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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (3,385)
  • Online Resource  (3,385)
  • 2015-2019  (3,379)
  • 1960-1964  (6)
  • Graue Literatur  (2,140)
  • Economics  (1,740)
Datasource
Material
Years
Year
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bonn : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 2004 -
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 2004 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Unternehmen Region
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Regionalpolitik ; Ostdeutschland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 02.09.2022
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; Nachgewiesen 2000 -
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2000 -
    Additional Information: In Beziehung stehendes Werk World development indicators online Washington, DC : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 2006 Datenbank
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators CD-ROM
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als World development indicators
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Entwicklungsindikator ; Welt ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Fortsetzung der Druck-Ausgabe , Gesehen am 05.12.13 , Frühere Jg. online nicht mehr verfügbar
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Boston, Mass. | Madison, Wis. ; Nr. 1.1976 -
    ISSN: 2163-9108 , 0145-2258
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1976 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. African economic history
    Former Title: Vorg.: African economic history review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Urh. teils.: African Studies Center, Boston University
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1684-4173 , 1027-1775 , 1027-1775
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 18.2002 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Eastern Africa social science research review
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Entwicklungstheorie ; Sozialwissenschaft ; Ostafrika ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Gesellschaft ; Gruppe ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Afrika südlich der Sahara Sozialwissenschaften ; Gesellschaft ; Soziale Gruppe ; Sozioökonomische Entwicklung ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ früher: Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern Africa , Gesehen am 25.10.2016
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    München : Ges. ; Nachgewiesen 2002 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    In:  Central and Eastern European online library
    ISSN: 0340-174X , 0340-174X
    Language: German , English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2002 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südosteuropa-Mitteilungen
    Titel der Quelle: Central and Eastern European online library
    Publ. der Quelle: Frankfurt am Main : Central and Eastern European Online Library GmbH, 2003
    DDC: 000
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Südosteuropa ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 09.08.2022
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : SAGE Publishing | Pfaffenhofen : Afrika-Verl. | Hamburg : Inst. of African Affairs | Hamburg : Hamburg Univ. Press ; 1.1966 -
    ISSN: 1868-6869 , 1868-6869 , 0002-0397
    Language: German , English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1966 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Africa Spectrum
    Former Title: Afrika Spectrum
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Politologie ; Soziologie ; Wirtschaftswissenschaften ; Afrika ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Herausgebendes Organ bis 1975: Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung; bis 2006: Institut für Afrika-Kunde; bis 30.04.2020: Institut für Afrika-Studien , Erscheint unregelmäßig , Gesehen am 26.02.2020 , Text teils dt., teils engl., teils franz.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9783161583575
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Sociology ; Social sciences ; Economics ; Political science ; Power (Social sciences) ; Social structure ; Social action ; Weber, Max 1864-1920 ; Soziologie ; Soziologische Theorie ; Wirtschaft
    Abstract: Das Umwandlungsrecht stellt ein anspruchsvolles Rechtsgebiet dar, das in der unternehmensrechtlichen Ausbildung eine immer wichtigere Rolle einnimmt. Dieses Lehrbuch soll die Grundzüge erläutern, indem die Grundbegriffe und Verfahrensabläufe systematisch dargestellt werden.Die vorliegende Neuauflage wurde aktualisiert und somit in Teilen geändert und ergänzt, insbesondere wurden die umfangreichen Änderungen durch das EU Company Law Package und das vierte Gesetz zur Änderung des UmwG eingearbeitet. Ganz aktuell sind bereits die Neuerungen berücksichtigt, die durch das Gesetz zur Abmilderung der Folgender COVID-19-Pandemie im Zivil-, Insolvenz- und Strafverfahrensrecht erfolgen.Für Bibliotheken gelten bei diesem Titel abweichende Konditionen; bitte wenden Sie sich an den Vertrieb.
    Note: Vom PDF-Flyer: "Dieses Paket enthält alle Bände der Max-Weber-Gesamtausgabe als PDF"
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9780429453014 , 9780429841439
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (228 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Routledge studies in the modern world economy series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Chen, Yunxian, 1955 - Regional government competition
    RVK:
    Keywords: Regionalentwicklung ; Regionalökonomik ; Regionalpolitik ; Standortwettbewerb ; Räumlicher Wettbewerb ; China ; Economics ; Regional economics ; China ; Economic development ; China ; Electronic books ; Business & Economics ; Electronic books ; China ; Regionalwirtschaft ; Regionalpolitik ; Regionalentwicklung
    Abstract: This monograph provides a coherent and systematic explanation of China's regional economic development from the perspective of regional government competition. It gives an almost unknown exposition of the mechanisms of China's regional economic development, with numerous supporting cases drawn from both China and elsewhere. This book is an invaluable resource for anyone interested to learn more particularly the development and transformation of China's regional economy from both the Chinese and global perspectives
    URL: Cover  (Thumbnail cover image)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    ISBN: 9780415860741
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (300 p.)
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economics ; Media, information & communication industries ; economics
    Abstract: Japan's high-speed Internet access services such as ADSL, CATV Internet and FTTH are considered the cheapest and fastest state-of-the-art services drawing international attention. In this book the author introduces the current status of broadband services in Japan and their recent development in competition policy. An econometric model is proposed and discussed to analyse access demand. The purpose of the analysis is to understand quantitively the current status of the rapidly developing Japanese broadband services while providing an academic and practical basis for conceiving prospective competition policies. The book is composed of three parts. The first part introduces the diffusion of current Broadband services, the economics of network industries and related econometric model analysis. The second part elucidates in detail the development of fixed-line broadband services, IP phone services as well as mobile phone services. The third part consequently investigates the migration among broadband services, the fixed and mobile convergence and the digital divide problem
    Note: English
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    ISBN: 9780815387213
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (316 p.)
    DDC: 304.2
    Keywords: Economics ; Environment ; Economics ; Sustainability
    Abstract: The response of the international community to the pressing socio-ecological problems has been framed around the concept of ‘sustainable development’. The ecological pressure, however, has continued to rise and mainstream sustainability discourse has proven to be problematic. It contains an instrumental view of the world, a strong focus on technological solutions, and the premise that natural and human-made ‘capitals’ are substitutable. This trajectory, which is referred to as ‘weak sustainability’, reproduces inequalities, denies intrinsic values in nature, and jeopardises the wellbeing of humans as well as other beings. Based on the assumptions of strong sustainability, this edited book presents practical and theoretical alternatives to today’s unsustainable societies. It investigates and advances pathways for humanity that are ecologically realistic, ethically inclusive, and receptive to the task’s magnitude and urgency. The book challenges the traditional anthropocentric ethos and ontology, economic growth-dogma, and programmes of ecological modernisation. It discusses options with examples on different levels of analysis, from the individual to the global, addressing the economic system, key sectors of society, alternative lifestyles, and experiences of local communities. Examining key topics including human–nature relations and wealth and justice, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental and development studies, ecological economics, environmental governance and policy, sustainable business, and sustainability science.
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  • 11
    ISBN: 9789811315374
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (367 p.)
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies ; Political economy ; Economics
    Abstract: Development Economics;Economic Policy;Asian Economics;Economics;Economy-wide Country Studies;Internal migration, urbanization and poverty in Asia;Poverty as an urban issue;Poverty measures in Asia;Rural-urban migration in Asia;Internal migration and employment in Asia;Urban economic growth;Income polarization in Asia;Open access;Development economics & emerging economies;Political economy
    Note: English
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Nature
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (173 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Labour economics ; Political economy ; Finance ; Entrepreneurship
    Abstract: This open access book builds on the European Union’s (EU) Horizon 2020 project ‘Financial and Institutional Reforms for an Entrepreneurial Society’ (FIRES). The authors outline how Europe can move towards more inclusive, innovative and sustainable growth through reforms that will rekindle its entrepreneurial spirit. Based on decades of research and countless discussions with stakeholders, the book also features the FIRES project’s full list of policy interventions and institutional reforms that can help policymakers make that agenda a reality
    Note: English
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press | The Hague : OAPEN FOUNDATION
    ISBN: 9780198829591
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (448 p.)
    DDC: 305.4091724
    Keywords: Social discrimination & inequality ; Gender studies, gender groups ; Sociology: family & relationships ; Economics ; Labour economics ; Development economics & emerging economies ; female empowerment ; marriage ;  female well-being ;  discriminatory laws and cultural norms ;  social norms
    Abstract: As a result of widespread mistreatment and overt discrimination in all dimensions of their lives, women lack significant autonomy. The central preoccupation of this book is to explore key sources of female empowerment and discuss the current challenges and opportunities for the future. Schematically, three main domains are distinguished. The first is marriage and women’s relative bargaining position within the household. Since in developing countries marriage is essentially universal and generally arranged by the parents, women have little say in the choice of their partner and largely depend on their husband for their livelihoods and well-being. How marriage, divorce, and remarriage practices have evolved and with what effects for women, is therefore of crucial concern. The second domain is the set of options available to women outside of marriage and in the context of their community. Given the importance of household dynamics in determining female well-being, a crucial step towards women’s empowerment consists of improving such options, economic and collective action opportunities in particular. The third domain belongs to the realm of over-arching discriminatory laws and cultural norms. Can the government acting as lawmaker contribute to modifying norms and practices that disadvantage women? Or, to be effective, do legal moves need to be complemented by other initiatives such as the expansion of economic opportunities for women? Do discriminatory social norms necessarily dissolve with improved legal status for women? These questions, and other related issues, are tackled from different perspectives, by top scholars with well-established experience in gender-focused economic and social research.
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  • 14
    ISBN: 9780198834557
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (288 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Politics & government ; Migration, immigration & emigration ; Social interaction ; Media studies
    Abstract: What is the use of research in public debates and policy-making on immigration and integration? Why are there such large gaps between migration debates and migration realities, and how can they be reduced? Bridging the Gaps: Linking Research to Public Debates and Policy-making on Migration and Integration provides a unique set of testimonies and analyses of these questions by researchers and policy experts who have been deeply involved in attempts to link social science research to public policies. Bridging the Gap argues that we must go beyond the prevailing focus on the research–policy nexus by considering how the media, public opinion, and other dimensions of public debates can interact with research and policy processes. The chapters provide theoretical analyses and personal assessments of the successes and failures of past efforts to link research to public debates and policy-making on migration and integration in six different countries—Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States—as well as in European and global governance debates. Contrary to common public perceptions and political demands, Bridging the Gaps argues that all actors contributing to research, public debates, and policy-making should recognize that migration, integration, and related decision-making are highly complex issues, and that there are no quick fixes to what are often enduring policy dilemmas. When the different actors understand and appreciate each other’s primary aims and constraints, such common understandings can pave the way for improved policy-making processes and better public policies that deal more effectively with the real challenges of migration and integration
    Note: English
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (290 p.)
    Keywords: History: earliest times to present day ; Economics ; Management of specific areas ; Distributive industries
    Abstract: This open access book belongs to the Maritime Business and Economic History strand of the Palgrave Studies in Maritime Economics book series. This volume highlights the contribution of the shipping industry to the transformations in business and society of the postwar era. Shipping was both an example and an engine of globalization and structural change. In turn, the industry experienced and pioneered, mirrored and enabled key developments that led to the present-day globalized economy. Contributions address issues such as the macro-level shift of shipping’s centre of gravity from Europe to Asia, the political and legal frameworks within which it developed, the strategies and performance of both successful and unsuccessful firms, and the links between the shipping industry and the wider economy and society. Without shipping and its ability to forge connections and networks of a global reach, the modern world would look very different. By bringing together scholars from various disciplinary and national backgrounds, this book advances our understanding of the linkages that bind economies and societies together
    Note: English
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (449 p.)
    Keywords: Development studies ; Politics & government ; Economics ; Economic growth ; Development economics & emerging economies ; Political economy
    Abstract: This open access book analyses the development problems of sub-Sahara Africa (SSA) from the eyes of a Korean diplomat with knowledge of the economic growth Korea has experienced in recent decades. The author argues that Africa's development challenges are not due to a lack of resources but a lack of management, presenting an alternative to the traditional view that Africa's problems are caused by a lack of leadership. In exploring an approach based on mind-set and nation-building, rather than unity – which tends to promote individual or party interests rather than the broader country or national interests – the author suggests new solutions for SSA's economic growth, inspired by Korea's successful economic growth model much of which is focused on industrialisation. This book will be of interest to researchers, policymakers, NGOs and governmental bodies in economics, development and politics studying Africa's economic development, and Korea's economic growth model
    Note: English
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (293 p.)
    Keywords: Development studies ; Political structures: democracy ; Economics ; Political economy ; Research & development management
    Abstract: This book is open access under a CC BY-NC-ND license. This volume analyzes the economic, social, and political challenges that emerging states confront today. Notwithstanding the growing importance of the ‘emerging states’ in global affairs and governance, many problems requiring immediate solutions have emerged at home largely as a consequence of the rapid economic development and associated sociopolitical changes. The middle-income trap is a major economic challenge faced by emerging states. This volume regards interest coordination for technological upgrading as crucial to avoid the trap and examines how various emerging states are grappling with this challenge by fostering public-private cooperation, voluntary associations of market players, and/or social networks. Social disparity is another serious problem. It is deeply rooted in history in the emerging states such as South Africa and many Latin American countries. However, income distribution is recently deteriorating even in East Asia that was once praised for its high economic growth with equity. Increasing pressure for political opening is another challenge for emerging states. This volume argues that the economic, social, and political problems are interwoven in the sense that the emerging states need to build political consensus in order to tackle the economic and social difficulties. Democratic institutions have not always been successful in this respect
    Note: English
    URL: Cover
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basingstoke : Springer Nature
    ISBN: 9789811308321
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (531 p.)
    Keywords: History ; Economics
    Abstract: This open access book analyses Iberian expansion by using knowledge accumulated in recent years to test some of the most important theories regarding Europe’s economic development. Adopting a comparative perspective, it considers the impact of early globalization on Iberian and Western European institutions, social development and political economies. In spite of globalization’s minor importance from the commercial perspective before 1750, this book finds its impact decisive for institutional development, political economies, and processes of state-building in Iberia and Europe. The book engages current historiographies and revindicates the need to take the concept of composite monarchies as a point of departure in order to understand the period’s economic and social developments, analysing the institutions and societies resulting from contact with Iberian peoples in America and Asia. The outcome is a study that nuances and contests an excessively-negative yet prevalent image of the Iberian societies, explores the difficult relationship between empires and globalization and opens paths for comparisons to other imperial formations
    Note: English
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    ISBN: 9780429398759
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (172 p.)
    Keywords: Society & social sciences ; Economics ; The environment
    Abstract: This book serves as a guide for local governments and private enterprises as they navigate the unchartered waters of investing in climate change adaptation and resilience. This book serves not only as a resource guide for identifying potential funding sources but also as a roadmap for asset management and public fi nance processes. It highlights practical synergies between funding mechanisms, as well as the confl icts that may arise between varying interests and strategies. While the main focus of this work is on the State of California, this book offers broader insights for how states, local governments and private enterprises can take those critical fi rst steps in investing in society’s collective adaptation to climate change
    Note: English
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9780198835684
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (256 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Development economics & emerging economies ; Education ; Politics & government
    Abstract: This book examines the politics of the learning crisis in the global South, where learning outcomes have stagnated or worsened, despite progress towards Universal Primary Education since the 1990s. Comparative analysis of education reform in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ghana, Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda highlights systemic failure on the frontline of education service delivery, driven by deeper crises of policymaking and implementation: few governments try to raise educational standards with any conviction, and education bureaucracies are unable to deliver even those learning reforms that get through the policy process. Introductory chapters develop a theoretical framework within which to examine the critical features of the politics of education. Case study chapters demonstrate that political settlements, or the balance of power between contending social groups, shape the extent to which elites commit to adopting and implementing reforms aimed at improving learning outcomes, and the nature this influence takes. Informal politics and power relations can generate incentives that undermine rather than support elite commitment to development, politicizing the provision of education. Tracing reform processes from their policy origins down to the frontline, it seems that successful schools emerged as localized solutions to specific solutions, often against the grain of dysfunctional sectoral arrangements and the national-level political settlement, but with local political backing. The book concludes with discussion of the need for more politically attuned approaches that focus on building coalitions for change and supporting ‘best-fit’ types of problem-solving fixes, rather than calling for systemic change
    Note: English
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    ISBN: 9780198848059
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (336 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Development economics & emerging economies ; Labour economics ; Agricultural economics
    Abstract: Theories underlying the relationship between urbanization and transformation are being challenged by trends in Sub-Saharan African countries, since many have yet to observe their own “green” or industrial revolutions, despite moderate urbanization. Africa’s trajectory is very different than those of other developing regions, a main reason for which is the region’s significant “youth bulge” and the lack of a labor market outlet for this growing subpopulation. In many countries, the youth are driving the (albeit slow) movement out of agriculture, yet rather than migrating to urban areas, many are finding (usually informal) work in secondary cities, their peri-urban spaces, and the rural nonfarm economy. This book examines the overall trends in youth migration, policies, and political activism, then looks specifically at five African case studies to identify key trends and provide recommendations on encouraging youth to spur structural change. Conclusions reached in this book include that the rate of structural transformation varies among countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, but in most cases, it is the youth who are driving these changes. Education, access to financial services, and agricultural productivity contribute to this structural transformation and can act as pushes or pulls out of agriculture for the youth. However, when structural transformation policies are not pro-poor or inclusive, it can result in higher levels of youth under- and unemployment. Thus, the conclusions point to recommendations focusing on agricultural productivity, the rural nonfarm economy and informal sectors especially along agriculture value chains, access to finance and savings, infrastructure, and education
    Note: English
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9780520303652
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (349 p.)
    Keywords: History ; Asian history ; Economics
    Abstract: Historically, for sustaining and reproducing their economic lives, people have obtained goods and services through various ways. How did people tackle issues that the market did not handle well? This volume compares early modern efforts to provide “public goods”—defined in contraposition to market-mediated goods and goods provided through personal relations, such as kinship ties. We examine poverty and famine relief, infrastructure building, and forestry management in East Asia and Europe, using Japan’s Tokugawa era (1603–1868) as a benchmark from which consider the cases in Prussia, China, and England. Taking advantage of rich scholarship on the role of autonomous village and regional society in Japan’s early modern history, the volume highlights the diverse approaches to providing public goods across societies, relativizing the discussion on the formation of fiscal state drawn from the experience in “advanced” Western Europe, and it constructs the beginnings of an early modern basis for forecasting the diversity in public-goods provision future into the modern and contemporary periods
    Note: English
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore : Springer Nature
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (292 p.)
    Keywords: Asian history ; Economics ; Development economics & emerging economies ; Economic history
    Abstract: This book is open access under a CC BY-NC-ND license. This book addresses the issue of how a country, which was incorporated into the world economy as a periphery, could make a transition to the emerging state, capable of undertaking the task of economic development and industrialization. It offers historical and contemporary case studies of transition, as well as the international background under which such a transition was successfully made (or delayed), by combining the approaches of economic history and development economics. Its aim is to identify relevant historical contexts, that is, the ‘initial conditions’ and internal and external forces which governed the transition. It also aims to understand what current low-income developing countries require for their transition. Three economic driving forces for the transition are identified. They are: (1) labor-intensive industrialization, which offers ample employment opportunities for labor force; (2) international trade, which facilitates efficient international division of labor; and (3) agricultural development, which improves food security by increasing supply of staple foods. The book presents a bold account of each driver for the transition
    Note: English
    URL: Cover
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (327 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economics; Management science; Shipping
    Note: English
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (431 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Ecological science, the Biosphere ; Limnology (freshwater) ; Environmental management ; Conservation of wildlife & habitats ; Sustainability
    Abstract: This open access book provides a comprehensive examination of the European Landing Obligation policy from many relevant perspectives. It includes evaluations of its impacts at economical, socio-cultural, ecological and institutional levels. It also discusses the feasibility and benefits of several potential mitigation strategies. The book was timely published, exactly at the time where the Landing Obligation was planned to be fully implemented. This book is of significant interest to all stakeholders involved, but also to the general public of Europe and to other jurisdictions throughout the world that are also searching for ways to deal with by-catch and discard issues
    Note: English
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (184 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this open access book the cost and revenue overruns of Olympic Games from Sydney 2000 to PyeongChang 2018 from eight years before the Games to Games‐time are investigated to provide a base for future host cities. The authors evaluated the development of expenditure and revenues of the organizing committees to operate the event, and the investment of taxpayers’ money for Olympic venues (non‐OCOG budget). The study is based on data collected worldwide and is currently the most advanced study on cost and revenue changes of Olympic Games
    Note: English
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9780198850342
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (310 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Political economy ; Welfare economics ; Development economics & emerging economies
    Abstract: The notion that social protection should be a key strategy for reducing poverty in developing countries has now been mainstreamed within international development policy and practice. Promoted as an integral dimension of the post-Washington Consensus that emerged around the turn of the new millennium, all major international development agencies and bilateral donors now include a strong focus on social protection in their advocacy and programmatic interventions, and a commitment to providing social protection was recently enshrined within the Sustainable Development Goals. The rhetoric around social protection, particularly when delivered in the form of cash transfers, has sometimes reached hyperbolic proportions, with advocates seeing it as a silver bullet that can tackle multi-dimensional problems of poverty, vulnerability, and inequality and a southern-led success story that challenges the unequal power relations inherent within international aid. This book examines how the operation of power and politics at multiple levels of governance shapes the extent to which political elites are committed to social protection, the form this commitment takes, and the implications this has not only for the future shape of welfare regimes but also for state–citizen relations on the continent. With a particular focus on cash transfers, the chapters set out how the politics of promoting social protection has played out in countries from all regions of sub-Saharan Africa. The power relations we examine include those that operate within and amongst global development agencies, between global actors and political and bureaucratic elites, and between and amongst political and bureaucratic elites within Africa
    Note: English
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9780198821885
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (480 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Industry & industrial studies ; Manufacturing industries
    Abstract: Structural transformation in Africa has become a hot topic. One of the earliest stylized facts of development economics is that low-income countries have large differences in output per worker across sectors, and movement of workers from low- to high-productivity sectors—structural transformation is a key driver of economic growth. Between 1950 and 2006, about half of the catch-up by developing countries—led by East Asia—to advanced economy productivity levels was due to rising productivity within manufacturing combined with structural transformation out of agriculture. Manufacturing has the capacity to employ large numbers of unskilled workers, is capable of large productivity gains through innovation, and entails tradeable products that permit economies of scale and specialization. But manufacturing in Africa, rather than leading growth, has typically been a lagging sector. In 2014, the average share of manufacturing in GDP in sub-Saharan Africa hovered around 10 per cent, unchanged from the 1970s, leading some observers to be pessimistic about Africa’s potential to catch the wave of sustained rapid growth and rising incomes. This book challenges that view. It argues that other activities sharing the characteristics of manufacturing—including tourism, ICT, and other services as well as food processing and horticulture—are beginning to play a role analogous to the role that manufacturing played in East Asia. This reflects not only changes in the global organization of industries since the early era of rapid East Asian growth, but also advantages unique to Africa. These ‘industries without smokestacks’ offer new opportunities for Africa to grow in coming decades
    Note: English
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  • 29
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    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    ISBN: 9780198844938
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (608 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Economic growth ; Development economics & emerging economies ; Economic history ; Politics & government
    Abstract: Gunnar Myrdal published his magnum opus, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations, in 1968. He was deeply pessimistic about development prospects in Asia. The fifty years since then have witnessed a remarkable social and economic transformation in Asia – even if it has been uneven across countries and unequal between people – that would have been difficult to imagine, let alone predict at the time. This book analyses the fascinating story of economic development in Asia spanning half a century. The study is divided into three parts. The first part sets the stage by discussing the contribution of Gunnar Myrdal, the author, and Asian Drama, the book, to the debate on development then and now, and by providing a long-term historical perspective on Asia in the world. The second part comprises cross-country thematic studies on governments, economic openness, agricultural transformation, industrialization, macroeconomics, poverty and inequality, education and health, employment and unemployment, institutions and nationalisms, analysing processes of change while recognizing the diversity in paths and outcomes. The third part is constituted by country-studies on China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam, and sub-region studies on East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia, highlighting turning points in economic performance and analysing factors underlying success or failure. This book, with in-depth studies by eminent economists and social scientists, is the first to examine the phenomenal changes which are transforming economies in Asia and shifting the balance of economic power in the world, while reflecting on the future prospects in Asia over the next twenty-five years. It is a must-read
    Note: English
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (149 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Political economy ; Energy technology & engineering ; Alternative & renewable energy sources & technology
    Abstract: This short open access book investigates the role of renewable energy in East Africa to provide policy-relevant inputs for the achievement of a cost-effective electrification process in the region. For each country, the authors review the current situation in the domestic power sector, adopt a GIS-based approach to plot renewable energy resources potential, and review currently planned projects and projects under development, as well as the key domestic renewables regulations. Based on such information, least-cost 100% electrification scenarios by 2030 are then modelled and comparative results over the required capacity additions and investment are reported and discussed. The authors also inquire into some of the key technological, economic, policy, cooperation, and financing challenges to the development of a portfolio of renewables to promote energy access in a sustainable way, including a discussion of the challenges and opportunities that might stem from the interaction between local RE potential and natural gas resources currently under development in the region. To conclude, policy recommendations based on the book’s results and targeted at international cooperation and development institutions, local policymakers, and private stakeholders in the region are elaborated
    Note: English
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9780198841760
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (368 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Economic growth ; Development economics & emerging economies ; Political economy ; Industry & industrial studies
    Abstract: Authored by eminent scholars, the volume aims to generate interest and debate among policymakers, practitioners, and researchers on the complexity of learning and catch-up, particularly for twenty-first century late-late developers. The volume explores technological learning at the firm level, policy learning by the state, and the cumulative and multifaceted nature of the learning process, which encompasses learning by doing, by experiment, emulation, innovation, and leapfrogging. Why is catch-up rare? And why have some nations succeeded while others failed? What are the prospects for successful learning and catch-up in the twenty-first century? These are pertinent questions that require further research and in-depth analysis. The World Bank estimates that out of the 101 middle-income economies in 1960, only thirteen became high income by 2008. This volume examines how nations learn by reviewing key structural and contingent factors that contribute to dynamic learning and catch-up. Rejecting both the one-size-fits-all approach and the agnosticism that all nations are unique and different, the volume uses historical as well as firm-level, industry-level, and country-level evidence and experiences to identify the sources and drivers of successful learning and catch-up and the lessons for late-latecomer countries. Building on the latecomer-advantage perspective, the volume shows that what is critical for dynamic learning and catch-up is not learning per se but the intensity of learning, robust industrial policies, and the pace and direction of learning. Equally important are the passion to learn, long-term strategic vision, and understanding the context in which successful learning occurs
    Note: English
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  • 32
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    Oxford : Oxford University Press
    ISBN: 9780198849513
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (320 p.)
    Keywords: Economics ; Development economics & emerging economies ; Politics & government
    Abstract: Resurgent Asia analyses the phenomenal transformation of Asia, which would have been difficult to imagine, let alone predict, fifty years ago, when Gunnar Myrdal published Asian Drama. In doing so, it provides an analytical narrative of this remarkable story of economic development, situated in its wider context of historical, political, and social factors, and an economic analysis of the underlying factors, with a focus on critical issues in the process of, and outcomes in, development. In 1970, Asia was the poorest continent in the world, marginal except for its large population. By 2016, it accounted for three-tenths of world income, two-fifths of world manufacturing, and one-third of world trade, while its income per capita converged towards the world average. However, this transformation was associated with unequal outcomes across countries and between people. The analysis disaggregates Asia into its four constituent sub-regions—East, Southeast, South, and West—and further into fourteen economies—China, India, South Korea, Indonesia, Turkey, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka—which account for more than four-fifths of its population and income. This book enhances our understanding of development processes and outcomes in Asia over the past fifty years, draws out the analytical conclusions that contribute to contemporary debates on development, and highlights some lessons from the Asian experience for countries elsewhere. It is the first to examine the phenomenal changes that are transforming economies in Asia and shifting the balance of economic power in the world, while reflecting on the future prospects in Asia over the next twenty-five years. A rich, engaging, and fascinating read
    Note: English
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  • 33
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : University of California Press
    ISBN: 9780520972797
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Humanities ; Economics ; Asian history
    Abstract: Historically, for sustaining and reproducing their economic lives, people have obtained goods and services through various ways. How did people tackle issues that the market did not handle well? This volume compares early modern efforts to provide “public goods”—defined in contraposition to market-mediated goods and goods provided through personal relations, such as kinship ties. We examine poverty and famine relief, infrastructure building, and forestry management in East Asia and Europe, using Japan’s Tokugawa era (1603–1868) as a benchmark from which consider the cases in Prussia, China, and England. Taking advantage of rich scholarship on the role of autonomous village and regional society in Japan’s early modern history, the volume highlights the diverse approaches to providing public goods across societies, relativizing the discussion on the formation of fiscal state drawn from the experience in “advanced” Western Europe, and it constructs the beginnings of an early modern basis for forecasting the diversity in public-goods provision future into the modern and contemporary periods
    Note: English
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  • 34
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Centro de Estudios Avanzados de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
    ISBN: 9789871751747
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Rural communities ; Economics ; City & town planning - architectural aspects
    Abstract: En el presente trabajo analizamos las disputas por el derecho a la vivienda en relación a los pueblos indígenas del noroeste chaqueño. La investigación se realizó en tres localidades del Departamento General Güemes en la provincia de Chaco, la región conocida como El Impenetrable. Desde un abordaje transdisciplinario analizamos una arista de las formas de ciudadanía propuestas desde los Estados locales en épocas de valorización de la etnicidad, retóricas multiculturales y políticas de bienestar. Como recorte temporal tomamos el periodo 2004-2014, coyuntura en la cual se desarrollaron canales de diálogo sin precedentes entre el Estado (nacional y provincial) y las minorías étnicas. En este marco, los municipios otorgaron distintas problematizaciones al derecho a la vivienda y a los procesos de reconocimiento de los pueblos indígenas
    Note: Spanish
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  • 35
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar] : Taylor & Francis
    In:  Broadband Economics
    ISBN: 9780415860741 , 9781315889603
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: Broadband Economics
    Keywords: Business & management ; Economics ; Media, information & communication industries
    Abstract: Japan's high-speed Internet access services such as ADSL, CATV Internet and FTTH are considered the cheapest and fastest state-of-the-art services drawing international attention. In this book the author introduces the current status of broadband services in Japan and their recent development in competition policy. An econometric model is proposed and discussed to analyse access demand. The purpose of the analysis is to understand quantitively the current status of the rapidly developing Japanese broadband services while providing an academic and practical basis for conceiving prospective competition policies
    Note: English
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 Seiten, 0,55 MB)
    Series Statement: Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Working Papers No. 195
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This article examines the reconfigurations of Islamic traditions of giving within contemporary nongovernmental organization (NGO) structures, in light of the larger legal and social transformations of the concept of charity in India. It argues that Indian laws regulating charitable institutions – along with current globalized models of philanthropy and development – have partly shaped institutional forms of Islamic giving into modern, public modes of welfare provision. Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with Islamic charitable associations based in Lucknow, I discuss two features that illustrate the new orientations of Islamic giving practiced within formally registered nongovernmental associations: first, a turn to giving practices that lead to tangible social and economic development; and second, an emphasis on public, universal care. Simultaneously, the article discusses how Muslims also get involved in these organizations to fulfill spiritual aims and perpetuate specific Islamic traditions of giving. In this sense, organization founders and volunteers blur the distinctions that laws have created between unregulated, ‘traditional’ private forms of religious giving and ‘modern’ public modes of welfare regulated by the state. Attention to these actors’ aspirations and strategies thus demonstrates the particular, localized ways in which religious traditions of giving are re-articulated in modern secular states, beyond formal structures and frameworks that tend to organize and shape charitable traditions into distinct spheres.
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  • 37
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    [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]
    ISBN: 9789286143700
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Amidst the global financial crisis, international institutions, national authorities and international commercial banks collaborated closely to prevent contagion spreading to Central, East and south east Europe. They built a platform, the Vienna Initiative, that helped curb disruptions and restore confidence in the banking system. Ten years later, the Vienna Initiative has transformed itself into a broader platform for collaboration. It tackles the unique challenges of a region that combines widespread cross-border banking with regulatory and supervisory interdependence, to better support innovation and growth. Commemorating 10 years of the Initiative, this book brings together experiences from the key actors and institutions involved from the beginning
    Note: English
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 225
    Keywords: Qualifikation ; Signalling ; Humankapital ; Freie Mitarbeiter ; Telearbeit ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Digitale Plattform ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies the effects of a voluntary skill certification scheme in an online freelancing labour market. The paper show that obtaining skill certificates increases a worker’s earnings. This effect is not driven by increased worker productivity but by decreased employer uncertainty. The increase in worker earnings is mostly realised through an increase in the value of the projects obtained (up to 10%) rather than an increase in the number of projects obtained (up to 0.03 projects). In addition, the paper finds evidence for negative selection to completing skill certificates, which suggests that the workers who complete more skill certificates are, on average, in a more disadvantaged position in the labour market. Finally, skill certificates are found to be an imperfect substitute to other types of standardised information. On the whole, the results suggest that certificates play a role in helping new workers break into the labour market, but are more valuable to workers with at least some work experience. More stringent skill certification tests could improve the benefits to new workers.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 39
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 41-66 | volume:19 | year:2019 | number:3 | day:13 | month:12 | pages:41-66
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 41-66
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:19
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2019
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:41-66
    Keywords: health system ; measurement ; Performance ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: This article looks at the application of performance measurement systems in the health sector across OECD countries. The data comes from the 2017 OECD Survey on Performance Measurement Systems in the Health Sector and Responsibilities across Levels of Government. The results show that the majority of countries have national performance measurement systems in place, covering multiple aspects of the health system. Despite varying objectives, measurement systems are usually aimed at improving performance of the health system, rather than at containing costs.
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  • 40
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 123-130 | volume:19 | year:2019 | number:3 | day:13 | month:12 | pages:123-130
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 123-130
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:19
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2019
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:123-130
    Keywords: performance ; hospitals ; budgeting ; Norway ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: In this article we give a presentation of the Norwegian quality based financing (QBF) mechanism and our experiences with this financing mechanism. The article outlines the main features of the Norwegian health care system, and its financing mechanisms. We then focus in on the QBF with a description of the system and the main considerations on which the system is based. We give a short theoretical framework on how to design quality based financing systems, and show how the consequences can vary depending on the design of the system. The Norwegian system has been evaluated, and the main findings of this evaluation is discussed together with some tentative predictions about the future developments.
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  • 41
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 11-40 | volume:19 | year:2019 | number:3 | day:13 | month:12 | pages:11-40
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 11-40
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:19
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2019
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:11-40
    Keywords: health system ; subnational ; Decentralisation ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: This article sheds light on the role of subnational governments in health systems across OECD countries. The views in this article show a move away from traditional measures of decentralisation, such as the share of subnational government expenditure of total expenditure, to measures capturing a range of responsibilities in the health sector. The data comes from the 2017 OECD Survey on Performance Measurement Systems in the Health Sector and Responsibilities across Levels of Government. The results show that despite health representing a large sector of subnational government expenditure, central governments still have considerable decision-making power. This power applies to key policy-making and budgeting decisions.
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  • 42
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 131-150 | volume:19 | year:2019 | number:3 | day:13 | month:12 | pages:131-150
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 131-150
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:19
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2019
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:131-150
    Keywords: measurement ; productivity ; United Kingdom ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: Measuring health care productivity is important as health is a large sector of the economy and with the majority of funding coming from public sources, the outlook for productivity growth is a critical factor in the debate about fiscal sustainability. The UK has over 20 years’ experience of measuring health care productivity. The UK measure of productivity is relatively comprehensive; measuring hospital, mental health and primary care services. It compares changes in the volume of quality-adjusted output with changes in the volume of quality-adjusted inputs. The productivity measure plays a role in budget setting, fiscal risk assessment and within the health system, hospital reimbursement. The UK experience has considerable strengths but also highlights some of the challenges of health care productivity measurement. Robust productivity measurement requires high quality, comprehensive data collected on a consistent basis over time. Even in a national health service this is challenging. The emerging evidence on allocative efficiency also highlights the importance of shifting the focus from the outputs of healthcare to outcomes. But, however productivity is measured, for fiscal sustainability the critical issue is how to realise potential productivity gains within the healthcare system and the mix of policy and managerial support needed to help the system optimise the trend rate of efficiency growth.
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  • 43
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    München : C.H.Beck
    ISBN: 9791036555848 , 9783406736612
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Series Statement: Münchener Beiträge zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte
    Keywords: History ; Economics
    Abstract: In der vorliegenden Arbeit stellt der Autor in knappen, sich auf das Wesentliche beschränkenden Ausführungen einen der wichtigsten Aspekte der Wirtschaft Ägyptens in hellenistischer Zeit dar: das Phänomen Geld. Er gliedert die Arbeit in folgende Kapitel: Die Metalle, die Organisation, die Fabrikation, die Nominale, die Bilder, Beizeichen und Legenden, die Monogramme und Abbreviaturen, die Überprägungen und Gegenstempelungen, die "Ära"-Prägungen, kalendarische Fragen, die Werterelationen, die Gewichtsreduktionen, die Metallverschlechterungen, die Aufhebung der Silber-Bronze-Relation, die Kaufkraft, die Binnenwährung, der Außenhandel, die Münzhorte, die Erfolge im Ausland. Ein umfangreiches Literaturverzeichnis beschließt die Arbeit
    Note: German
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  • 44
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    Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing
    ISBN: 9781788112314
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (ix, 182 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Elgar Research Agendas
    Series Statement: Elgaronline
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar books
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als A research agenda for cultural economics
    Keywords: Kulturökonomik ; Kultursektor ; BUSINESS & ECONOMICS Economics ; Theory ; Economic theory & philosophy ; POLITICAL SCIENCE Public Policy ; Cultural Policy ; BUSINESS & ECONOMICS Economics ; General ; REFERENCE Research ; Cultural studies ; Economics ; Electronic books ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Kunstökonomie
    Abstract: Contents: 1. Why do we need a cultural economics? History and development of the field / Samuel Cameron -- 2. Contemporary challenges to cultural economics / Samuel Cameron -- 3. Individual choice behaviour / Samuel Cameron -- 4. Flexible digital supply behaviour / Christian Peukert -- 5. Pricing / Hendrik Sonnabend -- 6. Government policy / Jen Snowball -- 7. Global trade in cultural tourism services / Marta Zieba -- 8. What is the agenda for cultural economics? / Samuel Cameron -- Index.
    Abstract: Elgar Research Agendas outline the future of research in a given area. Leading scholars are given the space to explore their subject in provocative ways, and map out the potential directions of travel. They are relevant but also visionary. Providing a critical overview of cultural economics, this Research Agenda explores the current state of affairs in the field, suggesting methods of improvement for the coherency and progressiveness of future research. Situating work in this area in its historical context, Samuel Cameron draws together a range of international contributors to explore the development of cultural economics. Undertaking a thorough examination of matters of data quality, statistical methodology and the challenge of new developments in technology, chapters examine the different approaches to cultural economics. The book explores the myriad ways in which the topic has been neglected by mainstream economics, and examines reasons why it needs to be considered, evaluated and explored in more detail in our modern world. Current researchers in cultural economics, as well as cultural policies and leisure studies will find this book an invaluable read in exploring different ways to integrate cultural economics into mainstream studies. This Research Agenda will also be an invaluable aid for advanced students to create discussions suitable for essay topics and dissertations
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9781789901597
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (ix, 235 Seiten)
    Series Statement: [Elgaronline]
    Series Statement: [Edward Elgar books]
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hodgson, Geoffrey M., 1946 - Is there a future for heterodox economics?
    RVK:
    Keywords: Heterodoxe Ökonomik ; Economics ; Electronic books ; Wirtschaftswissenschaften ; Heterodoxe Ökonomie
    Abstract: Contents: Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Space exists to stop everything happening in Cambridge -- 2. What is heterodox economics? -- 3. Rumours of the death of Max U are exaggerated -- 4. The separate heterodoxy of evolutionary economics -- 5. Heterodox economics as a scientific community -- 6. Some possible ways forward -- References -- Index.
    Abstract: "Over the last 50 years, and particularly since the financial crash in 2008, the community of heterodox economists has expanded, and its publications have proliferated. But its power in departments of economics has waned. Addressing this paradox, Geoffrey M. Hodgson argues that heterodox economists are defined more by a left ideology than by a shared understanding of the nature of orthodox economics and of what should replace it. Heterodox economists cannot agree on what heterodoxy means. Employing insights from the sociology and philosophy of science, the author explores the marginalization of heterodox economics in the academic community and its exclusion from positions of power. This perceptive book also shows how the weaknesses of a particular version of heterodoxy stemming from the Cambridge economics of the 1970s have been replicated globally in much of contemporary heterodox economics. The author considers how the field can adapt in order to improve and sustain its presence in academia. Social scientists and economists will find this book both enlightening and useful. In particular, it will be invaluable to student networks and others critical of mainstream economics, and to those teaching economics at undergraduate and postgraduate level"--
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8956
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bussolo, Maurizio Political Connections and Financial Constraints: Evidence from Transition Countries
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines whether political connections ease financial constraints faced by firms. Using firm-level data from six Central and Eastern European economies, the paper shows that politically connected firms: (i) have high levels of leverage, (ii) have low levels of profitability, (iii) are less capitalized, (iv) have low marginal productivity of capital, and (v) do not invest more than unconnected firms. Next, the paper shows that connected firms borrow more because they have easier access to credit and that political connections lead to a misallocation of capital. The results are consistent with the idea that political connections distort capital allocation and may have welfare costs
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  • 47
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    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing
    ISBN: 9781789908428
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 149 Seiten)
    Series Statement: [Elgaronline]
    Series Statement: [Edward Elgar books]
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nooteboom, Bart, 1941 - Uprooting economics
    DDC: 330.1
    RVK:
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Wirtschaftsethik ; Wirtschaftspsychologie ; Wirtschaftssoziologie ; Wirtschaftsphilosophie ; Economics ; Capitalism ; Economics Moral and ethical aspects ; Electronic books ; Heterodoxe Ökonomie
    Abstract: Contents: Introduction -- 1: Crisis of capitalism -- 2: Economics -- 3: Markets -- 4: Industries -- 5: A new economics -- Bibliography -- Index.
    Abstract: "Much-needed in the face of present political upheavals, including the rise of populism and re-emergence of nationalism and authoritarian regimes, this book is radical in both its critique and proposals for a new economics. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Bart Nooteboom offers insights from economics, sociology, cognitive science, social psychology and philosophy. Exploring ways in which economics is developing, the book investigates how new economics has moved away from considering individuals as autonomous and instead studies their involvement and interactions with each other. The book discusses a new relational economics: less contractual, hierarchical and controlled, and more based on trust and mutual adjustment. Nooteboom proposes a shift from utility ethics to the virtue ethics of prudence, courage, moderation and justice. A provocative read for economics students, this work is especially pertinent to those interested in rethinking the subject and expanding upon heterodox theories. It will also prove a useful read to critical economists and sociologists looking to better understand a way forward in our current economic climate"--
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  • 48
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    Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Pub
    ISBN: 9781788973731
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 252 Seiten)
    Series Statement: New directions in modern economics
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar books
    Series Statement: Edward Elgar E-Book Archive
    Series Statement: Elgaronline
    Series Statement: New directions in modern economics series
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ferri, Piero, 1942 - Minsky's moment
    RVK:
    Keywords: Minsky, Hyman P. ; Minsky, Hyman P ; Ökonomische Ideengeschichte ; Wirtschaftswissenschaft ; Economists ; Recessions ; Economics ; Electronic books ; Minsky, Hyman P. 1919-1996 ; Wirtschaftstheorie
    Abstract: Contents: Preface -- 1: Overview -- Part I: "It" happened again -- 2. The Minsky moment and the economics of Minsky -- 3. A synoptic view of the financial instability hypothesis -- 4. An insider's view -- Part II: Co-Authoring -- 5. Prices, employment and prices -- 6. The breakdown of the IS-LM synthesis: implications for Post-Keynesian economic theory -- 7. Market processes and the thwarting system -- Part III: Deepening the methodology -- 8. Micro and macro in Minsky's models -- 9. The foundations of medium-run dynamics -- 10. New tools for dynamics -- Part IV: Entering the black box -- 11. Drivers, adapters and constraints -- 12. Growth, technical change and unemployment -- 13. Heterogeneity in the labor market -- Part V: The economics of Minsky in a dynamic setting -- 14. The financial instability hypothesis and the great recession -- 15. A meta-model of the financial instability hypothesis -- 16. Final considerations and challenges -- Index.
    Abstract: Based upon his life-long collaboration with Hyman Minsky, Piero Ferri explores and reconsiders Minsky's moments in the aftermath of the 'Great Recession' of 2008. He sets out the analytical and methodological foundations of Minsky's financial instability hypothesis, offering insightful comments from a unique insider's perspective. This book stresses the necessity of including what has been recently discovered about Minsky's financial instability hypothesis into his lifelong research program, in order to obtain a more complete picture of both his vision and his analytical apparatus. It seeks to move beyond a discussion of Minsky's original ideas, to verify how they are capable of meeting the challenges derived from the modern evolution of the economy. Developing a meta-model based on regime switching, Piero Ferri examines how the different financial instability hypotheses can be accounted for. Researchers and advanced students in macroeconomics and finance will greatly benefit from the exploration of how Minsky predicted the 'Great Recession', and why his work is of fundamental relevance today. Economic policy makers will also find this book to be a useful tool in discovering methodological innovations to aid further financial recovery from the 2008 economic crisis
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 95-121
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:19
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2019
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:95-121
    Keywords: health sector ; Europe ; Asia ; Budgeting practices ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: This article presents the findings of the OECD Survey of Senior Budget Officials on Budgeting Practices from a 2017 survey covering the Asia and Oceania, and Central, Eastern and South Eastern European regions. The survey is part of the ongoing engagement between health and budget officials in the OECD’s regional networks and provides an comparable set of data to analyse and benchmark good practices in health budgeting. The results of the survey point to an increasing use of budgeting tools from developed countries and support continued engagement to improve budget activities and to meet future challenges of health systems.
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 67-93 | volume:19 | year:2019 | number:3 | day:13 | month:12 | pages:67-93
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 67-93
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:19
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2019
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:67-93
    Keywords: Budgeting ; performance ; Latin America and Caribbean ; health sector ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: This article presents the main findings of two OECD Surveys of Senior Budget and Health Officials conducted in the Latin American and Caribbean region. The surveys help to understand the approaches to budgeting, and take account of the prominent role of agents in the health system across the region, including social health insurance agencies and subnational governments. The focus, however, is on the application of performance-orientated reforms to budgeting, and the extent to which countries in the region have adopted such reforms to improve the efficiency of health expenditure to achieve universal health coverage. The findings point to the use of performance and results-based budgeting in the region, along with new models of provider payment systems integrating performance measures.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 151-167 | volume:19 | year:2019 | number:3 | day:13 | month:12 | pages:151-167
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: 19(2019), 3 vom: 13. Dez., Seite 151-167
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:19
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2019
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Angaben zur Quelle: day:13
    Angaben zur Quelle: month:12
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:151-167
    Keywords: sustainability ; measurement ; budgeting ; Performance ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Aufsatz in Zeitschrift
    Abstract: In light of the many discussions advocating the use of pay-for-performance and performance budgeting, this paper argues that discouraging experience with both approaches should temper expectations that performance measurement can be a reform that will make health care systems more "sustainable" or even more efficient. The link between sustainability and efficiency is tenuous, and attention to performance is not new. Measurement's accuracy tends to be overstated and its costs understated or ignored. Nor does it easily lead to changed behaviour. Yet some measurement is useful for managing any complex activity. In particular, there are situations in which measures are more accurate and the proper responses to shortfalls are generally agreed. Policymakers should look for those conditions and encourage the more limited, targeted improvement that measures then can make possible.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9783658161453
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XLII, 447 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Wirtschaft + Gesellschaft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.3
    RVK:
    Keywords: Organizational Studies, Economic Sociology ; Political Economy/Economic Systems ; Politics of the Welfare State ; Social Structure, Social Inequality ; Economics ; Welfare state ; Heterodoxe Ökonomie ; Pluralismus ; Wirtschaftsforschung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Heterodoxe Ökonomie ; Wirtschaftsforschung ; Pluralismus
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | Imprint: Springer VS
    ISBN: 9783658261917
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VII, 75 S. 11 Abb., 10 Abb. in Farbe)
    Series Statement: Medienwissenschaft: Einführungen kompakt
    Parallel Title: Printed edition
    DDC: 302.23
    RVK:
    Keywords: Communication ; Economics ; Medienökonomie ; Medienökonomie
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Energy and Extractives Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8969
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Usman, Zainab Lessons from Power Sector Reforms: The Case of Morocco
    Keywords: electric utility ; energy access ; institutions ; liberalization ; Morocco ; power generation ; power sector reforms ; regulation ; renewable energy ; unbundling ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Morocco charted its own distinctive path of power sector reform. It selectively introduced private sector participation for generation capacity expansion and electricity distribution, while retaining a strong, state-owned and vertically-integrated national power utility operating as a single buyer at the core of the sector. Until recently, the country eschewed an independent regulatory entity. The power sector has been guided by strong top-down policy mandates that have served to align the disparate actions of political parties and sector institutions. Ambitious targets for electricity access, liberalization, and renewable energy investments were conceived as an integrated approach to contribute to economic development by relieving fiscal pressures, reducing external dependence on fossil fuels, and positioning the country as a regional leader in renewable energy. The results have been impressive. Since 1990, Morocco has more than tripled its power supply, while growing renewable energy to account for one-third of the total and relying on the private sector to supply just over half of the electricity generated. Rural electrification has accelerated rapidly from 18 percent in 1995 to virtually 100 percent in 2017. While operational efficiency has been broadly adequate, performance has fluctuated over time. Moreover, the sector's achievements through this selective approach to reform have come somewhat at the expense of the financial viability of the incumbent utility, the National Office for Electricity and Water (ONEE), which has suffered from lack of cost-reflective tariff-setting and an array of entrenched cross-subsidies. Other vulnerabilities include the continued but declining dependence on electricity imports, external price volatilities of imported fossil fuels, and a territorialized electricity distribution model that could be disrupted by grid integration of renewable energy
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8952
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ornelas, Jose Renato Haas Locking-In Firms: Loan Conditions in the Presence of Government-Driven Credit
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper studies loan conditions in a context where private banks can operate in two credit markets: a free-market with no government intervention and an earmarked market that relies on government funds and where interest rates are regulated. The paper examines the effects of earmarked lending on the spreads of free-market loans using a rich loan-level dataset on all Brazilian firms between 2005 and 2016. The evidence suggests that private banks strategically channel earmarked credit to firms that are ex ante more difficult to lock-in in the free-market-larger firms in more contested regions. The paper highlights a novel channel whereby earmarked credit is used by private banks to extract more rents. Once a firm receives an earmarked credit from its bank, its interest rates on new loans in the free-market increase while the loan volume remains mostly unaffected
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (289 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Tereshina, Daria, 1983 - Managing firms and families
    Dissertation note: Dissertation Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg 2019
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Graue Literatur ; Hochschulschrift
    Abstract: Auf der Basis einer ethnographischen Studie über private Kleinbetriebe in Smolensk untersucht die Dissertation die moralischen Dimensionen des russischen Kleinkapitalismus. Die moralischen Orientierungen von Geschäftsleuten werden mit den Veränderungen der lokalen und globalen politökonomischen Restrukturierungsprozesse in Bezug gesetzt. Es wird untersucht, wie veränderte Vorstellungen vom Individuum, des Verständnisses von moralischer Verantwortung und Verpflichtung sowie Auffassungen von Arbeit und Leistung im heutigen Russland mit dem Produktionsprozess und dem Kampf um soziale Reproduktion verbunden sind. Es wird argumentiert, dass die moralischen Orientierungen russischer Kleinunternehmer viele unterschiedliche und konfligierende Werte enthalten. Die komplexen Muster des konkreten wirtschaftlichen Verhaltens werden als Antwort auf den durch den Kapitalismus geschaffenen Druck auf die lokalen und globalen Verhältnisse interpretiert. Auf diese Weise können postsozialistische Entwicklungen in größere Prozesse der Akkumulation und Ausbreitung von Kapital eingeordnet werden.
    Abstract: Drawing on an ethnographic enquiry into the small-scale private sector in the city of Smolensk, this dissertation investigates the moral dimensions of Russian petty capitalism. It situates the moral frameworks of businesspeople within the broader dynamics of local and global politico-economic restructurings by examining how changing ideas of personhood, understandings of moral responsibilities and obligations, and conceptions of work and labour are entangled in circuits of production and struggles for reproduction in present-day Russia. The dissertation argues that the moral frameworks of Russian entrepreneurs incorporate multiple discrete and conflicting values. It views such complexities in actual economic behaviour as responses to the local and global pressures that are generated by capitalism, thereby helping us to incorporate post-socialist developments into the larger processes of expansion and the accumulation of capital.
    Abstract: Russland, Postsozialismus, Kleinbetriebe, Unternehmertum, Moral, Ethik, Schattenwirtschaft, Familienunternehmentum, soziale Reproduktion
    Abstract: Russia, postsocialism, small businesses, entrepreneurialism, morality, ethics, informal economy, family capitalism, social reproduction
    Note: Tag der Verteidigung: 16.12.2019
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8704
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hamilton, Kirk E Natural Resources and Total Factor Productivity Growth in Developing Countries: Testing A New Methodology
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Estimates of total factor productivity growth, a measure of increases in the efficiency of production, have traditionally been based on a two-factor model of labor and fixed capital. Because profits are measured residually in the System of National Accounts, they implicitly include rents on natural resource exploitation, with the result that the contribution of fixed capital to growth in the inputs to gross domestic product is misstated, particularly in resource dependent developing countries. This leads to incorrect measures of total factor productivity growth. Using data on natural resources from the World Bank's Wealth of Nations database and methods combining the Solow growth accounting model with recent work at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, this paper makes new estimates of total factor productivity growth for 74 developing countries over 1996-2014. In the aggregate, including natural resources as a factor of production increases estimated total factor productivity growth across all country income classes and regions of the world when compared with the traditional two-factor approach. In addition, the estimated total factor productivity growth including natural resources is less volatile over time in the great majority of countries compared with the traditional approach. The availability of World Bank data on natural resource quantities and rents for a wide range of countries suggests that natural resources should be included in total factor productivity growth estimation going forward. Further research could focus on the distinctive roles played by different natural resource endowments
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8724
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Laborde, David Poverty Impact of Food Price Shocks and Policies
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the event of large swings in world food prices, countries often intervene to dampen the impact of international food price spikes on domestic prices and to lessen the burden of adjustment on vulnerable population groups. While individual countries can succeed at insulating their domestic markets from short-term fluctuations in global food prices, the collective intervention of many countries may exacerbate the volatility of world prices. Insulating policies introduced during the 2010-11 food price spike may have accounted for 40 percent of the increase in the world price of wheat and one-quarter of the increase in the world price of maize. Combined with government policy responses, the 2010-11 food price spike tipped 8.3 million people (nearly 1 percent of the world's poor) into poverty
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8728
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cangoz, Mehmet Coskun A Joint Foreign Currency Risk Management Approach for Sovereign Assets and Liabilities
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An asset and liability management framework for managing risks arising from sovereign foreign exchange obligations requires a joint analysis of (i) the external financial liabilities resulting from a country's sovereign debt and (ii) the foreign exchange assets of its central bank. Governments often issue sizable amounts of debt denominated in foreign currencies, subjecting their fiscal positions to foreign exchange volatilities. Prudent management of a sovereign's foreign exchange position under an asset and liability management framework enables governments to mitigate risks at the lowest possible cost, hence increasing resilience to external shocks. Based on the challenges associated with the implementation of an asset and liability management framework, this study recommends a practical approach that includes analysis of the foreign exchange positions of central bank reserves and central government debt portfolios and optimization of the net position. The proposed model is tested, using the foreign exchange reserve and external debt data of seven countries (Albania, Ghana, FYR Macedonia, South Africa, the Republic of Korea, Tunisia, and Uruguay). The paper employs quantitative methods to explore the impact of an overarching asset and liability management strategy and integrated approach on the efficient management of foreign exchange risk. It provides policy recommendations on ways to minimize the risk of foreign exchange mismatches and increase the return on foreign exchange reserves
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Africa Region, Gender Innovation Lab
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 9 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8732
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Koroknay-Palicz, Tricia Sex, Lies, And Surveys: The Role of Interviewer Characteristics
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines how easily observable interviewer characteristics, such as gender and physical attractiveness, and more difficult to observe characteristics, such as attitudes and beliefs, affect adolescent girls' disclosure of sexual behavior during a baseline survey for an adolescent girls program in Liberia. The study finds that girls are more likely to report sexual activity to better-looking interviewers, and less likely to do so to interviewers holding more discriminatory gender attitudes and greater expectations about
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 27 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8703
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bachmair, Fritz Florian Managing South Africa's Exposure to Eskom: How to Evaluate the Credit Risk from the Sovereign Guarantees?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The South African government offers various support mechanisms to support Eskom, the state-owned electric utility, and the independent power producers in providing low-cost electricity, including credit and payment guarantees. Guarantees constitute contingent liabilities to the government and pose risks to government finances. This note illustrates the methodologies explored by South Africa to assess the credit risk from guarantees extended to Eskom. To manage and closely monitor this risk, a dedicated Credit Risk directorate in the Asset and Liability Management division at the National Treasury of South Africa has implemented a risk assessment and management framework, supported by the World Bank Treasury. The team developed a sector-specific internal credit rating methodology to assess Eskom's creditworthiness. Additionally, the team developed a scenario analysis methodology to assess Eskom's ability to service debt from cash flows and cash reserves. The scenario analysis tool is currently used on an ad hoc basis to feed into the various scenarios that are considered for the budget process. Risk assessments are reported to the Fiscal Liabilities Committee on a quarterly basis for risk monitoring and to support recommendations for taking on new contingent liabilities, such as government guarantees. The Fiscal Liabilities Committee advises the minister of finance and is responsible for the determination of the processes and policies for approving guarantees and guarantee-like transactions. The Fiscal Liabilities Committee is generally mandated to promote the optimum management of the government's contingent liabilities, including guarantees. The implementation of further risk mitigation and monitoring tools, such as risk-based guarantee fees, budget allocations, and a contingency reserve account, is under discussion
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8707
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alix-Garcia, Jennifer M Can Environmental Cash Transfers Reduce Deforestation and Improve Social Outcomes? A Regression Discontinuity Analysis of Mexico's National Program (2011-2014)
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Environmental conditional cash transfers, or "payments for ecosystem services" are a centerpiece of global efforts to protect biodiversity, safeguard watersheds, and mitigate climate change by reducing forest loss. This paper evaluates the impacts of Mexico's national payments for ecosystem services program, which provides five years of payments to landowners in exchange for maintaining and managing natural land cover. Using a regression discontinuity design, the paper studies impacts on environmental, socioeconomic, and social capital outcomes for the 2011-14 program cohorts. The analysis finds that treated communities increased management activities to protect land cover, such as patrolling for illegal conversion or combatting soil erosion (by 48 percent compared to controls). The program reduced the loss of tree cover in areas at high risk of deforestation (by 29 percent compared to controls), with effects being larger for those that have been in the program the longest (38 percent compared to controls). These results are similar to estimates of impact for earlier program cohorts and continue to highlight the importance of targeting the program to areas of high risk of land cover loss to increase environmental effectiveness. The program continued to reach poor communities and households, but estimated impacts on household wealth indicators are small in magnitude and not statistically significant. These results indicate that community-level conditional payments did not harm household-level socioeconomic indicators, a key safeguard requirement of conservation policies of the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. The data also show that payments for ecosystem services significantly increased community social capital-the institutions, attitudes, and values that govern human interactions-(by 9 percent compared to controls), and these externally provided incentives did not crowd out household contributions to other community work
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 31 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8710
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Selod, Harris Highway Politics in a Divided Government: Evidence from Mexico
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper combines local election results and geo-referenced road construction data over 1993-2012 to investigate political bias in road infrastructure investment in a democratic setting, focusing on the case of Mexico. Using a regression discontinuity design, the paper finds strong evidence of partisan allocation of federally-funded highways to municipalities that voted for the president's party in legislative races, nearly doubling the stock of highways compared to opposition municipalities. The extent of political favoritism in highway provision is stronger under divided government when the president has no majority in the legislature, suggesting political efforts to control the Congress
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Global Indicators Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8715
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad Paid Maternity Leave and Female Employment: Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data for Developing Countries
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The relationship between the length of paid maternity leave and the proportion of female workers in the private sector is explored using firm-level survey data for 66 mostly developing countries. The paper finds a large, positive, and statistically significant relationship between the two. According to the most conservative estimate, an increase of one week of paid maternity leave is associated with a 2.6 percentage points increase in the share of workers in a typical firm that are female. As expected, the stated relationship is much larger when the government pays for maternity leave versus the employer. The results are robust to several controls for firm and country characteristics and other possible heterogeneities in the maternity leave and female workers relationship
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8718
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Losos, Elizabeth Claire Reducing Environmental Risks from Belt and Road Initiative Investments in Transportation Infrastructure
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Belt and Road Initiative, due to its diverse and extensive infrastructure investments, poses a wide range of environmental risks. Some projects have easily identifiable and measurable impacts, such as energy projects' greenhouse gas emissions. Others, such as transportation infrastructure, due to their vast geographic reach, generate more complex and potentially more extensive environmental risks. The proposed Belt and Road Initiative rail and road investments have stimulated concerns because of the history of significant negative environmental impacts from large-scale transportation projects across the globe. This paper studies environmental risks-direct and indirect-from Belt and Road Initiative transportation projects and the mitigation strategies and policies to address them. The paper concludes with a recommendation on how to take advantage of the scale of the Belt and Road Initiative to address these concerns in a way not typically available to stand-alone projects. In short, this scale motivates and permits early integrated development and conservation planning
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8722
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pape, Utz Johann Estimating Poverty in a Fragile Context: The High Frequency Survey in South Sudan
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The High Frequency South Sudan Survey, implemented by the South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with the World Bank, conducted several waves of representative surveys across seven of the ten former states between 2015 and 2017. These surveys provided a long overdue update to poverty numbers in South Sudan, with the previous national poverty estimates dating as far back as 2009. The escalation and expansion of the civil conflict posed severe challenges to the planning and implementation of fieldwork. The surveys therefore capitalized on several technological and methodological innovations to establish a reliable system of data collection and obtain valid poverty estimates. Focusing on the 2016 urban-rural wave, this paper describes the design and analysis of the survey to arrive at reliable poverty estimates for South Sudan, utilizing the Rapid Consumption Methodology combined with geo-spatial data for inaccessible survey areas
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8726
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rudolph, Heinz P Pension Funds with Automatic Enrollment Schemes: Lessons for Emerging Economies
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Since the introduction of the KiwiSaver scheme in New Zealand in 2006, several countries have implemented, or are in the process of implementing, voluntary funded pension systems with automatic enrollment features. Since most of the literature has focused on countries with the common law tradition, including the United Kingdom and the United States, this note analyzes cases of countries with the civil code tradition, including Turkey, Poland, the Russian Federation, Chile, Brazil, and the Province of Quebec in Canada. This sample includes mostly emerging economies, with reforms at different stages, from those that have already been completed to those that are about to start discussions in their parliaments. Although they are not a substitute for necessary parametric reforms, automatic enrollment schemes offer the possibility of improvements in future retirement income for a significant part of the labor force. This note stresses that the paternalistic approach of automatic enrollment schemes imposes a great degree of responsibility on governments and requires careful consideration of the design of the system, including the industrial organization of the pension fund industry and default investment strategies. Sufficient time and resources for preparing communication and educational campaigns has played a key role in achieving high rates of participation
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8730
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fay, Marianne Hitting the Trillion Mark: A Look at How Much Countries Are Spending on Infrastructure
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper provides the first consistently estimated data set on infrastructure investments in low- and middle-income countries. To do so, the authors identify three possible proxies for infrastructure investments: two are variants on gross fixed capital formation from national accounts system data following ADB (2017) and one is based on fiscal data from the World Bank's BOOST database. Two of these proxies rely on the World Bank's Private Participation in Infrastructure database to capture the private share of infrastructure investments. Given the limitations of each of these proxies, the authors employ several transformations to derive a lower-bound estimate for infrastructure investments in low-and middle-income countries of 3.40 percent of their gross domestic product, a central estimate of around 4 percent, and an upper-bound estimate of 5 percent for 2011. Corresponding absolute amounts are USD 0.82 trillion, USD 1.00 trillion, and USD 1.21 trillion, respectively with East Asia and the Pacific accounting for 55 percent of infrastructure investments and Africa 4 percent. The public sector largely dominates infrastructure spending, accounting for 87-91 percent of infrastructure investments, but with wide variation across regions, from a low of 53-64 percent in South Asia to a high of 98 percent in East Asia. Given the absence of fiscal or national accounts data capturing investments in infrastructure, these estimates are likely to be the best available in the near future. Nevertheless, the authors propose some possible avenues for future improvements (including an update when 2017 data are made available by the International Comparison Project), building on the excellent collaboration of multilateral development banks around this issue
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8734
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Khemani, Stuti What Is State Capacity?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reform leaders who want to pursue technically sound policies are confronted with the problem of getting myriad government agencies, staffed by thousands of bureaucrats and state personnel, to deliver. This paper provides a framework for thinking about the problem as a series of interdependent principal-agent relationships in complex organizations, where one type of actor, the agent, takes actions on behalf of another, the principal. Using this framework to review and forge connections across a large literature, the paper shows how the crux of state capacity is the culture of bureaucracies-the incentives, beliefs and expectations, or norms, shared among state personnel about how others are behaving. Although this characterization might apply generally to any complex organization, what distinguishes agencies of the state is the fundamental role of politics-the processes by which the leaders who exercise power over bureaucracies, starting from the lowest village levels, are selected and sanctioned. Politics shapes not only the incentives of state personnel, but perhaps more importantly, it coordinates their beliefs and expectations, and thereby the performance of government agencies. Recognizing these roles of politics, the paper offers insights for what reform leaders can do to strengthen state capacity for public goods
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8738
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ha, Jongrim Inflation: Concepts, Evolution, and Correlates
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In the past four to five decades, inflation has fallen around the world, with median annual global consumer price inflation down from a peak of 16.6 percent in 1974 to 2.6 percent in 2017. This decline began in advanced economies in the mid-1980s and in emerging market and developing economies in the mid-1990s. By 2000, global inflation had stabilized at historically low levels. Lower inflation has been accompanied by reduced inflation volatility, especially in advanced economies. This improvement in inflation outcomes has stemmed in large part from structural economic changes, including improved monetary and fiscal policy frameworks as well as international trade and financial liberalization. Lower and more stable inflation has often been associated with better growth and development outcomes, partly by reducing uncertainty, fostering a more efficient allocation of resources, and helping preserve financial stability
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Education Global Practice & Development Economics, Office of the Chief Economist
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8742
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Angrist, Noam Measuring Human Capital
    Keywords: 2000-2017 ; Humankapital ; Messung ; Lernen ; Schule ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Welt ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Students around the world are going to school but are not learning-an emerging gap in human capital formation. To understand this gap, this paper introduces a new data set measuring learning in 164 countries and territories. The data cover 98 percent of the world's population from 2000 to 2017. The data set will be publicly available and updated annually by the World Bank. The paper presents several stylized facts in a first application of the data: (a) although enrollment has increased worldwide, learning has stagnated; (b) girls outperform boys on learning-a positive gender gap-in contrast to a negative gender gap observed for schooling; (c) learning is associated with growth on a global scale; (d) associations with growth are heterogenous; and (e) human capital accounts for up to a third of cross-country income differences-a middle ground in the recent development accounting literature. These stylized facts demonstrate the potential of the data to reveal new insights into the relationship between human capital and economic development
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 65 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8744
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Palazzo, Amanda Investment Needs for Irrigation Infrastructure along Different Socioeconomic Pathways
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper conducts an assessment of the global costs for expanding, upgrading, and improving irrigation infrastructure in developing countries, along different future scenarios toward 2050. It uses the GLobal BIOsphere Management Model, a partial equilibrium model of the global agricultural and forestry sectors. It examines the impacts of irrigation expansion on the agriculture and food system, from the perspective of different Sustainable Development Goals, in particular food security (goal 2), land use change and biodiversity (goal 15), greenhouse gas emissions (goal 13), and sustainable water use (goal 6). It finds that irrigation support policies improve food security globally and can reduce the burden on land by limiting expansion of cropland area. However, the effectiveness of irrigation to achieve a larger set of goals depends on the regional context. In South Asia and the Middle East and North Africa, the expansion of irrigation increases unsustainable water extraction practices. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the uncertainty of the infrastructure costs and impacts under different socioeconomic developments, levels of radiative forcing and climate change scenarios, dietary patterns, trade openness, and efficiencies of irrigation systems. The findings indicate that irrigation systems could play an important role in adaptation to the most adverse climate change; however, increased water scarcity may also limit adaptation potentials
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 79 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8787
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fernandez Lafuerza, Luis Gonzalo Swept by the Tide? The International Comovement of Capital Flows
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the international comovement of gross capital flows in a setting simultaneously encompassing aggregate inflows and outflows. It uses as empirical framework a multilevel latent factor model, implemented on flow data for a large sample of countries over more than three decades. On average, common shocks account for over 40 percent of the variance of both inflows and outflows, although with major differences between advanced countries and the rest. Among the former, global and group shocks dominate capital flows, and the same shocks drive gross inflows and outflows. Among the latter countries, idiosyncratic shocks tend to play the leading role, and gross inflows exhibit less commonality with outflows. The latent factors configure an international financial cycle that closely tracks the trends in a handful of global 'push' variables. Recursive estimation of the factor model reveals a rising trend in the exposure of countries' flows to the international cycle-especially for advanced economies-up to the global financial crisis. Exposure to the cycle is robustly related to countries' external financial openness and the (lack of) flexibility of their exchange rate regime
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 75 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8753
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fernandes, Ana Margarida Are Trade Preferences a Panacea? The African Growth and Opportunity Act and African Exports
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Does "infant industry" preferential access durably boost export performance? This paper exploits significant trade policy changes in the United States around the turn of the 21st century to address this question. The expansion of Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) products for less developed countries in 1997 and the implementation of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) in 2001 is used to assess whether preferential access boosts exports of eligible products in general and apparel specifically. The phase-out of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) in 2005 is used to assess whether any expansion in apparel exports survived the erosion of preferences. To find a causal impact of these changes on exports to the United States from a given beneficiary country, the analysis uses a triple-differences regression and 26 years of newly constructed trade and tariff data at the country-product-year level (1992-2017). The analysis finds that the AGOA boosted African apparel exports, and the expansion of the GSP increased African exports of other eligible products. While the marginal impacts on African apparel exports grew sharply in the first years of AGOA, the impacts leveled off after 2005, when the end of the MFA quotas unleashed competition from Asian countries. The illusion of sustained African apparel exports is created by three late-bloomers in East Africa offsetting the boom-bust pattern in Southern Africa and the never-significant response in Central and Western Africa. Firm-level customs data for selected countries reveal that even in East Africa, the recent export growth was driven by new entrants rather than by incumbent firms whose competitiveness might have been nurtured by the big preference margins during the early AGOA period. Understanding the heterogeneous response to trade preferences remains a challenge. However, preliminary evidence suggests that preferential access per se was not sufficient but needed to be complemented by specific domestic reforms: tariff liberalization, reduced regulatory burden, enhanced connectivity, and competitive exchange rates
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 41 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8759
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gatzinsi, Justine How Household Characteristics Shape Program Access and Asset Accumulation: A Mixed Method Analysis of the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme in Rwanda
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses how household context and characteristics shape the welfare trajectory and more specifically the accumulation of productive assets among beneficiaries of the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme in Rwanda, the government's flagship social assistance program. The analysis is based on a unique data set combining panel household survey data with in-depth qualitative interviews of a subsample of male and female beneficiaries from the survey data collected between 2009 and 2015. By combining quantitative and qualitative information, the paper draws a more nuanced picture of how household characteristics-structural and temporal-contextualize opportunities for poor men and women and their households and shape how well they can leverage access to the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme to accumulate productive assets. The mixed method analysis reveals that household composition, gender power dynamics, disability, care responsibilities, marital arrangements, intrahousehold communication, and access to other social programs and institutions play a crucial role in access to the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme and related asset accumulation. The findings suggest that households would benefit from a broader definition of the eligibility criteria and the availability of flexible and complementary programming, to reap the benefits of the income transfer received from the program
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  • 76
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    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Agriculture Global Practice, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice & South Asia Region
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8766
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dizon, Felipe Jr Fadullon The Nutrition Sensitivity of Food and Agriculture in South Asia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Through a review of the literature, this paper examines the links of food and agriculture with nutrition in South Asia, a region characterized by a high level of malnutrition. The review finds that the level and stability of food prices play a critical part in food consumption, with rising prices affecting poor households the most. Although public food transfer programs are aimed at addressing this, most are too small to have a marked effect in protecting or promoting nutrition. Several supply-side food and agricultural interventions suggest promise in improving nutrition, although their effects have yet to be well identified. These include the cultivation of home gardens, animal farming, and use of biofortification and post-harvest fortification. All these efforts will be futile, however, without parallel efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8729
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Joseph, George Why Do So Many Water Points Fail in Tanzania? An Empirical Analysis of Contributing Factors
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: According to the 2015 Tanzania Water Point Mapping data, about 29 percent of all water points are non-functional, out of which 20 percent failed within the first year. This paper analyzes the various factors which impact water point failure and measures the relative contributions of these determinants. The results indicate that water points managed by village committees had a much higher likelihood of failure than those managed by private operators or water authority. Factors that cannot be modified such as hydrogeological factors play a major role in determining water points failure during the first year after installation. However, management type as well as the type of pump and technology matter considerably more in the short and medium term
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8733
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Knauer, Heather Ashley Enhancing Young Children's Language Acquisition through Parent-Child Book-Sharing: A Randomized Trial in Rural Kenya
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Worldwide, 250 million children under five (43 percent) are not meeting their developmental potential because they lack adequate nutrition and cognitive stimulation in early childhood. Several parent support programs have shown significant benefits for children's development, but the programs are often expensive and resource intensive. The objective of this study was to test several variants of a potentially scalable, cost-effective intervention to increase cognitive stimulation by parents and improve emergent literacy skills in children. The intervention was a modified dialogic reading training program that used culturally and linguistically appropriate books adapted for a low-literacy population. The study used a cluster randomized controlled trial with four intervention arms and one control arm in a sample of caregivers (n
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8737
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Blimpo, Moussa Pouguinimpo Improving Access and Quality in Early Childhood Development Programs: Experimental Evidence from the Gambia
    Keywords: Frühkindliche Bildung ; Kinderbetreuung ; Dienstleistungsqualität ; Kognition ; Feldforschung ; Gambia ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Early childhood experiences lay the foundation for outcomes later in life. Policy makers in developing countries face a dual challenge of promoting access to and quality of early childhood development services, but evidence on how to manage this trade-off is scarce. This paper studies two experiments of early childhood development programs in The Gambia: one increasing access to services, and another improving service quality. In the first experiment, new community-based early childhood development centers were introduced to randomly chosen villages that had no preexisting, structured early childhood development services. In the second experiment, a randomly assigned subset of existing early childhood development centers received intensive provider training. The analysis finds no evidence that either intervention improved average levels of child development. Exploratory analysis suggests that the first experiment, which increased access to relatively low-quality early childhood development services, led to declines in child development among children from less disadvantaged households. The evidence supports that these households may have been steered away from better quality early childhood settings in their homes. Comparisons of observationally similar children across experiments reveal that existing early childhood development centers increased language skills by 0.4 standard deviation relative to the community-based alternative, reflecting differences in program quality
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice & Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8741
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Artuc, Erhan Does Automation in Rich Countries Hurt Developing Ones? Evidence from the U.S. and Mexico
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Following a couple of decades of offshoring, the fear today is of reshoring. Using administrative data on Mexican exports by municipality, sector and destination from 2004 to 2014, this paper investigates how local labor markets in Mexico that are more exposed to automation in the U.S. through trade fared in exports and employment outcomes. The results show that an increase of one robot per thousand workers in the U.S.-about twice the increase observed between 2004-2014-lowers growth in exports per worker from Mexico to the U.S. by 6.7 percent. Higher exposure to U.S. automation did not affect wage employment, nor manufacturing wage employment overall. Yet, the latter is the result of two counteracting forces. Exposure to U.S. automation reduced manufacturing wage employment in areas where occupations were initially more susceptible to being automated; but exposure increased manufacturing wage employment in other areas. Finally, the analysis also finds negative impacts of exposure to local automation on local labor market outcomes
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8745
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nicholls, Robert John Global Investment Costs for Coastal Defense through the 21st Century
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sea-level rise threatens low-lying areas around the world's coasts with increased coastal flooding during storms. One response to this challenge is to build or upgrade coastal flood defenses. This report examines the potential investment costs of such an adaptation strategy applied globally over the 21st century for sea-level rise scenarios consistent with three Representative Concentration Pathways and 3 Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. For all the protection models considered, much less than half of the world's coast is protected. The total defense costs are significantly higher than earlier estimates, amounting to as much as USD 18.3 trillion. With cost-benefit analysis, there are large uncertainties and empirical observations of protection standards are limited. Hence, the estimates should be considered as indicative, and this remains an important topic for future research. Further, building defenses is not a one-off capital investment. Over the 21st century, the cost of a comprehensive protection strategy is dominated by maintenance costs in all the cases considered in this report. This indicates that in addition to capital investment, the development of appropriate institutions and governance mechanisms to deliver maintenance, as well as the necessary funding streams, are essential for such a protection-based adaptation strategy to be effective
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8829
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mattoo, Aaditya Trade Wars: What do they Mean? Why are they Happening now? What are the costs?
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Strategische Handelspolitik ; Handelskonflikt ; Verhandlungen ; Handelsabkommen ; USA ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How should economists interpret current trade wars and the recent U.S. trade actions that have initiated them? This paper offers an interpretation of current U.S. trade actions that is at once more charitable and less forgiving than that typically offered by economic commentators. More charitable, because under this interpretation it is possible to see a logic to these actions: the United States is initiating a change from "rules-based" to "power-based" tariff bargaining and is selecting countries with which it runs bilateral trade deficits as the most suitable targets of its bargaining tariffs. Less forgiving, because the main costs of these trade tactics cannot be avoided even if they happen to "work" and deliver lower tariffs. Rather, the paper shows that the main costs will arise from the use of the tactics themselves, and from the damage done by those tactics to the rules-based multilateral trading system and the longer-term interests of the United States and the rest of the world
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Education Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8789
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Patrinos, Harry Anthony Returns to Investment in Education: The Case of Turkey
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper estimates private and social returns to investment in education in Turkey, using the 2017 Household Labor Force Survey and alternative methodologies. The analysis uses the 1997 education reform of increasing compulsory education by three years as an instrument. This results in a private rate of return on the order of 16 percent for higher education and a social return of 10 percent. Using the number of children younger than age 15 in the household as an exclusion restriction, the analysis finds that returns to education for females are higher than those for males. Contrary to many findings in other countries, private returns to those working in the public sector are higher than those in the private sector, and private returns to those who followed the vocational track in secondary education are higher than those in the general academic track. The paper discusses the policy implications of the findings
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Social Protection and Jobs Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 44 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8758
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lo Bello, Salvatore From Ghana to America: The Skill Content of Jobs and Economic Development
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: There is a growing body of literature exploring the skill content of jobs. This paper contributes to this research by using data on the task content of occupations in developing countries, instead of U.S. data, as most existing studies do. The paper finds that indexes based on U.S. data do not provide a fair approximation of the levels, changes, and drivers of the routine cognitive and nonroutine manual skill content of jobs in developing countries. The paper also uncovers three new stylized facts. First, while developed countries tend to have jobs more intensive in nonroutine cognitive skills than developing countries, income (in growth and levels) is not associated with the skill content of jobs once the analysis accounts for other factors. Second, although adoption of information and communications technology is linked to job de-routinization, international trade is an offsetting force. Last, adoption of information and communications technology is correlated with lower employment growth in countries with a high share of occupations that are intensive in routine tasks
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8797
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Touchton, Michael Ryan Of Governance and Revenue: Participatory Institutions and Tax Compliance in Brazil
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Traditionally, governments seek to mobilize tax revenues by expanding their enforcement of existing tax regimes and facilitating tax payments. However, enforcement and facilitation can be costly and produce diminishing marginal returns if citizens are unwilling to pay their taxes. This paper addresses gaps in knowledge about tax compliance, by asking a basic question: what explains why citizens and businesses comply with tax rules? To answer this question, the paper shows how the voluntary adoption of two different types of participatory governance institutions influences municipal tax collection in Brazil. Municipalities that voluntarily adopt participatory institutions collect significantly higher levels of taxes than similar municipalities without these institutions. The paper provides evidence that moves scholarship on tax compliance beyond enforcement and facilitation paradigms, while offering a better assessment of the role of local democratic institutions for government performance and tax compliance
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Water Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8846
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Augsburg, Britta Can Micro-Credit Support Public Health Subsidy Programs?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The low take-up of cost-effective and highly subsidised preventive health technologies in low-income countries remains a puzzle. One under-studied reason is that the design of subsidy schemes is such that households remain financially constrained. This paper analyses whether, and how, micro-finance supports a large public health subsidy program in the developing world-the Swachh Bharat Mission-in achieving its aim of increasing uptake of individual household latrines. Exploiting a cluster randomised controlled experiment of a sanitation micro-finance program that coincided with the launch of the SBM program, and unique survey data matched to administrative data, findings reveal that the complementarity runs on two levels: First, micro-credit allows households officially ineligible for the subsidy to invest in sanitation by alleviating credit constraints. Second, micro-credit also helps subsidy eligible households to overcome short-term liquidity constraints induced by the remuneration-post-verification subsidy design to invest in sanitation. Subsidy eligible households living in areas experiencing large delays in subsidy disbursement, or high toilet costs, are more likely to take a sanitation loan, but less likely to use the loan to construct a toilet
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice & Digital Development Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 17 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8850
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Decoster, Xavier Stephane Welfare Effects of Introducing Competition in the Telecom Sector in Djibouti
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Djibouti is very well placed, as a landing site of undersea fiber optic cables, to benefit from the digital economy. However, the prevalence of a single national telecom operator in the country has stifled service delivery and innovation in the telecom sector. Mobile broadband coverage and access to internet in Djibouti in 2018 remains below that of many Sub-Saharan African countries. This paper simulates the impact of the introduction of competition on the telecom sector's prices and its implications for households' welfare. The analysis finds important gains in welfare among current users of telecom services, with the largest gains going to the richest households. On the extensive margin, the analysis also finds a higher likelihood of take up of telecom services across the consumption distribution but skewed toward the rich. More work is needed to understand the implications of changes in the telecom sector, especially as greater access may lead to more unequal access, at least in the short term
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8855
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sjoberg, Fredrik Matias Voice and Punishment: A Global Survey Experiment on Tax Morale
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: An online survey experiment spanning 50 countries finds sizable improvements in tax morale when (a) the salience of anti-corruption efforts is increased and (b) citizens are allowed to voice their expenditure preferences to the government. These results hold very broadly across a uniquely large and diverse sample of respondents from all continents. The findings are consistent with theories emphasizing the role of democratic accountability, as well as of perceptions of legitimacy and "retributive justice," in generating voluntary tax compliance. Implications and avenues for further research are discussed
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Middle East and North Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 18 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8858
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arezki, Rabah The Economics of Sustainability: Causes and Consequences of Energy Market Transformation
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper deals with the economics of sustainability associated with the transformation of energy markets. It emphasizes the interrelations between technical changes and energy markets and how in turn the resulting transformations alter the sustainability of economic systems that are dependent on these markets. It also explores how innovation (or the lack thereof) is intimately linked to the ability of energy rich economies to adapt and transform. The agenda is especially relevant for oil rich countries that have announced or already put in place policies to help transform their economies and move away from dependence on oil. The agenda is also relevant for the global community, as it relates to the economic consequences of the needed transformation of energy markets to support the goal of limiting global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8809
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Youssef, Hoda From Currency Depreciation to Trade Reform: How to Take Egyptian Exports to New Levels?
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Arab Republic of Egypt is yet to meet its exports potential, which has been historically hampered by several domestic market distortions and multiple barriers, resulting in weak export performance and modest regional and global integration. Although the liberalization of the exchange rate in November 2016 was a necessary step to correct the exchange rate misalignment and ease the ensuing shortages in foreign currency, it has not been sufficient to guarantee a notable improvement in export performance. This paper analyzes Egypt's exports along three dimensions that are key for export performance and future growth: (i) composition and relatedness of exported products; (ii) geographic and product concentration; and (iii) relatedness to globally traded products. The analysis suggests that Egypt continues to specialize in traditional areas of comparative advantage and limited value-added or is expanding toward products for which global demand is declining. The paper uses a gravity model to predict bilateral trade flows based on the economic size, geographic distance, and other relevant characteristics that should typically contribute to facilitated trade and identify specific sectors and markets for which Egypt seems to have an untapped potential. To understand this underperformance, the paper investigates the key impediments to meeting the export potential. It explores some of the important supply and demand side factors and assesses the role of trade policy measures (tariffs and non-tariffs barriers) in impeding export growth. The analysis reveals that despite significant liberalization efforts, Egypt remains among the group of developing countries that have the highest frequency index and coverage ratio of non-tariff measures. Policy recommendations include a call to improve external competitiveness by fostering and diversifying domestic production and complement these efforts by engaging in trade facilitation reforms to remove the non-tariffs barriers to trade, notably, the administrative, technical, and sanitary barriers to trade. These are all necessary for the country to capitalize on its competitive gains from the currency depreciation and to improve the degree of Egypt's integration into global markets
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Health, Nutrition and Population Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8782
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ibnat, Fabliha The Three-Gap Model of Health Worker Performance
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The Three-Gap Model examines the determinants of low-quality health care by examining the patterns and determinants of three gaps. Using four measures of performance-target performance, actual performance, capacity to perform, and knowledge to perform-this paper defines three gaps for each health worker: the gap between target performance and what they have the knowledge to do (the know gap), the gap between their knowledge and their capacity to perform (the know-can gap), and the gap between their capacity and what they actually do (the can-do gap). The paper demonstrates how the patterns of these gaps across health workers in a sample can be used to diagnose failures in the system as well as evaluate the outcomes of policy experiments. Using data on pediatric care from hospitals in Liberia, the paper illustrates how the model can be used to investigate the potential for improvements in the quality of care from several possible policy interventions. The analysis of the relationships between these gaps across health workers in a health system help to paint a better picture of the determinants of performance and can assist policy makers in choosing relevant policies to improve health worker performance
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8786
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Abate, Girum Dagnachew Adding Space to the International Business Cycle
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Growth fluctuations exhibit substantial synchronization across countries, which has been viewed as reflecting a global business cycle driven by shocks with worldwide reach, or spillovers resulting from local real and/or financial linkages between countries. This paper brings these two perspectives together by analyzing international growth fluctuations in a setting that allows for both global shocks and spatial dependence. Using annual data for 117 countries over 1970-2016, the paper finds that the cross-country dependence of aggregate growth is the combined result of global shocks summarized by a latent common factor and spatial effects accruing through the growth of nearby countries-with proximity measured by bilateral trade linkages or geographic distance. The latent global factor shows a strong positive correlation with worldwide TFP growth. Countries' exposure to global shocks rises with their openness to trade and the degree of commodity specialization of their economies. Despite its simplicity, the empirical model fits the data well, especially for advanced countries. Ignoring the cross-country dependence of growth, by omitting spatial effects or common shocks (or both) from the analysis, leads to a marked deterioration of the empirical model's in-sample explanatory power and out-of-sample forecasting performance
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Market and Counterparty Risk Team
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 28 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8790
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Foresti, Andrea Estimation of the ex ante Distribution of Returns for a Portfolio of U.S. Treasury Securities via Deep Learning
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents different deep neural network architectures designed to forecast the distribution of returns on a portfolio of U.S. Treasury securities. A long short-term memory model and a convolutional neural network are tested as the main building blocks of each architecture. The models are then augmented by cross-sectional data and the portfolio's empirical distribution. The paper also presents the fit and generalization potential of each approach
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8794
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Essl, Sebastian Michael Debt in Low-Income Countries: Evolution, Implications, and Remedies
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Debt vulnerabilities in low-income countries have increased substantially in recent years. Since 2013, median government debt has risen by about 20 percentage points of gross domestic product and increasingly comes from non-concessional and private sources. As a result, in most low-income countries, interest payments are absorbing an increasing proportion of government revenues. The majority of low-income countries would be hard hit by a sudden weakening in trade or global financial conditions given high levels of external debt, lack of fiscal space, low foreign currency reserves, and undiversified exports. A proactive effort to identify and reduce debt-related vulnerabilities is a priority for many low-income countries. Policy makers should focus on mobilizing domestic resources, improving debt transparency, and strengthening debt management practices. These efforts should be complemented by measures to strengthen fiscal frameworks, improve the efficiency of public expenditures and public investment management, and develop domestic financial systems
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Macroeconomics, Trade and Investment Global Practice & Middle East and North Africa Region, Office of the Chief Economist
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8801
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als De Soyres, Francois Michel Marie Raphael Common Transport Infrastructure: A Quantitative Model and Estimates from the Belt and Road Initiative
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents a structural general equilibrium model to analyze the effects on trade, welfare, and gross domestic product of common transport infrastructure. Specifically, the model builds on the framework by Caliendo and Parro (2015)-a Ricardian model with sectoral linkages, trade in intermediate goods and sectoral heterogeneity-to allow for changes in trade costs due to improvements in transportation infrastructure, financed through domestic taxation, connecting multiple countries. The model highlights the trade impact of infrastructure investments through cross-border input-output linkages. This framework is then used to quantify the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative. Using new estimates on the effects on trade costs of transport infrastructure related to the initiative based on Geographic Information System analysis, the model shows that gross domestic product will increase by up to 3.4 percent for participating countries and by up to 2.9 percent for the world. Because trade gains are not commensurate with projected investments, some countries may experience a negative welfare effect due to the high cost of the infrastructure. The analysis also finds strong complementarity between infrastructure investment and trade policy reforms
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Poverty and Equity Global Practice
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8805
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fuchs, Alan Distributional Effects of Tobacco Taxation: A Comparative Analysis
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Tobacco taxes have positive impacts on health outcomes. However, policy makers often hesitate to use them because of the perception that poorer households are affected disproportionally more than richer households. This study compares the simulated distributional effects of tobacco tax increases in eight low- and middle-income countries. It applies a standardized extended cost-benefit analysis methodology and relies on comparable data sources across countries. The net effect of raising taxes on cigarettes encompasses the direct negative price shock to household budgets and the long-term benefits of improved health outcomes. The distributional incidence is assessed by estimating decile-specific behavioral responses and relative income gains. The comparative results do not support the claim that tobacco taxes are necessarily regressive. Although welfare losses from the first-order price shock disproportionally affect the poor, these negative shocks are attenuated by greater price-responsiveness among lower-income groups and further offset by higher long-term relative gains through reduced medical expenditures and additional years of productive life as taxes dissuade smoking. In several countries, increasing the price of cigarettes is pro-poor and welfare improving for a large share of the population. Along with raising taxes, policy should aim at encouraging responsiveness to price changes and target tobacco-related medical expenses that disproportionally burden the poor
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Development Research Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8835
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ozier, Owen Replication Redux: The Reproducibility Crisis and the Case of Deworming
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2004, a landmark study showed that an inexpensive medication to treat parasitic worms could improve health and school attendance for millions of children in many developing countries. Eleven years later, a headline in the Guardian reported that this treatment, deworming, had been "debunked." The pronouncement followed an effort to replicate and re-analyze the original study, as well as an update to a systematic review of the effects of deworming. This story made waves amidst discussion of a reproducibility crisis in some of the social sciences. This paper explores what it means to "replicate" and "reanalyze" a study, both in general and in the specific case of deworming. The paper reviews the broader replication efforts in economics, then examines the key findings of the original deworming paper in light of the "replication," "reanalysis," and "systematic review." The paper also discusses the nature of the link between this single paper's findings, other papers' findings, and any policy recommendations about deworming. This example provides a perspective on the ways replication and reanalysis work, the strengths and weaknesses of systematic reviews, and whether there is, in fact, a reproducibility crisis in economics
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8837
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fang, Hanming Factions, Local Accountability, and Long-Term Development: County-Level Evidence from a Chinese Province
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper investigates, both theoretically and empirically, the role of factional competition and local accountability in explaining the enormous but puzzling county-level variations in development performance in Fujian province of China. When the Communist armies took over Fujian from the Nationalist control circa 1949, Communist cadres from two different army factions were assigned as county leaders. For decades the Fujian Provincial Standing Committee of the Communist Party had been dominated by members from one particular faction, which we refer as the strong faction. Counties also differed in whether there was local guerrilla presence prior to the Communist takeover. The model predicts that county leaders from the strong faction were less likely to pursue policies friendly to local development, because their political survival relied more on their loyalty to the provincial leader than on the grassroots support from local residents. In contrast, the political survival of county leaders from the weak faction was based more on local grassroots support, which could be best secured if these leaders focused on local development. In addition, the local guerrilla presence in the county further improved the development performance either because it intensified local accountability of the county leader, or because it better facilitated the provision of local public goods beneficial to development. The paper finds consistent and robust evidence supporting these assumptions; being affiliated with weak factions and having local accountability are both associated with sizable long-term benefits in terms of growth, education, private-sector development, and survival in the Great Famine. The paper also finds that being affiliated with the strong faction and adopting pro-local policies are associated with higher likelihood of political survival. The empirical findings here suggest that factional competition contributes to efficiency in non-democratic countries, and that local accountability is a key ingredient for balanced development
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 33 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8860
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Telaye, Andualem Exploring Carbon Pricing in Developing Countries: A Macroeconomic Analysis in Ethiopia
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study uses a computable general equilibrium model to analyze various policy scenarios for a carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum fuels and kerosene in Ethiopia. The carbon tax starts at USD 5 per ton of carbon dioxide in 2018 and rises to USD 30 per ton in 2030. Different scenarios examine the impacts with revenue recycling through a uniform sales tax reduction, reduction of labor income tax, reduction of business income tax, direct transfer back to households, and use by the government to reduce debt. Because petroleum fuels and kerosene are a relatively small part of the Ethiopian economy, the carbon tax has quite small impacts on overall economic activity while having a notable proportionate impact on greenhouse gas emissions from these energy sources, depending on the recycling scenario. The carbon tax can raise significant revenue-up to USD 800 million per year by 2030. The impacts on the poor through increased cost of living are not that large, since the share of the poor in total use of petroleum fuels and kerosene is small. In terms of income effects through employment changes, urban households tend to experience more impacts than rural households, but the results also depend on the household skill level and the revenue recycling scenario
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Development Economics, Global Indicators Group
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8864
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad Corruption and Country Size: Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: What sorts of conditions make some countries more prone to corruption than the others? This is an important question for understanding how corruption arises and how to combat it. The present paper attempts to answer this question by exploring the link between the size of the country and corruption. Economic theory suggests advantages and disadvantages of being a large country. Fixed costs in monitoring and punishing corrupt politicians and bureaucrats implies lower corruption in larger countries. However, congestion or administrative costs may escalate with country size. Further, greater diversity in the larger countries implies that such countries may find it harder to reach a consensus on growth-enhancing anti-corruption reforms. Thus, the corruption and country size relationship is an empirical issue. Using firm-level survey data for 135 countries, this paper finds that the level corruption experienced by the firms is positively correlated with country size. This holds for a measure of overall corruption and petty corruption that arises in availing specific government services. According to a conservative estimate, moving from a country the size of Namibia (25th percentile level in size) to a country the size of Morocco (75th percentile level) is associated with an increase in the level of overall corruption by 0.28 percentage point or about 23 percent of its mean value. The results are robust to several controls, alternative corruption measures, sample alternations, and different country size measures
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