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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (2,988)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing.  (2,378)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (610)
  • Economics  (1,879)
  • Health, Nutrition and Population  (585)
  • Finance and Investment  (537)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (2,988)
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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Safety Monitoring of Medicines and Vaccines : A Situation Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: China-World Bank Partnership Trust Fund (CWPF) ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF) ; Medication Effectiveness Monitoring ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilance ; Program for International Drug Monitoring (PIDM) ; Public Health Surveillance ; Vaccine Effectiveness Monitoring
    Abstract: Medicines, vaccines, medical devices, and blood are commonly used to treat disease. Medicines deserve a special focus because almost any medical visit ends with at least one prescription. So, monitoring the safety and effectiveness of therapeutic treatments and procedures is crucial at both the individual and community levels. In the case of medicines and vaccines, this surveillance activity is known as pharmacovigilance. Various methods are used to monitor the adverse and unwanted effects of medicinal products after they have received authorization for marketing, but reporting adverse reactions is the most widespread. The network of the Program for International Drug Monitoring (PIDM), which is supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), involves more than 170 countries. Its activities were initiated in 1968. The WHO-PIDM is the world's most comprehensive network involving health professionals, patients, and manufacturers. This situation analysis describes relevant aspects of the PIDM, including achievements and weak points. The analysis is the product of a systematic revision of studies that focus on the WHO-PIDM activities and related findings published in different medical journals and listed in PubMed. Available information was selected and organized according to different topics and summarized and presented in the different sections of the report. As information for some countries and regions is lacking in the available literature, the report is not a comprehensive review of the pharmacovigilance across countries. The report, therefore, shows what is in place and highlight some of the difficulties faced by many countries, particularly low-and-middle income countries. It offers an overview of the (1) common points and failures; (2) the advantages of a national PV system; (3) the difficulties in scaling up and consolidating these systems; and (4) the advantages of regional collaboration. This report is part of a series of companion reports on pharmacovigilance, that provide a detailed overview and discussion on technical aspects and country and regional experiences
    DOI: 10.1596/40197
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sierra Leone Economic Update 2023 : Enhancing Value Chains to Boost Food Security (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Security ; Food Systems ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Stability ; Value Chains
    Abstract: Sierra Leone's economy experienced overlapping setbacks during 2022, as external spillovers from the Russian invasion of Ukraine aggravated domestic macroeconomic vulnerabilities. This led to high levels of inflation, a substantially weaker currency, greater imbalances in public finances, and lower foreign exchange reserves. GDP growth slowed in 2022 (from 4.1 percent in 2021 to 3.5 percent) bringing the average GDP growth since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to only around half of the pre-pandemic trend. High global energy and fertilizer prices coupled with a weaker currency translated into accelerating inflation which rose from 12percent in 2021 to 27 percent in 2022, and further to over 50 percent by August 2023, threatening the welfare of households and worsening food insecurity and poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/40586
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Impact of Climate Change in Health in Colombia and Recommendations for Mitigation and Adaptation (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Environment ; Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Human Rights ; Threat Mitigation
    Abstract: Climate change has been called the most important threat to human health in the 21st century. It is estimated that if thetemperature rises and its impact on the other climatic variablescontinues unchanged, it will kill more than 83 million people (1 percent of the world's population) in the next 80 years (Wattset al. 2020)-13 times the toll of the COVID-19 pandemic (WorldHealth Organization 2023). Historically, only pandemics or worldwars have posed such threats to human health. As a result, the issue has aroused unprecedented attention. In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared climate changethe greatest health threat facing humanity (WHO 2021). Now, more than 195 governments have included climate change mitigation and adaptation as pillars in their multi-year plans, and government health sectors have been developing plans tomeasure and respond to the impact of climate change on health. However, recognition of the links between climate change and health remains nascent, so these efforts have not yet been accompanied by strategic and actionable approaches to measure the impacts and ground the responses. This report contributes to addressing that gap by providing a framework for understandingthe impact of climate change on human health in Colombia and by outlining the most effective actions to mitigate the threat
    DOI: 10.1596/40494
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 104
    Online Resource
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    Advancing Health Financing Reforms Toward Universal Health Coverage in Kosovo (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2109
    Keywords: Gender and Economics ; Gender and Education ; Gender and Health ; Gender and Law ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Financing ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Programs ; Social Protections and Labor ; UHC ; Universal Health Coverage
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to facilitate common understanding of the health financing situation in Kosovo, to serve as a basis for reaching a consensus on the way forward. The issue is motivated by a basic framework of health financing functions and how they contribute to UHC goals. Global good practices and examples from peer countries are presented in the Annex to providecomparisons with the situation in Kosovo. The paper describes the status of health financing and its implications for UHC. A long-term vision for health financing is presented and recommendations for possible short and medium term (3-5 years) policy priorities are provided based on the current situation and desirable trajectory. The exclusive focus on health financing is deliberate although otherimportant health system functions, such as service delivery and governance, will need to move in parallel for health financing reforms to achieve their intended outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/40459
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  • 105
    Online Resource
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    Older People's Health and Long-Term Care During COVID-19 : Impacts and Policy Responses (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; Covid Impact on Eldercare ; Covid-19 Pandemic Impact on Long Term Care ; Digital Health ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Elder Health ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Long Term Care Systems ; Population Policies ; Welfare of Older Populations
    Abstract: This policy note examines the major impacts of COVID-19 on various aspects of older peoples' lives and health and long-term care (LTC) systems. It also provides a close review and analysis of public health measures and their impact in seven countries: Japan, Germany, Republic of Korea (Korea), Thailand, Vietnam, the United Kingdom (UK, specifically England), and the United States (US). Globally, older people have been one of the most affected groups during the pandemic. An adequate response to the impact was neglected or delayed in many countries, hence there is a critical need for systems to be more prepared. To better protect the increasing population of older people with complex health and care needs under the current prolonged pandemic, as well as during future ones, countries with limited resources should continue to strengthen their extant community-based care systems and foster the engagement of families and civil society in elder care. These countries also need to establish formal LTC systems and increase financial and workforce capacities of their systems. Care innovations through digitalization can provide useful tools to improve system efficiency and coverage, but better evidence and further policy efforts are necessary for effective use of these tools in the development of inclusive and integrated health and care systems resilient to future pandemics. Quality, timely, comparable data is crucial to support policy making and evaluation of aged-care systems promoting the health and well-being of later life for all
    DOI: 10.1596/40702
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  • 106
    Online Resource
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    Maternal Work and Children's Development : Examining 20 Years of Evidence (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lo Bue, Maria C Maternal Work and Children's Development: Examining 20 Years of Evidence
    Keywords: Child Development ; Child Welfare ; Childcare ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Education ; Gender Equality ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Industry and trade ; Maternal Labor Force Participation ; Maternal Work Review of Evidence ; Quality Daycare
    Abstract: Maternal work may affect children positively through increased household income, higher control of mothers over available income, and expansion of maternal information networks through work contacts and greater decision-making power of mothers as they become more economically empowered. However, maternal work may reduce maternal time spent with children. If maternal time is not substituted for time of equal quality by other caregivers, children's development may be penalized. Stress associated with work may also decrease the quality of parenting. This review summarizes causal evidence on the relationship between maternal work and children's development. The majority causal studies find positive or 0 impacts of maternal work on children's development
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10305
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 107
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    Energy Demand during a Pandemic : Evidence from Ghana and Rwanda (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mensah, Justice Tei Energy Demand during a Pandemic: Evidence from Ghana and Rwanda
    Keywords: Covid-19 Impacts ; Electricity Consumption ; Electricity Usage ; Energy Subsidy ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic Electricity Demand ; Residential Energy Subsidy
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions to economies around the world. In response to this, some developing countries offered reliefs such as electricity subsidies while others did not. How did the pandemic affect the electricity consumption of households and firms Did the utility subsidies enable a quick recovery from the pandemic And what are the distributional impacts of the utility subsidies This paper leverages unique administrative billing data on electricity consumption from two African countries, Ghana and Rwanda, with differing policy responses to the pandemic to document the demand response of households and firms to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the role of utility subsidies during the period. Findings from the paper indicate that the pandemic led to higher consumption of electricity in both countries, albeit with variations across countries and sectors. While residential consumption soared, consumption of non-residential customers such as hotels and industries declined during the period. Electricity subsidies in Ghana during the pandemic explain the sharp increase in residential consumption. These findings highlight the potential effects of pandemic relief measures on household welfare
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10330
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 108
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    Supporting Improvements in Continuity of Care for Hypertension and Diabetes in North Macedonia : Findings from a Cascade Analysis (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Diabetes ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hypertension ; NCDS ; Noncommunicable Diseases
    Abstract: North Macedonia, an Eastern European nation of 1.836 million inhabitants, has a growing burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). An aging population and high levels of NCD risk factors are mainly responsible, with tobacco, raised blood pressure, and unhealthy diets driving mortality and disability. To better address the needs of its rapidly aging population, the growing challenges posed by chronic conditions, and improve overall health system performance, the country is developing a new primary health care (PHC) model. This model should improve the quality of care and the efficiency of primary care by reducing fragmentation, enhancing coordination, prioritizing prevention, and strengthening the role of primary care nurses. Aim of the study is to strengthen the evidence on quality and continuity of care for diabetes and hypertension - the two conditions driving the burden of chronic NCDs and associated health care costs in North Macedonia - a cascade analysis was carried out using a mixed methods design. The assessment drew on secondary quantitative data from national and international sources, primary quantitative data from 2,400 patients in 12 general practitioner (GP) practices, and primary qualitative data from health care providers and patients. Patient data were extracted from the eHealth system (MojTermin) and paper medical records from September to November 2021
    DOI: 10.1596/39929
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 109
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    The Economic Burden of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Amongst Health Care Workers in the First Year of the Pandemic in Kenya, Colombia, Eswatini, and South Africa (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Economic Burden ; Health Care Workers ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pandemics ; Sars-COV-2
    Abstract: Health care workers (HCWs) face disproportionate risk of exposure and becoming ill in any infectious disease outbreak. SARS-CoV-2 has proven to be no exception: From Wuhan to Manaus, London to Tehran, and Delhi to Johannesburg, HCWs working in clinics and hospitals have been at heightened risk of developing COVID-19 disease, especially at the beginning of the pandemic when little was known about the then-novel pathogen. This study thus aims to estimate the economic costs of SARS-CoV-2 infections in HCWs during the first year of the pandemic from the societal perspective in four low or middle- income countries. The authors propose a framework to translate SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst HCWs into economic costs along three pathways, provide the estimated burden of HCW infections, and offer recommendations to mitigate against future economic losses due to HCW infections. The economic burden due to SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCWs makes a compelling investment case for pandemic preparedness, particularly the protection of HCWs, and resilient health systems going forward
    DOI: 10.1596/40070
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 110
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    Seventh Ghana Economic Update : Price Surge - Unraveling Inflation's Toll on Poverty and Food Security (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: DEBT Management ; Fiscal Sector ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Ghana's economy entered a full-blown crisis in 2022, after having rebounded from the COVID-19 slowdown in 2021. In response to the macroeconomic challenges, the authorities enacted some fiscal adjustment in 2022 but fell short of their consolidation targets; the 2023Q1 fiscal deficit (cash) was within target. Expenditure consolidation and revenue mobilization continued to be hampered by structural constraints. To address these unsustainable domestic and external imbalances, the authorities embarked on a comprehensive debt restructuring operation. Against the backdrop, growth is projected to decelerate further in 2023-24, before picking up in the medium-term. The government has embarked on an ambitious fiscal consolidation plan: however, delivering on it will require addressing long-standing revenue mobilization and budget control weaknesses. In 2023, the authorities intend to finance the fiscal deficit from multilateral (and other official) sources, in the context of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) - supported program, and from the domestic treasury bills (T-bills) market. In addition, leveraging government programs to build up resilience against vulnerability is an imperative and should not be suspended during the crisis. Beefing up the government's payments through the livelihood empowerment against poverty will be critical. Second, support for food self-sufficiency is needed in Ghana (a goal for many countries now due to the global food crisis), while opening the country to generate more export revenues. The Ghana Tree Crops Diversification Project can serve as a critical puzzle piece of the country's current challenges. The project will support poverty alleviation while setting the country up to generate more foreign revenues in the medium to long-term
    DOI: 10.1596/40064
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 111
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    Open and Inclusive : Fair Processes for Financing Universal Health Coverage (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Consistency ; Equity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Health Financing ; Health Insurance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impartiality ; UHC ; Universal Health Coverage
    Abstract: The report offers decision support on fair processes for policy choices relating to health financing for universal health coverage (UHC). It opens by making the case for why fair processes matter for health financing. It argues that procedural fairness contributes to fairer outcomes, strengthens the legitimacy of decision processes, builds trust in authorities, and promotes the sustainability of reforms on the path to UHC. The report then describes key health financing decisions with an impact on equity in service coverage and financial protection, where issues of procedural fairness are particularly important. Next, it offers principles and criteria for designing and assessing the processes around these health financing decisions and provides suggestions for how to make them fairer. Finally, the report examines country experiences with diverse instruments that can be used to operationalize principles and criteria for fair processes in health financing decision-making
    DOI: 10.1596/39953
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  • 112
    Online Resource
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    The Impact of Health Taxes in Armenia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2203
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Health Taxes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High-Quality Health Care ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages ; Tax Revenue ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Tobacco ; Universal Health Coverage
    Abstract: This report has been prepared by the World Bank, at the request of the MoH, to support ongoing efforts to improve population health and revenue mobilization in the sector. The study estimates the health impacts of increasing taxation on SSBs, alcohol, and tobacco across gender and income-quintiles. The revenue potential of these taxes is also explored. The target audience for these findings includes senior policymakers and technical advisers in the MoH, Ministry of Economy, and Ministry of Finance (MoF). The remainder of this report is organized as follows. In Chapter 2, the authors reviewthe current state of health and consumption taxes in Armenia. Chapter 3 outlines themethods used to estimate the change in tax revenue and consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and SSBs. Chapter 4 reports the analysis results, including the potentialadditional fiscal space and health gains. Finally, chapter 5 presents the conclusionsbased on the findings
    DOI: 10.1596/40345
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 113
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    Are Vaccination Campaigns Misinformed? : Experimental Evidence from COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Markhof, Yannick Are Vaccination Campaigns Misinformed?: Experimental Evidence from COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; COVID Vaccination Promotion ; COVID Vaccine Survey ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizaiton ; Immunization Administrative Data Discrepancy ; Public Health Policy ; Public Health Promotion
    Abstract: Routine immunization coverage estimated in surveys often substantially differs from figures reported in administrative records, presenting a dilemma for researchers and policy makers. Using high-frequency phone surveys and administrative records from government sources in 36 low- and middle-income countries, this paper shows that such misalignment has also been common in the case of COVID-19. Across the sample, survey estimates exceed administrative figures by 47 percent on average, at times suggesting markedly different policy conclusions depending on the data source consulted. This pattern is particularly stark and consistent in Sub-Saharan Africa. To investigate the sources of this discrepancy, the paper presents results from six methodological experiments that vary survey design choices and documents their effect on estimated COVID-19 vaccine coverage. The results show that design choices matter, in particular the selection of respondents to be interviewed. However, phone survey estimates prove remarkably robust to several commonly claimed biases. After accounting for observed errors of representation and measurement in the survey data, there remains a nonnegligible, unexplained residual gap with administrative records. The paper provides indicative evidence of flaws and weaknesses in administrative data recording and reporting that affect reported vaccination rates and could contribute to this gap. The findings matter for past research on COVID-19 vaccination, future immunization efforts, and the design of robust data production systems on health topics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10443
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 114
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    Silver Opportunity : Case Studies - Time to Focus on Healthy Aging: Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations for Bangladesh (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Country Population Profiles ; Demographics ; Evaluation ; Financing ; Health Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Healthy Aging ; Innovation ; Older Adult Care ; Older Adults ; Regulation
    Abstract: Bangladesh is home to one of the largest populations of older adults in the world. Driven by increasing life expectancy at birth, this population is increasing. By 2040,one in five Bangladeshis will be 60 years old or older. The increase in lifespan isaccompanied by a greater burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), whichaccount for 70 percent of all deaths in the country. These chronic conditions tend toaffect older adults, leading to an increased demand for health care services by thisgroup. NCDs are also expensive to treat, placing financial hardship on families in low resource settings. While the Government of Bangladesh has committed to providing many of the basic rights of older adults, the health care needs of older adults remain unmet. A lack of adequate funding and services point to a need for a health care system that caters to the specific needs of older adults, such as long-term care and consolidation of care. Other supportive structures also appear to be missing, such as a health insurance fund that covers common chronic conditions faced by older adults, which would remove barriers to accessing health care. A bill proposing a pension scheme is currently undergoing approval in Bangladesh's legislative system. The primary health care (PHC) system, too, is geared toward the treatment of acuteillnesses rather than providing older Bangladeshis with integrated, long-term, people centered care. This study aimed to better understand the current capacity of PHC inBangladesh to provide care oriented towards older persons. The authors carried outa desk review of global and Bangladeshi literature on aging populations, followed bystakeholder consultations and key informant interviews with government officials, health professionals, and developmental organizations. Field visits to PHC facilitieswere also carried out to assess whether they met the internationally accepted criteriafor age-friendly infrastructure. The data were compiled and analyzed according to the FIRE framework (Financing, Innovation, Regulation, Evaluation) for older adult care. Despite the large burden of NCDs, only USD0.82 is spent per capita on NCD control, much lower than the USD1.50 recommended by the World Health Organization(WHO). Increasing spending on NCD management can help alleviate the financial pressure on households to care for older adults
    DOI: 10.1596/40263
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  • 115
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    The Value of Pharmacovigilance in Building Resilient Health Systems Post-COVID : Overview Report (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: China-World Bank Partnership Trust Fund (CWPF) ; COVID-19 Pandemic Response ; Emerging Disease Challenge ; Health Systems ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Korea-World Bank Partnership Facility (KWPF) ; National Health Surveillance System ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilance ; Public Health Promotion ; Public Health Risk Response ; Public Health Surveillance ; Seasonal Epidemic Infection
    Abstract: Although indispensable for improving health outcomes, medicines and vaccines or their administration and use can produce adverse effects, requiring continuous vigilance to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks. Monitoring the safety of the use of marketed medicines and vaccines, also known as pharmacovigilance, should therefore become much more explicit in efforts to strengthen health systems and prepare for public health crises and normal times because the world is determined to build back better after the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective of this report is to examine the importance of pharmacovigilance in a health system both during a health crisis and in normal times, describe the function, structure, and processes of a functional pharmacovigilance system, and explain the value of drug safety monitoring in building resilience in health systems post-COVID-19 pandemic
    DOI: 10.1596/40205
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  • 116
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    Realizing a Regional Approach to Pharmacovigilance : A Review of the European Union Approach (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 Vaccines ; EMA ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Pharmacovigilance
    Abstract: This report reviews the pharmacovigilance system of the European Union (EU) mapping out its structure and processes with any eye to features that may be of particular interest to decision makers in other regions as they weigh options related to creating a regional pharmacovigilance architecture for themselves. It begins with a review of the European Medicines Agency (EMA), which plays a central role in the EU system, followed by an overview of the EU PV assessment and monitoring process and an example of the system in action regarding COVID-19 vaccines. It concludes with a summary several key insights of particular relevance for decision makers
    DOI: 10.1596/40178
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  • 117
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    Tracing Pandemic Impacts in the Absence of Regular Survey Data : What have we Learned from the World Bank's High-Frequency Phone Surveys? (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brunckhorst, Ben Tracing Pandemic Impacts in the Absence of Regular Survey Data: What have we Learned from the World Bank's High-Frequency Phone Surveys?
    Keywords: Covid-19 Impacts ; Gender ; Gender and Public Expenditures ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High-Frequency Phone Survey ; Household Questionnaire Design ; Household Welfare ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Survey Method
    Abstract: The World Bank's High-Frequency Phone Surveys were deployed to support the monitoring of household welfare during the COVID-19 pandemic, when most of the regular household survey data collection was suspended. This paper reviews the analytical insights gained from the High-Frequency Phone Survey data, including uneven dynamics of household welfare during the pandemic across and within countries, as well as novel applications to simulate estimates of poverty and intergenerational mobility following the pandemic. The paper further derives lessons from the data collection experience. First, phone surveys, while inexpensive and quick, require reliable sampling frames. The predominant sampling strategies-previous household survey and random digit dialing-each have pros and cons in terms of representativeness, non-response, and post-survey adjustments. Second, on questionnaire design, country customization needs to be carefully balanced against standardization when cross-country comparisons are likely to be important. Finally, baseline metrics are critical for crisis monitoring; this requires more frequent welfare monitoring and better alignment of questions in phone surveys and existing data sources. While phone surveys can be a reliable toolkit for researchers and governments, more research is needed on key questions related to the survey mode effect, and the implications of different sampling frames and questionnaire design
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10585
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  • 118
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    Violent Discipline and Parental Behavior : Short- and Medium-Term Effects of Virtual Parenting Support to Caregivers (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (94 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dinarte Diaz, Lelys Violent Discipline and Parental Behavior: Short- and Medium-Term Effects of Virtual Parenting Support to Caregivers
    Keywords: Child Abuse ; Child Emotional Wellbeing ; Child Maltreatment ; Disciplining Behavior ; E-Learning Intervention ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Parental Stress Reduction ; Public Health Promotion ; Social Development ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Violence Against Children
    Abstract: Approximately 75% of children aged 2 to 4 worldwide are regularly subjected to violent discipline across the globe. This paper studies the impact of a virtually-delivered intervention on positive parenting practices in Jamaica. Short-term results indicate that the intervention improves caregiver knowledge (0.52 SD) and attitudes around violence (0.2 SD) and leads to meaningful changes in caregiver disciplining behaviors, with a 0.12 SD reduction in violence against children. Treatment children also experience fewer emotional problems (0.17 SD). Medium-term results (nine months later) show reductions in caregiver depression (0.12 SD), anxiety (0.16 SD), and parental stress (0.16 SD) for treatment caregivers. The virtual delivery has important scalable policy implications which could help decrease violence against children across the globe
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10507
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 119
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    The Primary Health Care System of Moldova : A Primary Health Care Performance Initiative Assessment (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2196
    Keywords: Capacity ; Equity ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information Technology ; Performance ; PHC ; PHCPI Framework
    Abstract: This report presents the findings of the primary health care (PHC) system assessment in the Republic of Moldova undertaken by the World Bank in collaboration with the Moldovan government and under the leadership of the Ministry of Health (MoH). It highlights existing strengths, identifies areas in need of improvement, and suggests strategies for system strengthening
    DOI: 10.1596/40482
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 120
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    Fidelity and Sustainability in the Implementation of the Integrated Networks for the Provision of Health Services of the Huetar-Atlantica Region, Costa Rica (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2196
    Keywords: Employment and Unemployment ; Governance ; Health Insurance ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; RIPSS ; Service Delivery ; T2D ; Universal Health Insurance
    Abstract: The aim of this report is to document the fidelity of the implementation of the RIPSS in the Huetar-Atlantica Region in Costa Rica. Implementation fidelity seeks to assess the extent to which an intervention is implemented as planned and, for this, the PIPs were contrasted with what was implemented in practice. The assessment identified the following: (i) gaps in the implementation that require subsequent actions, and (ii) the core elements for the sustainability and scale-up of the RIPSS
    DOI: 10.1596/40479
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 121
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    Protecting Food Systems, Preventing Future Pandemics : The Case for a Central Asia One Health Program (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2199
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) ; Central Asia ; Covid-19 ; Ecosystem Transformations ; Education Reform and Management ; Food Safety ; Food Systems Resilience ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Applications ; International Economics and Trade ; Livestock ; One Health Approach ; Regional Cooperation
    Abstract: Central Asia has made much progress in public health and animal health in the last 20 years but was as unprepared as other regions in the world to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. The region also faces challenges from other emerging diseases, re-emerging diseases, and climate change. Since 2020, the Central Asian regional economies, as the rest of the world, have faced two shocks - the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Animal diseases do not respect borders and remain a public health concern because of the possible transmission of pathogens to humans. They can spread quickly from one country to another, with impact on animal health, trade, food security, food safety and possibly creating public health emergencies. One Health is an approach that allows for addressing human, animal, and ecosystem health issues through intersectoral action, to prevent, detect, respond to, and recover from infectious diseases, with an endpoint of improving global health security and achieving gains in development. The World Bank has been actively engaged in Central Asia for over two decades and is well-placed to act as a convener able to provide regional program-design expertise and implementation support for a One Health program. The findings of this report will support the preparation of the Central Asia One Health Framework for Action by providing recommendations for activities which can be further supported through public spending, private investments, and other financial resources
    DOI: 10.1596/40465
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  • 122
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    Unlocking the Potential of Women and Adolescent Girls in Madagascar - Challenges and Opportunities in Health : Cahier 2 (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Access To Healthcare ; Adolescent Health ; Climate Change and Health ; Female Sexual Health ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Gender-Based Violence ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Maternal and Girls Health ; Reproductive Health ; Violence Against Women and Girls ; Vulnerable Populations
    Abstract: This thematic note is part of a broader mixed-method study on gender inequalities in Madagascar, which intends to illustrate the key gender gaps in the country and shed light on the unique challenges that young Malagasy women face in their educational, professional, and family trajectories. Due to the persistence of financial, social, and institutional barriers, Malagasy women and girls encounter significant disadvantages across all dimensions of well-being and are unable to access opportunities in an equal manner with men and boys in the country. They are largely constrained in their ability to accumulate human capital in education and health, and to participate in economic opportunities; and they face severe limitations in agency and decision-making, particularly with respect to family formation. Women and girls also appear to be disproportionally affected by the impacts of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widen preexisting gender gaps and amplify vulnerability to poverty, violence, and discrimination. This thematic note provides in-depth insights into the status of women's and girls' maternal, sexual and reproductive health in Madagascar and proposes several strategic lines of action to improve access to professional health care by Malagasy women and girls and prevent teenage pregnancy. This note is accompanied by the overview of all study findings and three thematic notes that present in-depth insights in the following key dimensions: education, economic opportunities, and agency
    DOI: 10.1596/40429
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  • 123
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    Social Insurance for Gig Workers : Insights from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Malaysia (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghorpade, Yashodhan Social Insurance for Gig Workers: Insights from a Discrete Choice Experiment in Malaysia
    Keywords: GIG Work ; Health Insurance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Informal Employment ; Informality ; Social Funds and Pensions ; Social Insurance ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment Compensation ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits ; Willingness To Pay For Social Insurance ; Worker Protections
    Abstract: The rise of "gig" or digital platform work globally has led to both enthusiasm for its potential to create lucrative employment for large numbers of people, as well as concern about its implications for worker protection that is often provided in more standard employment. While gig work platforms may not be akin to employers in standard work relationships, arrangements that do not obligate them to provide worker protection and social insurance contributions may leave several platform workers unprotected against a range of risks. Is the observed lack of protection among digital platform workers explained by an unwillingness on part of the workers themselves to make necessary contributions for social insurance coverage? This paper analyzes this question in the context of Malaysia, a rapidly growing upper-middle-income East Asian economy that has witnessed a rise in gig work in recent years. The paper deploys a novel vignette-based experiment to ascertain gig workers' willingness to pay for social insurance coverage. The analysis finds overall a large unmet need for social insurance among gig workers, as well as a high level of willingness to pay for (especially) unemployment insurance, retirement savings, and accidental and injury insurance. This implies that the policy challenge is to channel such willingness into regular contributions for social insurance coverage through relevant and flexible options for contributions. More than subsidies, this segment of the workforce could perhaps benefit from better tailored, more flexible, and more easily accessible instruments for social insurance. The analysis also finds evidence of substitution between distinct insurance instruments. For instance, those who have access to retirement savings appear to be less willing to pay for unemployment insurance, and those with private medical insurance are less likely to contribute to the state-run injury insurance scheme. This underlines the need to approach risk insurance for digital platform workers more holistically and to consider a wider range of insurance instruments, including those offered by the private sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10629
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  • 124
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    How Korea's National Health Insurance (NHI) Responded to the COVID-19 Pandemic : Policy Note (2023)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Access To Health Care ; Covid-19 Response ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Care Providers Financial Risk ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Healthcare Equity ; National Health Insurance ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Past experience of emerging infectious diseases enabled the Republic of Korea to respond promptly to COVID-19. The government's zero out-of-pocket strategy, dedicated funding to infectious diseases, previously reformed legal and policy frameworks, and proactive risk communication minimized the impact of COVID-19 on the population's health and economy. Pre-existing universal health coverage (UHC) and the role of national health insurance (NHI) contributed to lessening this burden. The National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) reduced premiums for vulnerable populations, facilitated early financing to health care providers, provided free COVID-19-related services, and increased benefit packages covering all populations in the country. The integrated health data system managed by the NHIS was used for customized treatments and enabled policy decisions during the pandemic. Data analysis for this note shows that there were no significant socioeconomic disparities in the COVID-19 prevalence, mortality, and vaccination rates
    DOI: 10.1596/40704
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  • 125
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/04) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/39fe12a6-en
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  • 126
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/05) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/3fc5a334-en
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  • 127
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/09) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/c415a1d4-en
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  • 128
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/10) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/a1168b8c-en
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  • 129
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/08) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/4830c929-en
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  • 130
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/11) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/af1b9ee5-en
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  • 131
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/12) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/af64a9cf-en
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  • 132
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    Perspectives macro économiques à long terme : scénario de référence, No. 114 (Édition 2023) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE : statistiques et projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Long-term baseline projections, No. 114 (Edition 2023)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le scénario de référence long terme de l'OCDE est une projection de certaines variables économiques majeures au-delà de l'horizon court terme des Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE. Il couvre toutes les économies de l'OCDE, celles des pays hors-OCDE mais membres du G20 et les économies partenaires. L'horizon de projection est actuellement 2060. Pour la période historique et l'horizon de projection court terme, les séries sont cohérentes avec celles du numéro des Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE No. 114.
    DOI: 10.1787/008d704a-fr
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/03) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/e91d760c-en
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  • 134
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/03) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/2cfb2e66-en
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  • 135
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/02) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/c0e93b0c-en
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  • 136
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/06) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/ef32cda9-en
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  • 137
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/02) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/1046aab3-en
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  • 138
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    Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE No. 113 (Édition 2023/1) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE : statistiques et projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Outlook No 113 (Edition 2023/1)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Les Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE No. 113 couvrent des données annuelles et trimestrielles allant de 1960 jusqu'en 2024. Les Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE présente une analyse des grandes tendances économiques qui marqueront les deux ou trois années à venir. Pour chaque pays membre, les politiques économiques nécessaires pour favoriser la croissance économique sont détaillées. Les prochains développements sont aussi détaillées pour les économies majeures non-membres de l'OCDE. Cette base de données macro-économique complète et cohérente des économies membres de l'OCDE couvre les dépenses, le commerce international, la production, le marché du travail, les taux d'intérêt et les taux de change, la balance des paiements, l'endettement des administrations publiques. Pour les régions n'appartenant pas à l'OCDE, les séries du commerce international et les transactions courantes sont disponibles.
    DOI: 10.1787/2d05a004-fr
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  • 139
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    OECD Economic Outlook No 113 (Edition 2023/1) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE No. 113 (Édition 2023/1)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: OECD Economic Outlook No. 113 covers annual and quarterly data from 1960 until 2024. The OECD Economic Outlook analyses the major economic trends over the coming years as well as market forecasts and projections. It provides in-depth coverage of the main economic issues and the policy measures required to foster growth in each member country. Forthcoming developments in major non-OECD economies are also evaluated in detail. This database is a comprehensive and consistent macroeconomic database of the OECD economies, covering expenditures, foreign trade, output, labour markets, interest and exchange rates, balance of payments, and government debt. For the non-OECD regions, foreign trade and current account series are available. It also comprises statistics on demand and gross domestic product (GDP), deflators and prices, general government accounts, households and business sectors, labour market, financial data, foreign exchange market, balance of payments, supply block, oil market and other raw materials.
    DOI: 10.1787/b27cc3a6-en
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  • 140
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/07) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/a9b7a2bc-en
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  • 141
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/07) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/2292b5ed-en
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  • 142
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/06) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/679b38bd-en
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  • 143
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/05) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/4510ae1a-en
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  • 144
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/10) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/df705ce5-en
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    Long-term baseline projections, No. 114 (Edition 2023) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives macro économiques à long terme : scénario de référence, No. 114 (Édition 2023)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The OECD Long-Term Baseline is a projection of some major economic variables beyond the short-term horizon of the OECD Economic Outlook. It covers all OECD economies, non-OECD G20 economies and key partners. Components of potential growth, fiscal balances and debt accumulation, domestic saving and investment balances, and external balances are covered and interest rates consistent with those projections, the projection horizon being 2060. For the historical period and the short-run projection horizon, the series are consistent with those of the OECD Economic Outlook No. 114.
    DOI: 10.1787/039dc6d6-en
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  • 146
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/11) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/c45381ed-en
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  • 147
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/01) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/a6a8016d-en
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  • 148
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/01) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/85040bf0-en
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  • 149
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/04) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/ca08703d-en
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  • 150
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/09) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/27130f69-en
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  • 151
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    Key short-term indicators (Edition 2023/08) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes key monthly and quarterly indicators in growth rates and levels covering a wide range of areas such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, industrial production, car registrations (transport), construction, consumer and producer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, monetary aggregates and domestic finance, foreign finance, retail and foreign trade, exchange rates and balance of payments.
    DOI: 10.1787/86169004-en
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  • 152
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    Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE No. 114 (Édition 2023/2) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE : statistiques et projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe OECD Economic Outlook No 114 (Edition 2023/2)
    Keywords: Economics
    DOI: 10.1787/f85b409e-fr
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  • 153
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    Main Economic Indicators - complete database (Edition 2023/12) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Main Economic Indicators
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This dataset includes main economic indicators covering a wide range of areas, such as quarterly national accounts, business surveys, retail sales, industrial production, construction, consumer prices, total employment, unemployment rates, interest rates, money and domestic finance, foreign finance, foreign trade, and balance of payments. Data are available from 1955 onwards.
    DOI: 10.1787/c857eb27-en
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  • 154
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    OECD Economic Outlook No 114 (Edition 2023/2) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perspectives économiques de l'OCDE No. 114 (Édition 2023/2)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: OECD Economic Outlook No. 114 covers annual and quarterly data from 1960 until 2025. The OECD Economic Outlook analyses the major economic trends over the coming years as well as market forecasts and projections. It provides in-depth coverage of the main economic issues and the policy measures required to foster growth in each member country. Forthcoming developments in major non-OECD economies are also evaluated in detail. This database is a comprehensive and consistent macroeconomic database of the OECD economies, covering expenditures, foreign trade, output, labour markets, interest and exchange rates, balance of payments, and government debt. For the non-OECD regions, foreign trade and current account series are available. It also comprises statistics on demand and gross domestic product (GDP), deflators and prices, general government accounts, households and business sectors, labour market, financial data, foreign exchange market, balance of payments, supply block, oil market and other raw materials.
    DOI: 10.1787/62ec50a4-en
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  • 155
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    Poverty in India has Declined over the Last Decade but not as Much as Previously Thought (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (92 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sinha Roy, Sutirtha Poverty in India has Declined over the Last Decade but not as Much as Previously Thought
    Keywords: Consumer Pyramid Household Survey (CPHS) ; Consumption Data ; Development Patterns and Poverty ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Poverty and Policy ; Poverty Decline ; Poverty In India ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Survey Data ; Poverty Trends ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty
    Abstract: The last expenditure survey released by India's National Sample Survey organization dates back to 2011, which is when India last released official estimates of poverty and inequality. This paper sheds light on how poverty and inequality have evolved since 2011 using a new household panel survey, the Consumer Pyramids Household Survey conducted by a private data company. The results show that: (1) extreme poverty is 12.3 percentage points lower in 2019 than in 2011, with greater poverty reductions in rural areas; (2) urban poverty rose by 2 percentage points in 2016 (coinciding with the demonetization event) and rural poverty reduction stalled by 2019 (coinciding with a slowdown in the economy); (3) poverty is estimated to be considerably higher than earlier projections based on consumption growth observed in national accounts; and (4) consumption inequality in India has moderated since 2011
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9994
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  • 156
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    Advanced Content Analysis : Can Artificial Intelligence Accelerate Theory-Driven Complex Program Evaluation? (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Monitoring and Evaluation in Water Supply and Sanitation ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: This pilot study tests the applicability, usefulness, and added value of using AI for advanced theory-based content analysis within the framework of IEG's thematic evaluations. Using a set of interventions associated with the World Bank's chronic malnutrition and stunted growth portfolio, the paper assesses the efficiency gains generated by AI-assisted content analysis in labeling and classifying text according to an outcome-based conceptual framework
    DOI: 10.1596/37117
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  • 157
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    Unequal Households or Communities? : Decomposing the Inequality in Nutritional Status in South Asia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brown, Caitlin Unequal Households or Communities? Decomposing the Inequality in Nutritional Status in South Asia
    Keywords: Anitpoverty Policy ; Country Population Profiles ; Demographic and Health Survey ; Demographics ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Geographic Food Interventions ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Wealth ; Intra-Household Inequality ; Malnutrition Interventions ; Nutrition ; Nutritional Inequality ; Nutritional Outcomes ; Sanitation ; Sanitation-Based Targeting ; Targeting ; Undernourshed Individuals
    Abstract: Half of all undernourished women and children in South Asia are not found in the bottom 40 percent of wealth-poor households. This paper quantifies the extent to which this inequality in nutritional status arises within households versus between households. In contrast to previous literature, it shows that between-household inequality explains 3.5 times as much of the variation as does inequality within households. Within the household, gender, age, and birth order are key correlates of nutritional outcomes. At the household level and accounting for community-level factors, both an index of sanitation infrastructure and the presence of an improved toilet matter independently to household wealth for nutritional outcomes. The paper concludes with a comparison of the effectiveness of targeting undernourishment using household wealth, a community sanitation infrastructure index, and, separately, the proportion of improved toilets in a community. The findings show that access to improved toilets, despite its relative simplicity, performs almost as well as household wealth and better than the community sanitation index. These findings highlight that (a) inequality between households within the same communities is an overlooked but important driver of inequality in nutritional status, and (b) community-level sanitation infrastructure may be a better indicator of nutritional status than more complicated household-level targeting measures
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10009
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  • 158
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    Indirect Effects of COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Vaccine Acceptance (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio Indirect Effects of COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Vaccine Acceptance
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Non-Pharmacetutical Interventions ; Norms ; Pandemic ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Statistics ; Trust ; Vaccine Acceptance ; Vaccine Hesitancy
    Abstract: The information set from which individuals make their decision on vaccination includes signals from trusted agents, such as governments, community leaders, and the media. By implementing restrictions, or by relaxing them, governments can provide a signal about the underlying risk of the pandemic and indirectly affect vaccination take-up. Rather than focusing on measures specifically designed to increase vaccine acceptance, this paper studies how governments' nonpharmaceutical policy responses to the pandemic can modify the degree of preventive health behavior, including vaccination. To do so, the paper uses repeated waves of a global survey on COVID-19 beliefs, behaviors, and norms covering 67 countries from August 2020 to February 2021. Controlling for the usual determinants, the analysis explores how individuals' willingness to get vaccinated is affected by changes in government restriction measures (as measured by the Oxford Stringency Index). This relationship is mediated by individual characteristics, social norms (social pressure to conform with what most people do), and trust in government institutions. The results point to a complex picture as the implementation of restrictions is associated with increased acceptance in some contexts and decreased acceptance in others. The stringency of government restrictions has significant positive correlations with vaccine acceptance in contexts of weak social norms of vaccine acceptance and lower trust in government. In countries or communities where social norms are tighter and trust in government health authorities is high, vaccine acceptance is high but less sensitive to changes in policies. These results suggest that the indirect effect of government policy stringency is stronger among individuals who report lower trust and weaker social norms of vaccine acceptance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10106
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  • 159
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    Conflict and Girl Child Marriage : Global Evidence (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Krafft, Caroline Conflict and Girl Child Marriage: Global Evidence
    Keywords: Child Marriage ; Conflict ; Education ; Educational Populations ; Gender-Based ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Humanitarian Settings ; Quality of Life and Leisure ; Reproductive Health ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Violence Against Girls
    Abstract: Child marriage has lasting negative health, human capital, and welfare consequences. Conflict settings are characterized by a number of complex changes that can potentially increase the risk of child marriage, but there has been limited population-based research directly estimating the relationship between conflict and child marriage. Using Demographic and Health Survey data from 19 conflict-affected countries, this paper estimates the relationship between conflict and child marriage. It identifies the relationship based on variation over space and time in conflict intensity. The findings are mixed; in some countries conflict is associated with an increase in child marriage, in others it is associated with a decrease in child marriage, and in some cases there is not a statistically significant relationship. This overall pattern is robust to a variety of approaches to measuring conflict. These findings underscore how efforts to reduce child marriage need to consider conflict as a potential risk factor, but also one that is likely to interact with local economic, social, and demographic environments
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10135
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  • 160
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    Intra-Household Dynamics and Attitudes toward Vaccines : Experimental and Survey Evidence from Zambia (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hoy, Christopher Intra-Household Dynamics and Attitudes toward Vaccines: Experimental and Survey Evidence from Zambia
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; Covid-19 ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Low and Middle-Income Countries ; Mistrust of Medicine ; Pandemic ; Psychology ; Social Development ; Survey Experiment ; Trust in Science ; Vaccine ; Vaccine Willingness
    Abstract: This paper explores how intra-household dynamics relate to attitudes toward vaccines in low- and lower-middle-income countries, by drawing on two novel data sources from Zambia. The first is a nationally representative, in-person survey of more than 10,000 households that asked all household members individually about their willingness to get a COVID-19 vaccine. The second is a randomized survey experiment with almost 3,000 social media users that tested how the impact of information about the benefits from receiving a COVID-19 vaccine on people's willingness to get vaccinated varied based on intra-household dynamics. Both data sources showed that people's willingness (unwillingness) to get a COVID-19 vaccine was very strongly associated with whether other household members were also willing (unwilling). The experiment found that respondents who received information emphasizing either individual or household benefits from getting a COVID-19 vaccine were around 20 percent more willing to get vaccinated than those in the control group. This information was more potent among respondents who believed other members of their household would not get vaccinated but did not have a larger impact on respondents who were involved in household decision making. There was also evidence of positive "second-round" effects whereby respondents who received the information treatments were more likely to encourage other household members to get a COVID-19 vaccine. An important implication that flows from this analysis is that although household members tend to have similar attitudes toward vaccines, communicating accurate information about the benefits of getting vaccinated can counter intra-household dynamics that undermine acceptance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10136
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  • 161
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    Two Years After : Saving a Generation (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Curriculum and Instruction ; Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental Health ; Teacher Training
    Abstract: LAC has endured one of the longest spells of school closures. The region was hit disproportionately hard in health, economic, and educational terms. In the region, an entire generation of students - approximately 170 million - were fully deprived of in-person education for roughly 1 out of 2 effective school days to date. The effects of the pandemic on the education sector of the region have been severe. The incipient recovery must focus on returning to schooling and, especially, recovering and accelerating learning. In a nutshell, this agenda entails the urgent and comprehensive implementation of four commitments: (i) A commitment to place the education recovery at the top of the public agenda; (ii) A commitment to reintegrate all the children that abandoned school and ensure they stay in it; (iii) A commitment to recover lost learning and ensure the socio-emotional well-being of children; (iv) A commitment to value, support and train teachers
    DOI: 10.1596/37586
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  • 162
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    Improving Food Safety Risk Assessment in Vietnam : Facilitating the Setting-up of a National Food Safety Risk Assessment Committee (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Safety ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Risk Assessment
    Abstract: Vietnam's agricultural sector plays an important role in the global agri-food value chain. As the sector having the highest trade surplus in one of the most open economies in the world, Vietnam's agricultural sector was affected by Coronavirus (COVID-19) in two main ways. Firstly, raw materials and immediate input supplies for the sector were disrupted due to the early outbreak in Asian countries, especially China, which supply most agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and plant protection products. Secondly and compounding this trend, demand has dropped significantly due to mobility restrictions and reduced economic activity within the country and its most important markets, such as the US and Europe. The objective of this study was to enhance Vietnam's trade and competitiveness, focusing on strengthening private sector participation in global value-chains and food safety awareness and compliance. This report is structured as follows. The first chapter presents the context, objectives and approach for the study. The second chapter highlights the key issues, challenges and gaps in Vietnam's food safety risk assessment. The third chapter presents some of the key lessons and experiences in food safety risk management from some countries within the region and more advanced economies, as a basis to inform Vietnam's national food safety risk assessment framework. Chapter four makes recommendations on how to strengthen Vietnam's National food safety risk assessment committee
    DOI: 10.1596/37765
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  • 163
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    Poverty-Adjusted Life Expectancy : A Consistent Index of the Quantity and the Quality of Life (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Baland, Jean-Marie Poverty-Adjusted Life Expectancy: A Consistent Index of the Quantity and the Quality of Life
    Keywords: Country Comparison ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development Index ; Mortality ; Multidimensional Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty-Adjusted Life Expectancy Index ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Well-Being Index
    Abstract: Poverty and mortality are arguably the two major sources of loss of well-being. Most mainstream measures of human development capturing these two dimensions aggregate them in an ad-hoc and controversial way. This paper develops a new index aggregating the poverty and the mortality observed in a given period in a consistent way. It is called the poverty-adjusted life expectancy index. This index is based on a single normative parameter that transparently captures the trade-off between well-being losses from being poor or from being dead. The paper first shows that the poverty-adjusted life expectancy index follows naturally from an expected life-cycle utility approach a la Harsanyi. The paper then proceeds to empirical comparisons between countries and across time and focuses on situations in which poverty and mortality provide conflicting evaluations. Once it is assumed that being poor is (at least weakly) preferable to being dead, the analysis finds that about a third of these conflicting comparisons can be unambiguously ranked by the poverty-adjusted life expectancy index. Finally, the paper shows that this index naturally defines a new and simple index of multidimensional poverty, the expected deprivation index
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10133
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  • 164
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    Human Resource in Health Requirements for Implementing the NAPHS under IHR-GHSA at the Federal Level in Pakistan (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Project Design and Implementation ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population
    Abstract: Pakistan along with all UN member states has been a signatory to the International Health Regulations (IHR) 2005 which calls for countries to work together to prevent, detect, and respond to public health emergencies under the IHR (2005). The signatory countries have also agreed to work towards Universal Health Coverage and to build resilient health systems which can adapt and respond to the challenges posed by outbreaks and other health hazards and emergencies of national and international concern. The purpose and scope of the IHR (2005) are very broad. According to Article 2 of the IHR, the purpose and scope of the Regulations are "to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade." In 2021 with the promulgation of the National Institute for Health (NIH) Ordinance, the reorganization of the NIH to National Public Health Institutes was initiated with the core functions of disease surveillance and response, public health laboratories, and research. This meant that as per the JEE and NAPHS, which lay out the various functions of IHR-GHSA under the three pillars conceptual framework for Integrated Disease Surveillance (IDSR) that comprises Prevent-Detect-Respond capacities, the newly constituted NIH required an assessment of current and future health workforce capacities in the country The findings in the report are organized by the three pillars of IDSR:1) Prevent, 2) Detect, and 3) Respond. The gap analysis identified the number of additional health workforce needed in various categories. This review concluded that most of the departments in both animal and human health sectors had urgent requirements for filling existing sanctioned posts as well as for additional workforce. Engagement of the requisite workforce, also requires training needs to be met among the 13 areas of work
    DOI: 10.1596/37741
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  • 165
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    Why the World Trade Organization is Critical for Vaccine Supply Chain Resilience During a Pandemic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; International Organizations ; Law and Development ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics
    Abstract: Cross-border supply chains and international trade played a critical role in vaccinating much of the world to address the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Considering that experience, this note describes the changes needed to make the World Trade Organization (WTO) a more useful institution during such a public health emergency. It begins by describing the market failures confronting vaccines especially on the supply side, to introduce the domestic subsidies and contracting arrangements needed to accelerate vaccine research and development, and to increase the scale and speed of vaccine production during a pandemic. As an application, it relies on illustrative examples of US subsidies that emerged during COVID-19. However, the challenge confronting policymakers is exacerbated in an environment characterized by cross-border supply chains, making input shortage problems impacting production even worse. Thus, the note highlights the need for new forms of international policy coordination, including initiatives on supply chain transparency, as well as agreements to increase subsidies across countries to jointly scale up vaccine output and input production capacity along the entire supply chain. It concludes that while the WTO was mostly absent this time around, it remains the best-positioned international organization to facilitate these novel forms of international economic policy cooperation
    DOI: 10.1596/37760
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  • 166
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    COVID-19 in Papua New Guinea - Economic and Social Impacts : Insights from the Fourth Round of High Frequency Phone Surveys - Data Collected in December 2021 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; Covid-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Recovery ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This report focuses on the socio-economic impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Papua New Guinea. The report shows insights from the fourth round of high frequency phone surveys conducted as of December 2021. Economic recovery was weak with household incomes falling. Low vaccination rates may further hinder recovery and welfare outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/37736
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  • 167
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    COVID-19 in Solomon Islands - Economic and Social Impacts : Insights from the January-February 2022 Round of High Frequency Phone Surveys (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Civil Society ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report focuses on the socio-economic impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Solomon Islands. The fourth round of the high frequency phone survey (HFPS) interviewed 2,671 households in January-February 2022 on the socio-economic impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19), including employment and income, community trust and security and COVID-19 vaccination. The January-February 2022 round occurred at the onset of the first wave of COVID-19
    DOI: 10.1596/37722
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  • 168
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    From Necessity to Opportunity : Lessons for Integrating Phone and in-Person Data Collection for Agricultural Statistics in a Post-Pandemic World (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zezza, Alberto From Necessity to Opportunity: Lessons for Integrating Phone and in-Person Data Collection for Agricultural Statistics in a Post-Pandemic World
    Keywords: Agricultural Statistics ; COVID-19 Impact Data ; COVID-19 Lock-Down ; Digital Divide ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Living Standards ; Phone Survey ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Rural Population ; Rural Survey Technique ; Survey Methods
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted survey and data systems globally and especially in low- and middle-income countries. Lockdowns necessitated remote data collection as demand for data on the impacts of the pandemic surged. Phone surveys started being implemented at a national scale in many places that previously had limited experience with them. As in-person data collection resumes, the experience gained provides the grounds to reflect on how phone surveys may be incorporated into survey and data systems in low- and middle-income countries. This includes agricultural and rural surveys supported by international survey programs such as the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture, the Food and Agriculture Organization's AGRISurvey, or the 50*2030 Initiative. Reviewing evidence and experiences from before and during the pandemic, the paper analyzes and provides guidance on the scope of and considerations for using phone surveys for agricultural data collection. It addresses the domains of sampling and representativeness, post-survey adjustments, questionnaire design, respondent selection and behavior, interviewer effects, as well as cost considerations, all with an emphasis on the particularities of agricultural and rural surveys. Ultimately, the integration of phone interviews with in-person data collection offers a promising opportunity to leverage the benefits of phone surveys while addressing their limitations, including the depth of content constraints and potential coverage biases, which are especially challenging for agricultural and rural populations in low- and middle-income countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10168
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  • 169
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    Inferring COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes from Twitter Data : An Application to the Arabic Speaking World (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Van Der Weide, Roy Inferring COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes from Twitter Data: An Application to the Arabic Speaking World
    Keywords: Anti-Vaccine Social Media ; Arabic Twitter ; Communicable Diseases ; Covid Vaccine Side Effect Attitudes ; COVID-19 Pandemic ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Behavior ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Positive Vaccine Messaging ; Public Health Promotion ; Public Health Survey ; Sentiment Data ; Social Media Vaccine Endorsements ; Vaccine Sentiment
    Abstract: This study investigates whether Twitter data can be used to infer attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination with an application to the Arabic speaking world. At first glance, anti-vaccine sentiment estimated from Twitter data is surprisingly low in comparison to estimates obtained from survey data. Only about 3 percent of Twitter accounts in our database are identified as anti-COVID-vaccination (compared to 20 to 30 percent of survey respondents). This bias is resolved when: (1) filtering out accounts belonging to organizations that make up a significant share of the discourse on Twitter, and (2) adjusting for the fact that the population of Twitter users is biased towards more educated individuals. The most effective messages on the anti-vaccine side highlight claims that the vaccine causes serious life-threatening side effects. In the pro-vaccine camp, tweets containing content showing public figures receiving the vaccine are found to have the largest reach by far
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10165
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  • 170
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    Informing Policy and Decisions : IEG 2022 Annual Report (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Early Child and Children's Health ; Economic Growth ; Education ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Primary Education ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Abstract: The annual report looks back at the past fiscal year and explores how IEG's reports increasingly inform policy and decision making
    DOI: 10.1596/38102
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  • 171
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    Risks to Child Development and School Readiness among Children under Six in Pakistan : Findings from a Nationally Representative Phone Survey (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hentschel, Elizabeth Risks to Child Development and School Readiness among Children under Six in Pakistan: Findings from a Nationally Representative Phone Survey
    Keywords: Child Development Survey ; Children's Education ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Risk To Human Capital Index ; School Health ; School Readiness ; School Readiness Estimates ; Social Development ; Well-Being of Children Under 6 ; Well-Being Risk Factors
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the risks to child development and school readiness among children under age 6 in Pakistan. Drawing on a nationally representative telephone survey conducted between December 2021 and February 2022, it presents the first nationally representative estimates of child development for children under 3 years of age and school readiness for children 3 to 6 years of age, using internationally validated instruments. The paper examines how risk factors such as parental distress, lack of psychosocial stimulation, food insecurity, low maternal education, no enrollment in early childhood education, and living in a rural area are associated with children's outcomes. The data indicate that more than half (57 percent) of parents with children under age 3 were distressed and that 61 percent of households reported cutting down on the size of or skipping meals since the start of the pandemic. The data reveal that over half of parents fail to engage in adequate psychosocial stimulation with their child and enrollment in early childhood education is very low (39 percent). The paper finds that child development outcomes decline rapidly as the number of risks increase. Specifically, for children under 3 years, lack of psychosocial stimulation at home and higher levels of parental distress were most significantly associated with lower child development levels. For a child aged 3 to 6 years, early childhood education enrollment and the amount of psychosocial stimulation the child receives at home had the strongest association with school readiness scores
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10221
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  • 172
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    Change Cannot Wait : Building Resilient Health Systems in the Shadow of COVID-19 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Health Indicators ; Health Insurance ; Health Shocks ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Resources
    Abstract: As the world approaches the third anniversary of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the devastating health, economic, and societal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic remain on every continent. COVID-19 underscored how unprepared we are for a public-health emergency of staggering proportions. And yet potentially graver health threats loom. The increasing number of acute infectious diseases combines with trends such as population aging, chronic-disease burdens, and climate change to raise the risk of syndemics-events in which two or more diseases adversely interact with each other and with political and economic conditions of inequality and poverty. The only way to prevent, prepare for, and manage these threats is by building resilient health systems to withstand shocks and improve health outcomes between crises. This report, which is filled with country examples of resilience, shows how strengthening resilience is within every country's reach, even those with low incomes. It describes the key features of resilient systems as integrated systems that are aware of threats; agile in response to evolving needs; absorptive of shocks; adaptive to minimize disruptions; and able to transform after crises, based on lessons learned. The report makes recommendations for countries to operationalize resilience based on a framework that prioritizes investments according to their impact. The most important investments center on risk reduction, including prevention and community preparedness. The second most important investments focus on disease detection, containment, and mitigation to contain outbreaks before they spread widely. The final set focuses on advanced case management and surge response during an epidemic or pandemic, making this the most expensive and least cost-effective tier. The final message of the report is urgency. Investments are needed to save lives and economies - before it is too late
    DOI: 10.1596/38233
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  • 173
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    Sustaining Action Against Antimicrobial Resistance : A Case Series of Country Experiences (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Policy ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health
    Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, evolve in ways that reduce medicine's ability to fight them. AMR has made many infections, particularly bacterial infections, increasingly difficult or even impossible to treat. Without effective medicines, the number of people with severe microbial infections will increase, as will the number of people who die from these infections. In 2019, 4.95 million deaths were associated with AMR, with the highest AMR-attributable death rates occurring in western sub-Saharan Africa.8 While AMR is a natural evolutionary process that occurs over time, many human-led behaviors have increased its occurrence. The main drivers of AMR include: (1) the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials; (2) lack of access to clean water and adequate sanitation for people and animals; (3) poor infection prevention and control measures in healthcare facilities and farms; (4) limited access to quality, affordable medicines, vaccines, and diagnostics; and (5) lack of awareness and knowledge about AMR. Additionally, for countries to progress from planning to acting, AMR coordination committees must have a clearly defined role and the remit to develop and implement an operational plan. Operational plans should embed NAP activities into the national development agenda, sectoral strategies, and budgets, and should coordinate an aligned approach to delivering NAP activities across sectors and stakeholders. Creating and empowering AMR coordination committees and comprehensively implementing and monitoring the prioritized activities outlined in their NAPs operational plan takes time; but there are several relatively easy entry points for AMR action that countries can utilize to accelerate their fight against AMR. The remaining case studies in this series showcase successful actions against AMR that three countries, Burkina Faso, Jordan, and Malawi, have taken along their journey to fully operationalizing and implementing their NAPs on AMR
    DOI: 10.1596/38162
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  • 174
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    Governance of the Service Delivery Chain for Youth Mental Health in Lithuania : Key Findings From a Public Sector Employee Survey (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Management ; Mental Health ; Public Health Promotion
    Abstract: There is a youth mental health crisis in Lithuania. Mental health challenges have several delirious consequences for the youth, including poor performance in school and negative outcomes later in life such as substance abuse, poor health, unemployment, and incarceration. Addressing this crisis is a priority for the Government of Lithuania, as documented in several strategic plans and budgetary programs. At the request of the government, the World Bank's Bureaucracy Lab undertook an empirical diagnostic of the youth mental health service delivery chain, focusing on the education sector. The study was based on a conceptual framework of a production function of youth mental health service delivery. The report is structured to give a comprehensive picture of the governance factors in Lithuania's mental health services delivery system. Chapter 2 sets forth the conceptual framework used to study the challenge and to design the survey. Chapter 3 charts the results from the study, closely following the designed conceptual framework. Policy recommendations constitute Chapter 4, with actionable proposals given for each tier of the government
    DOI: 10.1596/38144
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  • 175
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    Impact of Health Sector Support Project on Essential Nutrition Services : Evidence from Bangladesh (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Anemia ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Health Indicators ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Nutrition ; Stunting
    Abstract: Despite progress over the past two decades, poor nutrition remains a significant public health challenge in Bangladesh. Stunting among children under five years declined from 43 to 31 percent between 2007 and 2018, while 42 percent of women between 15 to 49 years are anemic. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is implementing the Health Sector Support Project (HSSP) with financing and technical assistance from the World Bank in the Sylhet and Chattogram divisions of the country. The project considers improving nutrition outcomes as a core priority. Leveraging administrative data from 13,855 community clinics (CCs) from 2018 to 2020 and a difference-in-difference approach, the analysis finds that HSSP led to improvements in the delivery of both maternal and child nutrition services. The proportion of eligible pregnant women who received requisite antenatal services (receipt of at least 30 iron and folic acid tablets, nutrition counseling, and weight measurement) increased by 2.7 percent over the duration. Similarly, the proportion of children between 0 and 23 months, who received age-appropriate nutrition counseling, increased by 8.9 percent over the same period. The paper identifies several factors that led to these improvements and notes the impediments. The HSSP renewed focus on the importance of delivering quality nutrition services, and the technical assistance provided through the HSSP has strengthened capacity, not only around the delivery of services but also in improving the data ecosystem and quality of project monitoring and results verification. There are, however, issues impeding service delivery of nutrition services. The community health care providers (CHCPs) are often faced with competing priorities, as nutrition is one of the many services they provide. Similarly, the CHCPs have been found to lack the required capacity and skills in delivering services and are also burdened with poor information technology (IT) equipment
    DOI: 10.1596/38328
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  • 176
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    Innovation to Strengthen Social Protection and Nutritional Support within a Tuberculosis Control Program : Evidence and Emerging Lessons from India (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: DBT ; Direct Benefit Transfer ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Private Providers ; Public Health Concern ; TB ; Treatment of Patients ; Tuberculosis
    Abstract: Eliminating tuberculosis (TB) as a public health concern is not only about saving lives, but also equally an important economic investment. In line with this, the Government of India (GOI) has a target of elimination of TB by 2025, through innovative measures, including providing multiple direct benefit transfer (DBT) schemes for patients and providers and using technology to strengthen service delivery. The GOI has implemented DBT for more than 300 social protection schemes, including eleven in the health sector. This policy brief explicitly focuses on the DBT scheme for TB patients. The four supporting DBT schemes for TB include: (i) under the Ni-Kshay Poshan Yojana (NPY), monetary incentives are provided for each notified TB patient until the completion of the treatment; (ii) Ni-Kshay monetary incentives are provided for the private providers and informants for the notification and until completion of the treatment of patients treated by private providers; (iii) transport monetary incentive for TB patients in notified tribal areas; and (iv) honorarium to treatment supporters who may be individual volunteers or non-profit organizations providing support to TB patients. This policy brief documents and distills lessons from NPY's early implementation of DBT in three states and six districts in India
    DOI: 10.1596/38388
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  • 177
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    Pharmaceuticals in Latin America and the Caribbean : Players, Access, and Innovation Across Diverse Models (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Health, Nutrition and Population ; Intellectual Property Rights ; Pharmaceutical Industry ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Public Health Promotion ; Public Procurement
    Abstract: Pharmaceutical products have contributed to longer life expectancy and better quality of life in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, they often account for a significant share of household expenditures, especially among the poor and those facing catastrophic health shocks. And they are not always accessible, as dramatically exposed by the Covid-19 pandemic. This mixed record can be linked to the workings of the pharmaceutical sector, an issue that has not received much attention in policy discussions. This paper identifies the sector's key domestic and foreign players, and analyzes its local output, international trade, and price levels. It also documents government policies, including intellectual property rights, regulatory oversight, and public procurement. An important contribution of the paper is to show the significant scientific capacity of the region, especially in relation to biological products - including vaccines - whose intrinsic heterogeneity challenges intellectual property rights protection. Based on this diagnosis, the paper flags three sets of issues for policy makers to consider. Relatively uncontroversial measures include strengthening regulatory authorities, promoting the use of generics, and upgrading public procurement. Other areas, such as supporting R and D and regulating prices, involve tradeoffs. Finally, there are strategic choices to be made, with some countries in the region favoring stringent intellectual property rights, while others support national champions or rely on state entrepreneurship
    DOI: 10.1596/36871
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  • 178
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    Tunisia Economic Monitor, Winter 2021 : Economic Reforms to Navigate Out of the Crisis (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Debt ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Debt ; Public Sector Development ; Unemployment
    Abstract: The Economic Monitor examines four possible factors behind Tunisia's slow recovery. First, the drop in mobility related to the pandemic may have been more harmful in Tunisia. However, mobility in Tunisia has dropped to a similar extent as other countries and it has now returned to pre-pandemic levels following the acceleration in the vaccination campaign since July. If anything, the mobility drop in Tunisia has resulted in a lower reduction in economic activity than in comparator countries as Algeria and Egypt. Second, it could be that the level of public support to the ailing firms and households may have been particularly low. However, at 2.3 percent of GDP, the Covid-19 stimulus package in 2020 was in the same ballpark as other comparators in the region. Third, the structure of the Tunisian economy, particularly its reliance on tourism, may have exposed it to the negative demand shock more than other countries. Indeed hotels, cafe and restaurant and transport are the sectors which have contracted the most since the start of the pandemic. The losses of these sectors explain a significant portion of the negative effects of the crisis in Tunisia, although they do not fully account for such slow recovery
    DOI: 10.1596/36861
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  • 179
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    The Effects of Community Health Worker Visits and Primary Care Subsidies on Health Behavior and Health Outcomes for Children in Urban Mali (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dean, Mark The Effects of Community Health Worker Visits and Primary Care Subsidies on Health Behavior and Health Outcomes for Children in Urban Mali
    Keywords: Child Heath Care ; Community Health Worker (CHW) Visits ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Health and Poverty ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Healthcare Subsidy Effectiveness ; Home Health Visit ; Infant and Child Mortality ; Pediatric Accute Medical Intervention ; Pediatric Health Outcomes 0-2 ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Visiting Nurse
    Abstract: Subsidized primary care and community health worker (CHW) visits are important demand side policies in the effort to achieve universal health care for children under five. Causal evidence on the effects of these policies, alone and in interaction, is still sparse. This paper reports the effects on diarrhea prevention, curative care, and incidence as well as anthropometrics for 1649 children from a randomized control trial in Bamako that cross-randomized CHW visits and access to free health care. CHW visits improve prevention and subsidies increase the use of curative care for acute illness, with some indication of positive interaction effects. There is no evidence of moral hazard, such as reduced preventive care among families receiving the subsidy. Although there are no significant improvements in malnutrition, diarrhea incidence is reduced by over 70% in the group that receives both subsidies and CHW. Positive effects are concentrated among children ages 0 to 2
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9986
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  • 180
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    Proximity without Productivity : Agglomeration Effects with Plant-Level Output and Price Data (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Grover, Arti Proximity without Productivity: Agglomeration Effects with Plant-Level Output and Price Data
    Keywords: Agglomeration ; Cities Structural Transformation ; City ; Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Productivity ; Urban Labor Market ; Urban Population Density ; Wage Elasticity ; Wage Pressure Data
    Abstract: Recent literature suggests that the positive impact of population density on wages, the canonical measure of agglomeration effects, is multiples higher in developing countries than in advanced economies. This poses an urban productivity puzzle because on-the-ground observations do not suggest that cities in developing countries function especially well or are conducive to enhanced productivity. This paper uses manufacturing censuses from four countries at differing levels of income that allow separating plant output quantity from prices. It shows that higher wage elasticities with respect to density are due to higher marginal costs, and agglomeration elasticities of efficiency, physical total factor productivity, are in fact far lower in developing countries. Further, congestion costs decrease with country income. Both are consistent with often low rates of structural transformation that make cities in developing countries so-called "sterile agglomerations," which are populous but not efficient
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9977
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  • 181
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    Saving Lives through Technology : Mobile Phones and Infant Mortality (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mensah, Justice Tei Saving Lives through Technology: Mobile Phones and Infant Mortality
    Keywords: Access To Medicine ; Digital Technology Access ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Health Access ; Health Intervention ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infant Mortality Data ; Infant Mortality Reduction ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Mobile Network Expansion
    Abstract: Digital technologies can expand access to health services to underserved populations. This paper leverages mobile network expansion and survey data spanning two decades to study the impact of access to mobile phones on infant mortality in Africa. Using plausibly exogenous variations in lightning intensity and (sub)regional convergence in mobile penetration as instrumental variables for mobile network expansion, the analysis finds that mobile phones significantly reduce infant mortality. A 10 percentage point increase in mobile coverage is associated with a 0.45 percentage point reduction in infant mortality. Improvements in health knowledge and behavior and health care utilization appear to be plausible channels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9978
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  • 182
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    The Syrian Refugee Life Study : First Glance (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Miguel, Edward A The Syrian Refugee Life Study: First Glance
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Diseases ; Female ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Male ; Mental Health ; Population ; Refugees ; Social Demographics
    Abstract: This paper presents descriptive statistics from the first wave of the Syrian Refugee Life Study (S-RLS), which was launched in 2020. S-RLS is a longitudinal study that tracks a representative sample of 2,500 registered Syrian refugee households in Jordan. It collects comprehensive data on socio-demographic variables as well as information on health and well-being, preferences, social capital, attitudes, and safety and crime perceptions. This study uses these novel data to document the socio-demographic characteristics of Syrian refugees in Jordan, and compare them to those of the representative Jordanian and non-Jordanian populations interviewed in the 2016 Jordan Labor Market Panel Survey. The findings point to lags in basic service access, housing quality, and educational attainment for the Syrian refugee population, relative to the non-refugee population. The impacts of the pandemic may serve to partially explain these documented disparities. The data also illustrate that most Syrian refugees have not recovered economically from the shock of COVID-19 and that this population has larger gender disparities in terms of income, employment, prevalence of child marriage, and gender attitudes than their non-refugee counterparts. Finally, mental health problems are common for Syrian refugees in 2020, with depression indicated among over 61 percent of the population
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9940
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  • 183
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    Inventory of Disease Modeling, Health Planning, Budgeting, Costing and Resource Allocation Tools, and Health Information System Platforms (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Care Services Industry ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry
    Abstract: This rapid review of Disease Modeling, Health Planning, Budgeting, Costing and Resource Allocation Tools, and Health Information System Platforms aims to provide an overview of each of the specific platform and its intended use and capacity. This will ultimately help health implementers understand what tools are readily available and can be used or rapidly modified to suit their needs. In case a new tool is developed, this will help inform the key features that new tool should have. This review included tools that have had an established presence and use in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and are open access, including all HIV program planning and allocative efficiency (AE) tools conduced by the World Bank in 2016, major HIS tools from the "Global Goods Guidebook" published by Digital Square in 2019 and additional tools supported by major donors including USAID, DFID, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and UN agencies
    DOI: 10.1596/37102
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    Scars of Pandemics from Lost Schooling and Experience : Aggregate Implications and Gender Differences through the Lens of COVID-19 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Samaniego, Roberto Scars of Pandemics from Lost Schooling and Experience: Aggregate Implications and Gender Differences through the Lens of COVID-19
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economics of Education ; Education ; Female Relative Income ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Education ; Gender Pay Gap ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Labor Markets ; Lost Schooling ; Pandemic Impact ; Returns To Education ; Returns To Experience
    Abstract: Pandemic shocks disrupt human capital accumulation through schooling and work experience. This study quantifies the long-term economic impact of these disruptions in the case of COVID-19, focusing on countries at different levels of development and using returns to education and experience by college status that are globally estimated using 1,084 household surveys across 145 countries. The results show that both lost schooling and experience contribute to significant losses in global learning and output. Developed countries incur greater losses than developing countries, because they have more schooling to start with and higher returns to experience. The returns to education and experience are also separately estimated for men and women, to explore the differential effects by gender of the COVID-19 pandemic. Surprisingly, while the study uncovers gender differences in returns to education and schooling, gender differences in the impact of COVID-19 are small and short-lived, with a loss in female relative income of only 2.5 percent or less, mainly due to the greater severity of the employment shock on impact. These findings might challenge some of the ongoing narratives in policy circles. The methodology employed in this study is easily implementable for future pandemics
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9932
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    Air Pollution and Poverty : PM2.5 Exposure in 211 Countries and Territories (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rentschler, Jun Air Pollution and Poverty: PM2.5 Exposure in 211 Countries and Territories
    Keywords: Air Pollution Exposure ; Air Polution ; Demographics ; Environment ; Environment and Health ; Environmental Health Risk ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey Data ; Leading Cause Of Death ; Polluting Industries ; Polluting Technologies ; Pollution Management and Control ; Poverty and Pollution ; Subnational Poverty Estimates ; Urban Development ; Urban Health
    Abstract: Air pollution is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, especially affecting poorer people who tend to be more exposed and vulnerable. This study contributes (i) updated global exposure estimates for the World Health Organizations's 2021 revised fine particulate matter (PM2.5) thresholds, and (ii) estimates of the number of poor people exposed to unsafe PM2.5 concentrations. It shows that 7.28 billion people, or 94 percent of the world population, are directly exposed to unsafe average annual PM2.5 concentrations. Low- and middle-income countries account for 80 percent of people exposed to unsafe PM2.5 levels. Moreover, 716 million poor people (living on less than USD 1.90 per day) live in areas with unsafe air pollution. Around half of them are located in just three countries: India, Nigeria, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Air pollution levels are particularly high in lower-middle-income countries, where economies tend to rely more heavily on polluting industries and technologies. The findings are based on high-resolution air pollution and population maps with global coverage, as well as subnational poverty estimates based on harmonized household surveys
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10005
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    How Resilient was Trade to COVID-19? (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bas, Maria How Resilient was Trade to COVID-19?
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Exchange Rate Shock ; Exports ; Global Supply Chain ; Health and Sanitation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High-Frequency Data ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Pandemic ; Production and Export ; Resilience ; Shock ; Transmission Of Shocks ; Transport ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: This paper examines which product supply-side characteristics affect the resilience of traded products to the COVID-19 pandemic. Relying on monthly product-level exports by all countries to the United States, Japan, and 27 European Union countries from January 2018 to December 2020, the paper estimates a difference-in-differences specification for the impact of COVID-19 incidence (deaths per capita) mediated by product characteristics, accounting for when exports reach their destination by relying on product transportation lags. Higher reliance on foreign inputs, China as an input supplier, and unskilled labor and a lower degree of complexity negatively affected exports as a result of COVID-19
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9975
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 187
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    The Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Children in Kenya (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cameron, Emma The Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Children in Kenya
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Access To Education ; Children's Well-Being ; COVID-19 Metal Health ; Education ; Educational Inequity ; Emotional Consequences Of Covid ; Gender ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Mental Health ; Pandemic Learning Disruption ; Remote Learning ; Remote Learning Outcomes ; Student's Mental Health
    Abstract: Based on survey data for more than 5,000 Kenyan households, this study shows that, despite government efforts to introduce remote learning options, access to education declined markedly during a nine-month-long period of school closures. Remote learning was adopted by only a small minority of students, and disadvantaged children fell further behind. During the first semester of 2021, reports of alterations in children's externalizing and internalizing behavior more than tripled, with one in five children being affected by June 2021. After schools reopened, children learning remotely or through alternative means were more likely to suffer from these disruptions in emotional well-being than those who returned to school. While the medium- and long-term effects on learning outcomes and human capital remain unknown, the findings suggest that girls and children from poorer and less educated households have been disproportionately affected
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10003
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  • 188
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    Tanzania : Re-positioning Health Service Delivery in Response to the Changing Disease Burden (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Burden Of Disease ; Communicable Diseases ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; HIV/AIDS ; Malaria ; Nutrition ; Tuberculosis
    Abstract: Over the last two decades, Tanzania has registered improvement in the health status of the population and a reduction in the overall disease burden. However, the burden of communicable diseases and maternal and child health conditions, including nutrition, remains persistently high. These conditions can be prevented and treated with existing affordable and cost-effective interventions but remain major public health problems. Besides the persistently high burden of communicable diseases, Tanzania is witnessing a growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and is at risk of a protracted, full-fledged double burden of disease. The study assessed the current and future trajectory of the disease burden, assessed the organization and performance of the health care delivery system in responding to the disease burden, and identified actions that Tanzania would need to employ to address the major causes of disease burden so that they may cease to be major public health problems
    DOI: 10.1596/37211
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  • 189
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    Financing Vaccine Equity : Funding for Day-Zero of the Next Pandemic (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Agarwal, Ruchir Financing Vaccine Equity: Funding for Day-Zero of the Next Pandemic
    Keywords: Coronavirus Vaccine Fund ; COVID-19 Vaccine ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Global Health Access ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Equity ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Next Pandemic ; Pandemic Preparedness ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Poverty Reduction ; Universal Access To Vaccine ; Vaccine Accessibility ; Vaccine Equity ; Vaccine Financing
    Abstract: A lack of timely financing for purchases of vaccines and other health products impeded the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on analysis of contract signature and delivery dates in COVID-19 vaccine advance purchase agreements, this paper finds that 60-75 percent of the delay in vaccine deliveries to low- and middle-income countries is attributable to their signing purchase agreements later than high-income countries, which placed them further behind in the delivery line. A pandemic Advance Commitment Facility with access to a credit line on day-zero of the next pandemic could allow low- and middle-income countries to secure orders earlier, ensuring a much faster and equitable global response than during COVD-19. The paper outlines four options for a financier to absorb some or all of the risk associated with the credit line and discusses how the credit would complement other proposals to strengthen the financing architecture for pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10067
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  • 190
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    Managing Environmental and Social Risks in Resilient Housing Projects (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Health and Sanitation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Risk Management ; Social Development ; Urban Housing and Land Settlements
    Abstract: Resilient Housing (RH) initiatives are a crucial means of improving access to safe and sanitary housing in urban areas of high vulnerability. These projects make residents safer, healthier, and more secure, and increase the economic inclusion of the world's poorest populations. They upgrade homes, improve neighborhoods, and change lives. Like all investment projects, RH initiatives carry with them some risks and may impact the lives of community members in the project area. The note briefly introduces RH initiatives, describes their unique approach to project design, and touches on the possible risks occasioned by RH projects. It then explores the many ways in which RH initiatives closely align with the objectives and technical requirements embedded in the World Bank's Environmental and Social Framework (ESF), which went into effect on October 1, 2018. The ESF lays out a comprehensive approach to identifying and managing environmental and social risks and minimizing potential impacts. The goals and requirements of RH initiatives and the ESF complement one another, and this note will describe how this mutually supportive relationship creates desirable outcomes that achieve the objectives of both, despite occasional trade-offs. Using recent operational experience as a guide to best practices, the note's final section provides recommendations for Task Team Leaders responsible for managing RH projects on how to apply the ESF to their projects to minimize risk and maximize project impact
    DOI: 10.1596/37255
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  • 191
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    A Study of Road Safety Lead Agencies in Africa (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health Promotion ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This study of road safety lead agencies (RSLAs) in Africa takes place at an important time when serious injuries on roads are at the centre of discussions on sustainable development. RSLAs in Africa are considered to be critical vehicles for responding to road safety challenges, although how well they do this remains largely unknown. In literature, their functionality, complexity and autonomy has widely been assessed. However, there is limited attempt to link the management capacity of RSLAs to the observed road safety outcomes such as serious injuries and fatality reduction or reduction in the cost of road traffic crashes. Consequently, there is limited evidence as to whether or not lead agencies in Africa are achieving the intended goals of improving road safety status. This study sought to better understand these difficulties and the potential steps to success for RSLAs in Africa. It was commissioned by the African Development Bank and the World Bank and focuses on sixteen African countries. It is part of a global study of road safety lead agencies being undertaken by the World Health Organisation. The study is structured into four sections. Section 2 describes the two-phase methodology-desk study and preparation of the research instruments, data collection and analysis. This is followed in Section 3 by a discussion of the concept of lead agency, which lays the ground for presentation of the study results regarding lead agency performance in Section 4. Section 5 identifies lessons from the study and makes recommendations to improve lead agency performance
    DOI: 10.1596/37242
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  • 192
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    Recommendations to Improve the Implementation of Anemia Prevention and Control Interventions (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health
    Abstract: The historical situation of instability in the West Bank (WB) and the Gaza Strip (GS) has multiple adverse impacts on the population. In this context, several assessments have documented a deterioration in the nutritional status of the population of the WB and GS including static or increasing prevalence of anemia, caused by iron deficiency, and other nutrition deficiencies. According to the most recent information available, anemia is a public health problem among pregnant and postnatal women, children aged 6-59 months, and adolescents. In these four groups, the prevalence of anemia is higher in the GS compared to the WB. The fact that children aged 6-59 months are affected by anemia makes it probable that children aged 0-5 months are also affected. However, this may not be reflected in the data because this age group is not normally sampled due to the procedure involved in taking a blood sample from babies. The flour fortification program aims to increase the intake of iron and other micronutrients for the whole population, by adding 10 micronutrients to wheat flour, including iron, vitamin A, and folic acid. This document provides recommendations to address demand-and-supply-side bottlenecks for wheat flour fortification and iron supplementation
    DOI: 10.1596/37436
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  • 193
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    Bottlenecks in Anemia Prevention and Control in the West Bank and Gaza Strip : Assessment Report (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Anemia ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Public Health
    Abstract: According to the information available and the thresholds established by World Health Organization (WHO)E, anemia is a public health problem among the most vulnerable groups in the Palestinian Territory, namely pregnant and postpartum women, children aged between 6-59 months, and adolescents aged 15-18 years. The burden of anemia has remained static during the last decade, suggesting that the anemia prevention and control (APC) interventions in place have not produced their expected outcomes. This assessment, therefore, identifies and analyzes bottlenecks in the ongoing interventions to provide insights to strengthen APC in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WB and GS). The three main APC activities identified in the Palestinian Territory were the universal fortification of wheat flour with micronutrients, iron supplementation to pregnant and postnatal women and children aged between 6-23 months, and the promotion of an increased dietary intake of micronutrients
    DOI: 10.1596/37431
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  • 194
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    The Future Of Medical Work in Southern Africa : Case Study of the Future of Medical Work and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Medical Work in South Africa (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Health Care Services Industry ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health Policy and Management ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Medical Education
    Abstract: Major global trends such as economic integration, urbanization, climate change, demographic shifts, digital and technological advances, and rising consumerism will all affect population health and shape the future of medical work. In South Africa, these trends can be harnessed as opportunities, but this will require the government to take a strategic approach and to give its immediate attention to six health workforce issues: (i) the mismatch between the number and the skills of health graduates produced by the health education system and the number and specialties needed for future medical work; (ii) the unsustainable financing system for expensive medical education; (iii) the large numbers of foreign-trained medical graduates whose degrees are not being fully recognized in South Africa; (iv) high vacancy rates in health facilities coinciding with high unemployment and inadequate human resource management; (v) insufficient data on the health workforce; and (vi) the public sector's reluctance to collaborate with the private sector and international health labor. With more large-scale disasters looming, South Africa's experience with the COVID-19 pandemic will provide important lessons for the future of medical work. Based on the findings of this case study, we make recommendations on health education policy and human resource policy. These include (i) investing in high- quality education and aligning investments in health education and medical research with future needs; (ii) looking for innovative ways to finance medical education; (iii) investing in the health workforce on the basis of health workforce planning and future projections of need; (iv) modernizing the human resource management in health facilities and facilitating the use of modern technology; (v) making substantial investments in the collection and analysis of data on the health workforce and using results in workforce planning; and (vi) expanding public-private sector collaboration and developing policies to manage the mobility of the health workforce to and from the private sector and abroad
    DOI: 10.1596/37435
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  • 195
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    Malawi - Gender-Based Violence Assessment : Scope, Programming, Gaps and Entry Points (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Rights ; Mental Health
    Abstract: The objective of this assessment is to provide background information about GBV issues, policies, programming, and gaps in Malawi, for the purpose of assisting the World Bank (WB) to 1) consider how to directly support efforts to address GBV in Malawi; 2) inform strategies for integrating attention to GBV in development programming; and 3) understand the extent of GBV response programming. In addition to providing an overview of data on the scope of GBV in Malawi, the assessment investigates: legislative and policy protections related to GBV; systems and coordination mechanisms in place for addressing GBV in Malawi; and GBV response and prevention programming. The assessment analyzes key gaps across these areas of investigation based on inputs from key stakeholders as well as the desk review and concludes with several recommendations for WB to consider assisting in addressing these key gaps
    DOI: 10.1596/37539
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  • 196
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    Cost-sharing in Health : An Appropriate Aspiration for Ukraine? (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Health Economics and Finance ; Health Insurance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Vulnerable Groups
    Abstract: Ukraine's fight for its values and its future has become an inspiration to the democratic world. That fight comes at an unthinkable human cost, and it will likely only sharpen the expectations of a strong state capable of effectively serving its citizens, who are also taxpayers. A pressing problem to be addressed is the widespread, overwhelming, toxic informality of private financing for health care. For citizens who pay for care for an ill family member, often at the risk of becoming impoverished, the lack of accountability of service providers for results or quality is a grave injustice and a clear threat to social cohesion and economic confidence. This note discusses the idea of cost-sharing for publicly funded health care as Ukraine searches for a socially acceptable trade-off in the scale of public health care coverage. The note looks at possible risks to the population's health and financial protection as well as possible reasons that may be driving individual and government willingness to take these risks. It also provides numerical simulations to answer the practical question of how much revenue could be generated through co-payments, and poses a question of its own, as the Ukrainian saying goes: is the game worth the candles
    DOI: 10.1596/37832
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  • 197
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    Malaysia Economic Monitor - Catching Up : Inclusive Recovery Growth for Lagging States (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Communicable Diseases ; Conflict and Development ; COVID-19 ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Analysis ; Social Development
    Abstract: Global growth slowed markedly in H1 2022. This was due to COVID-19 resurgences at the turn of the year; protracted supply disruptions; reduced macroeconomic support; and substantial negative spillovers from the war in Ukraine. The conflict, which has sparked the largest commodity price shock in 50 years, has exacerbated the increasingly difficult policy tradeoffs between supporting growth and managing price pressures. It has contributed to tightening in global financial conditions, increased financial market volatility and higher borrowing costs, particularly in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs)
    DOI: 10.1596/37531
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  • 198
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    Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the WHO Ministerial Briefing on the Global COVID-19 Vaccination Strategy and Implementation (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the WHO Ministerial briefing on the Global Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccination Strategy and Implementation on July 21, 2022. He said that over the past months, much of the world's attention has shifted to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the risks it poses to global supplies of energy and food. He added that we are simultaneously facing many other crises, including the sharp rise in inflation and poverty, climate, the learning losses from school closures, and more countries facing conflicts and violence. He mentioned that even as the virus has continued to mutate, vaccines remain highly effective at reducing serious illness and death. He highlighted that the World Bank has supported developing countries with COVID-19 emergency health and vaccine operations in more than 100 countries amounting to over fourteen billion. He spoke about their vaccine financing is helping countries purchase and distribute vaccines, expand storage and cold chains, develop tracking systems, train health workers, engage citizens and communities, and strengthen health systems. He gave three examples of the Bank's efforts in supporting countries: Bangladesh, Uganda, and Liberia. He said that World Bank Group has also been working through World Bank-financed projects and through the Global Financing Facility platform to provide financing and prioritization of primary health care systems that will deliver immunization and other essential services. He also mentioned about ongoing efforts to provide additional financing to address critical gaps in pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response (PPR). Finally, he concluded by inviting all member States to continue collaborating to bring the COVID-19 pandemic to its end, including vaccinating the most vulnerable, and work together to build stronger, resilient health systems that are ready to prevent, detect and respond to future emergencies
    DOI: 10.1596/37808
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  • 199
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    Approach Paper, Country Program Evaluation - Papua New Guinea : An Evaluation of World Bank Support FY08-22 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Equity ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Governance ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Mineral Wealth ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Resources ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) will assess the World Bank Group's engagement in Papua New Guinea between FY08 and FY22. The Papua New Guinea has an abundant resource endowment of oil and mineral wealth, but this wealth has not translated into significant welfare gains for most citizens. Papua New Guinea's fragmented geography and frequent exposure to disasters caused by natural hazards present significant challenges for delivering services to citizens. The evaluation is designed to derive lessons from Bank Group engagement in Papua New Guinea to inform the next Country Partnership Framework (CPF). The CPE will also provide lessons on the implementation of the International Development Association special themes of climate change, gender, and fragility, conflict, and violence and of the cross-cutting issues of debt sustainability and governance and institutions. Lessons may also be of relevance to other resource-rich countries
    DOI: 10.1596/37753
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  • 200
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    Spring Meetings Press Conference Opening Remarks by World Bank Group President David Malpass (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Climate Change Impacts ; Conflict and Development ; Covid-19 ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: These opening remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass at Spring Meetings Press Conference on April 20, 2022. He said that we are facing COVID-19, inflation, and the war in Ukraine. He spoke about the World Bank Group has been acting fast in the face of the crises: first the Coronavirus (COVID-19) surge financing in over the last two years, which was one of the fastest and largest in our history; and now putting money into Ukraine and have moved quickly both to commitments and disbursements, including nearly 1.5 billion dollars that he announced in Poland last week. He mentioned that the World Bank Group is also working actively on climate, through its Climate Change Action Plan and the formation of Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs), which will identify the high priority items country by country, in their efforts to mitigate and to adapt to climate change. He was intrigued to see and welcomed India's moves the day before and that day to begin to sell from its stockpiles. He said that one of the solutions for the world is to recognize that markets are forward looking. He mentioned that the central banks can use tools that add to supply and that allow capital allocation to be improved. He concluded by saying that as interest rates rise, the debt pressures are mounting on developing countries, and we need to move urgently towards solutions
    DOI: 10.1596/37771
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