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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,241)
  • GBV
  • 2020-2024  (1,241)
  • 2021  (1,241)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (1,241)
Datasource
  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,241)
  • GBV
  • HeBIS  (1)
Material
Language
Years
  • 2020-2024  (1,241)
Year
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Gulesci, Selim Can Youth Empowerment Programs Reduce Violence against Girls during the COVID-19 Pandemic?
    Abstract: This paper shows that a youth empowerment program in Bolivia reduces the prevalence of violence against girls during the COVID-19 lockdown. The program offers training in soft skills and technical skills, sex education, mentoring, and job-finding assistance. To measure the effects of the program, the study conducts a randomized control trial with 600 vulnerable adolescents. The results indicate that seven months after its completion, the program increased girls' earnings and decreased violence targeting females. Violence is measured with both direct self-report questions and list experiments. These findings suggest that empowerment programs can reduce the level of violence experienced by young females during high-risk periods
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Yamada, Takahiro The Causal Effects of Long-Term PM2.5 Exposure on COVID-19 in India
    Abstract: This study investigates the causal effects of long-term particulate matter 2.5 exposure on COVID-19 deaths, fatality rates, and cases in India by using an instrumental variables approach based on thermal inversion episodes. The estimation results indicate that a 1 percent increase in long-term exposure to particulate matter 2.5 leads to an increase in COVID-19 deaths by 5.7 percentage points and an increase in the COVID-19 fatality rate by 0.027 percentage point, but this exposure is not necessarily correlated with COVID-19 cases. People with underlying health conditions such as respiratory illness caused by exposure to air pollution might have a higher risk of death following SARS-CoV-2 infection. This finding might also apply to other countries where high levels of air pollution are a critical issue for development and public health
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Alturki, Sultan Abdulaziz M The Impact of Oil Shocks on Sovereign Default Risk
    Abstract: The paper examines the impact of oil shocks on sovereign credit default swaps (CDS) for the G10 countries and major oil-exporting countries. The results show that oil demand shocks have a uniformly negative impact on CDS spreads. In contrast, oil supply shocks increase the spreads of the G10 countries, but reduce the spreads of oil-exporting countries. Using quantile regressions, the findings show that oil demand shocks affect spreads across the conditional distribution, while oil supply shocks mostly influence the upper quantiles of spread changes. Furthermore, a two-state Markov-switching modeling confirms a significant non-linearity in the impact of oil shocks
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Blandhol, Christine Gender Differences in Children's Antibiotic use and Adherence
    Abstract: Using in-home health records for 1,763 children in Mali, this paper examines gender differences in the uptake and duration of treatment with antibiotics. The detailed data provide a window into parents' day-to-day decisions while accounting for symptoms. There are no gender differences in starting treatment, but boys are over 10 percentage points more likely to complete a course of antibiotics than girls. This difference is driven by families with an educated household head. An explanation may be that (male) household heads are less involved in caring for girls, so that benefits from education that lead to better care accrue overproportionally to boys
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Romero, Mauricio School Management, Grants, and Test Scores: Experimental Evidence from Mexico
    Abstract: This paper presents the results of a large-scale randomized experiment conducted across 1,496 public primary schools in Mexico. The experiment identifies the impact on schools' managerial capacity and student test scores of providing schools with: (a) cash grants, (b) managerial training for school principals, or (c) both. The school principals' managerial training focused on improving principals' capacities to collect and use data to monitor students' basic numeracy and literacy skills and provide feedback to teachers on their instruction and pedagogical practices. After two years of implementing these interventions, the study finds that: (a) the cash grant had no impact on the student's test scores or the management capacity of school principals; (b) the managerial training improved school principals' managerial capacity but had no impact on students' test scores; and (c) the combination of cash grants and managerial training amplified the effect on the school principals' managerial capacity and had a positive but statistically insignificant impact on students' test scores
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Naeher, Dominik The Demand for Advice: Theory and Empirical Evidence from Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: Low levels of investment into modern technologies, and limited use of measures that have low monetary cost but the potential for high yields, are often regarded as obstacles to further agricultural development. This paper investigates farmers' demand for one such measure, namely agricultural advisory services. These have modest (most frequently zero) monetary user cost but, according to some recent research, have the potential to result in large increases of yields. Yet, demand for these extension services is often low. This study proposes that costly attention may be part of the explanation for this. In the model, advisory services are available free of charge, but positive effects on production are only realized if farmers devote attention to listening to and implementing the provided advice. Modeling farmers as rational decision makers facing scarce attention, the study identifies the circumstances under which farmers may optimally abstain from demanding advisory services. The model complements the insights of other theories commonly used to explain suboptimal farm decisions and outcomes, and generates testable predictions, which are consistent with empirical evidence based on a large farm-level panel dataset from Sub-Saharan Africa
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Zachariadis, Theodoros Building Back Better in Practice: A Science-Policy Framework for a Green Economic Recovery after COVID-19
    Abstract: As humanity's current production and consumption patterns exceed planetary boundaries, many opinion leaders have stressed the need to adopt green economic stimulus policies in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. This paper provides an integrated framework to design an economic recovery strategy aligned with sustainability objectives through a multi-criterion, multi-stakeholder lens. The aim is to enable decisions by policy makers with the aid of transparent workflows that include expert evidence that is based on quantitative open-source modeling, and qualitative input by diverse social actors in a participatory approach. The paper employs an energy systems model and an economic input-output model to provide quantitative evidence and design a multi-criteria decision process that engages stakeholders from government, enterprises, and civil society. As a case study, the paper studies 13 green recovery measures that are relevant for Cyprus and assesses their appropriateness for criteria related to environmental sustainability, socioeconomic and job impact, and climate resilience. The results highlight trade-offs between immediate and long-run effects, between economic and environmental objectives, and between expert evidence and societal priorities. Importantly, the paper finds that a "return-to-normal" economic stimulus is not only environmentally unsustainable, but also economically inferior to most green recovery schemes
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Galashin, Mikhail Macroeconomic Expectations and Credit Card Spending
    Abstract: How do macroeconomic expectations affect consumer decisions? This paper reports results from a natural field experiment with 2,872 credit card customers from a large commercial bank to answer this question. Participants of the experiment first completed a survey that measured consumer expectations about future inflation and the nominal exchange rate. This survey was combined with an information-provision experiment that generated exogenous variation in respondents' macroeconomic expectations. The survey and experimental data were then merged with detailed administrative data on participants' credit card transactions and balances. The experiment was designed to test three standard predictions from models of intertemporal consumption choice: inflation expectations should affect spending on durables; exchange rate expectations should affect spending on tradables; and, holding constant the nominal interest rate, inflation expectations should affect borrowing. The analysis finds that the information provided to participants strongly affects subjective expectations. However, no significant effects are found on actual consumer behavior (as measured in administrative data) or self-reported consumption plans (as measured in survey data). The preferred interpretation is that consumers are not sophisticated enough to factor inflation and exchange rate expectations into their consumption decisions. The absence of a link between consumer expectations and behavior has potentially important implications for macroeconomic policies such as forward guidance
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Matekenya, Dunstan Using Mobile Data to Understand Urban Mobility Patterns in Freetown, Sierra Leone
    Abstract: In recent years, researchers have demonstrated that digital footprints from mobile phones can be exploited to generate data that are useful for transport planning, disaster response, and other development activities'thanks mainly to the high penetration rate of mobile phones even in low-income regions. Most recently, in the effort to mitigate the spread of COVID-19, these data can be used and explored to track mobility patterns and monitor the results of lockdown measures. However, as rightly noted by other scholars, most of the work has been limited to proofs of concept or academic work: it is hard to point to any real-world use cases. In contrast, this paper uses mobile data to obtain insight on urban mobility patterns, such as number of trips, average trip length, and relation between poverty, mobility, and areas of Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. These data were used in preparation of an urban mobility lending operation. Additionally, the paper describes good practices in the following areas: accessing mobile data from telecom operators, frameworks for generating origin and destination matrices, and validation of results
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Soh, Yew Chong The Impact of Language of Instruction in Schools on Student Achievement: Evidence from Malaysia using the Synthetic Control Method
    Abstract: This paper employs the synthetic control method to examine the impact of using a non-native language as the medium of instruction in schools on a student's learning. Exploiting an unanticipated policy change in Malaysia and using data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Studies, the results show that changing the medium of instruction negatively influenced eighth graders' achievement in mathematics and science. The differential performance, by year and gender, suggests that using a non-native language throughout a student's schooling may have greater negative impact on the student's learning than switching the language of instruction in the middle of the student's schooling does. This paper sheds light on the various manners in which a language policy can adversely affect a student's learning outcomes. It also highlights how the transition in switching the language of instruction in schools can be implemented more effectively to mitigate its adverse effects
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The economic crisis caused by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sharply reduced mobility and economic activity, disrupting the lives of people around the globe. This brief presents estimates on the crisis' impact on labor markets in thirty-nine countries based on high-frequency phone survey (HFPS) data collected between April and July 2020. Workers in these countries experienced severe labor market disruptions following the Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Thirty-four percent of respondents reported stopping work, twenty percent of wage workers reported lack of payment for work performed, nine percent reported job changes due to the pandemic, and sixty-two percent reported income loss in their household. Measures of work stoppage and income loss in the HFPS are generally consistent with gross domestic products (GDP) growth projections in Latin America and the Caribbean but not in Sub-Saharan Africa, indicating that the phone survey data contributes valuable new information about the impacts of the crisis. Ensuring availability of such critical data in the future will require investments into statistical and physical infrastructure as well as human capital to set up Emergency Observatories, which can rapidly deploy phone surveys to inform decision makers
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic introduced tremendous fiscal pressures for many countries, requiring additional spending to mitigate the health, economic, and social impacts of the pandemic while government revenues are falling. Governments are addressing these fiscal pressures through a range of measures, including additional borrowing and expenditure adjustments. In environments where fiscal space is tight and public expenditure management is weak, the accumulation of government expenditure arrears is likely. This note presents some early data on the impact of these fiscal pressures on government arrears in low income countries
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Abstract: Malawi has a large infras ...
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: Through the development of informed policies and targeted investments, the objective of this Comoros urbanization review is to provide analytical support to improve the living conditions of Comoros' urban population, especially the poor living in informal settlements and hazard prone areas. The review further buttresses the implementation of the national development strategy national accelerated growth and sustainable development strategy (SCA2D) 2018-2021 and Comoros emerging plan 2030. In its essence, it focuses on a set of foundations and variables considered necessary for Comoros to raise the standard and quality of urban life and its environment, as well as strengthen models of local governance while advancing an agenda of urban resilience. The report recommends an opportunistic posture in working towards clarifying property rights based on common principles to set the stage for a more ambitious land reform
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Abstract: Malaysia is likely to mak ...
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Abstract: The Somalia Urbanization Review aims to improve our understanding of the complex issues pertaining to urbanization in Somalia and identifies priority interventions that can help better manage it. There is wide consensus within the government as well as among development partners on the critical importance of urbanization for Somalia's development. Yet there has been little comprehensive analysis that serves as a basis for a coherent urban development strategy. Previous studies have often focused on specific topics or geographic areas. Studies have also been either technical or political, but each on its own falls short of providing a full picture of the issues at hand. The Urbanization Review draws on both technical and political economy analyses to provide a better understanding of a broader range of urban issues in Somalia, and craft recommendations that are better tailored to the local contexts. The report aims to facilitate a more informed dialogue between the government, private sector, civil society, development partners, and other stakeholders on a more comprehensive urban development strategy in Somalia. This report is divided into five chapters. The first chapter looks at how cities evolved over time in Somalia. The study then discusses the key drivers of the urban migration that contributes to urbanization in second chapter. The third chapter looks at the growth patterns of cities and puts forward a typology of cities, highlighting the heterogeneity of the Somali urban context. The fourth chapter takes an in-depth look at the four sectors that are essential for a city to fulfill its core functions of governing space, people, and resources in urban governance, services, land, and local economic development. The last chapter puts forward policy recommendations on how to leverage the existing hybrid governance and non-state-led service delivery systems and improve them to make Somali cities more effective at generating economic development, better able to deliver key services to the citizenry, and more inclusive and equitable for all
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: Education systems around the world are investing in technology to help teachers be more effective. In some cases, the results are exciting. In others, the impact of technology falls short of expectations or remains unevaluated. The closing of schools worldwide due to the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of understanding how to leverage technology well. This note lays out four principles for investing in technology for effective teachers and six aspects of teaching where technology can boost teacher performance, together with examples of tested, promising, and cautionary experiences with teacher technologies
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Resilience is the capacity to prepare for disruptions, recover from shocks, and grow from a disruptive experience. The World Bank Group has developed a Resilience Rating System that provides guidance and specific criteria to assess resilience along two complementary dimensions. 1. Resilience of the project rates the confidence that expected investment outcomes will be achieved, based on whether a project has considered climate and disaster risks in its design, incorporated adaptation measures, and demonstrated economic viability despite climate risks. 2. Resilience through the project rates a project's contribution to adaptive development pathways based on whether investments are targeted at increasing climate resilience in the broader community or sector. The objectives of the Resilience Rating System are to: (a) Better inform decision makers, investors, and other stakeholders on the resilience of projects and investments; (b) Create incentives for more widespread and effective climate adaptation through enhanced transparency and simpler disclosure; (c) Identify best practices to allow proven lessons on resilience to be scaled up across sectors and countries; (d) Guide project developers on the best ways to manage risk and improve the quality of projects, while allowing flexibility for different sectoral and country contexts. The resilience rating methodology, from C through to A+ in each dimension, can serve as a guide for institutions, public and private sector participants
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Abstract: Poverty and crises are rapidly "urbanizing". Yet experience with operationalizing cash transfers in urban areas is limited. This paper captures early lessons from a new generation of urban cash transfer responses to Covid-19 in eleven African countries. The analysis contextualizes such initiatives within a longer-term trajectory of urban social protection programs from the early 2000s. A range of lessons emerge around design and implementation, partnerships, institutions and political economy, strategic issues, and evidence and learning
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (100 pages)
    Series Statement: International Development in Focus
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dasgupta, Susmita, 1961 - Coping with climate change in the Sundarbans
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Sundarbans
    Abstract: Climate change poses serious threats to inclusive economic progress and poverty reduction. Strong countermeasures are required to increase the capacity of low-income people to mitigate their risk exposure to the impacts of climate change. Central pillars in planning for sustainable development and poverty alleviation must include vulnerability assessments, appropriate adaptation measures, and resilience-smart investments. This means placing climate change adaptation and resilience at the center of overall development policy. Coping with Climate Change in the Sundarbans contributes to this effort by synthesizing multiyear, multidisciplinary climate change studies on the Sundarbans-the world's largest remaining contiguous mangrove forest and wetland of international importance, as well as home to some of South Asia's poorest and most vulnerable communities. The studies' findings indicate that, in a changing climate, sea-level rise, storm-surge intensification, and water salinization will alter the Sundarbans ecosystem significantly. The ripple effect of these changes will have multifaceted adverse impacts on the nature-dependent livelihoods, health, and nutrition of nearby communities. Elevated health risks, reduced land and labor productivity, and increased exposure to storms, floods, droughts, and other extreme events will make escape from poverty more difficult. Families in the Sundarbans are on the front line of these changes. Their experience and adaptation signal future decisions by hundreds of millions of families worldwide who will face similar threats from progressive sea-level rise. This research lays the technical foundation for developing a better understanding of the changes the Sundarbans currently faces, including responses of the ecosystem and human communities. Based on field research, location-specific, resilience-smart adaptation measures are recommended for reducing climate change vulnerability. Beyond the Sundarbans, the studies' methods and findings will be of interest to development practitioners, policy makers, and researchers focused on island nations and countries worldwide that feature high-density populations and economic activity in low-lying coastal regions vulnerable to sea-level rise
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Panman, Alexandra Making Room for Renters: Understanding and Supporting Rental Markets in the Global South-Evidence from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
    Abstract: Many people in the global south access housing through informal rental markets, but remarkably little is known about how these markets work or the quality of the accommodations on offer. This paper draws on a unique new data set to analyze the informal rental market in a case study city: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The picture that emerges is one of a large, anonymous market in which there are clear price premiums for accommodation and neighborhood quality. At the same time, however, demand for quality housing outstrips supply, confining even upper-income households to slum conditions. The findings shed light on market dynamics that shape access to adequate housing in Dar es Salaam and other cities across the world. The paper closes by drawing on these insights to make recommendations to improve existing urban development policies such as slum upgrading, as well as to develop new approaches to rental housing that can materially improve living conditions in the rapidly expanding cities of the Global South
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Montfaucon, Angella Faith Invoicing Currency and Symmetric Pass-Through of Exchange Rates and Tariffs: Evidence from Malawian Imports from the EU
    Abstract: The response of import prices to exchange rates can be used to predict the effect of changes in trade policy. The hypothesis of symmetric pass-through of tariffs and exchange rates asserts that the effect of tariffs and exchange rates on prices are identical. This paper examines whether the symmetry hypothesis holds in the context of invoicing currency, by investigating the role of the euro and the U.S dollar currencies. The paper uses transaction-level data of Malawian imports from the European Union (EU) over a 12-year period, separating imports from the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) members and non-members and across sectors. The findings show that the dollar has the highest invoicing share, and the pass-through rate of exchange rate and tariff shocks on to Malawian consumers is high. Symmetry holds when bilateral exchange rates are used, but when the invoicing currency is considered there are deviations from symmetry. This result implies that to predict the effects of trade policy based on import prices' responses to the exchange rate, bilateral exchange rates are not suitable for capturing exchange rate and tariff pass-through. The variations in the results across EMU and non-EMU, currencies, and industries demonstrates that that empirical evidence is needed in each case to understand the extent of pass-through, which is crucial for import-dependent developing countries such as Malawi
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Eckert, Fabian Saving the American Dream? Education Policies in Spatial General Equilibrium
    Abstract: Children's education and economic opportunities differ substantially across US neighborhoods. This paper develops and estimates a spatial equilibrium model that links children's education outcomes to their childhood location. Two endogenous factors determine education choices in each location: local education quality and local labor market access. This paper estimates the model with US county-level data and studies the effects of a school funding equalization on education outcomes and social mobility. The reform's direct effects improve education outcomes among children from low-skill families. However, the effects are weaker in spatial general equilibrium because average returns to education decline and residential and educational choices of low-skill families shift them toward locations with lower education quality
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Atiyas, ?zak Digital Technology Uses among Informal Micro-Sized Firms: Productivity and Jobs Outcomes in Senegal
    Abstract: This paper explores the use of digital technologies among informal micro-sized firms in Senegal, their association with productivity, sales, exports and jobs, and the role of age and gender dimensions of enterprise owners. The study uses a new national sample of over 500 firms, of which over 90 percent are not fully formal and over 95 percent are micro-sized, employing five or fewer full-time employees. The analysis finds that using a 2G mobile phone is significantly positively correlated both with productivity and sales, and using a smartphone is associated with an additional premium relative to using a 2G. The largest statistically significant conditional correlate of productivity, sales and jobs is a more specialized internal-to-the-firm management technology proxying for management capabilities more generally, namely inventory control/point of sales (POS) software. Use of digital technologies to facilitate external-to-the-firm transactions, namely using mobile money to pay suppliers and to receive payments from customers are also statistically significant conditional correlates of productivity and sales. Using a smartphone is also positively correlated with exporting (while using only a 2G phone is not). Finally, there are significant digital divides in the use of digital technologies across age and gender groupings
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Paul, Boban Varghese COVID-19, Poverty, and Social Safety Net Response in Zambia
    Abstract: What has the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic been on poverty in Zambia, and how can social protection programs mitigate these effects? This paper estimates the pre-pandemic poverty level in Zambia and then simulates the distributional impact of COVID-19 in the country. The paper also estimates the impact of a social cash transfer program that led the COVID response, on poverty levels. In the absence of recent nationally representative household survey data, this is done by updating the consumption distribution in the 2015 Living Conditions Monitoring Survey using annual real per capita gross domestic product growth rates for specific sectors. The study shows that the national poverty headcount rate increased from 54.4 percent in 2015 to 55.8 percent in 2019, and this change was driven entirely by rural areas. By contrast, the economic impact of COVID-19 has disproportionately impacted urban areas and exacerbated the already high poverty levels, with the poverty headcount increasing to 57.6 percent in 2020. Expanding and enhancing cash transfers have been a key policy lever that many countries have used to mitigate the negative economic consequences of the pandemic. Simulations in Zambia suggest that a fully operational social cash transfer program with the current and proposed enhanced transfer amounts has the potential to reduce poverty significantly-by four and six percentage points, respectively. Beyond this specific analysis, the paper makes a case for the innovative use of existing data to inform adaptive or shock responsive social protection, even in largely data poor environments
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Cirera, Xavier Firm-Level Technology Adoption in the State of Ceara in Brazil
    Abstract: This paper uses a novel approach to measure technology adoption at the firm level and applies it to a representative sample of firms in the state of Ceara in Brazil. The paper develops a new measure of technology adoption at the firm level, which identifies the purpose for which technologies are used and the intensive and extensive uses. The survey allows for establishing several new stylized facts for Ceara. First, most firms still rely on pre-digital technologies to perform general business functions, such as business administration, marketing, sales and payments, or quality control. Second, these technology gaps are larger in smaller firms, in the manufacturing sector, with large gaps when it comes to Industry 3.0 and digitalization, and especially large in Industry 4.0 technologies. The paper also presents some evidence that the main challenge to accelerate technology adoption is lack of firm capabilities. Despite the availability of technology extension services in the state, firms are still unaware of the availability of support and unwilling to upgrade technologies
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Sahay, Abhilasha The Silenced Women: Can Public Activism Stimulate Reporting of Violence Against Women?
    Abstract: Although violence against women is pervasive and can have severe adverse implications, it is considerably underreported. This paper examines whether public activism against such violence can stimulate disclosure of socially sensitive crimes such as rape and sexual assault. The analysis uses a quasi-experimental setting arising from an infamous gang rape incident that took place on a moving bus in Delhi in 2012. The incident sparked widespread protests demarcating a nationwide 'social shock'. Exploiting regional variation in exposure to the shock, the analysis finds an increase of 27 percent in reported violence against women after the shock but no change in gender-neutral crimes such as murder, robbery and riots. Additional evidence-generated from self-compiled high frequency crime data-suggests that the increase can be attributed to a rise in reporting rather than an increase in occurrence
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Khan, Shafaat Yar Inventories, Input Costs, and Productivity Gains from Trade Liberalizations
    Abstract: Sourcing internationally entails additional costs due to larger per inventory holdings. When firms switch toward foreign sources, these unobserved costs increase. This paper revisits the effect of trade liberalization on firms' productivity taking into account the inventory premium of importing and input cost heterogeneity. Through model simulations, the paper shows that in the presence of inventory holding costs, their omission in revenue-based productivity measures leads to a systematic overestimation of the elasticity of productivity to input tariffs. Controlling for the firm's import intensity and inventory usage in the estimation of productivity corrects for the bias. The paper studies the relevance of this potential bias during India's trade liberalization in the early 1990s. First, it documents that inventory holdings of intermediate goods increased significantly with import intensity and input tariffs. Second, it extends a standard productivity estimation procedure with a control function of the various firm-level input costs. The mismeasurement channel accounts for around 35 percent of the estimated productivity gains. Consistent with the gradual adjustment to the tariff reductions, the bias in the response of firm-level productivity is backloaded
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bossuroy, Thomas Pathways out of Extreme Poverty: Tackling Psychosocial and Capital Constraints with a Multi-Faceted Social Protection Program in Niger
    Abstract: This paper analyzes a four-arm randomized evaluation of a multi-faceted economic inclusion intervention delivered by the Government of Niger to female beneficiaries of a national cash transfer program. All three treatment arms include a core package of group savings promotion, coaching, and entrepreneurship training, in addition to the regular cash transfers from the national program. The first variant also includes a lump-sum cash grant and is similar to a traditional graduation intervention ("capital" package). The second variant substitutes the cash grant with psychosocial interventions ("psychosocial" package). The third variant includes the cash grant and the psychosocial interventions ("full" package). The control group only receives the regular cash transfers from the national program. All three treatments generate large impacts on consumption and food security six and 18 months post-intervention. They increase participation and profits in women-led off-farm business and livestock activities, as well as improve various dimensions of psychosocial well-being. The impacts tend to be larger in the full treatment, followed by the capital and psychosocial treatments. Consumption impacts up to 18 months after the intervention already exceed costs in the psychosocial package (the benefit-cost ratio for the psychosocial package is 126 percent; full package, 95 percent; and capital package, 58 percent). These results highlight the value of addressing psychosocial constraints as well as capital constraints in government-implemented poverty reduction programs
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Mulabdic, Alen Gravity Model-Based Export Potential: An Application to Turkey
    Abstract: This paper presents a framework to study countries' export potentials. It uses a gravity model to develop measures of export and trade policy potentials at the aggregate, bilateral, and industry levels. The methodology is applied to the case of Turkey. The analysis finds that Turkey was moderately under-exporting over 2010-17. The United States, China, and Japan are important untapped destination markets, accounting for USD 29 billion (16-17 percent of total exports) of missing exports. Industry-level results suggest that Turkey has high export potential in the electronics and chemical industries
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Burger, Martijn Happy but Unequal: Differences in Subjective Well-Being Across Individuals and Space in Colombia
    Abstract: Despite being on average a relatively happy country, Colombia has a high level of inequality in subjective well-being. Using Gallup World Poll data for the period from 2010 to 2018, this paper tests the direction and strength of association of a range of objective and subjective factors with subjective well-being and explains differences in subjective well-being across individuals and space. The perceived welfare of the average Colombian is mainly influenced by conditions and expectations related to economic opportunities and education. However, quantile regressions, reveal substantial differences in the domains that matter to those at the bottom and top of the experienced welfare distribution. Standard-of-living improvements, housing affordability, and civic engagement matter more to the most fortunate top 20 percent, while having education, a job, sufficient income, economic security, and digital connectivity are much more strongly associated with the well-being of the bottom 20 percent. The life domains that matter more to the unhappiest respondents also explain the majority of the spatial differences in perceived welfare between residents in urban and rural areas as well as core and peripheral regions. Policy actions aimed at closing the gaps in these areas have the potential to increase well-being and reduce inequality in Colombia
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Owoundi Fouda, Ferdinand Toward the African Continental Free Trade Area: The Effects of Economic Integration and Democracy on Real Misalignments Across Exchange Rate Regimes
    Abstract: This paper evaluates the role of economic integration and democracy in rationalizing differences in real exchange rate misalignments across exchange rate regimes in Africa. To this end, the paper derives competing indexes of misalignment using modern cointegration techniques while accounting for cross-sectional dependence. The findings indicate that fixed regimes per se are not prone to more misalignments, as institutional quality and economic links with foreign partners critically matter in explaining the observed discrepancies. Furthermore, when distinguishing between African and international partners in investment agreements, the extent of misalignment differs according to the level of democracy, as democratic countries can afford intermediate regimes, while for weak democracies, fixed regimes are required to curb disequilibria. Finally, membership in a regional economic community significantly reduces the magnitude of misalignments. The results imply that the quality of institutions, more than the type of the exchange rate regime, is called into question and should be the focus of efforts ahead of successful implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Buera, Francisco J The Economic Ripple Effects of COVID-19
    Abstract: What are the effects of a large temporary shock to the economy such as a temporary lockdown in response to a pandemic? Are the effects propagated and made persistent by firms' deteriorating balance sheets and labor market frictions? This paper develops a model with financial market and labor market frictions to answer these questions. The model makes quantitative predictions about the effect on output, employment and firm dynamics from lockdowns of varying magnitude and duration. It finds that the effects are not persistent despite the deterioration of the financial soundness of non-essential firms and labor market frictions, if (i) laid-off workers can be recalled by their previous employers without having to go through the frictional labor market and (ii) the government provides employment subsidies to firms during lockdown. However, the effect are heterogeneous and young non-essential firms are disproportionately affected. In addition, if lockdowns lead to more permanent reallocation across industries, the recession becomes more protracted
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (73 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Artuc, Erhan Trade, Jobs, and Worker Welfare
    Abstract: This paper examines the welfare effects of international trade on workers in a new dynamic general equilibrium discrete choice model of labor mobility, where the workers' choice set of jobs is endogenous. The analysis exploits differential exposure of sectors and regions to destination-specific demand shocks to estimate the impacts of exports on wages, employment, and labor mobility, using employer-employee panel data for Brazil. It then employs the same empirical strategy to estimate structural parameters and the different components of changes in model-implied worker welfare. Counterfactual simulations show that the endogenous number of job options significantly magnifies the welfare effects of trade shocks
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Mitra, Sophie Inclusive Statistics: Human Development and Disability Indicators in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Abstract: This paper disaggregates human development indicators across disability status to assess the situation of persons and households with disabilities. The paper uses 24 censuses and general household surveys from 21 low- and middle-income countries. Disability status is measured through self-reports of functional difficulties (for example, seeing or hearing). There are several findings of interest. First, disability is not rare in low- and middle-income countries. The median prevalence stands at 10 percent among adults ages 15 and older, and at 23 percent among households. There are consistent inequalities associated with disability and, in particular, with respect to educational attainment, work outcomes, poverty, food security, exposure to shocks, living conditions, and assets. At the same time, not all persons with functional difficulties experience deprivations. There is a gradient in inequalities associated with the degree of functional difficulty: persons with at least a lot of difficulty tend to be worse off than persons with some difficulty, who themselves tend to be worse off than persons with no difficulty. The results in this paper on the prevalence of functional difficulties and their association with socioeconomic deprivations show that disability should be central to human development policy, data, and research. More work is needed to curb the inequalities associated with disability
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Winkler, Stephen J Human Trafficking: Definitions, Data, and Determinants
    Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on human trafficking with a focus on understanding how it is defined and measured and what factors contribute to or constrain the prevalence of human trafficking. It finds a growing consensus among scholars on the importance of distinguishing between coercive and non-coercive activity to prevent inflated statistics and misguided programs and policies. The paper summarizes the individual, societal, and institutional explanations for the prevalence of human trafficking. However, it also shows how imprecise definitions of human trafficking and a lack of data and analyses contribute to widespread uncertainty regarding the relative effects of anti-trafficking policies such as border and migration policies or laws on prostitution. The paper suggests several avenues for future research that could help clarify these policy debates and emphasizes the need for additional micro-level data collection and analysis
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Delavallade, Clara Motivating Teams: Private Feedback and Public Recognition at Work
    Abstract: Aside from money, what works best to incentivize teams? Using a randomized field experiment, this paper tests whether fixed-wage workers respond better to receiving private feedback on performance or to competing for public recognition. Female school feeding teams in 450 South African schools were randomly assigned to receiving (i) private feedback: information on performance and ranking using scorecards, (ii) public recognition: public ceremony award for top performers, (iii) both feedback and award, or (iv) no intervention. The analysis yields two main findings. First, while private feedback and public award are more effective when offered separately, receiving feedback on performance boosts teams' effort more than public recognition. Second, image motivation crowds out intrinsic motivation, especially for low-ability teams. This suggests that providing performance feedback can be an effective policy for leveraging intrinsic motivation and improving service delivery, more so than mechanisms leveraging image motivation
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Lall, Somik V The Evolution of City form: Evidence From Satellite Data
    Abstract: This paper describes new global evidence-derived from satellite data-for rates and patterns of urban spatial development since 1990 along three margins: horizontal spread (outward extension), infill development (inward additions in the gaps left between earlier structures), and vertical layering (upward construction). The end product of this growth is floor space, the amount and distribution of which are central to understanding how a city becomes livable and sustainable. Over the quarter century between 1990 and 2015, urban built-up area worldwide grew by 30 percent through horizontal spread and infill. While most cities grow through a combination of horizontal spread and infill, the paper provides the first estimates of the relative prominence of each type of expansion at different stages of economic development. In low-income and lower-middle-income countries, 90 percent of urban built-up area expansion occurs as horizontal spread. The study also finds that increasing incomes are a uniquely necessary condition for a rise in floor space per person through vertical layering: the reason is that building tall is capital intensive. The analysis highlights that if a city's population doubles but incomes stay constant, the city's floor space per person declines by 40 percent; by contrast, if per capita income doubles but population stays constant, the city's total floor space per person increases by 29 percent
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Horn, Sebastian Coping with Disasters: Two Centuries of International Official Lending
    Abstract: Official ending is much larger than commonly known, often surpassing total private cross-border capital flows, especially during wars, financial crises and natural catastrophes. This paper assembles the first comprehensive long-run dataset of official international loans, covering 230,000 loans, grants and guarantees extended by governments, central banks, and multilateral institutions in the period 1790-2015. Historically, wars have been the main catalyst of government-to-government lending. The scale of official credits granted in and around WW1 and WW2 was particularly large, easily surpassing the scale of total international bailout lending after the 2008 crash. During peacetime, development finance and financial crises are the main drivers of official cross-border finance, with official flows often stepping in when private flows retrench. In line with predictions of recent theoretical contributions, this paper finds that official lending increases with the degree of economic integration. In financial crises, governments help those countries to which they have greater trade and banking exposure, hoping to reduce the collateral damage to their own economies. Since the 2000s, official finance has made a sharp comeback, largely due to the rise of China as an international creditor and the return of central bank cross-border lending in times of stress, this time through swap lines
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Guenette, Justin-Damien Projecting the Economic Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Abstract: The highly uncertain evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic, influenced in part by government actions, social behavior, and vaccine-related developments, will play a critical role in shaping the global recovery's strength and durability. This paper develops a modeling approach to embed pandemic scenarios and the rollout of a vaccine in a macroeconometric model and illustrates the impact of different pandemic- and vaccine-related assumptions on growth outcomes. The pandemic and the measures to contain it, including vaccine deployment, are assumed to be represented by consumption shocks in a macroeconometric model. In the baseline scenario, social distancing and a gradual vaccination process allow policy makers to make significant inroads in containing the pandemic. In a downside scenario, insufficient pandemic control efforts accompanied by delayed vaccination leads to persistently higher infection levels and a materially worse growth outcome. In contrast, in an upside scenario, effective management of the pandemic combined with rapid vaccine deployment would set the stage for stronger growth outcomes
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Doumbia, Djeneba Power Market Sophistication and Sector Outcomes: A Focus on Social Performance, Electricity Reliability, and Renewable Energy Penetration
    Abstract: This paper exploits a novel and comprehensive dataset on power market structure over 1989-2020 to analyze the relationship between power market sophistication-defined as the move toward a more competitive market-and final sector outcomes: social performance, electricity reliability, and renewable energy penetration. Unlike most previous studies on the performance of power sector reforms, the paper relies on the de facto implementation of reforms rather than de jure reform adoption. The results of panel regression models suggest that moving from vertically integrated utility models toward more sophisticated power markets is associated with higher electricity access, better consumer affordability, larger renewable energy penetration, and lower system average interruption duration index. The results also highlight that, for certain steps in power market sophistication, improvements in sector outcomes are greater. For instance, moving from vertically integrated utility models to single buyer models is associated with relatively larger improvements in access to electricity and electricity reliability, while moving from wholesale competition to retail competition models is associated with a relatively larger penetration of renewable energy
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bundervoet, Tom The Short-Term Impacts of COVID-19 on Households in Developing Countries: An Overview Based on a Harmonized Data Set of High-Frequency Surveys
    Abstract: This paper combines new data from high-frequency surveys with data on the stringency of containment measures to examine the short-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on households in developing countries. This paper is one of the first to document the impacts of COVID-19 on households across a large number of developing countries and to do so for a comparable time-period, corresponding to the peak of the pandemic-induced drop in human mobility, and the first to systematically analyze the cross- and within-country effects on employment, income, food security, and learning. Using representative data from 34 countries, accounting for a combined population of almost 1.4 billion, the findings show that in the average country, 36 percent of respondents stopped working in the immediate aftermath of the pandemic, over 64 percent of households reported decreases in income, and over 30 percent of children were unable to continue learning during school closures. Pandemic-induced loss of jobs and income translated into heightened food insecurity at the household level. The more stringent the virus containment measures were, the higher was the likelihood of loss of jobs and income. The pandemic's effects were widespread and highly regressive, disproportionately affecting vulnerable segments of the population. Women, youth, and lower-educated workers-groups disadvantaged in the labor market before the COVID-19 shock-were significantly more likely to lose their jobs and experience decreased incomes. Self-employed and casual workers-the most vulnerable workers in developing countries-bore the brunt of the pandemic- induced income losses. Interruptions in learning were most salient for children in lower-income countries, and within countries for children in lower-income households with lower-educated parents and in rural areas. The unequal impacts of the pandemic across socioeconomic groups risk cementing inequality of opportunity and undermining social mobility and call for policies to foster an inclusive recovery and strengthen resilience to future shocks
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Caribbean countries share a number of characteristics which make them vulnerable to external threats, including small populations, limited economies of scale, and undiversified economies. The COVID-19 pandemic through 2020has added to the severity of consequences for these countries' disaster preparedness and recovery efforts, which can significantly complicate challenges caused by natural or man-made disasters, and disrupt health services and health infrastructure as well as make social distancing more difficult in relief shelters and among people displaced by natural hazards. Strong evidence from around the world has demonstrated that disaster impacts are more devastating for vulnerable populations and disadvantaged groups that comprise women, the poor, the elderly, youth, people with disabilities, and various minority groups. Such evidence underscores the importance of differential gender analysis for an effective disaster planning and recovery, while considering the specific needs of vulnerable populations and disadvantaged groups. This desk review recognizes the importance of evidence based approaches to disaster risk management (DRM), and aims at evaluating gender-responsive disaster preparedness and recovery efforts in the nine CFR Caribbean countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname. The desk review's key objectives include: (i) an assessment of gender gaps and other inequalities, particularly in the context of disaster impacts; (ii) an evaluation of the extent of the integration of gender considerations into disaster and climate change policies at the national and sector levels; and (iii) the development of recommendations for capacity building and technical assistance in gender responsive disaster preparedness and recovery for each of the nine countries
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Partnership for Market Readiness Technical Papers
    Abstract: This guide to developing domestic carbon crediting mechanisms is intended to assist national and subnational policymakers considering whether and how to establish a carbon crediting mechanism in their jurisdiction. The guide provides insights into the decision points for designing a crediting mechanism and how to tailor the mechanism to achieve domestic policy objectives. This guide is divided into 10 chapters representing the key elements that must be considered when setting up a domestic crediting mechanism. These chapters should be seen as the building blocks for developing a crediting mechanism, rather than linear steps in a decision-making process. Policymakers can decide on issues simultaneously or in a different order than envisioned to suit the specific circumstances of jurisdiction
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Mismanaged plastic waste has growing economic and environmental consequences. USD 80-120 billion worth of plastic packaging is lost from the global economy each year due to lack of recycling and suboptimal value creation where recycling exists. Globally, 4.8 to 12.7 million tonnes of plastic leak into our oceans each year with Asia contributing to over 80 percent of this marine leakage. The Philippines is the third largest contributor with an estimated 0.75 million metric tons of mismanaged plastic entering the ocean every year. This has led to an increased awareness towards plastic waste management, bringing the topic of plastic pollution to the forefront of consumer consciousness in the Philippines. To address the challenge of plastic waste management, the Philippines is currently developing new strategies. The National Plan of Action on Marine Litter, under development by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) with support of UNDP Philippines, is currently being finalized. The plan recognizes the need for more concerted and unified efforts from various stakeholders to tackle the problem of marine litter. The National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) published The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022 targeting a national waste diversion rate of 80 percent by 2022. This will be primarily achieved through the enforcement of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act RA9003-an integrated solid waste management plan based on the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle). Furthermore, in 2019, NEDA published the Philippine Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and Production (PAP4SCP) to improve waste management and plastic circularity. This study addresses the critical need for a private sector focused market assessment of plastics recycling in the Philippines. Reuse, refill and new delivery model aspects of a circular economy for plastics are evaluated, but the primary focus of the study is plastic recycling, where scalable private sector investment solutions are greatest
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The sanitary and economic shocks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic brought about the most significant disruption in the history of the education sector in Latin America and the Caribbean region, leading to school closures at all levels and affecting over 170 million students throughout the region. Despite the tremendous efforts made by countries to mitigate the lack of in-person education through remote learning, education is taking a serious hit and outcomes are plummeting in the region. Learning poverty by the end of primary education could increase by more than 20 percent. Over 2 in 3 lower secondary education students could fall below minimum proficiency levels, and learning losses will be substantially larger for the most disadvantaged students. There is no time to lose. All countries must act now to make sure schools are ready to reopen safely and effectively country-wide so as to speed up the recovery process from the dramatic effects of the pandemic. They can leverage many emerging lessons and evidence, and must protect public funding for education, to enable this reopening process. While education systems face a challenge like no other, this exceptionally difficult situation also opens a window of opportunity to build back better their education systems to become more effective, equitable and resilient
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: High risk that gender inequalities will widen during and after the pandemic is gains in women's and girls' accumulation of human capital, economic empowerment, and voice and agency, may be reversed if no action is taken. Women labor force participation is concentrated in activities that are more sensitive to the crisis. Women are concentrated in sectors where they are more likely to be exposed to the virus. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis didn't unravel new discrepancies between men and women, it just shone a brighter light on already-existing gaps and issues, all of which can be corrected in the aftermath of the lockdown. It is recommended to improve availability of care which limits women's labor force participation, including alternative forms of childcare
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: The objective of this study is to develop a labor supply and demand projection model that can simulate the evolution of both the supply and demand sides of the labor market under varying policy and socioeconomic assumptions and provide a standard customizable methodology that can be applied across countries. The structure of this report is organized into five sections. Section two provides a brief overview of Cote d'Ivoire and the Democratic Republic of Congo contexts in terms of their macroeconomic and demographic backgrounds, education performance, and labor market settings. Section three presents the data used in this study and discusses in detail the methodologies employed to undertake the labor supply and demand projections, and the limitations associated with these methodologies. Section four presents and discusses the key findings from the labor supply and demand projection analysis and, finally, Section V provides the main conclusions and policy recommendations. The annex section provides a detailed methodological note, a brief description of the identification of structural3 and aspirational4 peer countries, and a brief overview of factors influencing demand for skills
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (234 pages)
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Although the global economy is emerging from the collapse triggered by COVID-19, the recovery is likely to be subdued, and global GDP is projected to remain well below its pre-pandemic trend for a prolonged period. Several risks cloud the outlook, including those related to the pandemic and to rapidly rising debt. The pandemic has further diminished already-weak growth prospects for the next decade. Decisive policy actions will be critical in raising the likelihood of better growth outcomes while warding off worse ones. Immediate priorities include supporting vulnerable groups and ensuring a prompt and widespread vaccination process to bring the pandemic under control. Although macroeconomic policy support will continue to be important, limited fiscal policy space amid high debt highlights the need for an ambitious reform agenda that bolsters growth prospects. To address many of these challenges, global cooperation will be key. Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). The January edition includes in-depth analyses of topical policy challenges faced by these economies, while the June edition contains shorter analytical pieces
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic created unprecedented circumstances and challenges in many dimensions, without clear ex ante directions and guidance on the best strategies for coping with the emergency, including in public procurement. As a result, especially in the first months of the pandemic, governments responded to the COVID-19 crisis in myriad ways. To rationalize and take stock of these diverse experiences and challenges, the World Bank's Procurement and Standards Global Unit and Development Impact Evaluation (DIME) unit conducted an International Survey of Procurement Specialists and Experts to document the legal and administrative framework for national emergency public procurement in the first months after the global COVID-19 outbreak. The survey was implemented between May and August 2020 and received 136 contributions covering 103 countries. The authors find that (a) some countries relied more heavily on high-risk procedures than on the procedures considered critical for effective and efficient emergency procurement; (b) lack of clarity on procurement needs and lack of coordination were significant bottlenecks experienced by most surveyed countries; (c) transparency and accountability standards deteriorated for COVID-19-related procurement relative to standard procurement; and (d) e-procurement, lessons from previous emergencies, and the quality of institutions are factors that enable national procurement systems to respond in a timely and effective manner to emergencies such as the COVID-19 crisis. Using these results, authors provide policy recommendations to guide countries to prepare and adapt their national procurement systems to respond to critical emergencies such as the COVID-19 crisis
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Procurement Assessment
    Abstract: The main development objective of the work has been to use the MAPS assessment tool to assess the quality and effectiveness of Moldova's public procurement system and on that basis create an evidence base for future reforms. In order to achieve this objective, the assessment has endeavored to: identify strengths and weaknesses of the public procurement system in Moldova, and benchmarking it with international best practices and standards; identify any substantial gaps that negatively impact the quality and performance of the public procurement system; help the Government to prioritize efforts in public procurement reform to enable: balanced accountability mechanisms between the Government, citizens, and the private sector; governance of risk management in the procurement cycle; and integration of the public procurement system with the overall public finance management, budgeting and service delivery processes; provide a comparative analysis of the country's two parallel procurement systems (Government and State Owned Enterprises (SOEs)), between each other and against MAPS standards; and suggest recommendations to enhance the public procurement system and jointly with the Government elaborate an action plan for reforms to continuously enhance the quality and performance of the procurement system; In addition, and at the request of the Ministry of Finance, the assessment will include spend analysis which will help the Government reduce procurement costs and improve efficiency in public procurement to generate savings
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Rural Study
    Abstract: This paper is the main output of an analytical and research program aimed at identifying policy options to develop technology and social innovation driven smart village approaches that can improve service delivery and local economic development in rural areas. The concept of smart villages focuses on enabling communities - in partnership with local government and the private sector - to identify opportunities and solutions that are right for their own areas based on demand (bottom-up and participatory needs assessment), on transferring knowledge and innovation, and on policy incentives. With these three elements in place, customized smart solutions for rural areas can result in greater local economic development with better connectivity and improved services, increased livelihoods and incomes, and improved quality of life. The paper is presented in six sections, each representing an element of the research and analysis undertaken to define and apply the concept of smart villages in Azerbaijan. The first section presents the context of rural development, particularly aspects which relate to the rural-urban divide, public policies, and programs aimed at advancing rural development, as well as the digital dimensions of development. The second section introduces the concept of smart villages. What does this mean? How do other countries apply this term? What are the core principles and elements? Following from the definition and global examples of smart villages, the paper lays out a framework for assessing the smart village readiness of villages in Azerbaijan, viewing them as spatial clusters and drawing on global big data and national data sources to rank village clusters with common spatial characteristics as the most versus the least ready to apply smart village approaches
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Reforming the business regulatory framework requires overcoming many hurdles, especially in federal countries. At the same time, global experience shows that a higher degree of decentralization is not associated with fewer business regulatory reforms. This policy note presents strategies to promote investment climate reforms across all levels of government in federal, state, and municipal. In most countries, policy making is split between : (i) the central government, which oversees foreign relations and the domestic rule of law; and (ii) local governments, which manage municipal and rural affairs. In federal countries, subnational governments (SNGs) also possess legislative powers that empower them to pass, enforce, and interpret laws. The focus in this note is to learn from the successful practices and strategies used to align federal and SNG reform incentives. The first section of the note provides an overview of power-sharing structures and the critical challenges encountered. The second part of the note focuses on consensus-building strategies, and the third part describes several successfully leveraged incentive strategies
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: In the last decades, developed economies have witnessed significant declines in wages for low-skill workers, increases in employment in high-skill occupations, rapid diffusion of new technology, and expanding offshoring opportunities. Labor markets in developed countries have reallocated labor from manual to cognitive jobs and from routine to non-routine work. Overall, workers are now required to do more complex tasks than before. In a changing labor market, education systems should impart the right skills, ideally both foundational ones and additional skills that will be amenable to adaptation and re-training to match with job opportunities. This is even more important in the ECA region given the context of the increasing share of older people who will depend on today's generation of children when they join the working age population. Women's access to and progress in what is generally referred to as STEM fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics are topics that have been growing in significance in recent years. The interest in gender segregation in STEM, as in other sectors, arises mainly from the role segregation plays in gender inequality in the labor markets. Gender differences in productivity and earnings are systematic and persistent as women exhibit lower average productivity and earn lower wages than men across the board. The report is organized into three chapters. The first one looks at education - including STEM content and fields of study that are within the education realm. The second one follows women into the labor market and looks at employment and wages in STEM sectors and for STEM occupations. The final section looks at policies, from the many initiatives and efforts in place to promote women's participation in STEM, with a focus on those that have documented results
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: This study reviews the implementation of the TKD program related to teachers in DKI Jakarta to identify any initial behavior changes resulting from the policy. The objective of the study is twofold: to identify the level of understanding of stakeholders regarding the performance allowance; and to identify the impact of the performance allowance on the performance of teachers and other education staff
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: This report reviews the evolution of Quality Infrastructure Investments (QII) in the Japanese urban sector. The report is structured around the six QII principles (sustainable development, economic efficiency, environmental considerations, disaster resilience, social considerations and governance) and the three phases of post-war development in Japan. Specifically, the evolution of the six principles is reviewed in relation to historical events during the periods 1956-73, 1974-90, and 1990-2020. The report has the associated case studies for urban practitioners' further read
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: The circular economy is now at the forefront of the competitiveness agenda for various industrial sectors, industrial parks, and firms. This report intends to provide practical recommendations on how industrial parks can promote the circularity of resources and strengthen competitiveness through innovative technologies and business models, and what governments can do to support such initiatives. It also aims to assist policy makers in identifying enablers of and barriers to the adoption of the proposed technologies. The key message of the report is that circular economy interventions are not just environmentally beneficial but also economically viable, and hence, can improve the competitiveness of industrial parks and tenant firms. Implementing circular economy principles in industrial parks requires honing in on innovative approaches. In particular, eco-industrial parks (EIPs), as well as the technologies and business models adopted in EIPs, are important building blocks for scaling up the circular economy approach and accelerating green, sustainable, and resilient industry growth. The report highlights EIP technologies, infrastructure investments, and business models in the following three areas: energy (primarily renewable energy technologies), water (water supply and wastewater treatment technologies), and material and waste heat (industrial symbiosis and other material recovery technologies)
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: Climate change and its impacts are accelerating, making it more urgent than ever to transition to low-carbon and resilient economies, as envisioned in the Paris Agreement. Achieving this will require meeting the commitments made by countries in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), significantly increasing ambition as governments update their NDCs in 2020-2021 and beyond. One of the many ways in which the World Bank Group (WBG) is supporting climate action in its client countries is through the NDC Support Facility (NDC-SF). Launched in 2016, the NDC-SF works with developing countries that are members of the NDC Partnership, a global coalition of countries and institutions working to reduce emissions and build resilience by channeling financial and technical resources and promoting cross-sectoral collaboration and the engagement of diverse stakeholders. This paper provides an overview of the NDC-SF's work over the past three years, identifies key impacts and lessons learned, and describes its way forward
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Ensuring environmental integrity is recognized as an important goal under Article 6. This paper examines factors that affect environmental integrity under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, and identifies practical approaches for implementing the concept based on lessons learned from the World Bank's pilot activities and feedback from stakeholders in pilot countries. The starting point is the commonly accepted definition that environmental integrity is ensured as long as global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions do not increase as a result of transfers of mitigation outcomes (MOs) (when compared to the scenario where such transfers did not take place). Under the Kyoto protocol, not all countries had mitigation obligations. In contrast, the Paris Agreement requires all countries to voluntarily adopt individual targets, articulated in their nationally determined contribution (NDC). This effectively introduces a national commitment or emissions cap for the entire economy or for the sectors covered by the NDC. This means that the transfer of MOs will affect the host country's ability to achieve its own NDC if decisions related to such transfers do not take into account the need for corresponding adjustments and the opportunity cost of making such adjustments. In this context, ensuring environmental integrity - transferring MOs without affecting the country's ability to meet its NDC and ensuring that such transfers do not lead to an increase in global GHG emissions - requires the assessment of two aspects: (1) stringency of NDC compared to business as usual (BAU): whether the country's emissions cap or NDC is stringent enough and its targeted GHG emissions are not higher than what will be expected under business as usual (BAU) conditions; and (2) unit quality: whether the volume of transferred MOs generated from a mitigation activity is accurately calculated by setting a stringent or conservative baseline
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Jobs in exporting industries tend to pay higher wages than comparable jobs in firms focused on the domestic market. In Ethiopia, where the government has pursued an ambitious industrialization agenda, systematic data on wages in industrial parks has been scarce. This note provides an overview of worker compensation using novel firm-level data. The data shows that before the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, a majority of industrial park firms' base salary exceeded the cost of basic needs as measured by the local poverty line. When bonuses, overtime pay, incentive pay, and in-kind benefits are taken into account, the median monetary value of the total compensation package is roughly fourfold of the cost of basic needs. Nevertheless, there is significant variation in pay, both within and between industrial parks with 21 percent of the surveyed firms reporting a base pay below the local poverty line. Much of the variation can be explained by the different industries in which these firms operate. Although lack of reliable data on the broader labor market makes rigorous comparisons challenging, the survey data suggests that base pay in the industrial parks is comparable with pay in the labor markets surrounding the parks
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Indonesia has been an independent nation for only 70 years, yet it has already reached middle-income status and aims to reach high-income status by 2045. While high levels of economic growth have facilitated impressive development, key gaps have emerged in human capital. To address these gaps, the government is shifting its efforts toward developing and harnessing the level of human capital and skills Indonesians will need to become more competitive in a fast-changing world. To help the GoI tackle its current skills challenges, the World Bank carried out a comprehensive diagnostic of the country's workforce-development system. The GoI is currently preparing a technical and vocational education and training (TVET) long-term strategy and, through BAPPENAS, had requested that the World Bank carry out an assessment of the current state of the Indonesian system to inform this strategy. The diagnostic uses the System Assessment for Better Education Results (SABER) tool developed by the World Bank, which focuses on the areas of governance, financing, information, quality assurance, access, and relevance to business. Implemented in more than 30 countries, the SABER-Workforce Development (SABER-WfD) gauge brings international standards to inform Indonesia's current practices and catalyze policy discussions on how to improve its WfD system. The results summarized below provide a baseline for understanding the current status of the WfD system in Indonesia, as well as a basis for discussing how best to strengthen it for the coming years. The assessment covers the state of the Indonesian system up to September 2019, and it highlights the recent reforms that may indicate developments. Because data collection was carried out in 2019, any developments post-COVID-19 are not included in the assessment
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: This case study documents how India, the world's second most populous country, pulled the reins on a global epidemic to stop it in its tracks from growing into a generalized epidemic. Central to the case study is the story of a government body, the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) that, with the support of international development organizations like the World Bank, deftly collaborated with civil society organizations to engage with communities that had a high risk of HIV infection and were also highly marginalized to implement large scale behavior change in the interest of individual and public health. Above all, this is a story of courage, resilience and gumption of some of the most hidden and disenfranchised communities of India in taking charge of their destinies with respect to HIV-AIDS and demonstrating that if provided with the right programmatic structure and a supportive ecosystem, they can rise towards a better tomorrow. This case study is the story of India's fight against HIV-AIDS and the significant role played by Targeted Interventions in this fight. Targeted Interventions are a resource-effective approach to offer HIV prevention and care services to high-risk populations within communities by providing them with the information, means and skills they need to minimize HIV transmission and improving their access to care, support and treatment services
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Abstract: Building back better' has become a popular theme guiding the world's post-Covid19 recovery efforts; in few middle-income countries this appears to be more pressing than in Guatemala. Over a decade of lackluster growth and stagnating productivity improvements have led to an acute shortage of quality jobs, the effects of which started to show well before the Covid19 pandemic. By applying the World Bank's jobs diagnostics methodology and drawing on both micro- and macro-level data covering the period 2004-18, this report casts light on Guatemala's most pressing structural jobs challenges. The report first documents Guatemala's labor market symptoms, including high levels of informality, declining labor earnings, low female labor force participation, rising emigration, and limited internal migration. The symptoms are then analyzed in-depth to identify what drives Guatemala's poor labor market performance. The report finds that insufficient formal job creation, a lacking dynamism in the formal sector, and low quality education in rural areas are key drivers of Guatemala's labor market outcomes. The report concludes by proposing a set of key strategic priorities to unleash Guatemala's jobs potential
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Abstract: This Country Gender Assessment (CGA) provides empirical evidence and analyses equality between the women and men of Georgia. Methodologically, the report adopts the Gender Assessment framework proposed by the World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development (WDR 2012) to analyze recent progress and pending challenges in gender equity, across three key dimensions: (a) endowments, (b) economic opportunities, and (c) agency and Voice. Based on this framework, extensive research was conducted to identify available data sources and empirical evidence, on indicators such as poverty, health, education, perceptions, and wellbeing, among others affecting gender equity in Georgia. In addition to its intrinsic value, promoting gender equality is a central priority to reduce poverty, boost shared prosperity, and advance the aspirations of the middle class. Georgia's development challenges entail adjusting and refining the country's growth paradigm, and translating economic growth to more rapid, sustainable poverty reductions (World Bank 2018a). However, sustained growth, poverty reduction, and shared prosperity require that economic gains improve welfare among all communities, households, and individuals (World Bank 2019). Promoting women's economic opportunities, access to endowments, and voice and agency is fundamental in tackling some of Georgia's main policy challenges, including raising labor productivity, integrating with the global economy, and invigorating stagnant rural areas (World Bank 2018a). Moreover, the socioeconomic impacts derived from the COVID-19 pandemic present countries with an inflexion point, to either enhance gender equality and benefit from its long-term benefits, or to risk losing fundamental progress in gender issues, and forego development opportunities in the future
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: Armenia is an upper-middle-income (UMI) country in the South Caucasus region. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and a regional crisis have resulted in the real economy's contraction following rapid growth in the past five years. Improving access to high-quality health care is essential for responding to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and preventing mortality from infectious diseases in Armenia. Armenia is faced with the challenge of achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) when funding for health services faces downward pressures due to a donor funding transition, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and regional conflict. This report is part of the World Bank's technical support toward universal health coverage in Armenia, which includes advisory services and analytics aimed at supporting the government's efforts to expand access to high-quality health care. The report draws on the Health Interventions prioritization tool to optimize allocations across essential health services in the basic benefits package and estimate the potential impact of these allocations on population health
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Conservation and tourism contribute to greener economic growth in many countries. Although protected areas have often been viewed as land excluded from economic development for the purposes of environmental conservation, many countries have realized their powerful economic potential through tourism and visitation. In fact, tourism has been an integral part of protected area management since the beginning of their conception. If appropriate policy and technical capacity are established, most protected area professionals argue that both ecosystem protection and tourism development can be implemented concurrently without undermining the objectives of either activity. Lao PDR policy makers have recognized the economic potential of protected areas and seek to develop these sites as a focus of the NSEDP 2015-2019 and the 2030 National Green Growth Strategy, given the globally unique natural heritage of Lao PDR. Not only does tourism in protected areas provide employment opportunities to youth and ethnic peoples, but tourism is also one of the few sectors with high female labor participation above parity (including in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand).7 Many jobs in protected area management and tourism operations often do not require high levels of education, providing lower barriers to acquire employment for poor communities with properly supported with policy and regulations. Furthermore, these jobs and incomes can often be more sustainable than those in mining or timber activities due to boom and bust cycles from extractive industries. Finally, tourism jobs are often safer than comparable extractive jobs
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Investment Climate Assessment
    Abstract: This case study aims to document the state and evolution of Singapore's startup ecosystem. It also identifies key characteristics that both distinguish the Singapore start-up ecosystem, as well as provide policymakers from other countries with a glimpse of specific measures they can pursue - identifying both its successes as well as lingering challenges - and to distill the lessons learned to inform policymaking in emerging markets that seek to emulate Singapore's success to date
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Abstract: Around the world, financial sector supervisors are experiencing a profound shift to data-driven supervision enabled by the next wave of technology and data solutions. While technology and data are not new to financial oversight, their specific application to financial consumer protection and market conduct supervision has become more widespread and sophisticated in recent years. Expanding on the World Bank's 2018 note on supervisory technology, or suptech, this technical note catalogues a range of specific solutions that financial authorities are deploying to help increase the efficiency and effectiveness of market conduct supervision. The note identifies four categories of suptech solutions (regulatory reporting, collection and processing of complaints data, non-traditional market monitoring, document and business analysis) and provides concrete examples of 18 different suptech solutions for market conduct supervision, drawing from the experiences of 14 financial sector authorities worldwide. The note also discusses implementation considerations and enablers of successful suptech adoption commonly experienced across countries
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Abstract: Jordan aspires to become a regional digital leader and has identified digital economy as a high priority for the country's social and economic development. More recently, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has created an urgency for Jordan to adapt to the post-pandemic world driven by digital infrastructure and services. Against this background, this case study provides an assessment of the data governance practices in Jordan as well as a set of high-level policy recommendations to strengthen data governance in support of a vibrant, safe, and inclusive digital economy. Data governance is a necessary process of managing the availability, usability, integrity, and security of data in public and private systems. Solid data governance ecosystem, supported by capacity building for institutions and inclusive communications and dissemination campaigns, can foster trust in data use in a country and region with a fragile social contract. The diagnostic toolkit used in this report interrogates three pillars: enablers; safeguards; and value creation
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Abstract: The sustainable development goal for water and sanitation to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all is a lofty goal. Worldwide, 2.4 billion people remain without access to improved sanitation and nearly 0.7 billion remain without access to improved drinking water sources. Those who have access to water supply and sanitation (WSS) services often must cope with intermittent water supply, sewerage system overflows, and poor customer service. Poor service frequently stems from a vicious cycle of dysfunctional political environments and inefficient practices. Global forces - including climate change, water scarcity, population growth, and rapid urbanization - exacerbate these challenges in providing high-quality, sustainable WSS service delivery. Therefore, WSS utilities require a new approach to planning and sequencing reforms to provide WSS services in a sustainable manner. The utility of the future (UoF) program provides this new approach and was designed in a way that builds on the extensive body of knowledge on utility performance improvement. Chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two defines the UoF concept, the determinants of success, and the analytical basis of the program. Chapter three presents the methodology developed specifically to conduct the diagnostic assessment and determine the utility's desired maturity level. Chapter four presents a 15-step approach to translating the results of the diagnostic assessment into a prioritized and sequenced action plan
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: This note is part of the series of COVID-19 Notes developed by the World Bank Group's Equitable Growth, Finance and Institutions (EFI) team. By highlighting concrete examples of insolvency and debt restructuring reforms undertaken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic as well as past crises, this note highlights the importance of sound insolvency and debt restructuring regimes which are lacking in many emerging markets. Countries with under-developed or nascent insolvency frameworks should consider prioritizing the reforms covered in this note to improve their readiness to deal with a spike in business insolvencies. The note reviews insolvency and debt restructuring reforms aimed at addressing the economic effects of the COVID-19 crisis during two stages: the crisis containment stage and the crisis recovery stage. Crisis containment includes short-term insolvency law reforms adopted at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak to prevent businesses from being systematically pushed into insolvency. The objective of the reforms implemented during this stage was to 'flatten the curve' of insolvency cases and reduce the burden on institutions. Crisis recovery, the second stage, assesses actions taken by some countries during the COVID-19 crisis as well as during previous financial crises to address the medium-to-long term challenges of high levels of firm distress. The objectives of these second-stage reforms are generally to strengthen the institutional capacity and overall functioning of a country's insolvency regime and to prevent a potential systemic banking crisis caused by elevated levels of non-performing loans
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Education systems in under-resourced environments face several challenges, some of them exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. A possible way to address some of the challenges is to apply information and communication technologies. However, effectively integrating technology into education systems is a complex task. In this paper, factors contributing to successful integration of technology in education are explored, with a focus on under-resourced contexts. Case studies of successful technology implementation in education systems are discussed and analyzed to identify the factors that drive success. The analysis is framed using the reform strategy offered by The World Development Report 2018 (Learning to Realize Education's Promise). This is expected to provide policymakers and practitioners a way to align their education technology initiatives and strategies with the larger education reform agenda. Key lessons identified from the analysis are as follows. First, it is necessary to articulate what precisely does the technology intervention change/enable. Second, it is important to better understand the context to develop technologies and implementation strategies that fit the operating context. Third, it is essential to regularly monitor and evaluate programs and to feed that information into continuously improving design and implementation. Fourth, through the entire cycle of technology implementation, stakeholders must be consulted, understood, and empowered. However small the intervention, realizing the potential of technology tools in education requires keeping in mind the big picture offered by these lessons
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Perova, Elizaveta Does the Gender Wage Gap Influence Intimate Partner Violence in Brazil? Evidence from Administrative Health Data
    Abstract: Improving women's economic status has been presented in theory as a protective mechanism against intimate partner violence. Using panel data from 2011-16 for the most populous 20 percent of municipalities in Brazil, the analysis tests if the gender wage gap is causally associated with three administrative measures of violence against women: homicides, overnight hospitalizations for assault, and incidents of domestic violence reported by attending health workers about patients. The analysis finds that a narrowing in the gender wage gap leads to a reduction of homicides of women, especially among younger women and in municipalities with a low Human Development Index. The impact on less severe forms of violence, also captured in medical reports, depends on the context. A reduction in the gender wage ratio triggers a decrease in reports in municipalities that have police stations specifically designed to address crimes against women, but it has the opposite impact in the absence of such services. The results suggest that while improvements in gender equality in the labor market curtail the most severe forms of violence against women, they need to be complemented by policies directly focused on women's safety to reduce less severe violence effectively
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Agostinelli, Francesco Enhancing Human Capital at Scale
    Abstract: A two-year randomized evaluation shows that the effectiveness of mobile mentors on schooling outcomes crucially depends on their training. While a standard training modality in highly marginalized communities in Mexico generates 0 results, enhanced training yields sizable treatment effects on primary school children's cognitive, behavioral, and educational achievements. This difference cannot be explained by re medial educational activities or pedagogical support, but it can be reconciled with higher parental aspirations and investments. Evidence gathered on the subsequent national roll out of the intervention with enhanced training substantiates the scalability of the experimental design
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Nakata, Shiro Effects of Recognition of Prior Learning on Job Market Outcomes: Impact Evaluation in Bangladesh
    Abstract: The recognition of prior learning provides opportunities for workers to have their skills assessed and certified. In many countries, recognition of prior learning is expected to broaden individuals' empowerment and economic opportunities. Using a randomized control trial method, this impact evaluation study aims to assess whether and to what extent assessment and certification of prior learning effectively improve economic and other job outcomes among assessment participants in Bangladesh. Five hundred applicants were randomly assigned to the treatment group and 500 applicants to the control group. The baseline survey took place in June 2018 and the end-line survey in January 2019. The findings indicate that assessment prior learning positively impacts workers' employment outcomes and quality of employment, including the chance of getting employed, wage levels, formality of employment, and workers' confidence in their skills and jobs. The findings also suggest that women may benefit more than men from certificates of recognition of prior learning in Bangladesh. The transition analysis further supports the finding that recognition of prior learning facilitates the transition of unemployed or not-working workers into employment. Recognition of prior learning also increases the chances of finding work through formal job search channels and at formal and larger private companies. These findings align with the assumption and expectation behind the recognition of prior learning programs in the context of economic development. The participants in assessments and certification of prior learning had overwhelmingly positive opinions about them. The study has some limitations and suggestions for future research
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Effects of Public Sector Wages on Corruption: Wage Inequality Matters
    Abstract: The paper uses a new country-level, panel data set to study the effect of public sector wages on corruption. The results show that wage inequality in the public sector is an important determinant of the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies. Increasing the wages of public officials could help reduce corruption in countries with low public sector wage inequality. In countries where public sector wages are highly unequal, however, raising the wages of government employees could increase corruption. These results are robust to a wide range of empirical model specifications, estimation methods, and distributional assumptions. The relation persists when controlling for latent omitted variables, using the share of contracts in the private sector as an instrument for the public-private wage differential. Combining increases in public sector wages with policies affecting the wage distribution could help policy makers design cost-effective programs to reduce corruption in their countries
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Schoder, Christian Regime-Dependent Environmental Tax Multipliers: Evidence from 75 Countries
    Abstract: The paper uses a new country-level, panel data set to study the effect of public sector wages on corruption. The results show that wage inequality in the public sector is an important determinant of the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies. Increasing the wages of public officials could help reduce corruption in countries with low public sector wage inequality. In countries where public sector wages are highly unequal, however, raising the wages of government employees could increase corruption. These results are robust to a wide range of empirical model specifications, estimation methods, and distributional assumptions. The relation persists when controlling for latent omitted variables, using the share of contracts in the private sector as an instrument for the public-private wage differential. Combining increases in public sector wages with policies affecting the wage distribution could help policy makers design cost-effective programs to reduce corruption in their countries
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Abay, Kibrom A Assessing Response Fatigue in Phone Surveys: Experimental Evidence on Dietary Diversity in Ethiopia
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred interest in the use of remote data collection techniques, including phone surveys, in developing country contexts. This interest has sparked new methodological work focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of different forms of remote data collection, the use of incentives to increase response rates, and how to address sample representativeness. By contrast, attention given to associated response fatigue and its implications remains limited. This study designed and implemented an experiment that randomized the placement of a survey module on women's dietary diversity in the survey instrument. The study also examines potential differential vulnerabilities to fatigue across food groups and respondents. The findings show that delaying the timing of mothers' food consumption module by 15 minutes leads to 8-17 percent decrease in the dietary diversity score and a 28 percent decrease in the number of mothers who consumed a minimum of four dietary groups. This is driven by underreporting of infrequently consumed foods; the experimentally induced delay in the timing of mothers' food consumption module led to decreases of 40 and 11 percent in the reporting of consumption of animal source foods and fruits and vegetables, respectively. The results are robust to changes in model specification and pass falsification tests. Responses by older and less educated mothers and those from larger households are more vulnerable to measurement error due to fatigue
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: Firms and workers continue to be deeply affected by COVID-19, while the reach of policy support has been limited. Only one in four businesses surveyed across 60 countries has received any type of public support, with the share varying from more than 50 percent in high-income countries to just over 10 percent for low-income economies. The rest of this note is structured as follows. The next section presents the main impacts of COVID-19 on businesses. Section three revisits the organizing framework of the first Supporting Firm Resilience note (Freund and Mora 2020), reaffirming its relevance as the underlying methodology for analysis and guide to policy discussions with client authorities. Section four summarizes the policy responses by authorities around the world. Section five provides some early evidence on the impact of policies as well as recommendations for improving their targeting and effectiveness. Section six maps out the way forward for countries. Section seven concludes and outlines how the WBG can support
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Partnership for Market Readiness Technical Papers
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement, with its universal requirement on all countries to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs), marks a significant change for the framework of international cooperation through carbon markets. With all countries committing themselves to climate action to reduce emissions and achieve their NDCs, the ability to exert exclusive claims over the emission impact from carbon market investments and count them towards emission targets is becoming increasingly complicated. This study seeks to understand perspectives of potential host countries on the role international voluntary carbon markets might play in the context of their NDCs and the Paris Agreement. In doing so, it explores emerging issues and challenges these markets may face and clarifies key aspects host country governments may need to consider in relation to their market participation. The study takes voluntary carbon markets to refer to carbon market transactions that are undertaken by entities on a voluntary basis and not as a result of any policy-related regulatory requirements. Recent years have already seen traditional distinctions between voluntary and regulatory markets break down as standards bodies and the push for environmental and social co-benefits begin to cross the old boundaries. And increasingly, companies are adopting net-zero emission targets, which has been accompanied by a surge of interest and investment in the voluntary carbon market. Indications are that voluntary action and voluntary demand for credits is on an upward trajectory and expected to witness substantial growth in the coming years. A greater understanding of host countries' roles in international voluntary carbon markets, aligned with the Paris Agreement, will help to build on this momentum
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: COVID-19 closures in Latin American and the Caribbean countries helped to curb the spread of the virus, but inevitably brought negative consequences for households, principally in the form of job losses, income reduction, and, in some cases, food insecurity. Future policy measures should aim to strike the right balance between saving lives and protecting livelihoods. Where closures are necessary, they should be adapted to a country's labor market and other localized conditions so as to minimize profound welfare losses. Governments should strive for robust and agile social safety net systems to be able to respond to the sudden falls in household welfare
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: In 2015, a global study estimating inputs of plastic waste into the oceans ranked Indonesia as the second largest contributor to plastic marine pollution. In 2017, another study ranked four Indonesian rivers in the world's most polluting top 20. The challenge of plastic waste and marine debris requires a robust national response to curb the significant impacts on Indonesian marine biodiversity, its communities and its economy. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has signaled its leadership on combating plastic waste and marine debris - making strong commitments and setting ambitious targets to reduce plastic pollution and improve waste management. As the GoI implements this agenda, it is imperative we better understand the current state of this challenge. In this study, we provide the first Indonesia-wide assessment integrating local waste data with actual hydrological conditions to tell the story of how local practices contribute to marine plastic pollution
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: The special topic of this edition of the Macroeconomic Monitoring report focuses on the TC administration's 'public' financial support to the agriculture sector. Due to the Turkish lira depreciation, the recent adverse climate conditions, and exacerbated by the COVID-19 crisis, the agriculture sector suffered significantly in 2020. However, the severe impact on the sector was also the result of several long-standing inefficiencies and low productivity. Financial support from the central budget for agriculture comes at a significant fiscal cost to the overall TC economy, while at the same time agricultural productivity has been stagnating. The COVID-19 pandemic has served to exacerbate these existing challenges through disruptions along the food value chain. These problems have affected small-sized farmers the most, given that they are the most vulnerable to income shocks and higher retail prices. Reforming the subsidy system for agriculture could help generate greater fiscal space in the medium term, and also help foster economic diversification and enhance productivity
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: City Development Strategy
    Abstract: This report builds on the findings from the Technical Deep Dive (TDD) 'Creative Cities: Case of Kyoto,' organized by the Tokyo Development and Learning Center (TDLC) in partnership with UNESCO and the City of Kyoto in January 2020. The TDD focused on the framework for developing creative cities and the impact that creative industries can have on cities' spatial, economic, and social development. Using the case of Kyoto in Japan, the TDD highlighted the different components of creative neighborhoods and communities and how to build them. This report uses the case of Kyoto to demonstrate how city planners and the local private sector can collectively build creative communities. It builds on an important conversation on how to leverage creative cities to safeguard inclusive economic development and catalyze urban spaces that enhance economic, urban, and social development. Insights for this report were derived from a literature review along with interviews with practitioners with a focus on creative clusters and spatial transformation. Social inclusion is also a theme that we discuss in the report, though to a lesser degree because of data constraints. This report provides distilled practical lessons and key insights for policy makers and practitioners interested in applying the concept of creative cities effectively. Using the case of Kyoto, the report analyzes how creative communities and policy action can be leveraged for urban transformation not only at the neighborhood level but also citywide and beyond
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Abstract: Agricultural transformation that involves the production of high-value food products and post-harvest processing is high on the policy agenda in many developing countries. A surge in the demand for high value and processed food products observed in Asia and Latin America is also happening in Africa (Reardon and others 2003, 2013). This profound change is attributable to the growth of the middle-income population spurred by economic development, urbanization, and corresponding dietary changes. Agribusinesses involved in production, processing, and trading have profitable growth opportunities in many regions, especially along with the high-value crops. Governments are eager to promote such businesses that can generate employment opportunities for the rural poor and youth. These businesses also promote exports and increase tax revenues. The study is structured as follows: The introduction contains a brief discussion of the importance of LT agribusiness SME finance. The second section provides a stocktaking analysis covering commercial and development banks, investment funds, and agribusiness companies. It then concludes with a comparative analysis. The concluding section offers overall observations, policy recommendations and suggestions for future research. In the final section, there are five in-depth case studies of distinct types of LT finance providers along with lessons learned
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Abstract: Armenia has made steady progress in reducing poverty in recent years, but development challenges remain, particularly concerning the human development needed to improve the country's labor productivity. Firms face problems in recruiting and retaining workers with the required skills, and they view the lack of workforce skills as a major obstacle to their activities. The inadequate quality of education, specifically related to practical skills and updated knowledge, has emerged as a key challenge. In addition to technical skills, young Armenians lack generic skills, such as those related to problem solving, critical and creative thinking, teamwork, languages, and leadership (Rutkowski, 2013). Consequently, while employers report skill constraints, a large share of the labor force is unemployed or inactive. Alleviating the skill constraints of Armenia's firms is crucial to boosting productivity and competitiveness (World Bank, 2017). The objective of this note is to develop a thorough understanding of the profile and practices of teachers in Armenia and to provide evidence-based, actionable policy recommendations for building an effective teaching force. The note incorporates both quantitative and qualitative analyses, drawing on findings from administrative sources, international assessment results and comparative databases, and other studies related to Armenia's teacher policies. It synthesizes analyses of what teachers' profiles, priorities, challenges, and practices look like in Armenia, identifies messages for policymakers, and recommends ways to enhance teacher effectiveness and learning for all in Armenia
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Although Bhutan has made progress in recent years, notably by initiating the development of a domestic e-commerce ecosystem, gaps still remain. The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) has prioritized information and communications technology (ICT) development to promote the vision of 'an ICT-enabled, knowledge society as a foundation for Gross National Happiness.' Initiatives, such as the Digital DrukYul flagship program, the guidelines on e-commerce and the e-commerce Policy Framework, aim to increase Bhutan's digitalization and participation in e-commerce. Yet, constraints in the e-trade environment, such as limited Internet connectivity, high costs of payment transactions, an incomplete regulatory infrastructure, and high trade facilitation and logistics costs, still hold Bhutan back, resulting in low levels of e-trade participation at present. The special focus section assesses the main regulatory and trade facilitation priorities for digital trade in Bhutan and makes concrete proposals to develop the country's e-trade framework. The development of Bhutan's digital economy and e-trade is contingent on a number of complementary factors including reliable Internet connectivity, mobile and computer penetration, digital literacy, availability of efficient logistical and payment systems, and relevant infrastructure to facilitate those factors. E-trade in goods and services also requires supporting policies in areas such as data protection, cyber security, consumer protection, competition law and the recognition of e-signatures and electronic transactions, which are the basic building blocks of all business online
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (130 pages)
    Series Statement: Women, Business and the Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Abstract: Women, Business and the Law 2021 is the seventh in a series of annual studies measuring the laws and regulations that affect women's economic opportunity in 190 economies. The project presents eight indicators structured around women's interactions with the law as they move through their lives and careers: Mobility, Workplace, Pay, Marriage, Parenthood, Entrepreneurship, Assets, and Pension. This year's report updates all indicators as of October 1, 2020 and builds evidence of the links between legal gender equality and women's economic inclusion. By examining the economic decisions women make throughout their working lives, as well as the pace of reform over the past 50 years, Women, Business and the Law 2021 makes an important contribution to research and policy discussions about the state of women's economic empowerment. Prepared during a global pandemic that threatens progress toward gender equality, this edition also includes important findings on government responses to COVID-19 and pilot research related to childcare and women's access to justice
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Nakamura, Shohei Linking Intra- and Inter-Country Spatial Price Adjustments in Global Poverty Measurement: Urban PPP Bias and Reference Price Mismatch
    Abstract: Measuring global poverty requires two types of spatial price adjustments: inter-country price adjustment based on the international purchasing power parities (PPPs) and intra-country price adjustment to account for cost-of-living variations in different parts of a country, especially between urban and rural areas. Current global poverty measurement lacks an adjustment mechanism for this within-country price variation for many countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper highlights the need for matching reference prices with those the International Comparison Program (ICP) uses for PPP calculation to avoid poverty estimation bias, largely because many countries collected 2011 ICP price information only in urban areas. Data from four Sub-Saharan African countries are used to show that potential bias in estimated poverty rates due to such reference price mismatches ranges from 0.3 to 6.2 points in absolute terms. A larger bias is observed in countries where gaps between urban and rural prices are greater. The analysis also shows potentially large bias due to lack of intra-country price adjustments. These potential biases underscore the urgent need for conducting within-country price adjustments and matching purchasing power parity reference prices with country spatial price deflators. An important first step is to identify what reference prices the 2011PPPs used for each country, which currently is not clear. The World Bank, with ongoing relationships with National Statistics Offices, is well positioned to take up this task to improve the accuracy of the methodology for estimating poverty at the global, regional, and national levels
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Hoff, Karla Participatory Theater Empowers Women: Evidence from India
    Abstract: Domestic violence is common, socially and economically very costly, yet widely accepted in many countries. Can participatory theater-a novel cultural intervention-reduce its occurrence? Through a survey that the authors conducted in 92 villages in West Bengal, India, this paper provides a first large-scale evaluation of participatory theater. By utilizing markers of women's empowerment, the survey shows that longterm exposure to plays on patriarchy enhances women's empowerment and reduces spousal abuse by as much as 25 percent. The evidence suggests that such interactive plays, by encouraging its audience to rethink and rescript collective representations of domestic violence and masculinity, trigger durable social change in village communities
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Ambel, Alemayehu Reducing Bias in Phone Survey Samples: Effectiveness of Reweighting Techniques Using Face-to-Face Surveys as Frames in Four African Countries
    Abstract: Several developing countries are currently implementing phone surveys in response to immediate data needs to monitor the socioeconomic impact of COVID-19. However, phone surveys are often subject to coverage and non-response bias that can compromise the representativeness of the sample and the external validity of the estimates obtained from the survey. Using data from high-frequency phone surveys in Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda, this study investigates the magnitude and source of biases present in these four surveys and explores the effectiveness of techniques applied to reduce bias. Varying levels of coverage and non-response bias are found in all four countries. The successfully contacted samples in these four countries were biased toward wealthier households with higher living standards. Left unaddressed, this bias would result in biased estimates from the interviewed sample that do not fully reflect the situation of poorer households in the country. However, phone survey biases can be substantially reduced by applying survey weight adjustments using information from the representative survey from which the sample is drawn. Applying these methods to the four surveys resulted in a substantial reduction in bias, although the bias was not fully eradicated. This highlights one of the potential advantages of drawing phone survey samples from existing face-to-face, representative surveys over random digit dialing or using lists from telecom providers where such adjustment methods can be more limited
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Brubaker, Joshua Representativeness of Individual-Level Data in COVID-19 Phone Surveys: Findings from Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has created urgent demand for timely data, leading to a surge in mobile phone surveys for tracking the impacts of and responses to the pandemic. This paper assesses, and attempts to mitigate, selection biases in individual-level analyses based on phone survey data. The research uses data from (i) national phone surveys that have been implemented in Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda during the pandemic, and (ii) the pre-COVID-19 national face-to-face surveys that served as the sampling frames for the phone surveys. The availability of pre-COVID-19 face-to-face survey data permits comparisons of phone survey respondents with the general adult population. Phone survey respondents are more likely to be household heads or their spouses and non-farm enterprise owners, and on average, are older and better educated vis-a-vis the general adult population. To improve the representativeness of individual-level phone survey data, the household-level phone survey sampling weights are calibrated based on propensity score adjustments that are derived from a model of an individual's likelihood of being interviewed as a function of individual- and household-level attributes. Reweighting improves the representativeness of the estimates for the phone survey respondents, moving them closer to those of the general adult population. This holds for women and men and a range of demographic, education, and labor market outcomes. However, reweighting increases the variance of the estimates and fails to overcome selection biases. Obtaining reliable data on men and women through phone surveys requires random selection of adult interviewees within sampled households
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: David Malpass, President of the World Bank, commented on 30 years of World Bank engagement with Russia. He discussed helping Russia contribute to global public goods, including its efforts toward a green transition that will benefit Russians and people around the world; and second, exchanging development knowledge. The Bank played an important role in support of institution building and reform, from the establishment of the federal treasury system to the digitization of customs and taxation. He commented on the economic context of St. Petersburg forum and then spoke about vaccines, debt, and climate
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Abstract: David Malpass, President of the World Bank, discussed with Beatrice Janzon, Swedish Radio International, the following topics: long-term effects of children out of school during the pandemic, economic recovery for developing countries, importance of vaccinations for the developing countries, and World Bank on Paris Agreement on Climate Change
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; International Governmental Organizations ; Leadership ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This retrospective on the terms of World Bank President Robert S. McNamara (1968-81) examines his words, actions, and results through the lens of the authors, his six successive personal assistants. They delve into his annual meeting speeches and policy addresses, deconstructing the motivations and actions behind the words. The authors give personal insight into McNamara as president, along with his relations with World Bank staff and world leaders. McNamara's interactions with a multiplicity of borrowing countries, including China, are highlighted. The sectoral impact of McNamara's presidency is described in some depth and in relation to current events, including the 1970s' oil crisis. The conclusion contains a look at the legacy of McNamara, the lasting impact of "McNamara's Bank," and a final personal tribute to McNamara
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Abstract: This legal study has been developed as a part of the World Bank's work on 'Building Resilience in Pacific Atoll Island Countries' which aims to strengthen the capacity of selected Pacific atoll island countries to cope with the long-term adverse impacts of climate change and boost their resilience. The goal of this work is to contribute to the National Adaptation Planning Process currently in progress for the Republic of the Marshall Islands and inform adaptation options for Kiribati and Tuvalu through the Atoll Adaptation Dialogue Mechanism. 'Building Resilience in Pacific Atoll Island Countries' stresses that short- to medium-term adaptation options will not suffice in addressing the escalating impacts of sea level rise and climate change. Consequently, it explores the implications of alternative adaptation options while also considering investment needs and relevant costs associated with these options. It is divided into three parts. Part one looks at the pioneering work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and its most recent predictions for sea level rise during the current century and then sets it in the context of other scientific work on threats from sea level rise and warming, in particular the predicted impacts on the fish resources on which the region is so dependent. Part two sets out an overview of relevant legal frameworks, key terminology, and principles based on international law as well as judicial decisions and scholarly work that define the rights, resources, and obligations of SIDS and the Pacific atoll countries. Part three then presents a series of responses to key legal and policy questions faced by these States, in relation to sea level rise
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: Despite decades of impressive economic growth, tax revenues in the Dominican Republic (DR) remain well below the regional average. The DR's tax base is extremely narrow, with extensive exemptions, deductions, zero-ratings, and allowances across all major tax categories. Tax expenditures amounted to an estimated 4.8 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020, of which value-added tax (VAT) exemptions alone accounted for 2.5 percentage points. High levels of tax noncompliance and low tax morale further diminish revenue collection. An excessively complex and overly generous array of tax incentives weakens the performance of corporate income tax (CIT) while doing little to advance the government's economic development objectives. A high eligibility threshold and various exemptions narrow the personal income tax (PIT) tax base. Tax reforms should be phased in over time with broad public support. In the current macroeconomic climate, the sudden withdrawal of the debt-financed fiscal stimulus will have deeply negative repercussions. Tax reform is subject to a variety of political, economic, and administrative challenges that must be addressed as part of a broader fiscal strategy that provides predictability to the private sector and enjoys substantial public support. In parallel, the government must ensure that it has adequate administrative capacity to offset the impact of measures that may adversely affect poor and vulnerable households. The government's fiscal strategy should reflect the lessons of the international experience, and it should be informed by a thorough and detailed analysis of the economic and distributional implications of tax reform
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Abstract: This policy note outlines key challenges and identifies specific recommendations for improved, inclusive, and sustainable development of Ukraine's water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector, which is important for the health and well-being of the country's people, the economy, and the environment. Water touches every aspect of development and is linked with nearly every Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). The issues facing the water sector, if not addressed, will affect other development agendas in Ukraine, such as food and energy security, jobs, equal access to services, and social inclusion, as well as adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. Like many other countries, the ongoing Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has affected Ukraine by exacerbating problems in poor performing sectors and increasing inequalities by driving people into poverty. The situation calls for integrated solutions to reverse that impact through greener, more resilient, and inclusive sustainable development. This WSS Policy Note aims to outline key challenges in the Ukrainian WSS sector and to recommend needed reforms toward sustainable WSS service provision to policy makers
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Abstract: Despite recent progress on vaccine developments to combat the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, the global economic recovery remains surrounded by high uncertainty. During the first half of 2020, global economic output declined by an unprecedented level, resulting in a sharp fall in global trade. The latest estimates from the IMF WEO in April 2021 indicate that the global economy contracted by 3.3 percent in 2020. This contraction is substantially deeper than one observed during the Global Financial Crisis of 2007 - 08. However, recent trends are pointing toward a strong recovery for global economic activity in the second half of 2021 supported by substantial fiscal and monetary stimuli. Nevertheless, the extent of the protraction is closely linked to vaccine rollout, which is gaining critical mass in some developed economies, but remains uneven across the world. Indeed, the World Bank is projecting global economy to grow by 4 percent in 2021. Nevertheless, this global outlook retains an important country-specific component which depends on the adjustment capacity of each economy as well as the effectiveness of its policy to minimize permanent scarring to the economy as well as pace and scale of domestic vaccine rollout
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Abstract: The world has waited long enough for high-performing primary health care (PHC). It's time to deliver. Forty years ago, leaders embraced the promise of health for all through PHC. That vision has inspired generations. But for nearly half a century, countries have struggled to walk the talk on PHC. We have not built health systems anchored in strong PHC where they were needed most. Today, COVID-19 (coronavirus) has brought the reckoning for that shared failure-but also the chance to do the job right at last. The pandemic has shown policy makers and ordinary citizens why health systems matter and what happens when they fail. By doing so, it has also created a once- in-a-generation chance for structural health-system change. Bold reforms now can prepare health systems for future crises and bring goals like universal health coverage (UHC) within reach. PHC holds the key to these transformations. But to fulfill that promise, the walk has to finally match the talk. This report charts an agenda toward reimagined, fit-for-purpose PHC. It asks three questions about health-systems reform built around PHC: "Why?", "What?", and "How?" Since PHC has been around for decades, why write a thick report about it now? The answer is that the characteristics of high-performing PHC are exactly those that are most critical for managing the pressures coming to bear on health systems in the post-COVID world. The challenges include future infectious outbreaks and other emergent threats, but also long-term structural trends that are reshaping the environments in which systems operate in non-crisis times. This report highlights three sets of megatrends that will increasingly affect health systems in the decades ahead: demographic and epidemiological shifts; changes in technology; and citizens' evolving expectations for health care
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