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  • Online Resource  (304)
  • 2005-2009  (304)
  • 2000-2004
  • 2007  (304)
  • Education  (304)
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  • 2005-2009  (304)
  • 2000-2004
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9783862264308
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 174 S, online resource)
    Series Statement: Migration * Minderheiten * Kulturen 3
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Printed edition
    DDC: 306.43
    Keywords: Educational sociology ; Education and sociology ; Sociology, Educational ; Education ; Deutschland ; Türkische Studentin ; Generation 3 ; Lebenswelt ; Sozialisation
    Abstract: Die Untersuchung präsentiert Aspekte der Lebenwelt von Studentinnen türkischer Herkunft in Deutschland. Anhand von qualitativen Interviews stellt die Autorin die Bedingungen für gelingende Lebensentwürfe von Migrantinnen der dritten Generation dar. Entgegen des vorherrschenden Diskurses, der Migrantinnen als Opfer ihrer Herkunftskultur beschreibt, werden in den Biografien verschiedene Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren erkennbar. Die jungen Frauen setzen sich intensiv mit dem in unserer Gesellschaft präsenten Stereotyp der „typisch türkischen Frau“ auseinander und fordern ein differenziertes Bild ihrer individuellen Lebenssituation ein. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit stehen Orientierungs- und Handlungsmuster im Kontext von sozialer Ein- und Ausgrenzung, wobei dem sozialen Umfeld und den individuellen Handlungsstrategien im Hinblick auf Fremd- und Selbstzuschreibungen besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wird. Das Buch macht deutlich, dass weder die Opferrolle noch der allgemein attestierte Kulturkonflikt für die Situation der jungen Frauen entscheidend ist
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531907338
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276S, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Hormel, Ulrike, 1968 - Diskriminierung in der Einwanderungsgesellschaft
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Education ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Bildungspolitik ; Einwanderungspolitik ; Einwanderer ; Soziale Integration ; Bildungspolitik ; Einwanderungspolitik ; Einwanderer ; Soziale Integration
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531906584
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (393S. 63 Abb, digital)
    Edition: 2., durchgesehene Auflage
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Absolventen von Waldorfschulen
    DDC: 306.43
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    Keywords: Education ; Waldorfschule ; Ehemaliger Schüler ; Lebenslauf ; Waldorfschule ; Ehemaliger Schüler ; Lebenslauf ; Waldorfpädagogik ; Wirkung ; Ehemaliger Schüler ; Umfrage
    URL: Cover
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531903309
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (131S. 2 Abb, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Kessl, Fabian Sozialraum
    DDC: 361.3
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    Keywords: Education ; Sozialarbeit ; Sozialraum ; Handlungsorientierung ; Lehrbuch ; Lehrbuch ; Sozialarbeit ; Sozialraum ; Handlungsorientierung
    URL: Cover
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531907321
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (304S. 3 Abb, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Kampshoff, Marita, 1964 - Geschlechterdifferenz und Schulleistung
    DDC: 306.43
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    Keywords: Education ; Schulleistung ; Geschlechtsunterschied ; Schulleistungstest ; Empirische Forschung ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Deutschland ; England ; Deutschland ; Schulleistung ; Geschlechtsunterschied ; England
    URL: Cover
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531907154
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (223S, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Liebsch, Katharina, 1962 - Jenseits der Expertenkultur
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Education ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Wissensproduktion ; Innovation ; Schulbildung ; Wissenssoziologie ; Biotechnologie ; Biopolitik ; Schule ; Wissensvermittlung ; Bioethik ; Schule ; Wissensvermittlung
    URL: Cover
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9783531904061
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (390S, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Idel, Till-Sebastian, 1968 - Waldorfschule und Schülerbiographie
    DDC: 306.43
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    Keywords: Education ; Waldorfschule ; Ehemaliger Schüler ; Lebenslauf ; Waldorfschule ; Wirkung ; Biografieforschung
    URL: Cover
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9783531905570
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (325S. 20 Abb, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Dedering, Kathrin, 1974 - Schulische Qualitätsentwicklung durch Netzwerke
    DDC: 306.43
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    Keywords: Education ; Schulentwicklung ; Evaluation ; Netzwerk ; Projekt ; Deutschland ; Schulentwicklung ; Evaluation ; Netzwerk ; Projekt ; Schule ; Soziales Netzwerk ; Schulentwicklung ; Qualitätsmanagement ; Bertelsmann Stiftung ; Schule ; Soziales Netzwerk ; Qualitätsmanagement ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Projekt
    URL: Cover
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
    ISBN: 9780387368948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVIII, 161 p, digital)
    Series Statement: Language Policy 7
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. In the presence of English
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    Keywords: Sociolinguistics ; Language and languages ; Education ; Education ; Sociolinguistics ; Language and languages ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Englisch ; Europa ; Jugendsprache ; Massenmedien ; Englisch ; Wirkung ; Medien ; Jugend ; Europa ; Massenmedien ; Jugendsprache ; Englisch
    Abstract: "The starting point for this comparative study on the role of English within the media worlds of European youth is the recognition of the increasing importance of communication with peoples from other cultures and countries.Within the European Union (EU), English has a special role in this regard. While EU policy promotes all languages spoken in member states, and although English is not the most frequently spoken first language, it is the language two Europeans are most likely to use to make themselves understood. This lingua franca phenomenon occurs not only in the fields of science and technology, but also in business and everyday, personal interactions. The media, which plays an important role in intercultural communication, serves as a cultural forum, and both creates culture and transmits representations of other cultures. Its offerings are often highly internationalized, especially in pop culture, films, TV series, and variety shows, which exercise great influence on cultural and linguistic issues in the multilingual, multicultural EU.The primary goals of ""In the Presence of English: Media and European Youth"" are to gain insight into the roles of English in and for Europe, to contribute to discussions of the possibilities of transnational media offerings, to better understand the influence of media in foreign language acquisition and of its role in promoting cross cultural understanding across European cultures, and to better understand the role of English media in the construction of the world view of European youth. The research presented on the relationship of media use to language proficiency has relevance to how schools react to and take advantage of media influences on English acquisition. It also has implications for approaches to language policy and planning issues relating to the present and future role of English in the EU, and the re-evaluation of the presence and prevalence of English in the media both as a threat to the notion of a European identity and as a contributing factor in the creation of such an identity.Researchers, scholars, practitioners, and students of such fields as second language pedagogy and acquisition, language policy, media and communication, and sociolinguistics as well as educational and social psychology will all have an interest in ""In the Presence of English: Media and European Youth""."
    Description / Table of Contents: The Presence of English Sociocultural, Acquisitional, and Media Dimensions; English in Europe; An Empirical Approach to the Presence of English; Descriptive Findings on the Presence of English; Determinants of Contact, Proficiency, and Attitudes; English, Youth, and Media Environments; In the Presence of English: A Resume After Step one of an International Study
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-136) and index
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    URL: Cover
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
    ISBN: 9780387711645
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 186 p, digital)
    Series Statement: Mathematics Education Library 41
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Bock, Dirk de The illusion of linearity
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    Keywords: Mathematics ; Teachers Training of ; Education ; Education ; Mathematics ; Teachers Training of ; Linearität ; Mathematikunterricht ; Sekundarstufe ; Mathematikunterricht ; Mathematikunterricht
    Abstract: This book presents the reader with a comprehensive overview of the major findings of the recent research on the illusion of linearity. It discusses: how the illusion of linearity appears in diverse domains of mathematics and science; what are the crucial psychological, mathematical, and educational factors being responsible for the occurrence and persistence of the phenomenon; and how the illusion of linearity can be remedied.
    Abstract: "Linear or proportional relationships are a major topic in mathematics education. However, recent research has shown that secondary school students strongly tend to apply the linear model also in situations wherein it is not applicable. This overgeneralization of linearity is sometimes referred to as the ""illusion of linearity"" and has a strong negative impact on students reasoning and problem solving skills. ""The Illusion of Linearity: From Analysis to Improvement"" presents the reader with a comprehensive overview of the major findings of the recent research on the illusion of linearity. Although the empirical study of students improper linear reasoning clearly constitutes a new line of research, it owes a great deal to prior work in mathematics education research community (such as the work of the scholars of the Freudenthal Institute on realistic mathematics education). Based on both quantitative and qualitative research, ""The Illusion of Linearity: From Analysis to Improvement"" discusses the following issues: (1) how the illusion of linearity appears in diverse domains of mathematics and science and how it is conceptually related to other more general misconceptions identified in the research literature, (2) what are the crucial psychological, mathematical, and educational factors being responsible for the occurrence and persistence of the phenomenon, and (3) how the illusion of linearity can be remedied by appropriate instruction. ""The Illusion of Linearity: From Analysis to Improvement"" is essential to those working in mathematics education, particularly teacher educators and curriculum research and development."
    Description / Table of Contents: Front Matter; A Widespread Phenomenon; In Search Of Empirical Evidence; Searching For Explanations: A Series Of Follow-Up Studies; An In-Depth Investigation; A Teaching Experiment; Stepping Outside The Classroom; Psychological And Educational Analysis; Back Matter
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [165]-178) and index
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    URL: Cover
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Norwell : Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
    ISBN: 9780387711362
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 194 p, digital)
    Series Statement: Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 9
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. The role of technology in CSCL
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    Keywords: Computer science ; Education ; Education ; Computer science ; Computerunterstützter Unterricht ; Gruppenunterricht ; Aufsatzsammlung
    Abstract: This book relates contemporary information and communication technologies (ICT) to their specific teaching and learning functions, including how ICT is appropriated for and by educational or learning communities. The technological 'hot spots' of interest in this book include: groupware or multi-user technologies such as group archives or synchronous co-construction environments, embedded interactive technologies in the spirit of ubiquitous computing, and modeling tools based on rich representations.
    Abstract: "This book relates ""new"" information and communication technologies (ICT) to their specific teaching and learning functions, in particular how ICT is appropriated for and/or by educational or learning communities. We categorize consumer-oriented educational multimedia as established technologies, not of primary importance for innovative approaches to collaborative learning. Internet connections in schools and academic institutions are no longer new, though the learning culture originating from this technology may still lack a sufficiently rich definition. The technological ""hot spots"" of interest in this book are in turn: groupware or multi-user technologies such as group archives or synchronous co-construction environments, embedded interactive technologies in the spirit of ubiquitous computing, and modeling tools based on rich representations. Important features of these new technologies are: the move from individually oriented software tools to multi-user tools providing group awareness as well as facilities for the co-construction of knowledge, a definition of software use beyond a single piece of software towards multiple applications or tools which are not only technically interoperable but also task and role compliant in a social situation (social interoperability), high interactivity and creative potential with high productive activity and initiative on the part of the user (as opposed to the receptive scheme of usage of many educational multimedia applications), new kinds of peripherals in the spirit ""of ubiquitous computing and augmented reality"", which allow for redefining the borderline between physical action on the one hand and virtual or symbolic on the other."
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS; Contributors; Acknowledgements; 1. Educational information technologies and collaborative learning; PART I. Design, Modeling, and Analysis of Collaborative Learning; 2. Design, modeling, and analysis of collaborative learning; 3. Points of cooperation: Integrating cooperative learning into web-based courses; 4. A computational tool for lifelong learning: Experiencing breakdowns and understanding situations; 5. Modeling the process of collaborative learning; 6. An approach for coaching collaboration based on difference recognition and participation tracking
    Description / Table of Contents: PART II. Collaborative Tools in Educational Practice7. Collaborative Tools in Educational Practice; 8. Supporting collaborative activities in computer integrated classrooms - the NIMIS approach; 9. Designing a CSCL environment for experimental learning in a distance learning context; 10. Pupil communication during electronic collaborative projects: Integrating communication tools with communication scenarios; 11. Supporting awareness in distributed collaborative learning environments; Index
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Work originated from workshop on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning, on Awaji Island, Japan, November 2000 , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat reader.
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    URL: Cover
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, MA : Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
    ISBN: 9780387711423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Series Statement: Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 7
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
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    Keywords: Education ; Education
    Abstract: This book empowers people to go beyond themselves into new spheres of learning, thinking and creativity. Drawing on recent work in communications theory as well as psychology, computer science and philosophy, it reveals some key characteristics of learning dialogues. It also demonstrates ways in which computers and networks can deepen, enrich and expand such dialogues. The book's central argument is that this dialogic perspective in education and the latest developments in information and communications technology make ideal partners.
    Abstract: "Dialogic Education and Technology is about using new technology to draw people into the kind of dialogues which take them beyond themselves into learning, thinking and creativity. The program of research reported in this book reveals key characteristics of learning dialogues and demonstrates ways in which computers and networks can deepen, enrich and expand such dialogues. A dialogic perspective is developed drawing upon recent work in communications theory, psychology, computer science and philosophy. This perspective foregrounds the creative space opened up by authentic dialogues. Whereas studies of computer-supported collaborative learning have tended to see dialogue as a means to the end of knowledge construction the dialogic perspective taken by this book sees dialogue as an end in itself - in fact moving learners into the space of dialogue is described as the core aim of education. The central argument of the book is that there is a convergence between this dialogic perspective in education and the affordances of new information and communications technology. A genuinely dialogic perspective is relatively new to the field of educational technology and there is a considerable amount of interest in this topic amongst researchers who wish to see what extra insights, if any, a dialogical approach can offer them. ""This is an exciting book that synthesizes, clarifies and extends mounting discussions of dialogical thinking related to computer-supported education [...]. It is not only a delightful personal statement, but provokes thought on central issues of CSCL and enters into challenging dialog with the relevant alternative approaches. As a result of reading this book, I am convinced that we urgently need to open new online spaces for people to understandingly interact with different perspectives and creatively generate new insight and respect for difference."" -Gerry StahlExecutive Editor of the International Journal of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning This book offers a set of lenses which give deep insight into education and the use of technologies for learning. The moves between empirical studies, theoretical reflections and discussion of the design of learning environments make the book very thought provoking. Ideas are not just treated as ideas but they become transformed into principles for design. Wegerif is convincing that the use of technology for the creation, maintaining and development of dialogical spaces has the potential for transforming and expanding educational experiences in a way which offers a needed vision of learning for the future. -Sten LudvigsenDirector of the InterMedia Centre for design, communication and learning University of Oslo"
    Description / Table of Contents: Front Matter; Introduction: Challenge of the Changing Chronotope; Dialogic: Opening a Space; Mediation: From Dialectic to Dialogic; Reason: Dialogic as a Direction; Creativity: Playful Reflective Dialogue in Classrooms; Teaching Thinking: Controversies and Questions; Teaching Thinking: Metaphors and Taxonomies; Teaching Thinking with Information and Communications Technology; Talk Around Computers: Expanding the Space of Reflection; Computers Supporting Dialogue: Breaking Out of the Frame; Dialogues Online: Crossing a Threshold; Technology, Education and Enlightenment; Back Matter
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [301]-319) and index
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    URL: Cover
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9780387369495
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXII, 342 p, digital)
    Series Statement: Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 6
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Scripting computer-supported collaborative learning
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    Keywords: Education ; Education ; Kooperatives Lernen ; Computerunterstütztes Lernen ; Computerunterstützte Kommunikation ; Lernpsychologie ; Computerunterstütztes Lernen
    Abstract: "Theoretically, the term ""script"" appears to be rather ill-defined. This book clarifies the use of the term ""script"" in education. It approaches the term from at least three perspectives: cognitive psychology perspective, computer science perspective, and an educational perspective. The book provides learners with scripts that support them both in communication/coordination and in higher-order learning."
    Abstract: Research on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) is a multidisciplinary field located at the intersection of cognitive psychology, computer science, and education. This book demonstrates the opportunities for using synergy to apply the script concept between perspectives and interdisciplinary CSCL approaches to scripting
    Description / Table of Contents: Front Matter; Introduction; Scripting Collaborative Learning Processes: A Cognitive Perspective; Can People Learn Computer-Mediated Collaboration by Following A Script?; Scripting in Net-Based Medical Consultation: The Impact of External Representations on Giving Advice and Explanations; Scripting Laypersons' Problem Descriptions in Internet-Based Communication with Experts; Discussion; Scripting Collaborative Learning in Agent-Based Systems; Modeling CSCL Scripts - a Reflection on Learning Design Approaches; Scripted Anchored Discussion of Multimedia Lecture Recordings
    Description / Table of Contents: Flexible Scripting in Net-Based Learning GroupsDiscussion; Scripting Argumentative Knowledge Construction in Computer-Supported Learning Environments; Supporting Collaborative Learning in Videoconferencing Using Collaboration Scripts and Content Schemes; The Roles of Scripts in Promoting Collaborative Discourse in Learning by Design; Educational Perspectives on Scripting CSCL; Designing Integrative Scripts; The Interplay of Internal and External Scripts; Discussion; Back Matter
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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    URL: Cover
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783531907208 , 3531907204
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (124 Seiten)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2007
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Moralentwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen
    DDC: 305.2
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    Keywords: Kind ; Moralische Entwicklung ; Jugend ; Sociology ; Social groups ; Education ; Early childhood education ; Developmental psychology ; Sociology of Family, Youth and Aging ; Education ; Early Childhood Education ; Developmental Psychology ; Aufsatzsammlung
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
    ISBN: 9783531905839 , 353190583X
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (312 Seiten)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2007
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Korte, Svenja Rauschkonstruktionen
    DDC: 305.2
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    Keywords: Geschichte ; Droge ; Rausch ; Wahrnehmung ; Erfahrung ; Soziale Konstruktion ; Offenes Interview ; Kultur ; Sociology ; Social groups ; Social service ; Early childhood education ; Education ; Sociology of Family, Youth and Aging ; Social Work ; Early Childhood Education ; Education
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531905136
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (170 S.)
    Edition: 1. Aufl.
    Series Statement: Medienbildung und Gesellschaft 4
    Series Statement: Medienbildung und Gesellschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 302.230941
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    Keywords: Education (general) ; Social Sciences, general ; Erziehung ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Social sciences ; Beeinflussung ; Medien ; Politik ; Pädagogik ; Gesellschaft ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Medien ; Politik ; Beeinflussung ; Medien ; Gesellschaft ; Beeinflussung ; Medien ; Gesellschaft ; Pädagogik
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531904818
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (348S, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Jugend, Partizipation und Migration
    DDC: 370
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    Keywords: Education ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Jugend ; Migrationshintergrund ; Soziale Integration ; Partizipation ; Jugend ; Migrationshintergrund ; Schulbildung ; Jugend ; Migrationshintergrund ; Berufsbildung
    URL: Cover
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-21
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Valeurs, éthique et formation des enseignants : L'expérience du Pakistan
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-21
    Keywords: Education ; Pakistan
    Abstract: Values and ethics are automatically incorporated into any teaching/learning environment or endeavour, whether or not they are consciously stated objectives. The focus on “quality of education” has sharpened as people have become concerned about a perceived rise in materialism as standards of living have improved; materialistic ambitions increasingly fill the ideological gap created by the move to a pluralistic society in which there is a less general consensus of values and ethics. There is increasing demand for insight into the potential of the formal teaching/learning process for inculcating, learning/unlearning (as the case may be) and consolidating values. The manner in which teachers are trained has far-reaching implications for the youth in schools, and a systemic inquiry into the structure, role, responsibilities, aims and curricular objectives of teacher education is the obvious starting point. This paper tries to delineate the global normative aims of education as a model for assessing the composition of the teacher education curriculum in Pakistan. It looks at the intended curriculum, bearing in mind that the formal and the active curricula may not necessarily converge. The paper accepts that ethics and values education is still in a formative stage. However, one critical question that will remain open at the philosophical level is “which values should be included?” and this needs to be vigorously researched to establish guidelines that have global consensus. The next crucial question will then be “how best to teach to ensure that these ethics and values are internalised by learners?”
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-15
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 15 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour un accès équitable à l'enseignement supérieur : analyse d'une politique éducative d'incitation ciblée
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-15
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Social inequality with regard to education seems to be mainly the result of two factors: the reduced success of certain socio-economical categories within the education system and distinct educational requirements once the compulsory education period is over. In this article, we shall focus on the inequality stemming from the choices and personal decisions of individuals by highlighting the influence of social origins as a factor capable of inducing an under-investment in education. Thus, we shall examine how an auto-selection process contributes to the iniquity of the education system. This analysis is based on the theoretical framework of human capital investment developed by Gary Becker (1964) and principally underlines the effects of expectations, uncertainty and cost perception in the differences in evaluations of the profitability of education according to social background. It brings to light reflections on the educational policy.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-9
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 10 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'université et ses communautés
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-9
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This article analyses the engagement of universities with the community in three domains: the consequences of the university simply “being there”, contractual and other partnerships, and the relationship between the institution and its members. The consequences are then explored for the values espoused and practiced by the universities, including the possibility of their codification into a set of “ten commandments”.
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  • 21
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-17
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Redéfinir la concurrence de manière constructive : Les enjeux de la privatisation, de la concurrence et d'une politique publique fondée sur le marché aux États-Unis
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-17
    Keywords: Education ; United States
    Abstract: In the United States, the relationship between state governments and public colleges and universities is being redefined with new notions of autonomy and accountability, and with funding policies that are highly market-driven (often referred to as “privatisation”) as the centrepieces. Situations and institutional strategies unthinkable only a few years ago are becoming increasingly commonplace. For instance, a few business and law schools at public institutions are moving toward privatisation, distancing themselves from both the states and their parent universities. While American higher education has traditionally been competitive and market driven, emerging state market-based policies, which will clearly benefit some types of institutions over others, are further intensifying the competition with a variety of effects at the institutional and sector levels. Entrepreneurial or commercial activities may provide the additional resources individual institutions need to fulfil their public purpose. However, when all institutions pursue the same set of competitive strategies, no one gains an advantage. Institutions run harder to stay in place. The cumulative effect of competition may also work against important social objectives such as affordability and access. This paper explores the challenges that the current competitive environment creates for institutional leaders in the United States. It acknowledges that the competitive environment will not abate and suggests that by competing in different ways, over different objectives, with different purposes, US higher education might better meet its social objectives of increased access, lower cost and enhanced quality.
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  • 22
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-24
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'impact du classement des établissements sur la prise de décision dans l'enseignement supérieur
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-24
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: As the battle for “world class excellence” accelerates, competition for students, faculty, finance and researchers between higher education institutions, nationally and internationally, has intensified. In this environment, the results of formally and relatively benign benchmarking exercises have taken on increased prominence and importance elevating the popularity and notoriety of league tables and ranking systems. To date, critical attention has focused on assessing the methodology behind these different systems and asking whether the resultant tables provide reliable information or denote quality. In contrast, this paper examines what impact, if any, league tables and ranking systems are having on higher education institution decision making. Drawing on a comprehensive survey of higher education leaders and senior managers worldwide, the paper aims to better understand the influences on strategic and operational decision making and choices, and institutional reputation and prestige. The study raises important challenges for both institutional leaders and governments.
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  • 23
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-23
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Academic Performance, Students' Background and Affirmative Action at a Brazilian University
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-23
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ce rapport présente les résultats d’une étude approfondie consacrée à la réussite des étudiants de premier cycle admis à l’Université d’État de Campinas (Unicamp), au Brésil, de 1994 à 1997, au regard de leur milieu socio-économique d’origine et de leur parcours scolaire. Cette étude repose sur la modélisation hiérarchique des différentes variables à l’œuvre. Il ressort principalement de cette analyse que les étudiants issus de milieux défavorisés, tant sur le plan éducatif que socio-économique, affichent une meilleure performance relative que les autres. Nous analysons par ailleurs la politique de discrimination positive mise en œuvre à Unicamp dans le cadre des admissions en premier cycle – sous l’impulsion de cette découverte, notamment – et présentons ensuite certaines données probantes issues d’une première évaluation de l’impact de cette politique. Nous formulons enfin une série de remarques concernant les répercussions de l’étude, et du programme mis en œuvre par la suite à Unicamp, sur le débat actuel entourant le bien-fondé des politiques de discrimination positive facilitant l’accès aux établissements d’enseignement supérieur brésiliens. par Renato H.L. Pedrosa, J. Norberto W. Dachs, Rafael P. Maia and Cibele Y. Andrade, Benilton S. Carvalho
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  • 24
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-18
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nigéria, d'un système universitaire dominé par les établissements publics aux initiatives politiques favorables à l'essor des universités privées : moteurs et entraves
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-18
    Keywords: Education ; Nigeria
    Abstract: This study evaluated the precipitating and debilitating factors that occurred in the emergence and growth of the private university system in Nigeria. Three research questions guided the analysis and examined enrolment patterns in seven pre-2003 private universities, students’ preferences for enrolment and the factors that encouraged and discouraged their emergence and growth in Nigeria. Data was gathered from published documents, research reports, government releases, memos, newspapers and the Internet and then analysed qualitatively, using tables and simple percentage computations. The study found that the private university system, having suffered an initial setback in the 1980s, has renewed success today because of the obvious failure of the public university system to adequately address multiple problems such as access, quality, funding, strikes, cultism, stability of the academic calendar –- which the private system has been able to overcome more effectively. However, it was noted that the private system is prohibitively expensive for the majority of qualified but indigent prospective applicants. The study recommends, in addition to special scholarship programmes, the design of a special student aid programme, accompanied by a traceable and institutionalised repayment system based on models found in certain developed countries. by Gboyega Ilusanya and S.A. Oyebade
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  • 25
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-21
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Universities, the State and the Market: Changing Patterns of University Governance in Sweden and Beyond
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-21
    Keywords: Education ; Sweden
    Abstract: Ce document analyse l’évolution des modèles de gouvernance universitaire due aux exigences accrues de la société, mais également à une pénétration massive de l’idéologie managériale dans toutes les formes d’institutions. La réflexion proposée utilise à cet effet un cadre théorique axé principalement sur deux mécanismes de gouvernance appliqués dans les systèmes sociaux, à savoir le contrôle de l’accès et le contrôle des performances. Ceux-ci relèvent d’un ensemble de facteurs d’homogénéisation plus vaste, que les nouveaux institutionnalistes appellent (1) forces coercitives, (2) forces normatives et (3) forces mimétiques. S’appuyant sur ce cadre théorique pour analyser l’évolution des universités suédoises, l’auteur conclut que leur gouvernance a subi de profondes mutations. Les forces coercitives, autrefois exercées via une gestion budgétaire détaillée, se sont manifestées ces dernières années par le biais de la représentation au sein des organes de direction et du choix des dirigeants universitaires. Cette transition s’est opérée au détriment des forces normatives. Parallèlement, les doctrines managériales modernes sont à l’origine de puissantes forces mimétiques.
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  • 26
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-15
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 15 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La mondialisation, 〈〈 l'Idée d'une université 〉〉 et ses codes d'éthique
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-15
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper sketches the impact of globalisation and internationalisation on the terrain of values and ethics in higher education. The first part of the paper discusses values and ethics in higher education in relation to the "Idea of a University", and identifies the ethical regimes essential to the functioning of HEIs as knowledge-forming organisations. The second part draws out implications of globalisation. Globalisation together with the strengthening of executive steering are associated with the partial "disembedding" of higher education institutions from their national governments, along with a pluralisation both of their spheres of operation and the range of private goods and public goods they produce and of the public they serve. This raises new questions about the governance and management of the values and ethical regimes associated with global goods, e.g. the obligations of communicability, mutuality, academic freedom, the protection of persons in higher education suggested by cross-border relationships, and the modes whereby these values and ethics are promoted.
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  • 27
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-42
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 43 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. League Tables as Policy Instruments: Uses and Misuses
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-42
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Cet article porte sur le rôle et l’utilité des classements d’établissements d’enseignement supérieur, qui sont de plus en plus utilisés pour mesurer et comparer les résultats des universités. Nous présenterons dans un premier temps une vue d’ensemble ainsi qu’une typologie de ces palmarès et analyserons par la suite les controverses qu’ils suscitent, notamment les fondements et la diversité des critiques exprimées, la valeur des indicateurs employés pour évaluer la qualité et les conditions pouvant favoriser ou désavantager les universités dans ces exercices. En conclusion, nous examinerons les implications que les classements d’universités peuvent avoir sur les politiques nationales et sur les pratiques des établissements, dans les pays en développement comme dans les pays industrialisés.
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  • 28
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-16
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Internationalisation of Higher Education in the Era of Globalisation: What have been its Implications in China and Japan?
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-16
    Keywords: Education ; China, People’s Republic ; Japan
    Abstract: Cet article décrit l’internationalisation de l’enseignement supérieur à l’ère de la mondialisation en Chine et au Japon. Il présente les thèmes suivants : les liens existant entre l’internationalisation et la mondialisation ; les caractères principaux de l’internationalisation de l’enseignement supérieur ; une comparaison entre la Chine et le Japon ; une discussion des effets de la mondialisation à partir d’études de cas dans les deux pays. La conclusion indique que la mondialisation a entraîné de nouveaux changements dans l’internationalisation de l’enseignement supérieur en Chine et au Japon, mais n’y a pas modifié le fond du processus.
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  • 29
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-15
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Responsabilité individuelle et institutionnelle des chercheurs en cas de fraude scientifique : valeurs et éthique
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-15
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: How have university institutions generally tackled the fight against scientific fraud? We intend to throw light on the very process of public disclosure of scientific fraud, as it has transformed in the last 30 years within the framework of scientific research institutions. By focusing our analysis on the “denunciation process”, we intend to refer to the dual issue of the researcher’s individual liability on the one hand and the institutional liability of the structures on the other. Passing from the individual stage, which involves criteria such as the truth of the research, to an institutional stage, which involves common ethical references, the analysis will highlight that the issue of research integrity (the accuracy of an assumption made by the researcher and its actual object) has been replaced by an ethical value more widely shared by the international scientific community. Chapter 3 below will demonstrate that this ethical value can be defined either as “confidence in science as a whole” or “the duty of objectivity relative to freedom of research”. The disclosure of scientific fraud is not only a private stage on which an “individual drama” is unfolding, involving the researcher’s personal conscience or that of their closer associates; it is a “public stage” where inter-subjective references clash with collective values. This switch from private issue to institutional context has yet to be clarified in the knowledge society; while we know exactly what standards in terms of ethics and deontology are being breached by researchers when they do not comply with truth criteria, the collective institutional values involved in the case of scientific fraud have still to be examined...
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  • 30
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-14
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 15 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Academic Values, Institutional Management and Public Policies
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-14
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Si les impacts sur l’enseignement supérieur des politiques et des revenus liés au marché ne sont pas uniformes, la mondialisation a toutefois exposé la plupart des établissements à de nouvelles pressions. Les modèles de financement public élaborés il y a 50 ans ont sous-estimé le coût total de l’enseignement supérieur de masse en tant que droit pour tous, tandis que la quantité des ressources nécessaires pour maintenir une université de recherche polyvalente exige, pour la majorité des établissements, un équilibre plus nuancé entre recherche et enseignement. Ces mêmes pressions menacent l’accès équitable si l’augmentation des frais de scolarité n’est pas compensée en totalité par une aide financière adaptée et fondée sur les besoins, alors même qu’en l’absence de pressions sur les frais de scolarité, l’accroissement de la participation non consolidée des étudiants nuit à la qualité de l’enseignement supérieur. Dans ce contexte, la hausse des besoins en financement est souvent justifiée par des objectifs utilitaires affectant les ambitions de la recherche et de la mission professorale et corrompant l’équilibre de l’évolution des programmes d’études. En revanche, l’élargissement de la gamme de sources de revenus disponibles engendre des occasions pour les établissements de fixer des priorités plus créatives et moins réglementées. Les impacts potentiels des intérêts privés sur l’enseignement supérieur sont bien connus mais une dépendance au financement par l’État – dépendance souvent singulière et témoignant d’une certaine vulnérabilité politique – peut être à même de détourner les valeurs universitaires. Au moment où les établissements d’enseignement supérieur clarifient leurs valeurs afin de faire front aux pressions mondiales pour fournir un enseignement supérieur de masse et pour satisfaire les besoins de l’économie du savoir, ils doivent également remplir leur rôle de pôles d’imagination, d’innovation, de débat, de scepticisme et de questionnement. Ces valeurs sont elles aussi essentielles à l’heure où les décideurs de l’enseignement supérieur cherchent à se confronter aux évolutions qu’ils doivent eux-mêmes instaurer dans leurs établissements.
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  • 31
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-27
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 28 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Values, Principles and Integrity: Academic and Professional Standards in Higher Education
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-27
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ce document s'appuie principalement sur les quelque 300 réponses recueillies lors d'une enquête réalisée par Internet auprès d'universitaires britanniques et portant sur leurs valeurs personnelles et professionnelles ainsi que sur l'idée qu'ils se faisaient des valeurs qui devraient sous-tendre l'enseignement supérieur. Leur perception de la réalité actuelle du point de vue des politiques et des procédures nationales ainsi que leurs attentes en matière de gestion des établissements, étayées par des exemples d'événements qui les ont perturbés, soulèvent des questions sur la santé à long terme du système d'enseignement supérieur tel qu'on le conçoit généralement. Ce projet pilote visait à ouvrir le débat sur le degré de compatibilité des valeurs et des normes traditionnelles avec la mise en place d'un enseignement supérieur de masse, ainsi que sur l'accent mis par le gouvernement sur le rôle économique de l'enseignement supérieur. Les résultats s'inscrivent dans un cadre théorique s'inspirant des modèles mis en place par Clark (1983), Becher et Kogan (1992) et l'auteur (McNay, 1995, 2005a).
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  • 32
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    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-17
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 17 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Globalisation, the "Idea of a University" and its Ethical Regimes
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-17
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ce rapport décrit dans ses grandes lignes l’incidence de la mondialisation et de l’internationalisation du point de vue des valeurs et de l’éthique dans l’enseignement supérieur. La première partie examine les valeurs et l’éthique dans l’enseignement supérieur par rapport à « l’Idée d’une université » et identifie les codes d’éthique essentiels au fonctionnement des établissements d’enseignement supérieur en tant qu’organisations créatrices de savoirs. La deuxième partie détermine les implications de la mondialisation. La mondialisation et le renforcement des fonctions de pilotage des établissements d’enseignement supérieur sont liés à la « dissociation » partielle de ces derniers de leurs gouvernements nationaux respectifs, à la multiplication de leurs domaines d’activité ainsi qu’à l’élargissement de la gamme de biens privés et publics qu’ils produisent, et à la diversification des publics qu’ils desservent. De nouvelles questions se posent donc concernant la gouvernance et la gestion des valeurs et des codes d’éthique associés aux biens mondiaux, tels par exemple les obligations de communicabilité, de réciprocité, de liberté universitaire et la protection des personnes dans l’enseignement supérieur mises en évidence par les relations transnationales, et les modalités selon lesquelles les valeurs et l’éthique sont favorisées.
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  • 33
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-25
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 27 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Human Resources in Higher Education: The Implications of a Diversifying Workforce
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-25
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les capacités des ressources humaines sont désormais une dimension capitale pour les universités modernes sous l’effet des pressions croissantes exercées par les pouvoirs publics et par les marchés mondiaux. Il s’ensuit, en particulier lorsque l’établissement est l’employeur, que les attentes du personnel et des établissements concernant les modalités et conditions d’emploi ainsi que les aspects plus généraux de la vie professionnelle se transforment, ce qui a une incidence sur l’identité des universitaires et des professionnels. Même dans les systèmes différents, en Europe par exemple où l’État est l’employeur effectif, les établissements accordent une plus grande attention aux moyens possibles de s’adapter à ces mutations. Cet article examine les questions essentielles en rapport avec la gestion des ressources humaines dans l’enseignement supérieur, les défis à relever dans ce domaine et certaines des conséquences de ces changements.
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  • 34
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-21
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion des ressources humaines dans l'enseignement supérieur : La diversification des fonctions et ses conséquences
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-21
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Human resource capacity has become a critical issue for contemporary universities as a result of increasing pressures from governments and global markets. As a consequence, particularly where the institution is the employer, changes are occurring in the expectations of staff and institutions about employment terms and conditions, as well as the broader aspects of working life, and this is affecting academic and professional identities. Even under different regimes, for instance, in Europe, with the government in effect as the employer, institutions are giving greater attention to ways in which they might respond to these developments. This paper considers key issues and challenges in human resource management in higher education, and some of the implications of these changes.
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  • 35
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-20
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Performance scolaire, origine des étudiants et discrimination positive dans une université brésilienne
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-20
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper describes the results of a detailed study relating the performance of undergraduate students admitted to Brazil’s State University of Campinas (Unicamp) from 1994 through 1997 and their socioeconomic and educational background. The study is based on a hierarchical model for the relevant variables involved. The main result is that students coming from disadvantaged backgrounds, in both educational and socioeconomic aspects, have a higher relative performance than their complementary group. We report on an affirmative action programme established at Unicamp for undergraduate admissions, partially motivated by those findings, and present evidence from an initial evaluation showing the programme’s positive impact. Finally, we comment on the effect this study and the Unicamp programme have had on the present debate about affirmative action access policies in Brazilian higher education institutions. by Renato H.L. Pedrosa, J. Norberto W. Dachs, Rafael P. Maia and Cibele Y. Andrade, Benilton S. Carvalho
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  • 36
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-10
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 11 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The University and Its Communities
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-10
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Cet article analyse l'engagement des universités auprès de leur communauté dans trois domaines : les conséquences de la simple présence de l'université, les partenariats contractuels ou d'autres natures et la relation entre l'établissement et ses membres. Sont ensuite explorées les répercussions sur les valeurs adoptées et mises en pratique dans les universités, notamment la possibilité de les codifier en un ensemble de "dix commandements".
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  • 37
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    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-38
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les palmarès d'universités comme moyens d'action : Usages et abus
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-38
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This article examines the role and usefulness of league tables that are increasingly used to measure and compare the performance of tertiary education institutions. The article begins with a general overview and a typology of league tables. It continues with a discussion of the controversies they have generated, including the basis and the range of criticism they have invited, the merit of indicators they use as measures of quality, and the potential conditions that place universities at an advantage or a disadvantage in ranking exercises. The paper ends with a discussion of implications of league tables for national policies and institutional practices both in the developing world and in industrial countries.
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  • 38
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-20
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Redefining Competition Constructively: The Challenges of Privatisation, Competition and Market-based State Policy in the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-20
    Keywords: Education ; United States
    Abstract: Aux États-Unis, les relations entre le gouvernement des États et les colleges et universités publics sont en train d’être redéfinies à partir des notions nouvelles d’autonomie et de transparence et de politiques de financement fortement régies par le marché (souvent taxées de « privatisation »), qui en constituent la clef de voûte. Des situations et des stratégies institutionnelles encore impensables naguère se rencontrent de plus en plus fréquemment. Par exemple, quelques écoles de commerce et facultés de droit faisant partie intégrante d’établissements publics sont engagées sur la voie de la privatisation et prennent de ce fait leurs distances avec l’État et avec leur université d’origine. Si l’enseignement supérieur américain a toujours été concurrentiel et soumis aux forces du marché, les nouvelles politiques publiques néo-libérales, qui avantageront clairement certains types d’établissements par rapport à d’autres, intensifient encore cette concurrence, dont les effets se font diversement sentir au niveau des établissements et du secteur. Les activités entrepreneuriales ou commerciales apportent peut-être à un établissement les ressources supplémentaires dont il a besoin pour remplir sa fonction d’établissement public. Néanmoins, quand tous les établissements poursuivent les mêmes stratégies de concurrence, aucun n’y trouve plus son avantage. Les établissements tournent à un régime supérieur pour conserver la même place. L’effet cumulatif de la concurrence peut aussi aller à l’encontre de la réalisation d’importants objectifs sociaux, tels que l’abordabilité et l’accessibilité des établissements. Dans cet article, nous examinons les problèmes que pose l’environnement concurrentiel actuel aux responsables des établissements d’enseignement supérieur aux États-Unis. Nous reconnaissons que la concurrence ne faiblira pas et nous suggérons qu’en rivalisant autrement, en visant d’autres objectifs et en poursuivant d’autres buts, l’enseignement supérieur américain pourrait mieux remplir ses objectifs sociaux que sont l’élargissement de l’accès, la réduction des coûts et l’amélioration de la qualité.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-20
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. From Public University Dominance to Private University Policy Initiatives in Nigeria: The Push and Pull Factors
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-20
    Keywords: Education ; Nigeria
    Abstract: L’objet de cet article était d’identifier les moteurs et les entraves à l’œuvre dans l’émergence et l’essor du système universitaire privé au Nigéria. Trois axes de recherche ont ainsi été définis pour orienter notre analyse, à savoir la structure des inscriptions dans sept universités privées établies avant 2003, les demandes d’inscription préférentielles des étudiants, et enfin les facteurs ayant favorisé ou entravé l’émergence et le développement du système universitaire privé au Nigéria. Notre base de données a été constituée à partir de publications, de rapports de recherche, de communiqués officiels, de notes de synthèse, d’articles de presse et de sites Web, puis nous avons procédé à une analyse qualitative de ces données, étayée par une série de tableaux et de simples calculs de pourcentages. La conclusion de notre étude est la suivante : ayant tout d’abord subi un net repli dans les années 1980, le système universitaire privé au Nigéria est à l’heure actuelle en pleine expansion, en raison de l’incapacité évidente du système public à faire face à de nombreux problèmes liés notamment à l’accès, à la qualité, au financement, aux grèves, au sectarisme religieux, ou encore à la stabilité du calendrier universitaire – autant de points que le système privé est parvenu à maîtriser dans une plus large mesure. Notre analyse nous conduit toutefois à souligner que l’accès au système universitaire privé a un coût prohibitif pour la plupart des candidats potentiels qualifiés, issus de milieux défavorisés. Enfin, cette étude recommande, outre des dispositifs spéciaux d’octroi de bourses, la mise en œuvre d’un programme spécifique d’aide aux étudiants, associé à un système de remboursement traçable et institutionnalisé s’inspirant des modèles adoptés dans certains pays développés. par Gboyega Ilusanya et S.A. Oyebade
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-17
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les liens entre l'image de marque et l'évolution des organisations
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-17
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Increased national and international competition within higher education has triggered an interest in branding within the sector. Higher education institutions are, as a consequence, currently re-examining their profile and image. This article addresses the problems higher education institutions face in this process, and points to the benefits and dangers of branding as a strategy for survival in the higher education market. The aim of the article is to investigate the potential relationship between branding and organisational change. Drawing on recent insight into organisational theory, we discuss how branding, a process of linking organisational identity and the external image of a given organisation, can enhance institutional development and stimulate organisational change. We conclude that while a branding process with these characteristics is necessarily incremental and on-going, it can also maintain the social responsibility of higher education even in a period when the sector is becoming an industry.
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  • 41
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-18
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Relationship Between Branding and Organisational Change
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 1, p. 1-18
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: À mesure que la concurrence nationale et internationale s’intensifie dans l’enseignement supérieur, le souci de l’image de marque devient de plus en plus manifeste : désormais, les établissements d’enseignement supérieur réexaminent leur notoriété et leur image à l’extérieur. Cet article traite des problèmes qu’ils connaissent à cet égard, et met en lumière les avantages et les dangers d’une stratégie de l’image de marque adoptée pour survivre sur le marché de l’enseignement supérieur. Le but est d’étudier les liens potentiels existant entre l’image de marque et l’évolution des organisations. À partir d’avancées récentes sur la théorie des organisations, on examine comment la stratégie de l’image de marque, comprise au sens de processus de rapprochement entre l’identité de l’organisation et son image extérieure, peut renforcer le développement des établissements et stimuler l’évolution des organisations. L’article se conclut en soulignant qu’une stratégie de l’image de marque ayant ces caractéristiques devra nécessairement être progressive et continue, mais pourra également préserver la responsabilité sociale de l’enseignement supérieur, alors même qu’il devient un secteur marchand.
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  • 42
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-12
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 13 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Valeurs universitaires, gestion des établissements et politiques publiques
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-12
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The impacts of market-related policies and revenues on higher education are not uniform but globalisation has opened most institutions to new pressures. The public funding models developed 50 years ago underestimated the full cost of mass higher education as an entitlement while the sheer scale of resources needed to sustain a comprehensive research university demand a more nuanced balance of research and teaching for most institutions. These same pressures threaten equitable access if rising tuition fees are not fully matched by adequate need-based financial aid while in the absence of tuition pressures, unfunded increases in student participation undermines the quality of higher education. In this environment, justifications of increased funding are often based on utilitarian goals affecting the motives of research and scholarship and distorting the balance of curricular developments. In contrast, the increased range of revenue streams has created opportunities for more creative and less regulated institutional priorities. The potential impacts of private interests on higher education are well recognised but a politically vulnerable and often singular dependency on state funding is also capable of deflecting academic values. As institutions of higher education clarify their values to cope with global pressures to provide mass higher education and to meet the needs of the knowledge economy, they must also serve as places of imagination, innovation, disputation, scepticism and questioning. Those values are also critical as leaders in higher education attempt to confront themselves with the changes that they themselves need to make to their institutions.
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  • 43
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-24
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Périphéries et centres : Les universités de recherche dans les pays en développement
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-24
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The research university is a central institution of the 21st century – providing access to global science, producing basic and applied research, and educating key leaders for academe and society. Worldwide, there are very few research universities – they are expensive to develop and support, and the pressures of massification have placed priorities elsewhere. For developing countries, research universities are especially rare, and yet they are especially important as key ingredients for economic and social progress. This article argues for the importance of research universities in developing countries and points out some of the challenges that such institutions face.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-28
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Peripheries and Centres: Research Universities in Developing Countries
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 2, p. 1-28
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’université de recherche est une institution fondamentale du XXIe siècle : elle donne accès à la science mondiale, effectue des travaux de recherche fondamentale et appliquée et forme des chefs de file clés pour l’université et la société. Il existe très peu d’universités de recherche dans le monde : en effet, leur mise en place et leur entretien nécessitent de lourds investissements, et les pressions exercées par la massification de l’enseignement supérieur ont placé les priorités ailleurs. Les universités de recherche sont encore plus rares dans les pays en développement, où elles revêtent pourtant une importance particulière en tant que déterminants fondamentaux du progrès économique et social. Cet article défend la cause des universités de recherche dans les pays en développement et attire l’attention sur quelques-uns des défis auxquels elles sont confrontées.
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  • 45
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    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-16
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fair Access to Higher Education: Analysis of a Targeted Incentive Educational Policy
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 20, no. 1, p. 1-16
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’inégalité des chances face à l’éducation semble résulter majoritairement de deux phénomènes : d’une réussite moindre de certains milieux socio-économiques au sein du système scolaire et de demandes d’éducation distinctes, une fois la période de scolarité obligatoire achevée. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à l’inégalité provenant des choix et décisions privées des individus en désignant l’influence du milieu d’origine comme un facteur capable d’induire un sous investissement éducatif. Ainsi, nous envisageons de quelle manière un processus d’auto-sélection participe à l’iniquité du système éducatif. Cette analyse s’appuie sur le cadre théorique de l’investissement en capital humain développé par Gary Becker (1964) et met principalement en perspective les effets des anticipations, de la perception de l’incertitude et celle des coûts, dans les écarts d’évaluation de la rentabilité de l’éducation selon les milieux. Il en ressort des réflexions en termes de politique éducative.
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  • 46
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90606-5
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Education (general) ; Biografieforschung ; Lehrbuch ; Biografieforschung
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  • 47
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90497-9
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Education ; Education (general) ; Schulpolitik. ; Governance. ; Schulpolitik ; Governance
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90675-1
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Politische Wissenschaft ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Political science ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Education (general) ; Political Science ; Familiensoziologie ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Familiensoziologie
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  • 49
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90492-4
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Education ; Education & Society ; Politische Bildung. ; Demokratie. ; Fähigkeit. ; Unterricht. ; Politische Bildung ; Demokratie ; Fähigkeit ; Unterricht
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  • 50
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90731-4
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
    RVK:
    Keywords: Erziehung ; Politische Wissenschaft ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Political science ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Education (general) ; Political Science ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Leitbild. ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Leitbild
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  • 51
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90603-4
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Education (general) ; Skinhead ; Rechtsradikalismus ; Deutschland. ; Skinhead ; Rechtsradikalismus
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  • 52
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90539-6
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Education (general) ; Bildungssystem ; Kind. ; Migrationshintergrund. ; Jugend. ; Schule. ; Ausländischer Jugendlicher. ; Soziale Integration ; Deutschland. ; Bildungssystem ; Kind ; Migrationshintergrund ; Bildungssystem ; Jugend ; Migrationshintergrund ; Schule ; Ausländischer Jugendlicher ; Soziale Integration
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  • 53
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90409-2
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Social sciences ; Social Sciences, general ; Education (general) ; Biografieforschung ; Einzelfallhilfe ; Lehrbuch ; Biografieforschung ; Einzelfallhilfe
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  • 54
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90583-9
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
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    Keywords: Geschichte ; Erziehung ; Education ; Education (general) ; Droge ; Rausch. ; Wahrnehmung ; Erfahrung. ; Soziale Konstruktion. ; Offenes Interview ; Kultur. ; Droge ; Rausch ; Wahrnehmung ; Erfahrung ; Soziale Konstruktion ; Offenes Interview ; Droge ; Rausch ; Soziale Konstruktion ; Kultur ; Geschichte
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  • 55
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer e-books
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90553-2
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer e-books
    RVK:
    Keywords: Erziehung ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Education (general) ; Sozialisation ; Theorie. ; Erkenntnistheorie ; Sozialisation ; Theorie ; Erkenntnistheorie
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  • 56
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    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer e-books
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90639-3
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer e-books
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Education (general) ; Jugend. ; Sozialisation ; Lebensstil ; Soziokultureller Wandel ; Lebenswelt ; Jugendkultur ; Jugendsoziologie ; Lehrbuch ; Jugend ; Sozialisation ; Lebensstil ; Soziokultureller Wandel ; Jugend ; Lebenswelt ; Jugendkultur ; Jugendsoziologie
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  • 57
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    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90757-4
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Edition: 4., überarbeitete Auflage
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Politische Wissenschaft ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Education ; Political science ; Social sciences ; Sociology ; Social Sciences, general ; Education (general) ; Political Science ; Statistik. ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Statistik ; Sozialwissenschaften
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  • 58
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    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden,
    In:  Springer eBooks
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90330-9
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer eBooks
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Education ; Education (general) ; Sozialarbeit ; Sozialraum. ; Handlungsorientierung ; Sozialraumanalyse ; Sozialpädagogik. ; Lehrbuch ; Sozialarbeit ; Sozialraum ; Handlungsorientierung ; Sozialraumanalyse ; Sozialpädagogik
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  • 59
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    Wiesbaden :VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften / GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Weisbaden,
    In:  Springer e-books
    ISBN: 978-3-531-90526-6
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource : , v.: digital.
    Titel der Quelle: Springer e-books
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    Keywords: Erziehung ; Education ; Education (general) ; Multikulturelle Gesellschaft ; Stadtviertel. ; Kind ; Soziale Integration ; Baden-Württemberg. ; Kalifornien. ; Multikulturelle Gesellschaft ; Stadtviertel ; Kind ; Soziale Integration
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chaudhury, Nazmul Conditional Cash Transfers And Female Schooling
    Keywords: Adults ; Education ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education System ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Female Children ; Female Education ; Female Enrollment ; Female Schooling ; Female Students ; Gender ; Gender Disparity ; Gender and Education ; Literacy ; Primary Education ; Private Secondary Schoo ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Adults ; Education ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education System ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Female Children ; Female Education ; Female Enrollment ; Female Schooling ; Female Students ; Gender ; Gender Disparity ; Gender and Education ; Literacy ; Primary Education ; Private Secondary Schoo ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Adults ; Education ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education System ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Female Children ; Female Education ; Female Enrollment ; Female Schooling ; Female Students ; Gender ; Gender Disparity ; Gender and Education ; Literacy ; Primary Education ; Private Secondary Schoo ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: Instead of mean-tested conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs, some countries have implemented gender-targeted CCTs to explicitly address intra-household disparities in human capital investments. This study focuses on addressing the direct impact of a female school stipend program in Punjab, Pakistan: Did the intervention increase female enrollment in public schools? To address this question, the authors draw on data from the provincial school censuses of 2003 and 2005. They estimate the net growth in female enrollments in grades 6-8 in stipend eligible schools. Impact evaluation analysis, including difference-and-difference (DD), triple differencing (DDD), and regression-discontinuity design (RDD) indicate a modest but statistically significant impact of the intervention. The preferred estimator derived from a combination of DDD and RDD empirical strategies suggests that the average program impact between 2003 and 2005 was an increase of six female students per school in terms of absolute change and an increase of 9 percent in female enrollment in terms of relative change. A triangulation effort is also undertaken using two rounds of a nationally representative household survey before and after the intervention. Even though the surveys are not representative at the subprovincial level, the results corroborate evidence of the impact using school census data
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Justesen, Michael Factors Impacting Youth Development In Haiti
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Domestic Violence ; Drug Abuse ; Early Sexual Initiation ; Education ; Families ; Female Adolescents ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Male Peers ; Physical Abuse ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Risk Factors ; Role Models ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Domestic Violence ; Drug Abuse ; Early Sexual Initiation ; Education ; Families ; Female Adolescents ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Male Peers ; Physical Abuse ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Risk Factors ; Role Models ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Domestic Violence ; Drug Abuse ; Early Sexual Initiation ; Education ; Families ; Female Adolescents ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Male Peers ; Physical Abuse ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Risk Factors ; Role Models ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: Of the 1.6 million Haitian youth aged 15-24, only 13 percent are content with their lives. More than half of 20-year-olds have not completed secondary education and nearly half of youth in the labor market are unemployed. This paper investigates protective and risk factors predisposing youth to positive and negative behaviors. These factors, including poverty, gender, education, labor market, migration, family, health, and violence, are examined by using statistics and probability models based on Haiti's first household living conditions survey. Key findings show that female youth need special attention because they are more likely than their male peers to drop out of school and to be unemployed or inactive. Role models, guidance, expectations, and contacts in the form of parents or household heads are decisive factors in keeping youth in school, and to some extent, in their finding employment. In addition, domestic migration has a negative impact on the probability of being unemployed or inactive (positive self-selection), while marriage, drug abuse, and domestic violence increase the probability of dropping out of school
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Barrera-Osorio, Felipe The Impact of Private Provision of Public Education
    Keywords: Academic Achievement ; Disability ; Dropout Rates ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Educational System ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Learning ; Literature ; Low-Income Students ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Private Education ; Private Schools ; Quality of Education ; Research ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Academic Achievement ; Disability ; Dropout Rates ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Educational System ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Learning ; Literature ; Low-Income Students ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Private Education ; Private Schools ; Quality of Education ; Research ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Academic Achievement ; Disability ; Dropout Rates ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Educational System ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Learning ; Literature ; Low-Income Students ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Private Education ; Private Schools ; Quality of Education ; Research ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: In 1999 the city of Bogota, Colombia launched the concession school program designed to broaden the coverage and quality of basic education. It consists of a contract between a group of private schools and the public educational system such that private agents provide education for low-income students. This paper tests three main hypotheses concerning the impact of concessions on the quality of education: first, dropout rates are lower in concession schools than in similar public schools; second, other public schools nearby the concession schools have lower dropout rates in comparison with other public schools outside the area of influence; and third, test scores from concession schools are higher than scores in similar public schools. The paper presents evidence in favor of the three hypotheses using propensity score and matching estimators
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (96 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hanushek, Eric A The Role of Education Quality For Economic Growth
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adult Literacy ; Cognitive Skills ; Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Education For All Initiative ; Education Policy ; Education for All ; Educational Outcomes ; Educational Quality ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adult Literacy ; Cognitive Skills ; Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Education For All Initiative ; Education Policy ; Education for All ; Educational Outcomes ; Educational Quality ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adult Literacy ; Cognitive Skills ; Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Education For All Initiative ; Education Policy ; Education for All ; Educational Outcomes ; Educational Quality ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment Rates ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: The role of improved schooling, a central part of most development strategies, has become controversial because expansion of school attainment has not guaranteed improved economic conditions. This paper reviews the role of education in promoting economic well-being, focusing on the role of educational quality. It concludes that there is strong evidence that the cognitive skills of the population-rather than mere school attainment-are powerfully related to individual earnings, to the distribution of income, and to economic growth. New empirical results show the importance of both minimal and high-level skills, the complementarity of skills and the quality of economic institutions, and the robustness of the relationship between skills and growth. International comparisons incorporating expanded data on cognitive skills reveal much larger skill deficits in developing countries than generally derived from just school enrollment and attainment. The magnitude of change needed makes it clear that closing the economic gap with industrial countries will require major structural changes in schooling institutions
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arnold, Jens Does Services Liberalization Benefit Manufacturing Firms ?
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While there is considerable empirical evidence on the impact of liberalizing trade in goods, the effects of services liberalization have not been empirically established. Using firm-level data from the Czech Republic for the period 1998-2003, this study examines the link between services sector reforms and the productivity of domestic firms in downstream manufacturing. Several aspects of services reform are considered and measured, namely, the increased presence of foreign providers, privatization, and enhanced competition. The manufacturing-services linkage is measured using information on the degree to which manufacturing firms in a particular industry rely on intermediate inputs from specific services sectors. The econometric results lead to two conclusions. First, the study finds that services policy matters for the productivity of manufacturing firms relying on services inputs. This finding is robust to several econometric specifications, including controlling for unobservable firm heterogeneity and for other aspects of openness. Second, it finds evidence that opening services sectors to foreign providers is a key channel through which services liberalization contributes to improved performance of downstream manufacturing sectors. This finding is robust to instrumenting for the extent of foreign presence in services industries. As most barriers to foreign investment today are not in goods but in services sectors, the findings may strengthen the argument for reform in this area
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9780821370643 , 0821370642
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (lvi, 217 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Series Statement: Seriee Development humain de la religion Afrique
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 370.96623
    Keywords: Education ; Education and state
    Note: Summary in English
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
    ISBN: 9783531905839
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312S. 13 Abb, digital)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Science
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. Korte, Svenja Rauschkonstruktionen
    DDC: 370
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Education ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift ; Droge ; Rausch ; Wahrnehmung ; Erfahrung ; Soziale Konstruktion ; Offenes Interview ; Droge ; Rausch ; Soziale Konstruktion ; Kultur ; Geschichte ; Droge ; Rausch ; Wahrnehmung ; Erfahrung ; Soziale Konstruktion ; Offenes Interview ; Droge ; Rausch ; Soziale Konstruktion ; Kultur ; Geschichte
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 67
    ISBN: 0821368338 , 9780821368336
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (vii, 165 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Series Statement: Berlin Workshop series 2007
    Parallel Title: Reproduktion von Berlin Workshop 〈(8th:2005)〉, Development and the next generation
    DDC: 305.235/5
    Keywords: Erziehung ; Geschichte ; Jugend ; Entwicklungsachse ; Jugend ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Education ; Congresses ; Youth development ; Congresses ; Youth in development ; Congresses ; Youth ; History ; 21st century ; Congresses ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Konferenzschrift ; Entwicklungsachse ; Jugend ; Entwicklungspolitik
    Note: "Presents a selection of papers from meetings held September 12-13, 2005 at the eighth annual Berlin Workshop"--P. 1. - Includes bibliographical references , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:c2007
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Lessons Learned ; Primary Education ; Sustainability
    Abstract: This case study examines the impact of World Bank assistance to the education sector in Mali from 1990-2005. It also examines the ways in which government, donors, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and civil society have responded to the enormous challenges in the sector, and suggests a variety of ways in which the support from all actors, and particularly the Bank, can be improved
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  • 69
    ISBN: 9789264039117
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education Estonia; (Estonian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education Estonia: (Estonian version)
    Keywords: Education ; Estonia
    Abstract: In many OECD countries, tertiary education systems have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. Within governance frameworks that encourage institutions, individually and collectively, to fulfil multiple missions, tertiary education systems must aim for the broad objectives of growth, full employment and social cohesion. In this context, the OECD launched a major review of tertiary education with the participation of 24 nations. The principal objective of the review is to assist countries in understanding how the organisation, management and delivery of tertiary education can help them achieve their economic and social goals. Estonia is one of 14 countries which opted to host a Country Review, in which a team of external reviewers carried out an in-depth analysis of tertiary education policies. This report includes: an overview of Estonia's tertiary education system; an account of trends and developments in tertiary education in Estonia; an analysis of the strengths and challenges in tertiary education in Estonia; and recommendations for future policy development. This review of tertiary education in Estonia forms part of the OECD Thematic Review of Tertiary Education, a project conducted between 2004 and 2008.
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264064690
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (182 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Higher Education and Regions; Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Enseignement supérieur et régions ; Concurrence mondiale, engagement local
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Higher Education and Regions: Globally Competitive, Locally Engaged
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Enseignement supérieur et régions : Concurrence mondiale, engagement local
    Keywords: Education ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Pocas instituciones de educación superior enfocan sus estrategias con miras a su contribución al desarrollo de la región en la que se sitúan. Particularmente para las universidades más antiguas o que poseen un marcado perfil investigador, y que se concentran más en su reputación y en la búsqueda del conocimiento, sin considerar su entorno más cercano. Sin embargo, las políticas públicas al respecto han empezado a cambiar. La posición nacional e internacional y el compromiso regional de las instituciones de educación superior ahora son considerados como complementos y existe un nuevo enfoque en la competitividad regional asociada a ellas y en los sistemas de innovación regional. Se espera que las instituciones de educación superior se comprometan con otros actores en la región, incluyendo a las empresas privadas y a los pequeños negocios. Asimismo, deben ofrecer oportunidades de educación continua y contribuir al desarrollo de empleos basados en el conocimiento, los cuales permitirán a los graduados encontrar empleos locales y permanecer en sus comunidades. ¿Cómo pueden las instituciones de educación superior enfrentarse a este reto? La presente publicación explora un amplio abanico de medidas de políticas y reformas institucionales. A través de un extenso estudio de 14 regiones a través de 12 países, así como de estudios regionales de la OECD, se considera el compromiso regional de las instituciones de educación superior con respecto a la enseñanza, la investigación y los servicios a la comunidad. El informe ofrece respuestas a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Qué significa el compromiso regional de las instituciones de educación superior? ¿Cuáles son sus motores y sus obstáculos? ¿Qué significa el compromiso regional en términos de administración y gobernanza para las instituciones de educación superior, la región y el país en su conjunto? ¿Cómo se adecua el compromiso regional con la búsqueda de la excelencia académica a nivel mundial?
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-18
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les universités entre l'État et le marché : Evolution des modes de gouvernance universitaire en Suède et ailleurs
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 19, no. 3, p. 1-18
    Keywords: Education ; Sweden
    Abstract: This paper analyses changes in the governance of universities as a result of growing demands from society as well as of a strong penetration of management ideology into all kinds of institutions. For this purpose the paper uses a theoretical framework focusing on two governance mechanisms in social systems: entry control and performance control. These belong to a larger set of homogenising forces, which the new institutionalists label as (1) coercive, (2) normative and (3) mimetic. Using this theoretical framework to analyse the development of Swedish universities, the author concludes that their governance has undergone a considerable change. Coercive forces that were previously exercised through detailed budgeting have, in recent years, been operating through representation in leading bodies and through the selection of university leaders. This has occurred through a crowding out of normative forces. At the same time there have been strong mimetic forces based on modern management ideas.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264039131
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education Poland; (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education Poland: (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Poland
    Keywords: Studium ; Polen ; Education ; Poland
    Abstract: In many OECD countries, tertiary education systems have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. With tertiary education increasingly seen as a fundamental pillar for economic growth, these systems must now address the pressures of a globalising economy and labour market. Within governance frameworks that encourage institutions, individually and collectively, to fulfil multiple missions, tertiary education systems must aim for the broad objectives of growth, full employment and social cohesion. In this context, the OECD launched a major review of tertiary education with the participation of 24 nations. The principal objective of the review is to assist countries in understanding how the organisation, management and delivery of tertiary education can help them achieve their economic and social goals. Poland is one of 14 countries which opted to host a Country Review, in which a team of external reviewers carried out an in-depth analysis of tertiary education policies. This report includes: an overview of Poland's tertiary education system; an account of trends and developments in tertiary education in Poland; an analysis of the strengths and challenges in tertiary education in Poland; and recommendations for future policy development. This review of tertiary education in Poland forms part of the OECD Thematic Review of Tertiary Education, a project conducted between 2004 and 2008.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 0415417007 , 0415417015 , 0203944917 , 9780415417006 , 9780415417013 , 9780203944912
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (x, 210 p) , ill
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2009 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Parallel Title: Print version The Literacy Game : The Story of The National Literacy Strategy
    DDC: 302.2/2440941
    Keywords: National Literacy Strategy (Great Britain) ; Education
    Abstract: A vital introduction and critical appraisal for pracititioners and students, The Literacy Game examines the origins, evolution and impact of the NLS, and provides a fully comprehensive contribution to the teaching of literacy and the management of educational change
    Description / Table of Contents: Book Cover; Title; Copyright; Contents; Illustrations; Foreword; Acknowledgements; Abbreviations; Introduction; Chapter 1 The context and origins of the National Literacy Strategy; Chapter 2 About learning; Chapter 3 The literacy curriculum: A Framework of teaching objectives; Chapter 4 The Literacy Hour; Chapter 5 Differentiating the Strategy; Chapter 6 Implementation; Chapter 7 Securing the Strategy; Chapter 8 Devolving the Strategy; Chapter 9 Impact and evaluation; Chapter 10 Politics and practice; References; Index
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [200]-206) and index , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9781402057762
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Series Statement: International Handbooks of Religion and Education 2
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T. International handbook of Catholic education
    DDC: 306.43
    Keywords: Education
    URL: Cover
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402060939
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (digital)
    Series Statement: Inclusive Education: Cross Cultural Perspectives 5
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    DDC: 306.43
    Keywords: Education
    URL: Cover
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: McKenzie, David A Land of Milk And Honey With Streets Paved With Gold
    Keywords: Accurate Information ; Annual Income ; Bank ; Consumer ; Consumer Goods ; Demands ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Incomes ; Information ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Population Policies ; Public Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accurate Information ; Annual Income ; Bank ; Consumer ; Consumer Goods ; Demands ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Incomes ; Information ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Population Policies ; Public Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accurate Information ; Annual Income ; Bank ; Consumer ; Consumer Goods ; Demands ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Income ; Income ; Incomes ; Information ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Money ; Population Policies ; Public Sector Development ; Remittances ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Millions of people emigrate every year in search of better economic and social opportunities. Anecdotal evidence suggests that emigrants may have over-optimistic expectations about the incomes they can earn abroad, resulting in excessive migration pressure, and in disappointment among those who do migrate. Yet there is almost no statistical evidence on how accurately these emigrants predict the incomes that they will earn working abroad. In this paper the authors combine a natural emigration experiment with unique survey data on would-be emigrants' probabilistic expectations about employment and incomes in the migration destination. Their procedure enables them to obtain moments and quantiles of the subjective distribution of expected earnings in the destination country. The authors find a significant underestimation of both unconditional and conditional labor earnings at all points in the distribution. This underestimation appears driven in part by potential migrants placing too much weight on the negative employment experiences of some migrants, and by inaccurate information flows from extended family, who may be trying to moderate remittance demands by understating incomes
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte School Drop-Out And Push-Out Factors In Brazil
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Birth Rates ; Children and Youth ; Completion Rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Elementary Education ; Enrollment Rates ; First Grade ; Grade Repetition ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High School ; High School Diploma ; Low Educational Attainment ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Birth Rates ; Children and Youth ; Completion Rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Elementary Education ; Enrollment Rates ; First Grade ; Grade Repetition ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High School ; High School Diploma ; Low Educational Attainment ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Birth Rates ; Children and Youth ; Completion Rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Elementary Education ; Enrollment Rates ; First Grade ; Grade Repetition ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High School ; High School Diploma ; Low Educational Attainment ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Street Children ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper aims to identify the major drop-out and push-out factors that lead to school abandonment in an urban surrounding-the shantytowns of Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil. The authors use an extensive survey addressing risk factors faced by the population in these neighborhoods, which cover both in-school and out-of-school youth of both genders. They focus on the role of early parenthood, child labor, and poverty in pushing teenagers out of school. The potential endogeneity of some of the determinants is dealt with in the empirical analysis. The authors take advantage of the rich set of variables available and apply an instrumental variables approach. Early parenthood is instrumented with the age declared by the youngsters as the ideal age to start having sexual relationships. Work is instrumented using the declared reservation wage (minimum salary acceptable to work). Results indicate that early parenthood has a strong impact of driving teenagers out of school. Extreme poverty is another factor lowering school attendance, as children who have suffered hunger at some point in their lives are less likely to attend school. In this particular urban context, working does not necessarily have a detrimental effect on school attendance, which could be linked to the fact that dropping out of school leads most often to inactivity and not to work
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Leon, Joana Severo Youth Well-Being In Brazil
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Adolescents ; Age ; Aids ; Birth Weight ; Childhood To Adulthood ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Cigarette Smoking ; Education ; Families ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; Illicit Drug Use ; Mortality ; Mortality Rate ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Adolescents ; Age ; Aids ; Birth Weight ; Childhood To Adulthood ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Cigarette Smoking ; Education ; Families ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; Illicit Drug Use ; Mortality ; Mortality Rate ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Adolescents ; Age ; Aids ; Birth Weight ; Childhood To Adulthood ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Cigarette Smoking ; Education ; Families ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; Illicit Drug Use ; Mortality ; Mortality Rate ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This study constructs three indices to measure how well Brazil's young people are surviving their transition to adulthood. Youth development is difficult to quantify because of the multi-dimensionality of youth behavior. Most monitoring use individual indicators in specific sectors, making it difficult to track overall progress. The study adapts to the Brazilian case a methodology developed by Duke University to measure the well-being of U.S. children and youth. It uses readily available data to construct three indices for each Brazilian state based on 36 indicators encompassing the health, behavior, school performance, institutional connectedness, and socioeconomic conditions. The indices conclude that young people in the states of Santa Catarina and the Federal District are doing particularly well and those in Alagoas and Pernambuco are the worst off. While these rankings are expected to continue into the next generation, young people in other states have a brighter (Espiritu Santo) or more dismal (Rio Grande de Sul, Tocatins) future due to underinvestment in today's children. Still others (Rio de Janeiro) are underutilizing their resources so their young citizens are in a worse situation than they could be if the state were to invest more. The hope is that the methodology can be used in Brazil as it has been used in the United States to estimate the indices annually, thus allowing policymakers, young people, and society to track the well-being of youth in each state over time
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bundervoet, Tom Civil War, Crop Failure, And Child Stunting In Rwanda
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Age ; Boys ; Child Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Early Childhood ; Education ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level ; Infant ; Information Systems ; Policy ; Policy Makers ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Age ; Boys ; Child Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Early Childhood ; Education ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level ; Infant ; Information Systems ; Policy ; Policy Makers ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Age ; Boys ; Child Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Early Childhood ; Education ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level ; Infant ; Information Systems ; Policy ; Policy Makers ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: Economic shocks at birth have lasting effects on children's health several years after the shock. The authors calculate height for age z-scores for children under age five using data from a Rwandan nationally representative household survey conducted in 1992. They exploit district and time variation in crop failure and civil conflict to measure the impact of exogenous shocks that children experience at birth on their height several years later. They find that boys and girls born after the shock in regions experiencing civil conflict are both negatively affected with height for age z-scores 0.30 and 0.72 standard deviations lower, respectively. Conversely, only girls are negatively affected by crop failure, with these girls exhibiting 0.41 standard deviation lower height for age z-scores and the impact is worse for girls in poor households. Results are robust to using sibling difference estimators, household level production, and rainfall shocks as alternative measures of crop failure
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Tiongson, Erwin R Returns To Education In The Economic Transition
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Checks ; Debt Markets ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government expenditures ; Human capital ; Labor market ; Macroeconomic controls ; Market economy ; Market environment ; Primary Education ; Returns ; Transition economies ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Debt Markets ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government expenditures ; Human capital ; Labor market ; Macroeconomic controls ; Market economy ; Market environment ; Primary Education ; Returns ; Transition economies ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Debt Markets ; Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government expenditures ; Human capital ; Labor market ; Macroeconomic controls ; Market economy ; Market environment ; Primary Education ; Returns ; Transition economies
    Abstract: This paper examines the assertion that returns to schooling increase as an economy transitions to a market environment. This claim has been difficult to assess as existing empirical evidence covers only a few countries over short time periods. A number of studies find that returns to education increased from the "pre-transition" period to the "early transition" period. It is not clear what has happened to the skills premium through the late 1990s, or the period thereafter. The authors use data that are comparable across countries and over time to estimate returns to schooling in eight transition economies (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Slovak Republic, and Slovenia) from the early transition period up to 2002. In the case of Hungary, they capture the transition process more fully, beginning in the late 1980s. Compared to the existing literature, they implement a more systematic analysis and perform more comprehensive robustness checks on the estimated returns, although at best they offer only an incomplete solution to the problem of endogeneity. The authors find that the evidence of a rising trend in returns to schooling over the transition period is generally weak, except in Hungary and Russia where there have been sustained and substantial increases in returns to schooling. On average, the estimated returns in the sample are comparable to advanced economy averages. There are, however, significant differences in returns across countries and these differentials have remained roughly constant over the past 15 years. They speculate on the likely institutional and structural factors underpinning these results, including incomplete transition and significant heterogeneity and offsetting developments in returns to schooling within countries
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Patrinos, Harry Anthony Institutional effects as determinants of learning outcomes
    Keywords: Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Human Development ; Learning ; Learning Outcomes ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Quality of Education ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; State education ; Student achievement ; Student learning ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Human Development ; Learning ; Learning Outcomes ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Quality of Education ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; State education ; Student achievement ; Student learning ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Human Development ; Learning ; Learning Outcomes ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Quality of Education ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; State education ; Student achievement ; Student learning ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: This paper uses the OECD's Program for International Student Assessment student-level achievement database for Mexico to estimate state education production functions, controlling for student characteristics, family background, home inputs, resources, and institutions. The authors take advantage of the state-level variation and representative sample to analyze the impact of institutional factors such as state accountability systems and the role of teachers' unions in student achievement. They argue that accountability, through increased use of state assessments, will improve learning outcomes. The authors also cast light on the role of teachers' unions, namely their strength through appointments to the school and relations with state governments. The analysis shows the importance of good relations between states and unions. Furthermore, it demonstrates that accountability systems are cost-effective measures for improving outcomes
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shalizi, Zmarak Balancing expenditures on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Budget constraints ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Development strategies ; Development strategy ; Disability ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural resources ; Optimization ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Budget constraints ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Development strategies ; Development strategy ; Disability ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural resources ; Optimization ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Budget constraints ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Development strategies ; Development strategy ; Disability ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural resources ; Optimization ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Although climate policies have been so far mostly focused on mitigation, adaptation to climate change is a growing concern in developed and developing countries. This paper discusses how adaptation fits into the global climate strategy, at the global and national levels. To do so, a partial equilibrium optimization model of climate policies-which includes mitigation, proactive adaptation (ex ante), and reactive adaptation (ex post)-is solved without and with uncertainty. Mitigation, proactive adaptation, and reactive adaptation are found to be generally jointly determined. Uncertainty on the location of damages reduces the benefits of "targeted" proactive adaptation with regard to mitigation and reactive adaptation. However, no single country controls global mitigation policies, and budget constraints might make it difficult for developing countries to finance reactive adaptation, especially if climate shocks affect the fiscal base. Rainy-day funds are identified as a supplemental instrument that can alleviate future budget constraints while avoiding the risk of misallocating resources when the location of damages is uncertain
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Domeland, Dorte Trade And Human Capital Accumulation
    Keywords: Capital Accumulation ; Comparative Advantage ; Cost ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Country ; Human Capital ; International ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Capital Accumulation ; Comparative Advantage ; Cost ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Country ; Human Capital ; International ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Capital Accumulation ; Comparative Advantage ; Cost ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Free Trade ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Country ; Human Capital ; International ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This study provides empirical evidence that trade increases on-the-job human capital accumulation by estimating the effect of home country openness on estimated returns to home country experience of U.S. immigrants. The positive effect of trade on on-the-job human capital accumulation remains significant when controlling for GDP, educational attainment, and institutional quality. It is not the result of self-selection, heterogeneity in returns to experience, English-speaking origin, or cultural background. The effect persists when restricting the sample to non-OECD countries, thereby resolving the theoretical ambiguity of whether trade increases or decreases learning-by-doing. The role of trade in generating economic growth is therefore likely to be more important than generally considered
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ayyagari, Meghana Firm Innovation In Emerging Markets
    Keywords: Competitor ; Competitors ; Cooperatives ; Corporations ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economy ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Literacy ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Partners ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor ; Competitor ; Competitors ; Cooperatives ; Corporations ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economy ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Literacy ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Partners ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor ; Competitor ; Competitors ; Cooperatives ; Corporations ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economy ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Entrepreneurs ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institution ; Financial Literacy ; Firm ; Firm Size ; Firms ; Foreign Partners ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Small Scale Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The authors investigate the determinants of firm innovation in over 19,000 firms across 47 developing economies. They define the innovation process broadly, to include not only core innovation such as the introduction of new products and new technologies, but also other types of activities that promote knowledge transfers and adapt production processes. The authors find that more innovative firms are large exporting firms characterized by private ownership, highly educated managers with mid-level managerial experience, and access to external finance. In contrast, firms that do not innovate much are typically state-owned firms without foreign competitors. The identity of the controlling shareholder seems to be particularly important for core innovation, with those private firms whose controlling shareholder is a financial institution being the least innovative. While the use of external finance is associated with greater innovation by all private firms, it does not make state-owned firms more innovative. Financing from foreign banks is associated with higher levels of innovation compared with financing from domestic banks
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Woolcock, Michael Local Conflict And Development Projects In Indonesia
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conflict Mediation ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Consultants ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Project ; Development Projects ; Dispute Resolution ; Economic Development ; Economies ; Education ; Education and Society ; Ethnic Diversity ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Accountability ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conflict Mediation ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Consultants ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Project ; Development Projects ; Dispute Resolution ; Economic Development ; Economies ; Education ; Education and Society ; Ethnic Diversity ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Accountability ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conflict Mediation ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Consultants ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Project ; Development Projects ; Dispute Resolution ; Economic Development ; Economies ; Education ; Education and Society ; Ethnic Diversity ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Accountability ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: Drawing on an integrated mixed methods research design, the authors explore the dynamics of the development-conflict nexus in rural Indonesia, and the specific role of development projects in shaping the nature, extent, and trajectories of "everyday" conflicts. They find that projects that give inadequate attention to dispute resolution mechanisms in many cases stimulate local conflict, either through the injection of development resources themselves or less directly by exacerbating preexisting tensions in target communities. But projects that have explicit and accessible procedures for managing disputes arising from the development process are much less likely to lead to violent outcomes. The authors argue that such projects are more successful in addressing project-related conflicts because they establish direct procedures (such as forums, facilitators, and complaints mechanisms) for dealing with tensions as they arise. These direct mechanisms are less successful in addressing broader social tensions elicited by, or external to, the development process, though program mechanisms can ameliorate conflict indirectly through changing norms and networks of interaction
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Manacorda, Marco Giving Children A Better Start
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Average attendance ; Compulsory schooling ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Sciences ; Enrollment ; Grade retention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Preschool education ; Primary Education ; Primary education ; Primary school ; Primary school performance ; Retention rates ; School system ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Average attendance ; Compulsory schooling ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Sciences ; Enrollment ; Grade retention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Preschool education ; Primary Education ; Primary education ; Primary school ; Primary school performance ; Retention rates ; School system ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Average attendance ; Compulsory schooling ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Sciences ; Enrollment ; Grade retention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Preschool education ; Primary Education ; Primary education ; Primary school ; Primary school performance ; Retention rates ; School system ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: The authors study the effect of pre-primary education on children's subsequent school outcomes by exploiting a unique feature of the Uruguayan household survey (ECH) that collects retrospective information on preschool attendance in the context of a rapid expansion in the supply of pre-primary places. Using a within household estimator, they find small gains from preschool attendance at early ages that magnify as children grow up. By age 15, treated children have accumulated 0.8 extra years of education and are 27 percentage points more likely to be in school compared with their untreated siblings. Instrumental variables estimates that control for nonrandom selection of siblings into preschool lead to similar results. The authors speculate that early grade repetition harms subsequent school progression and that pre-primary education appears as a successful policy option to prevent early grade failure and its long lasting consequences
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yusuf, Shahid About Urban Mega Regions
    Keywords: Agglomeration economies ; Congestion ; E-Business ; Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Suburbs ; Surface transport ; Tax ; Tertiary Education ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Transport infrastructure ; Transportation ; Agglomeration economies ; Congestion ; E-Business ; Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Suburbs ; Surface transport ; Tax ; Tertiary Education ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Transport infrastructure ; Transportation ; Agglomeration economies ; Congestion ; E-Business ; Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Suburbs ; Surface transport ; Tax ; Tertiary Education ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Transport infrastructure ; Transportation
    Abstract: Mega urban regions are not a passing phenomenon. They are likely to persist and to enlarge their economic footprints because they benefit from the advantages of market scale, agglomeration economies, location, and the increasing concentration of talented workers. Metropolitan regions which are polycentric, relatively well managed, and have invested heavily in transport infrastructure are able to contain some of the problems attendant upon a concentration of people and industry. Moreover, with energy and water resources becoming relatively scarce and many countries anxious to preserve arable land for farming, the economic advantages of densely populated urban areas are on the rise because they have a lower resource utilization quotient. During the next 15 years, mega urban economies could coalesce in three Southeast Asian locations: Bangkok, Jakarta, and the Singapore-Iskander Development Region (IDR, South Johor). The Bangkok and Jakarta (Jabotabek) metropolitan regions have passed the threshold at least in terms of population size but they have yet to approach the industrial diversity, dynamism, and growth rates of a Shanghai or a Shenzhen-Hong Kong region. Singapore, if coupled with IDR, has the potential but it is still far from being an integrated urban region. This paper examines the gains from closer economic integration and the issues to be settled before it could occur. The paper notes that a tightening of localized economic links between two sovereign nations through the formation of an urban region would involve a readiness to make long-term political commitments based on a widely perceived sense of substantial spillovers and equitably shared benefits. Delineating these benefits convincingly will be essential to winning political support and a precondition for a successful economic flowering
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Coulibaly, Souleymane Urbanization And Productivity
    Keywords: Business environment ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge for Development ; Localization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Market access ; Market potential ; Municipal Financial Management ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Result ; Results ; Urban Development ; Web ; Business environment ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge for Development ; Localization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Market access ; Market potential ; Municipal Financial Management ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Result ; Results ; Urban Development ; Web ; Business environment ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Knowledge for Development ; Localization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Manufacturing ; Market access ; Market potential ; Municipal Financial Management ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Result ; Results ; Urban Development ; Web
    Abstract: Since the early 1980s, Turkey has been going through a rapid urbanization process at a pace beyond the World average. This paper aims at assessing the impact of this rapid urbanization process on the country's sector productivity. The authors built a database combining two-digit manufacturing data and some geographical, infrastructural, and socio-economic data collected at the provincial level by the Turkish State Institute of Statistics. The paper develops a parsimonious econometric relation linking sector productivity to accessibility, localization, and urbanization economies, proxying variables in the tradition of the New Economic Geography literature. The estimation results suggest that both localization and urbanization economies, as well as market accessibility, are productivity-enhancing factors in Turkey, although the causation link between productivity and these agglomeration measures is not clearly established. The sector-by-sector estimation confirms this result, although the localization economies effect is negative for the non-oil mineral sector, and the urbanization economies effect is weak for natural-resource-based sectors such as the wood and metal industry. Although the data cover the period up to 2000 and thus ignore the financial crisis that hit Turkey in 2001, the current structural transformation of the country away from the agricultural sector gives room to use the insights of these results as a preliminary step to understand the new challenges faced by the Turkish manufacturing sector. The results provide a discussion base to revisit the policy agenda on the improvement of the accessibility to markets, the improvement of the business environment to ease the creation and development of new firms, and a well-managed urbanization process to tap in the economic potential of cities
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (96 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Abadzi, Helen Absenteeism And Beyond
    Keywords: Education ; Education for All ; Educational Quality ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Human Development ; Instruction ; Learning ; Learning outcomes ; Literacy ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; Social Sciences ; Teacher ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Quality ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Human Development ; Instruction ; Learning ; Learning outcomes ; Literacy ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; Social Sciences ; Teacher ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Quality ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Human Development ; Instruction ; Learning ; Learning outcomes ; Literacy ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; Social Sciences ; Teacher ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: Studies have shown that learning outcomes are related to the amount of time students engage in learning tasks. However, visits to schools have revealed that students are often taught for only a fraction of the intended time, particularly in lower-income countries. Losses are due to informal school closures, teacher absenteeism, delays, early departures, and sub-optimal use of time in the classroom. A study was undertaken to develop an efficient methodology for measuring instructional time loss. Thus, instructional time use was measured in sampled schools in Tunisia, Morocco, Ghana, and the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. The percentage of time that students were engaged in learning vis-à-vis government expectations was approximately 39 percent in Ghana, 63 percent in Pernambuco, 71 percent in Morocco, and 78 percent in Tunisia. Instructional time use is a mediator variable that is challenging to measure, so it often escapes scrutiny. Research suggests that merely financing the ingredients of instruction is not enough to produce learning outcomes; students must also get sufficient time to process the information. The quantity-quality tradeoff that often accompanies large-scale enrollments may be partly due to instructional time restrictions. Time wastage also distorts budgetary outlays and teacher salary rates. To achieve the Millennium Development Goals students must get more of the time that governments, donors, and parents pay for
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (82 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Exports and Productivity
    Keywords: Buyers ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Export Market ; Export Markets ; International Comparison ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Networks ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Result ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Web ; Buyers ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Export Market ; Export Markets ; International Comparison ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Networks ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Result ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Web ; Buyers ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Export Market ; Export Markets ; International Comparison ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Networks ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Result ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Web
    Abstract: The authors use comparable micro level panel data for 14 countries and a set of identically specified empirical models to investigate the relationship between exports and productivity. The overall results are in line with the big picture that is by now familiar from the literature: Exporters are more productive than non-exporters when observed and unobserved heterogeneity are controlled for, and these exporter productivity premia tend to increase with the share of exports in total sales; there is strong evidence in favour of self-selection of more productive firms into export markets, but nearly no evidence in favour of the learning-by-exporting hypothesis. The authors document that the exporter premia differ considerably across countries in identically specified empirical models. In a meta-analysis of their results the authors find that countries that are more open and have more effective government report higher productivity premia. However, the level of development per se does not appear to be an explanation for the observed cross-country differences
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demombynes, Gabriel How Good A Map ?
    Keywords: Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences
    Abstract: The authors examine the performance of small area welfare estimation. The method combines census and survey data to produce spatially disaggregated poverty and inequality estimates. To test the method, they compare predicted welfare indicators for a set of target populations with their true values. They construct target populations using actual data from a census of households in a set of rural Mexican communities. They examine estimates along three criteria: accuracy of confidence intervals, bias, and correlation with true values. The authors find that while point estimates are very stable, the precision of the estimates varies with alternative simulation methods. While the original approach of numerical gradient estimation yields standard errors that seem appropriate, some computationally less-intensive simulation procedures yield confidence intervals that are slightly too narrow. The precision of estimates is shown to diminish markedly if unobserved location effects at the village level are not well captured in underlying consumption models. With well specified models there is only slight evidence of bias, but the authors show that bias increases if underlying models fail to capture latent location effects. Correlations between estimated and true welfare at the local level are highest for mean expenditure and poverty measures and lower for inequality measures
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Oyefusi, Aderoju Oil And The Propensity To Armed Struggle In The Niger Delta Region of Nigeria
    Keywords: Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Disability ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education and Society ; Educational Attainment ; Environmental Damage ; Ethnic Group ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immigration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Minority ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Disability ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education and Society ; Educational Attainment ; Environmental Damage ; Ethnic Group ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immigration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Minority ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Disability ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education and Society ; Educational Attainment ; Environmental Damage ; Ethnic Group ; Ethnic Groups ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immigration ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Minority ; Natural Resource ; Natural Resources ; Policy ; Political Economy ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper attempts to explain the determinants of the propensity to armed struggle and the probability of participation by individuals in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria using primary (micro) data. While grievance appears to be pervasive among individuals and communities in the region and can be systematically explained, neither the grievance level nor its commonly cited causal factors appear to be strong enough to create a disposition toward armed rebellion. Rather, factors that reduce the opportunity cost and risk of participation or increase the perceived benefits appear to be more important. The study identifies three of these factors that are amenable to the policymaker's (government's) control as income level, educational attainment, and government presence
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ostby, Gudrun Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, And Civil Conflict
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter. In fact it seems that the conflict potential of horizontal inequalities increases with more inclusive electoral systems. Finally, the presence of both regional inequalities and political exclusion of minority groups seems to make countries particularly at risk for conflict. The main policy implication of these findings is that the combination of politically and economically inclusive government is required to secure peace in developing countries
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lukyanova, Anna Skills Shortages And Training In Russian Enterprises
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational achievements ; Educational attainment ; Formal education ; Formal education system ; Higher education ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Primary Education ; Quality of education ; Returns to education ; Schooling ; Service training ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational achievements ; Educational attainment ; Formal education ; Formal education system ; Higher education ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Primary Education ; Quality of education ; Returns to education ; Schooling ; Service training ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational achievements ; Educational attainment ; Formal education ; Formal education system ; Higher education ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Primary Education ; Quality of education ; Returns to education ; Schooling ; Service training ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In the transition to a market economy, the Russian workforce underwent a wrenching period of change, with excess supply of some industrial skills coexisting with reports of skills shortages by many enterprises. This paper uses data from the Russia Competitiveness and Investment Climate Survey and related local research to gain insight into the changing supply and demand for skills over time, and the potential reasons for reported staffing problems and skills shortages, including labor turnover, compensation policies, and the inhibiting effects of labor regulations. It discusses in-service training as an enterprise strategy for meeting staffing and skills needs, and presents evidence on the distribution, intensity, and determinants of in-service training in Russia. It investigates the productivity and wage outcomes of in-service training, and the supportive role of training in firms' research and development and innovative activities. A final section concludes with some policy implications of the findings
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Nielsen, Chantal Pohl Immigrant Overeducation
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational attainment ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor market ; Labor market experience ; Labour ; Labour market ; Occupation ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational education ; Worker ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational attainment ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor market ; Labor market experience ; Labour ; Labour market ; Occupation ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational education ; Worker ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational attainment ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Labor market ; Labor market experience ; Labour ; Labour market ; Occupation ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Vocational education ; Worker
    Abstract: Anecdotes abound in the Danish public debate about well-educated immigrants that are in jobs they are formally overqualified for. Using a 1995-2002 panel data set based on Danish registers, this study attempts to find out how large a problem immigrant overeducation is in the context of the Danish labor market. More specifically, three questions are posed: First, to what extent are immigrants overeducated and are they more likely to be so than native Danes? Second, why are some immigrants more likely to become overeducated than others? And finally, what are the consequences of overeducation for individual wages? The authors find that among wage earners with at least a vocational education or higher, 25 percent of male non-Western immigrants are overeducated. The same applies for 15 percent of native Danes. Particularly immigrants with a foreign-acquired education risk becoming overeducated - here the share is 30 percent among those with a vocational education or higher. The authors find that Danish labor market experience is extremely important in reducing the likelihood of becoming overeducated. Years spent in the country without accumulating labor market experience do not improve an individual's chances of an appropriate job-to-education match. In terms of earnings consequences, the study concludes that years of overeducation do increase wages for immigrants, but much less so than years of adequate education. This is also true for native Danes, but the relative penalty for overeducation is much larger for immigrants than for Danes
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yusuf, Shahid From Creativity To Innovation
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Capabilities ; Domain ; E-Business ; Education ; Global markets ; Human capital ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovations ; Knowledge for Development ; Networks ; Private Sector Development ; Product innovation ; Productivity ; Rural Development ; Tertiary Education ; Uses ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Capabilities ; Domain ; E-Business ; Education ; Global markets ; Human capital ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovations ; Knowledge for Development ; Networks ; Private Sector Development ; Product innovation ; Productivity ; Rural Development ; Tertiary Education ; Uses ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Capabilities ; Domain ; E-Business ; Education ; Global markets ; Human capital ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovation ; Innovations ; Knowledge for Development ; Networks ; Private Sector Development ; Product innovation ; Productivity ; Rural Development ; Tertiary Education ; Uses
    Abstract: Talent is the bedrock of a creative society. Augmenting talent involves mobilizing culture and tradition, building institutions to increase the stock of human capital, enhance its quality, and instill values favoring achievements and initiative. The productivity of this talent in the form of ideas can be raised by nurturing wikicapital-the capital arising from networks. Translating creativity into innovation is a function of multiple incentives and sustaining innovation is inseparable from heavy investment in research. Finally, the transition from innovation to commercially viable products requires the midwifery of many service providers and the entrepreneurship skills of firms small and large
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yusuf, Shahid Strengthening China's Technological Capability
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; E-Business ; Education ; Electronics ; Engineering ; Equipment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information technology ; Innovations ; Nanotechnology ; New technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Technological Capability ; Technological capabilities ; Technology Industry ; Technology transfer ; Tertiary Education ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; E-Business ; Education ; Electronics ; Engineering ; Equipment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information technology ; Innovations ; Nanotechnology ; New technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Technological Capability ; Technological capabilities ; Technology Industry ; Technology transfer ; Tertiary Education ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; E-Business ; Education ; Electronics ; Engineering ; Equipment ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information technology ; Innovations ; Nanotechnology ; New technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Technological Capability ; Technological capabilities ; Technology Industry ; Technology transfer ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: China is increasing its outlay on research and development and seeking to build an innovation system that will deliver quick results not just in absorbing technology but also in pushing the technological envelope. China's spending on R&D rose from 1.1 percent of GDP in 2000 to 1.3 percent of GDP in 2005. On a purchasing power parity basis, China's research outlay was among the world's highest, far greater than that of Brazil, India, or Mexico. Chinese firms are active in the fields of biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, alternative energy sources, and nanotechnology. This surge in spending has been parallel by a sharp increase in patent applications in China, with the bulk of the patents registered in the areas of electronics, information technology, and telecoms. However, of the almost 50,000 patents granted in China, nearly two-thirds were to nonresidents. This paper considers two questions that are especially important for China. First, how might China go about accelerating technology development? Second, what measures could most cost-effectively deliver the desired outcomes? It concludes that although the level of financing for R&D is certainly important, technological advance is closely keyed to absorptive capacity which is a function of the volume and quality of talent and the depth as well as the heterogeneity of research experience. It is also a function of how companies maximize the commercial benefits of research and development, and the coordination of research with production and marketing
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beegle, Kathleen The Long-Run Impact of Orphanhood
    Keywords: Aged ; Education ; Extended families ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health effects ; Health outcomes ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Research ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Vaccination ; Workers ; Young adults ; Youth and Government ; Aged ; Education ; Extended families ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health effects ; Health outcomes ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Research ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Vaccination ; Workers ; Young adults ; Youth and Government ; Aged ; Education ; Extended families ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health effects ; Health outcomes ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Social Research ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Vaccination ; Workers ; Young adults ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper presents unique evidence that orphanhood matters in the long run for health and education outcomes, in a region of Northwestern Tanzania. The paper studies a sample of 718 non-orphaned children surveyed in 1991-94, who were traced and re-interviewed as adults in 2004. A large proportion, 19 percent, lost one or more parents before the age of 15 in this period, allowing the authors to assess the permanent health and education impacts of orphanhood. The analysis controls for a wide range of child and adult characteristics before orphanhood, as well as community fixed effects. The findings show that maternal orphanhood has a permanent adverse impact of 2 cm of final height attainment and one year of educational attainment. Expressing welfare in terms of consumption expenditure, the result is a gap of 8.5 percent compared with similar children whose mother survived till at least their 15th birthday
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lambert, Sylvie A Micro-Decomposition Analysis of The Macroeconomic Determinants of Human Development
    Keywords: Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools
    Abstract: This paper shows how differences in aggregate human development outcomes over time and space can be additively decomposed into a pure economic-growth component, a component attributed to differences in the distribution of income, and components attributed to "non-income" factors and differences in the model linking outcomes to income or non-income characteristics. The income effect at the micro level is modeled non-parametrically, so as to flexibly reflect distributional changes. The paper illustrates the decomposition using data for Morocco and Vietnam, and the results offer some surprising insights into the observed aggregate gains in schooling attainments. A user friendly STATA program is available to implement the method in other settings
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andres, Luis Diffusion of The Internet
    Keywords: Basic ; Computers ; Connectivity ; Digital ; E-Business ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge Economy ; High-Speed ; Income ; Industry ; Information Security and Privacy ; Information Technologies ; Innovations ; Internet Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; New Technology ; Private Sector Development ; Simulation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Basic ; Computers ; Connectivity ; Digital ; E-Business ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge Economy ; High-Speed ; Income ; Industry ; Information Security and Privacy ; Information Technologies ; Innovations ; Internet Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; New Technology ; Private Sector Development ; Simulation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry ; Basic ; Computers ; Connectivity ; Digital ; E-Business ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge Economy ; High-Speed ; Income ; Industry ; Information Security and Privacy ; Information Technologies ; Innovations ; Internet Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; New Technology ; Private Sector Development ; Simulation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology Industry
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the process of Internet diffusion across the world using a panel of 199 countries during 1990-2004. The authors group countries in two categories-low and high-income countries-and show that the Internet diffusion process is well characterized by an S-shape curve for both groups. Low-income countries display a steeper diffusion curve that is equivalent to a right shift of the diffusion curve for high-income countries. The estimated diffusion curves provide evidence of a "catching-up" process, although a very slow one. The paper explores the determinants of Internet diffusion at the country level and across the same income groups. The most novel finding is that network effects seem to be crucial-the number of Internet users in a country in a given year is positively associated with the number of users in the previous year. The findings also show that the degree of competition in the provision of Internet service contributes positively to its diffusion, and there are significant positive language externalities
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