization
    Kurzfassung: Most migration surveys do not ask about the legal status of migrants due to concerns about the sensitivity of this question. List randomization is a technique that has been used in a number of other social science applications to elicit sensitive information. This paper trials this technique by adding it to surveys conducted in Ethiopia, Mexico, Morocco, and the Philippines. It shows how, in principal, this can be used both to give an estimate of the overall rate of illegal migration in the population being surveyed, as well as to determine illegal migration rates for subgroups such as more or less educated households. The results suggest that there is some useful information in this method: higher rates of illegal migration in countries where illegal migration is thought to be more prevalent and households who say they have a migrant are more likely to report having an illegal migrant. Nevertheless, some of the other findings also suggest some possible inconsistencies or noise in the conclusions obtained using this method. The authors suggest directions for future attempts to implement this approach in migration surveys
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6426
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 46
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    Services Linkages and the Value Added Content of Trade (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Francois, Joseph Services Linkages and the Value Added Content of Trade
    Kurzfassung: Services trade constitute roughly one-third of trade on a value added basis, and much of this is concentrated in margin services (transport, logistics) linked to trade in goods. However, producer services are also part of the value added contained in traded goods. This is especially true in high income countries, where services account for roughly 70 percent of value added. Working with data (a set of global social accounting matrices spanning intermittent years from 1992 to 2007) this paper examines the services embodied in trade on a value added basis. This includes not only the direct and indirect contribution of services to value added contained in a given country's exports, but also the extent to which third-country value added in services, through intermediate linkages of imported goods and services, are also embodied in production and trade. This exercise serves to highlight not only the importance of non-tradables in trade, but also by extension the importance that productivity, foreign affiliates sales, and trade and investment in services may hold for interdependence and cross-border linkages
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6432
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 47
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    Different Dreams, Same Bed : Collecting, Using, and Interpreting Employment Statistics in Sub-Saharan Africa - The Case of Uganda (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Fox, Louise Different Dreams, Same Bed
    Kurzfassung: Employment and earnings statistics are the key link between the size and structure of economic growth and the welfare of households, which is the ultimate goal of development policy, so it is important to monitor employment outcomes consistently. A cursory review of employment data for low-income Sub-Saharan African countries shows both large gaps and improbable variation within countries over time and among countries, suggesting that low quality data are routinely reported by national statistics offices. Unfortunately, policies are formed and projects developed and implemented on the basis of these statistics. Therefore, errors of measurement could be having profound implications on the strategic priorities and policies of a country. This paper explains the improbable results observed by using data from Uganda, where the labor module contains variation both within and across surveys, to show the sensitivity of employment outcomes to survey methodology. It finds that estimates of employment outcomes are unreliable if the questionnaire did not use screening questions, as labor force participation will be underestimated. Likewise, surveys that use a seven-day recall period underestimate or potentially misrepresent employment outcomes, owing to seasonality and multiple jobs. Common multivariate analysis applied on household survey data will be affected, as the errors in measurement in the dependent and independent variables will be correlated. Corrections to reduce measurement bias in existing data are tested with the survey data; none are found to be completely satisfactory. The paper concludes that there is a knowledge gap about employment outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa that will continue unless collection techniques improve
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6436
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 48
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    Why is Voluntary Financial Education so Unpopular? : Experimental Evidence from Mexico (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Bruhn, Miriam Why is Voluntary Financial Education so Unpopular?
    Kurzfassung: Take-up of voluntary financial education programs is typically extremely low. This paper reports on randomized experiments around a large financial literacy course offered in Mexico City to understand the reasons for low take-up, and to measure the impact of financial education. It documents that the general public displays little interest in such courses and that participation is low even among individuals who express interest in financial education. The paper experimentally investigates barriers to take-up, and finds no impact of relaxing reputational or logistical constraints and no evidence that time inconsistency is the reason for limited participation. Even relatively sizeable monetary incentives get less than 40 percent of interested individuals invited to training to attend. Using a randomized encouragement design, the authors measure the impact of the course on financial knowledge and behavior. Attending training results in a 9 percentage point increase in financial knowledge and a 9 percentage point increase in saving outcomes, but no impact on borrowing behavior. Administrative data indicate that the savings impact is relatively short-lived. The results suggest people are making optimal choices not to attend financial education courses, and point to the limits of using general purpose courses to improve financial behavior for the general population
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6439
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 49
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    Water Hauling and Girls' School Attendance : Some New Evidence from Ghana (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Nauges, Céline Water Hauling and Girls' School Attendance
    Kurzfassung: In large parts of the world, a lack of home tap water burdens households as the water must be brought to the house from outside, at great expense in terms of effort and time. This paper studies how such costs affect girls' schooling in Ghana, with an analysis based on four rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys. Using Global Positioning System coordinates, it builds an artificial panel of clusters, identifying the closest neighbors within each round. The results indicate a significant negative relation between girls' school attendance and water hauling activity, as a halving of water fetching time increases girls' school attendance by 2.4 percentage points on average, with stronger impacts in rural communities. The results seem to be the first definitive documentation of such a relationship in Africa. They document some of the multiple and wide population benefits of increased tap water access, in Africa and elsewhere
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6443
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 50
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    Poverty Reduction during the Rural-Urban Transformation : The Role of the Missing Middle (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Christiaensen, Luc Poverty Reduction during the Rural-Urban Transformation
    Kurzfassung: As countries develop, they restructure away from agriculture and urbanize. But structural transformation and urbanization patterns differ substantially, with some countries fostering migration out of agriculture into rural off farm activities and secondary towns, and others undergoing rapid agglomeration in mega cities. Using cross-country panel data for developing countries spanning 1980-2004, the analysis in this paper finds that migration out of agriculture into the missing middle (the rural nonfarm economy and secondary towns) yields more inclusive growth patterns and faster poverty reduction than agglomeration in mega cities. This suggests that patterns of urbanization deserve much more attention when striving for faster poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6445
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 51
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    Jobs, Wellbeing, and Social Cohesion : Evidence from Value and Perception Surveys (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Wietzke, Frank-Borge Jobs, Wellbeing, and Social Cohesion
    Kurzfassung: Recent events, including the Arab Revolutions and protest movement of unemployed youths in OECD countries, have contributed to the popular sentiment that access to good jobs is an important driver of social cohesion. While economic dimensions of labor market outcomes are relatively well documented, evidence on the link between social cohesion and employment conditions is still surprisingly scarce. This paper, a background report for the WDR 2013 on Jobs, presents descriptive evidence that illustrates possible linkages between labor market outcomes and social cohesion. The findings suggest that, once one passes the threshold from low to lower middle income countries, formal employment emerges as a determinant of a range of outcomes relating to social cohesion, such as membership in social associations or levels of political activism. There are also indications of an increasing association between work and life satisfaction across higher and lower middle income countries. The paper concludes with a discussion of the study's implications for emerging economies whose labor market and social institutions are still in transition
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6447
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 52
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    The Inequality Possibility Frontier : Extensions and New Applications (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Milanovic, Branko The Inequality Possibility Frontier
    Kurzfassung: This paper extends the Inequality Possibility Frontier approach in two methodological directions. It allows the social minimum to increase with the average income of a society, and it derives all the Inequality Possibility Frontier statistics for two other inequality measures besides the Gini. Finally, it applies the framework to contemporary data, showing that the inequality extraction ratio can be used in the empirical analysis of post-1960 civil conflict around the world. The duration of conflict and the casualty rate are positively associated with the inequality extraction ratio, that is, with the extent to which elite pushes the actual inequality closer to its maximum level. Inequality, albeit slightly reformulated, is thus shown to play a role in explaining civil conflict
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6449
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 53
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    Drawing a Roadmap for Oil Pricing Reform (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (65 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Kojima, Masami Drawing a Roadmap for Oil Pricing Reform
    Kurzfassung: In 2011, the median oil imports rose to 5 percent of gross domestic product for net importers. In the past several years, many governments have not passed through the world oil price increases to consumers fully. As a sign of divergent pricing policies, the retail prices of gasoline, diesel, and cooking gas in January 2013 varied by a factor of 190, 250, and 70, respectively, across developing countries. Policies to keep oil product prices low to benefit the economy and protect the poor have had a number of unintended negative consequences, including flourishing corruption in the oil sector and entrenchment of monopoly operators or inefficient firms through which subsidies are channeled, stifling competition and raising costs. The path to market-based pricing depends on the starting conditions: the gap between current and market-based price levels, the level of public awareness about the extent of departure from market prices, the degree of market concentration and competition in downstream oil, the subsidy delivery mechanism where subsidies are provided, the robustness of social service delivery, and the perceived credibility of the government. The evidence presented in this paper suggests that pricing reform often does not have a clear end and should instead be viewed as a continuous process of adjustment and search for mechanisms that take into account the country's institutions and political system, and the oil sector's market structure, infrastructure, and history
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6450
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 54
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    Online-Ressource
    Micro Dynamics of Turkey's Export Boom in the 2000s (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Cebeci, Tolga Micro Dynamics of Turkey's Export Boom in the 2000s
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the microeconomics behind the dramatic export boom experienced by Turkey during the 2000s. Using disaggregated customs data covering the universe of export transactions for Turkey during the period 2002-2011, it characterizes firm-level dynamics in the export sector and decomposes export growth at the aggregate, sector, and destination market levels to identify the role of firm turnover, destination turnover, and product turnover. The paper shows that in the short-run, aggregate export growth is dominated by growth in continuous exporters, and for these, growth is dominated by exports to their continued destinations and of their continued products. However, the observed high degree of churning across firms, destinations, and products accounts in the long run for a substantial part of Turkey's export growth. The patterns of micro-dynamics of export growth are verified across sectors and across groups of destination markets with some exceptions regarding exports to new emerging markets where net entry by Turkish-based exporters plays a more critical role for long-run growth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6452
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 55
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    Online-Ressource
    The Exceptional Persistence of India's Unorganized Sector (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Ghani, Ejaz The Exceptional Persistence of India's Unorganized Sector
    Kurzfassung: The transformation of India's unorganized sector is important to its modernization, growth, and attainment of regional economic equality. This paper documents several key facts about India's unorganized sector in manufacturing and services. First, the unorganized sector is large, accounting for more than 99 percent of establishments and 80 percent of employment in manufacturing. Second, the unorganized sector is stubbornly persistent-it accounted for 81 percent of manufacturing employment in 1989 and 2005. Third, this persistence is not due to particular subsets of industries or states, as most industries and states show limited change in unorganized sector employment shares. Fourth, the degree to which localized unorganized activity exists is important as it is associated with weaker production functions for manufacturing firms. Building from these facts, the paper investigates conditions promoting transformation by state-industry. Decomposition exercises find that both within and between adjustments for state-industries weakly reduce unorganized sector shares. The aggregate persistence instead comes from the covariance term, where fast-growing state-industries witness rising unorganized sector activity. Regressions quantify that growth in the organized sector by state-industry reduces the unorganized sector employment share, but only marginally reduces employment levels in unorganized activity. Analysis of the establishment size distribution highlights that entrepreneurship and larger organized sector plants are most important for transitions in the manufacturing sector, while small establishments play a key role in the services sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6454
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 56
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    Online-Ressource
    Engaging for Results in Civil Service Reforms : Early Lessons from a Problem-Driven Engagement in Sierra Leone (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Roseth, Benjamin Engaging for Results in Civil Service Reforms
    Kurzfassung: Two related propositions have been central in the recent debates on public sector reforms. The first of these is that the appropriate measure of institutional strength is the ability of public sector management systems to deliver ("functionality") rather than the institutional "form" or what these institutions look like. This is a central idea in the World Bank's Public Sector Management (PSM) Approach 2011-2020. Second, and consistent with this, is the recognition that the process of engagement matters in the sense that how problems, solutions, and reform approaches are identified matters at least as much as what the solution is. This suggests that development institutions should focus on bringing a broad range of stakeholders together and facilitate a process of collective problem and solution identification. Recent contributions to the literature describe a "Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation" approach as a means of putting this idea into practice. While both of these propositions have considerable intellectual and intuitive appeal, they are based on an inductive logic and neither is currently backed with a large body of robust evidence. This paper contributes to this literature by documenting the experience of a civil service reform project-the World Bank-financed Sierra Leone Pay and Performance Project-the objective of which is to improve the performance of the civil service in Sierra Leone by targeting a narrowly defined set of critical reforms. The paper concludes that intensive, client-led engagement together with use of a results-based lending instrument provide a promising way forward on a difficult reform agenda
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6458
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 57
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    Greening Global Value Chains : Innovation and the International Diffusion of Technologies and Knowledge (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Glachant, Matthieu Greening Global Value Chains
    Kurzfassung: Using novel data on patents, trade of equipment goods, and foreign direct investments and insights from the economic literature, the paper seeks to lay out the state of knowledge on the role of innovation and the diffusion of technologies in the greening of global value chains as well as some of the main policy issues. A special emphasis is put on developing countries-distinguishing emerging economies and least-developed countries-and on climate-mitigation technologies. Emerging economies are already reasonably well integrated in the global economy. As a consequence, technologies flow in through the imports of capital goods and local investments by multinational enterprises owning technologies. Pushing further technology transfer requires strengthening intellectual property rights, lowering barriers to trade and investments and improving technological absorptive capacities. In contrast, their role in innovation is limited. Standard tools of innovation policy - public research and development, public support to private research and development, better access to finance - should develop. But studies also suggest that governments should introduce more stringent environmental policies with proper enforcement at home to go beyond the adoption of foreign technologies. The situation of least-developed countries is very different: they do not import green technologies and low barriers to trade and foreign direct investment or strict intellectual property rights are unlikely to trigger technology transfer. In these countries, the focus should be on building technological capacities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6467
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 58
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    Export Diversification in Twelve European and Central Asian Countries and the Role of the Commodity Boom (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Varela, Gonzalo J Export Diversification in Twelve European and Central Asian Countries and the Role of the Commodity Boom
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines export diversification along the product and market dimensions for selected countries in the Europe and Central Asia region and, more generally, export performance. While the latter is extraordinary, with average export growth rates above 10 percent, the evidence on diversification is less impressive, and hints at a role played by the interaction of natural resource abundance and the commodity price boom. A cross-country analysis including 171 economies suggests that the region's resource rich countries are less diversified than would be expected given their resource endowments, level of development, and size. The commodity boom period was associated with an increase in concentration for the resource rich along the product dimension: they did not increase the number of products exported and became more reliant on oil and gas. During the same period, the resource poor increased their export product scope while maintaining other concentration indices unchanged. A similar but milder pattern is found for diversification along the destination dimension
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6472
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 59
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    Can Conditional Cash Transfers Compensate for a Father's Absence? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Fitzsimons, Emla Can Conditional Cash Transfers Compensate for a Father's Absence?
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates how the permanent departure of the father from a household affects children's school enrollment and work participation in rural Colombia. The results indicate that the permanent departure of the father decreases children's school enrollment by approximately 5 percentage points and increases child labor by 3 percentage points. This paper explores the rollout of a conditional-cash-transfer program during the period of study and shows that this program counteracts these adverse effects. When coupled with other evidence, this finding strongly suggests that the channel through which the father's departure most affects children is by reducing the income of very poor households, which tightens their liquidity constraints. This finding also highlights the important safety-net role played by welfare programs with respect to disadvantaged households, particularly because these households are unlikely to have formal or informal mechanisms with which to insure themselves against such vagaries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6476
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 60
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    Collateral Registries for Movable Assets : Does Their Introduction Spur Firms' Access to Bank Finance? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Love, Inessa Collateral Registries for Movable Assets
    Kurzfassung: Using firm-level surveys for up to 73 countries, this paper explores the impact of introducing collateral registries for movable assets on firms' access to bank finance. It compares firms' access to bank finance in seven countries that introduced collateral registries for movable assets against three control groups: firms in all countries that did not introduce a registry, firms in a sample of countries matched by location and income per capita to the countries that introduced registries for movable assets, and firms in countries that undertook other types of collateral reforms but did not set up registries for movable assets. Overall, the analysis finds that introducing collateral registries for movable assets increases firms' access to bank finance. There is also some evidence that this effect is larger among smaller firms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6477
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 61
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    Online-Ressource
    PPML Estimation of Dynamic Discrete Choice Models with Aggregate Shocks (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Artuc, Erhan PPML Estimation of Dynamic Discrete Choice Models with Aggregate Shocks
    Kurzfassung: This paper introduces a computationally efficient method for estimating structural parameters of dynamic discrete choice models with large choice sets. The method is based on Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) regression, which is widely used in the international trade and migration literature to estimate the gravity equation. Unlike most of the existing methods in the literature, it does not require strong parametric assumptions on agents' expectations, thus it can accommodate macroeconomic and policy shocks. The regression requires count data as opposed to choice probabilities; therefore it can handle sparse decision transition matrices caused by small sample sizes. As an example application, the paper estimates sectoral worker mobility in the United States
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6480
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 62
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    Is Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa Different? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Henderson, J. Vernon Is Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa Different?
    Kurzfassung: In the past dozen years, a literature has developed arguing that urbanization has unfolded differently in post-independence Sub-Saharan Africa than in the rest of the developing world, with implications for African economic growth overall. While African countries are more urbanized than other countries at comparable levels of income, it is well-recognized that total and sector gross domestic product data are of very low quality, especially in Africa. When instead viewed from the perspective of effective technology, as suggested in endogenous growth frameworks (and as proxied by educational attainment), the African urbanization experience overall matches global patterns. There are differences, however, at the sector level. Agricultural trade effects that improve farm prices deter African urbanization, while they promote urbanization elsewhere. Potential reasons include differences in land ownership institutions and the likelihood of agricultural surpluses being invested in urban production. Positive shocks to modern manufacturing spur urbanization in the rest of the developing world, but effects are dependent on the level of development. Thus many countries in Africa, with their lower level of development, do not respond to these shocks. Finally, historical indicators of the potential for good institutions promote urbanization both inside and outside Africa
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6481
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 63
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    The Role of Private Equity Investments in Public Firms : International Evidence (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Dahiya, Sandeep The Role of Private Equity Investments in Public Firms
    Kurzfassung: This paper compares the raising of external equity capital from private equity investors via private investments in public equity (PIPEs) and seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) using a sample of 456 PIPEs and 1,910 SEOs drawn from nine Asian countries. Consistent with the idea that insiders attempt to time the markets, firms issuing SEOs are preceded by a significantly higher run-up in stock price compared with those issuing PIPEs. This result is consistent with the undervaluation hypothesis that states that firms are more likely to issue PIPEs when they perceive their stock to be undervalued. In contrast to the United States where this undervaluation appears to be driven by financial distress and asymmetric information, the results show PIPE and SEO issuers to be statistically undistinguishable from each other. The announcement of a PIPE offering is on average associated with a significantly higher stock market reaction compared with an issue of a SEO, suggesting that private equity investors may play a certification or monitoring role. However, a comparison of PIPE issuers' operating performance and stock market returns in the pre-issue and the post-issue periods does not detect any significant improvements
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6484
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 64
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    Multidimensional Auctions for Public Energy Efficiency Projects : Evidence from the Japanese ESCO Market (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Iimi, Atsushi Multidimensional Auctions for Public Energy Efficiency Projects
    Kurzfassung: Competitive bidding is an important policy tool to procure goods and services from the market at the lowest possible cost. Under traditional public procurement systems, however, it may be difficult to purchase highly customized objects, such as energy efficiency services. This is because not only prices but also other nonmonetary aspects need to be taken into account. Multidimensional auctions are often used to evaluate multidimensional bids. This paper examines the bidding strategy in multidimensional auctions, using data from public energy service company projects in Japan. It shows that multidimensional auctions work well, as theory predicts. The competition effect is significant. In addition, strategic information disclosure, including walk-through and preannouncement of reserve prices, can also promote energy savings and investment. Risk sharing arrangements are critical in the energy service company market. In particular, the public sector should take regulatory risk
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6485
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 65
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    The Decision to Invest in Child Quality over Quantity : Household Size and Household Investment in Education in Vietnam (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Dang, Hai-Anh The Decision to Invest in Child Quality over Quantity
    Kurzfassung: During Vietnam's two decades of rapid economic growth, its fertility rate has fallen sharply at the same time that its educational attainment has risen rapidly-macro trends that are consistent with the hypothesis of a quantity-quality tradeoff in child-rearing. This paper investigates whether the micro-level evidence supports the hypothesis that Vietnamese parents are in fact making a tradeoff between quantity and quality of children. The paper presents new measures of household investment in private tutoring, together with traditional measures of household investments in education. It analyzes data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys and instruments for family size using the distance to the nearest family planning center. The estimation results show that families do indeed invest less in the education of school-age children who have larger numbers of siblings. This effect holds for several indicators of educational investment-including general education expenditure and various measures of private tutoring investment-and is robust to various definitions of family size and model specifications that control for community characteristics as well as the distance to the city center. Finally, the results suggest that tutoring may be a better measure of quality-oriented household investments in education than traditional measures like enrollment, which are arguably less nuanced and household-driven
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6487
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 66
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    Missing(ness) in Action : Selectivity Bias in GPS-Based Land Area Measurements (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Kilic, Talip Missing(ness) in Action
    Kurzfassung: Land area is a fundamental component of agricultural statistics, and of analyses undertaken by agricultural economists. While household surveys in developing countries have traditionally relied on farmers' own, potentially error-prone, land area assessments, the availability of affordable and reliable Global Positioning System (GPS) units has made GPS-based area measurement a practical alternative. Nonetheless, in an attempt to reduce costs, keep interview durations within reasonable limits, and avoid the difficulty of asking respondents to accompany interviewers to distant plots, survey implementing agencies typically require interviewers to record GPS-based area measurements only for plots within a given radius of dwelling locations. It is, therefore, common for as much as a third of the sample plots not to be measured, and research has not shed light on the possible selection bias in analyses relying on partial data due to gaps in GPS-based area measures. This paper explores the patterns of missingness in GPS-based plot areas, and investigates their implications for land productivity estimates and the inverse scale-land productivity relationship. Using Multiple Imputation (MI) to predict missing GPS-based plot areas in nationally-representative survey data from Uganda and Tanzania, the paper highlights the potential of MI in reliably simulating the missing data, and confirms the existence of an inverse scale-land productivity relationship, which is strengthened by using the complete, multiply-imputed dataset. The study demonstrates the usefulness of judiciously reconstructed GPS-based areas in alleviating concerns over potential measurement error in farmer-reported areas, and with regards to systematic bias in plot selection for GPS-based area measurement
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6490
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 67
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    Powering up Developing Countries through Integration? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Auriol, Emmanuelle Powering up Developing Countries through Integration?
    Kurzfassung: Power market integration is analyzed in a two-country model with nationally regulated firms and costly public funds. If the generation costs between the two countries are too similar, negative business stealing outweighs efficiency gains so that the subsequent integration welfare decreases in both regions. Integration is welfare enhancing when the cost difference between two regions is large enough. The benefits from export profits increase the total welfare in the exporting country, whereas the importing country benefits from lower prices. In this case, market integration also improves incentives to invest compared to autarky. The investment levels remain inefficient, however, especially for transportation facilities. Free riding reduces incentives to invest in these public-good components of the network, whereas business stealing tends to decrease the capacity to finance new investment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6494
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 68
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    Regulation, Trade and Productivity in Romania : An Empirical Assessment (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: De Rosa, Donato Regulation, Trade and Productivity in Romania
    Kurzfassung: Inappropriate regulation can influence productivity performance by affecting incentives to invest and adopt new technologies, as well as by directly curbing competitive pressures. Results of a labor productivity growth model for European Union countries suggest that improving the regulatory environment-proxied by the Worldwide Governance Indicators regulatory quality indicator-and boosting effective exposure to competition through increasing trade integration-expressed as the ratio of exports plus imports to gross domestic product-have positive effects on productivity growth. In Romania a 10 percent increase in openness to global trade over 1995-2010 would have boosted productivity growth by 9.7 percent per year. A 10 percent increase in openness to European Union trade, in particular, would have led to an annual increase in productivity of 7 percent. Realizing the benefits from trade integration depends to some extent on regulation. In this regard, the effects of regulation on productivity growth are found to be positive, regardless of the indicator used to measure regulation, and both through direct and indirect channels (by increasing the speed at which a country catches up with productivity leaders). Simulation results also show how countries with different levels of regulatory quality would benefit from a regulatory improvement: had Romania improved its regulatory environment to the same level as Denmark in 2010, its annual productivity growth would have been 14 percent higher over 1995-2010
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6493
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 69
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    Macroeconomic and Distributional Impacts of Jatropha-Based Biodiesel in Mali (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Boccanfuso, Dorothée Macroeconomic and Distributional Impacts of Jatropha-Based Biodiesel in Mali
    Kurzfassung: Mali, a landlocked West African nation at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, has introduced a program to produce biodiesel using jatropha curcas, a non-edible shrub widely available throughout the country by farmers for generations as a living fence for their gardens. The aim of the program is to partially substitute diesel, which is entirely supplied through imports, with domestic biodiesel produced from a feedstock that does not have any commercial value otherwise and thus has zero opportunity cost. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model to investigate economy-wide and distributional impacts of large-scale jatropha production on different types of lands, and conversion of jatropha oil to biodiesel for domestic consumption. It assesses impacts on agricultural and other commodity markets, resource and factor markets, and international trade. The results are fed into a detailed household survey-based micro-simulation model to assess impacts on poverty and income distribution. The study finds that the expansion of jatropha farming would be beneficial in terms of both macroeconomic and distributional impacts as long as idle lands, which have been neither used for agriculture nor protected as forests, are utilized. However, if jatropha plantation is carried out on existing agriculture lands, the economy-wide impacts would be negative although it would still help reduce rural poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6500
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 70
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    Measuring Poverty Dynamics with Synthetic Panels Based on Cross-Sections (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Dang, Hai-Anh Measuring Poverty Dynamics with Synthetic Panels Based on Cross-Sections
    Kurzfassung: Panel data conventionally underpin the analysis of poverty mobility over time. However, such data are not readily available for most developing countries. Far more common are the "snap-shots" of welfare captured by cross-section surveys. This paper proposes a method to construct synthetic panel data from cross sections which can provide point estimates of poverty mobility. In contrast to traditional pseudo-panel methods that require multiple rounds of cross-sectional data to study poverty at the cohort level, the proposed method can be applied to settings with as few as two survey rounds and also permits investigation at the more disaggregated household level. The procedure is implemented using cross-section survey data from several countries, spanning different income levels and geographical regions. Estimates fall within the 95 percent confidence interval-or even one standard error in many cases-of those based on actual panel data. The method is not only restricted to studying poverty mobility but can also accommodate investigation of other welfare outcome dynamics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6504
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 71
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    The Impact of Consulting Services on Small and Medium Enterprises : Evidence from a Randomized Trial in Mexico (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Bruhn, Miriam The Impact of Consulting Services on Small and Medium Enterprises
    Kurzfassung: Using a randomized evaluation with 432 Mexican small and medium enterprises, this paper shows that access to management consulting led to better firm performance: one-year results show positive effects on return-on-assets and total factor productivity. Owners also had large increases in "entrepreneurial spirit" (an entrepreneurs' managerial confidence index). Using Mexican social security data, the analysis finds a large increase in the number of employees and total wage bill several years after the program. The paper documents large heterogeneity in the specific managerial practices that improved as a result of the consulting, but there is no singular mechanism as a panacea for all firms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6508
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 72
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    Cost-Effective Estimation of the Population Mean Using Prediction Estimators (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Fujii, Tomoki Cost-Effective Estimation of the Population Mean Using Prediction Estimators
    Kurzfassung: This paper considers the prediction estimator as an efficient estimator for the population mean. The study may be viewed as an earlier study that proved that the prediction estimator based on the iteratively weighted least squares estimator outperforms the sample mean. The analysis finds that a certain moment condition must hold in general for the prediction estimator based on a Generalized-Method-of-Moment estimator to be at least as efficient as the sample mean. In an application to cost-effective double sampling, the authors show how prediction estimators may be adopted to maximize statistical precision (minimize financial costs) under a budget constraint (statistical precision constraint). This approach is particularly useful when the outcome variable of interest is expensive to observe relative to observing its covariates
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6509
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 73
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    Understanding Child Labor in Ghana Beyond Poverty : The Structure of the Economy, Social Norms, and No Returns to Rural Basic Education (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Krauss, Alexander Understanding Child Labor in Ghana Beyond Poverty
    Kurzfassung: One in six children age 6-14 are engaged in labor activities in Ghana, with child employment being the leading alternative to schooling. By exploring structural, institutional, geographic, monetary, demographic, and cultural factors affecting household decisions about child labor, the paper's main purpose is to identify the conditions and characteristics of working children, the root causes of their vulnerability, and thus help to inform decision-makers and actors who draft and implement public policy of possible ways to tackle child labor in Ghana. The paper empirically assesses the effects of individual, household, community, regional, and national factors on child labor simultaneously. Findings from the analysis indicate that the underlying causes of child labor vary from factors as widespread in their influence as the structure of the economy (which is largely shaped by family farming), demographics and relevant social norms to those as specific in their manifestation as the geographic isolation of particular groups in the North, a lack of higher returns to schooling up to the basic education level in rural areas, and the low priority and capacity to enforce anti-child labor laws. In addition, an interview conducted with the Minister of Education as well as interviews with Ghanaian children help identify specific interdependencies between child labor and schooling and highlight the societal and economic demand for children to be working. Finally, after identifying which constraints and enabling factors are most important, the paper outlines policy and reform approaches to tackle child labor in Ghana
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6513
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 74
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    Climate Change in the Himalayas : Current State of Knowledge (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (64 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Gautam, Mahesh R Climate Change in the Himalayas
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews the literature on the potential biophysical and economic impacts of climate change in the Himalayas. Existing observations indicate that the temperature is rising at a higher rate in Nepal and Chinese regions of the Himalayas compared with rest of the Himalayas. A declining trend of monsoon in the western Indian Himalayas and an increasing trend in the eastern Indian Himalayas have been observed, whereas increasing precipitation and stream flow in many parts of Tibetan Plateau are noted. Glaciers in both the eastern and western Himalayas are mostly retreating, but the majority of the glaciers in Karakorum are either stable or advancing slowly. Expansion of glacier lakes is reported, with the highest rate in Nepal and Bhutan. Most literature predicts increases in temperature and monsoon precipitations and decreases in winter precipitations in the future thereby leading to monsoon flooding and increased sediments in stream flow. Available hydrological simulations indicate reduced rainfall and shrinkage of glacier thereby leading to shortage of water supply for power generation and irrigation in winter particularly in highly glaciated basins. Projected economic impacts of glacial lake outburst floods can be substantial on the developed river basin with infrastructures and population centers. However, there is a clear gap in knowledge of economic impacts of climate change in the Himalayas
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6516
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 75
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    Stress-Testing Africa's Recent Growth and Poverty Performance (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Devarajan, Shantayanan Stress-Testing Africa's Recent Growth and Poverty Performance
    Kurzfassung: After an impressive acceleration in growth and poverty reduction since the mid-1990s, many African countries continue to register robust growth in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. Will this growth persist, given the tepid recovery in developed countries, numerous weather shocks, and civil conflicts in Africa? This paper "stress tests" African economies. The findings indicate that Africa's long-term growth is fairly impervious to a prolonged recession in high-income countries. Growth is, however, much more sensitive to a disruption of capital flows to the region, and to internal shocks, such as civil conflict and drought, even if the latter follow historical patterns. The broad policy implication is that with proper domestic production conditions African countries can sustain robust long-term growth. Because of the economic dominance of the agriculture sector and the share of food in household budgets, countries will need to increase the resilience of agriculture and protect it from unfavorable climate change impacts, such as drought. As in the past, civil conflicts and violence will pose by far the greatest threat to Africa's performance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6517
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 76
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    Cooperation and Reciprocity in Carbon Sequestration Contracts (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Salas, Paula Cordero Cooperation and Reciprocity in Carbon Sequestration Contracts
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the role of cooperation and reciprocity on the structure of self-enforcing carbon sequestration contracts. The optimal contract is derived as a result of the optimizing actions of purely self-interested agents, and agents that act according to social or egoistic preferences. The analysis finds that buyers' preferences do not affect contract structure unless the buyer is averse to inequality. In contrast, the optimal payment rule is directly related to the seller's preferences as the payment must motivate the seller to comply with forest conservation. It also finds that the presence of altruistic or warm glow preferences increases the likelihood of cooperation in the long-term relationship relative to the case of selfish parties. These results imply that agencies or organizations that are not only concerned about carbon sequestration but also have objectives related to the economic development of small land holders may be more successful in the implementation contracts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6521
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 77
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    Long-Term Impacts of Household Electrification in Rural India (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Van de Walle, Dominique Long-Term Impacts of Household Electrification in Rural India
    Kurzfassung: India's huge expansion in rural electrification in the 1980s and 1990s offers lessons for other countries today. The paper examines the long-term effects of household electrification on consumption, labor supply, and schooling in rural India over 1982-99. It finds that household electrification brought significant gains to consumption and earnings, the latter through changes in market labor supply. It finds positive effects on schooling for girls but not for boys. External effects are also evident, whereby households without electricity benefit from village electrification. Wage rates were unaffected. Methodologically, the results suggest sizeable upward biases in past estimates of the gains from electrification associated with how past analyses dealt with geographic effects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6527
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 78
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    The Transmission of Banking Crises to Households : Lessons from the 2008-2011 Crises in the ECA Region (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Brown, Martin The Transmission of Banking Crises to Households
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the impact of the recent banking crises in Europe and Central Asia on households' incomes and consumption patterns. The analysis is based on the 2010 wave of the Life in Transition Survey, which covers 12,704 households in eleven countries that experienced a banking crisis between 2008 and 2011. It finds that households in middle-income crisis countries are more than twice as likely to be hit by an income shock as households in high-income crisis countries. The labor market channel is the predominant source of income shocks, with wage reductions more widespread than job-losses. In reaction to income shocks, households reallocate spending from non-essential goods to staple foods. Reductions in staple-food consumption are, however, prevalent among low-income households. The paper examines potential crisis mitigators and finds that at the macro level a flexible monetary regime is associated with fewer cutbacks in household consumption. At the meso level, it finds no evidence that foreign bank ownership amplified the transmission of banking crises to households in Europe. With respect to micro-level mitigators, the analysis finds that diversified income sources as well as stocks of non-financial and financial assets help households to cushion income shocks. Access to informal and formal credit also mitigates the impact of income shocks on household consumption, with the former especially important in middle-income countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6528
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 79
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    Solow in Transition : Macro and Micro Determinants of Savings in Armenia (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Coulibaly, Souleymane Solow in Transition
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes and reconciles macro and micro evidence on savings and factors that affect savings, as well as possible policy implications. At the aggregate level, the main question is how savings are affected by growth and macroeconomic policies and variables (fiscal policy, exchange rate, for example) and the breadth of financial markets. Some of these macro determinants can be reconciled with microeconomic evidence of the savings behavior of households. Using macroeconomic quarterly data and household survey data, the analysis explores the determinants of the savings rate at the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels, using the typical econometric models used in the literature (long-term co-integration relation and short-term error correction model for the macro determinants; linear multivariate models for the micro determinants). The long-term relationship indicates that a 10-percent increase in gross domestic product per capita would add 3.7 percentage points to the savings rate in the long run. The short-term relationship depicts a strong catch-up process to the long-run equilibrium, with quarterly changes in gross domestic product per capita and openness strongly correlated with quarterly changes in the savings rate. The characteristics of households that represent the volatility of expected income, such as education and access to borrowing or remittances, significantly impact saving rates. The macroeconomic and microeconomic analyses of the determinants of saving rates in Armenia point to three policy areas: the macroeconomic environment, the financial sector, and the role of remittances
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6531
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 80
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    Determinants of Job Creation in Eleven New EU Member States : Evidence from Firm Level Data (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Oberhofer, Harald Determinants of Job Creation in Eleven New EU Member States
    Kurzfassung: This paper builds on the analysis of job creation developed in World Bank (2013) to provide an empirical investigation of the industry and firm-specific determinants of the job creation process in eleven new European Union (EU11) economies. It relies on the Amadeus dataset of firms during 2002-2009. The main results indicate that during the years prior to the global financial crisis, traditional industries were crucial for the net creation of jobs in EU11. However, traditional industries were the ones most severely affected by the financial crisis. By contrast, services firms were less vulnerable to the economic downturn. At the firm level, small and young firms registered the highest employment growth rates. The empirical results also indicate that more productive firms tended to be less vulnerable to economic downturns. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the perceived quality of the business climate by the EU11 enterprises is correlated with not only the firms' employment growth, but also their productivity. In the post-crisis period, poor business restrictions were negatively associated with the creation of jobs. All these findings hold for the group of high-growth firms that disproportionately accounted for the creation of new jobs in the EU11 economies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6533
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 81
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    Do Economic Crises Lead to Health and Nutrition Behavior Responses? : Analysis Using Longitudinal Data from Russia (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Nikoloski, Zlatko Do Economic Crises Lead to Health and Nutrition Behavior Responses?
    Kurzfassung: Using longitudinal data on more than 2,000 Russian families spanning the period between 2007 and 2010, this paper estimates the impact of the 2009 global financial crisis on food expenditures, health care expenditures, and doctor visits in Russia. The primary estimation strategy adopted is the semi-parametric difference-in-difference with propensity score matching technique. The analysis finds that household health and nutritional behavior indicators do not vary statistically between households that were crisis-affected and households that were not affected by the crisis. However, the analysis finds that crisis-affected poor families curtailed their out-of-pocket health expenditures during and after the crisis more than poor families that were not affected by the crisis did. In addition, crisis-affected vulnerable groups changed their health behavior. In particular, households with low educational attainment of household heads and households with more elderly people changed their health and nutrition behavior response when affected by the crisis. The results are invariant to the propensity score matching techniques and parametric fixed effects estimation models
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6538
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 82
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    Impact Evaluation of Three Types of Early Childhood Development Interventions in Cambodia (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Bouguen, Adrien Impact Evaluation of Three Types of Early Childhood Development Interventions in Cambodia
    Kurzfassung: Scaling up early childhood development services has the potential to increase children's cognitive and socio-emotional development and promote school readiness in a large segment of the population. This study used a randomized controlled trial approach to evaluate three scaled-up programs designed to widen access to early childhood development services: formal preschools, community preschools, and home-based services. The impacts of all three programs fell short of expectations because of two key flaws in how they were scaled up. First, implementation did not receive due attention; as a result, school facilities were not completed as planned, community-based programs were not always established, and low, irregular stipends created difficulties in hiring and retaining teachers. Second, the services that were available were not promoted and thus not used as widely as anticipated. The results imply that the quality of programs supplied is critical, as is attention to the demand side of the problem. The finding that these programs fell short of expectations does not mean that interventions such as these are ineffective. Rather, it indicates that quality and demand require careful attention in attempts to scale up early childhood development interventions, and any problems should be addressed prior to evaluating effectiveness
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6540
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
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    How Does Risk Management Influence Production Decisions? : Evidence from a Field Experiment (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Cole, Shawn How Does Risk Management Influence Production Decisions?
    Kurzfassung: Weather is a key source of income risk for many firms and households, particularly in emerging market economies. This paper uses a randomized controlled trial approach to study how an innovative risk management instrument for hedging rainfall risk affects production decisions among a sample of Indian agricultural firms. The analysis finds that the provision of insurance induces farmers to shift production toward higher-return but higher-risk cash crops, particularly among more-educated farmers. The results support the view that financial innovation may help mitigate the real effects of uninsured production risk. In a second experiment, the study elicits willingness to pay for insurance policies that differ in their contract terms, using the Becker-DeGroot-Marshak mechanism. Willingness-to-pay is increasing in the actuarial value of the insurance, but substantially less than one-for-one, suggesting that farmers' valuations are inconsistent with a fully rational benchmark
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6546
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 84
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    (Ineffective) Messages to Encourage Recycling : Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Peru (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (59 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Chong, Alberto (Ineffective) Messages to Encourage Recycling
    Kurzfassung: There is growing interest in using messaging to drive prosocial behaviors, which contribute to investment in public goods. The authors worked with a leading nongovernmental organization in Peru to randomize nine different prorecycling messages that were crafted on the basis of best practices, prior evidence, and theories of behavioral change. Different variants emphasized information on environmental or social benefits, social comparisons, social sanctions, authority, and reminders. None of the messages had significant effects on recycling behavior. However, reducing the cost of ongoing participation by providing a recycling bin significantly increased recycling among enrolled households
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6548
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 85
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    From Guesstimates to GPStimates : Land Area Measurement and Implications for Agricultural Analysis (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Carletto, Calogero From Guesstimates to GPStimates
    Kurzfassung: Land area measurement is a fundamental component of agricultural statistics and analysis. Yet, commonly employed self-reported land area measures used in most analysis are not only potentially measured with error, but these errors may be correlated with agricultural outcomes. Measures employing Global Positioning Systems, on the other hand, while not perfect especially on smaller plots, are likely to provide more precise measures and errors less correlated with agricultural outcomes. This paper uses data from four African countries to compare the use of self-reported and Global Positioning Systems land measures to (1) examine the differences between the measures, (2) identify the sources of the differences, and (3) assess the implications of the different measures on agricultural analysis focusing on the inverse productivity relationship. The results indicate that self-reported land areas systematically differ from Global Positioning Systems land measures and that this difference leads to potentially biased estimates of the relationship between land and productivity
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6550
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 86
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    International Lending, Sovereign Debt and Joint Liability : An Economic Theory Model for Amending the Treaty of Lisbon (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Basu, Kaushik International Lending, Sovereign Debt and Joint Liability
    Kurzfassung: As the Eurozone crisis drags on, it is evident that a part of the problem lies in the architecture of debt and its liabilities within the Eurozone and, more generally, the European Union. This paper argues that a large part of the problem can be mitigated by permitting appropriately-structured cross-country liability for sovereign debt incurred by individual nations within the European Union. In brief, the paper makes a case for amending the Treaty of Lisbon. The case is established by constructing a game-theoretic model and demonstrating that there exist self-fulfilling equilibria, which would come into existence if cross-country debt liability were permitted and which are Pareto superior to the existing outcome
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6555
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 87
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    Multisectoral Preventive Health Services in Sri Lanka : Lessons for Developing Countries in Providing Public Goods in Health (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Das Gupta, Monica Multisectoral Preventive Health Services in Sri Lanka
    Kurzfassung: What can other developing countries learn from Sri Lanka on achieving good health at low cost? While its well-organized medical and maternal-child health services have been documented elsewhere, this paper fills a gap in documenting how it organizes services to reduce the population's exposure to disease-a pure public good. The key factors underlying the effectiveness of these services are (1) strong focal points in the central Health Ministry for supporting preventive services; (2) pro-active outreach by the health line agency to collaborate with other sectors/ agents whose work influences public health outcomes; and (3) community-level delivery institutions with well-trained multivalent Public Health Inspectors-all underpinned by (4) assured tax-based financing. This paper describes this system in some detail such that other countries can learn from Sri Lanka's successful approach to improving population health. It also makes some recommendations for strengthening the system in response to changing conditions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6558
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 88
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    Do Infrastructure Reforms Reduce the Effect of Corruption? : Theory and Evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (68 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Wren-Lewis, Liam Do Infrastructure Reforms Reduce the Effect of Corruption?
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the interaction between corruption and governance at the sector level. A simple model illustrates how both an increase in regulatory autonomy and privatization may influence the effect of corruption. The interaction is analyzed empirically using a fixed-effects estimator on a panel of 153 electricity distribution firms across 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean from 1995-2007. Greater corruption is associated with lower firm labor productivity, but this association is reduced when an independent regulatory agency is present. These results survive a range of robustness checks, including instrumenting for regulatory governance, controlling for a large range of observables, and using several different corruption measures. The association between corruption and productivity also appears weaker for privately owned firms compared to publicly owned firms, though this result is somewhat less robust
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6559
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 89
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    What are the Causes of the Growing Trend of Excess Savings of the Corporate Sector in Developed Countries? : An Empirical Analysis of Three Hypotheses (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Brufman, Leandro What are the Causes of the Growing Trend of Excess Savings of the Corporate Sector in Developed Countries?
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes annual accounting data for a sample of 5,000 publicly traded manufacturing firms from Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The analysis uses data from 1997 to 2011 and finds an increasing trend of excess savings (defined as the difference between gross saving and capital formation) and a gradual decline of gross capital formation. This trend is accompanied by a steady deleveraging process and a decrease in the share of operating assets in total assets. This process is more acute among the more credit constrained, the more volatile, and the less dynamic firms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6571
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 90
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    Village Sanitation and Children's Human Capital : Evidence from a Randomized Experiment by the Maharashtra Government (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Hammer, Jeffrey Village Sanitation and Children's Human Capital
    Kurzfassung: Open defecation is exceptionally widespread in India, a county with puzzlingly high rates of child stunting. This paper reports a randomized controlled trial of a village-level sanitation program, implemented in one district by the government of Maharashtra. The program caused a large but plausible average increase in child height (95 percent confidence interval [0.04 to 0.61] standard deviations), which is an important marker of human capital. The results demonstrate sanitation externalities: an effect even on children in households that did not adopt latrines. Unusually, surveyors also collected data in districts where the government planned but ultimately did not conduct an experiment, permitting analysis of the importance of the set eligible for randomization
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6580
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
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    Evaluation of Development Programs : Randomized Controlled Trials or Regressions? (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Elbers, Chris Evaluation of Development Programs
    Kurzfassung: Can project evaluation methods be used to evaluate programs: complex interventions involving multiple activities? A program evaluation cannot be based simply on separate evaluations of its components if interactions between the activities are important. In this paper a measure is proposed, the total program effect (TPE), which is an extension of the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET). It explicitly takes into account that in the real world (with heterogeneous treatment effects) individual treatment effects and program assignment are often correlated. The TPE can also deal with the common situation in which such a correlation is the result of decisions on (intended) program participation not being taken centrally. In this context RCTs are less suitable even for the simplest interventions. The TPE can be estimated by applying regression techniques to observational data from a representative sample from the targeted population. The approach is illustrated with an evaluation of a health insurance program in Vietnam
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6587
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 92
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    Online-Ressource
    Foreign Bank Behavior during Financial Crises (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Adams-Kane, Jonathon Foreign Bank Behavior during Financial Crises
    Kurzfassung: One of the persistent policy problems faced by governments contemplating financial liberalizations is the question of whether to allow foreign banks entry into the domestic economy. This question has become ever more urgent in recent times, due to rapid financial globalization, coupled with the credit contractions experienced as a result of the 2007/08 financial crisis. This paper examines the question of whether opening the financial sector to foreign participation is a good idea for developing countries, using a unique bank-level database of foreign ownership. In particular, the authors examine whether the credit supply of majority foreign-owned financial institutions differ systematically conditional on a crisis event in their home economies. They show that foreign banks that were exposed to crises in their home countries exhibit changes in lending patterns that are lower by between 13 and 42 percent than their non-crisis counterparts
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6590
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 93
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    Institutional and Structural Determinants of Investment Worldwide (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Lim, Jamus Jerome Institutional and Structural Determinants of Investment Worldwide
    Kurzfassung: This paper considers institutional and structural factors associated with investment activity in a panel of up to 129 developed and developing countries. It introduces these factors to a standard neoclassical investment function for open economies, and find that financial development and institutional quality are reasonably robust determinants of cross-country capital formation, with latter displaying more stability in the sign and significance of its coefficient. Indeed, when endogeneity concerns are addressed more explicitly using external instruments, and both interactions and subsamples are considered, institutional quality tends to survive as the causal determinant of investment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6591
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Improving Access to Banking : Evidence from Kenya (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Allen, Franklin Improving Access to Banking
    Kurzfassung: Using household surveys and bank penetration data at the district-level in 2006 and 2009, this paper examines the impact of Equity Bank-a leading private commercial bank focusing on microfinance-on access to banking in Kenya. Unlike other commercial banks in Kenya, Equity Bank pursues distinct branching strategies that target underserved areas and less-privileged households. Equity Bank presence has a positive and significant impact on households' use of bank accounts and bank credit, especially for Kenyans with low income, no salaried job, and less education and those who do not own their own home. The findings are robust to using the district-level proportion of people speaking a minority language as an instrument for Equity Bank presence. It appears that Equity Bank's business model-providing financial services to population segments typically ignored by traditional commercial banks and generating sustainable profits in the process-can be a solution to the financial access problem that has hindered the development of inclusive financial sectors in many African countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6593
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Efficiency and Equity Implications of Oil Windfalls in Brazil (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Jorgensen, Ole Hagen Efficiency and Equity Implications of Oil Windfalls in Brazil
    Kurzfassung: Large oil reserves off the coast of Brazil may substantially increase the country's oil revenue in the future. A natural resource "curse" could be the consequence if an appropriate share of the oil revenue is not invested. This issue is addressed in this paper for Brazil both theoretically and empirically by focusing on (i) the efficient allocation of oil revenue between investment and consumption; and (ii) because it may be efficient to consume a certain share of the oil revenue, the distributional implications across generations of higher public consumption. The main finding is that, if the Pre-Salt oil revenue brings the aggregate oil revenue in Brazil above 10 percent of gross domestic product, there will be scope for consuming a certain share of it while still maintaining efficiency. But unless oil revenue reaches 10 percent or more of gross domestic product, then all of it should be invested in order for the economy to approach the efficient investment level. If oil revenue as a share of gross domestic product was 10 percent, then the achievable growth in gross domestic product could reach 9.0 percent. The distributional implications are positive for all generations, but vary across generations depending on how much of the oil revenue is invested. As a result, transfer policies could be adjusted to ensure equality in its distribution
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6597
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Economic Growth and Equality of Opportunity (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Peragine, Vito Economic Growth and Equality of Opportunity
    Kurzfassung: The paper proposes an approach to understand the relationship between inequality and economic growth obtained by shifting the analysis from the space of final achievements to the space of opportunities. To this end, it introduces a formal framework based on the concept of the Opportunity Growth Incidence Curve. This framework can be used to evaluate the income dynamics of specific groups of the population and to infer the role of growth in the evolution of inequality of opportunity over time. The paper shows the relevance of the introduced framework by providing two empirical analyses, one for Italy and the other for Brazil. These analyses show the distributional impact of the recent growth experienced by Brazil and the recent crisis suffered by Italy from both the income inequality and opportunity inequality perspectives
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6599
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Sunshine Works-Comment on "the Adverse Effects of Sunshine : A Field Experiment on Legislative Transparency in an Authoritarian Assembly" (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Anderson, James H Sunshine Works-Comment on "the Adverse Effects of Sunshine
    Kurzfassung: Transparency-sunshine-is often touted as a core element of the governance agenda, and one that is most important in environments with low transparency to begin with. In a provocative paper published in the American Political Science Review, Edmund Malesky, Paul Schuler, and Anh Tran present the results of a creative experiment in which they provided an additional spotlight on the activities of a random sample of delegates to Vietnam's National Assembly. They report that the effect of sunshine was negative, that delegates subject to this treatment curtailed their speech, and that those who spoke most critically were punished through the subsequent election and promotion processes. The present paper argues that Malesky, Schuler, and Tran's results, if interpreted correctly, actually predict a net positive effect of transparency. The differences in interpretation stem primarily from three sources: the interpretation of regression results for models with interaction terms, the interpretation of the variable for Internet penetration, and significant pre-treatment differences between treated and control delegates. For the context in which more than 80 percent of delegates operate, Malesky, Schuler, and Tran's results predict a positive but insignificant effect of transparency. In addition, Internet penetration, itself a measure of access to information, is positively associated with critical speech. The paper draws lessons for the design and interpretation of randomized experiments with interaction effects
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6602
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Social Capital, Product Imitation and Growth with Learning Externalities (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Agénor, Pierre-Richard Social Capital, Product Imitation and Growth with Learning Externalities
    Kurzfassung: Links between social capital, human capital, and product imitation are studied in an overlapping generations model of endogenous growth where the key benefit of social capital is to promote imitation. There is also a two-way interaction between imitation and human capital. Building social capital (which brings direct utility) requires time. Because life expectancy is endogenously related to human capital, time allocation between market work and social capital accumulation is also endogenously determined. Social capital accumulation depends also on access to infrastructure. The model is calibrated numerically for a low-income country. A policy that helps to promote social capital accumulation may be very effective to foster economic growth, even if it involves offsetting cuts in other productive components of government spending, such as education outlays or infrastructure investment. Offsetting cuts in infrastructure investment, however, may be less effective
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6607
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Sustaining Trade Reform : Institutional Lessons from Peru and Argentina (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Baracat, Elías A Sustaining Trade Reform
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines trade policies in Peru and Argentina since the reforms of the 1990s. Peru provides a valuable example of sustaining reform. Leaders have used negotiations and other international instruments to disseminate among Peruvians a positive vision of Peru in the international economy and to extend the application of World Trade Organization-based governance principles. Peru has introduced few new restrictions and all of them have been through World Trade Organization-sanctioned policy instruments. Argentina, by contrast, has introduced multiple restrictions, through procedures that eschew World Trade Organization governance principles. Moreover, leaders there have returned trade politics to the dependencia philosophy that sees the international economy as an exploitive environment. The paper brings out the weakness of international obligations to limit Argentina's return to import substitution and the pains at which Peru has gone to maintain the management of its economy within the same rules that Argentina has so easily violated
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6610
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Female Business Ownership and Informal Sector Persistence (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Ausgabe: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Ghani, Ejaz Female Business Ownership and Informal Sector Persistence
    Kurzfassung: The informal sector in India has been exceptionally persistent over the past two decades. Is this a bad thing? Not necessarily. This paper shows that a substantial share of the persistence in India's unorganized manufacturing sector is due to the rapid increase in female-owned businesses. Had women's participation remained in the proportion to male-owned businesses that was evident in 1994, the unorganized manufacturing sector would have declined in share rather than increased. Most of these new female-owned businesses are opened in the household and at a small scale, about a third of the size of a typical male-owned business in the informal sector. Yet, it appears that these businesses offer economic opportunities not otherwise present and a transition for some women from unpaid domestic work
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6612
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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