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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (159)
  • GBV
  • MFK München
  • Online-Ressource  (159)
  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (159)
  • 1960-1964
  • 2003  (159)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (145)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport  (9)
  • Santa Monica, Calif : Rand  (4)
  • Santa Monica, CA : Rand
  • Economics  (97)
  • Transport  (22)
  • Employment  (17)
  • Urban, Rural and Regional Development  (17)
  • United States  (12)
  • Bildband
  • Europa
  • Hochschulschrift
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (159)
  • GBV
  • MFK München
Materialart
  • Online-Ressource  (159)
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (159)
  • 1960-1964
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833032898 , 0833034103 , 0833032925 , 0833032895 , 9780833032928 , 9780833034106
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiv, 390 pages)
    Ausgabe: [S.l.] HathiTrust Digital Library 2010 Electronic reproduction
    Serie: MR / Rand Corporation MR-1576-RC
    Serie: MR/Rand Corporation MR-1576-RC
    Paralleltitel: Print version New challenges, new tools for defense decisionmaking
    Schlagwort(e): National security ; World politics 21st century ; National security ; World politics ; Electronic books ; Military readiness ; National security ; World politics ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; Military Science ; United States ; HISTORY ; Military ; Other ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; International Relations ; General ; Military policy ; Decision making ; United States Defenses ; United States Military policy ; Decision making ; United States ; United States ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: It is still easy to underestimate how much the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War?and then the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 -- transformed the task of American foreign and defense policymaking. In place of predictability (if a sometimes terrifying predictability), the world is now very unpredictable. In place of a single overriding threat and benchmark by which all else could be measured, a number of possible threats have arisen, not all of them states. In place of force-on-force engagements, U.S. defense planners have to assume "asymmetric" threats -- ways not to defeat U.S. power but to render it irrelevant. This book frames the challenges for defense policy that the transformed world engenders, and it sketches new tools for dealing with those challenges -- from new techniques in modeling and gaming, to planning based on capabilities rather than threats, to personnel planning and making use of "best practices" from the private sector
    Kurzfassung: It is still easy to underestimate how much the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War?and then the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 -- transformed the task of American foreign and defense policymaking. In place of predictability (if a sometimes terrifying predictability), the world is now very unpredictable. In place of a single overriding threat and benchmark by which all else could be measured, a number of possible threats have arisen, not all of them states. In place of force-on-force engagements, U.S. defense planners have to assume "asymmetric" threats -- ways not to defeat U.S. power but to render it irrelevant. This book frames the challenges for defense policy that the transformed world engenders, and it sketches new tools for dealing with those challenges -- from new techniques in modeling and gaming, to planning based on capabilities rather than threats, to personnel planning and making use of "best practices" from the private sector
    Anmerkung: "MR-1576-RC , Includes bibliographical references and index , Use copy Restrictions unspecified star MiAaHDL , Electronic reproduction , Master and use copy. Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials, Version 1. Digital Library Federation, December 2002.
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Santa Monica, Calif : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833033178 , 0833059955 , 9781598751086 , 1598751085 , 9780833059956 , 0833033174
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 online report (xxxiv, 151 pages)))
    Paralleltitel: Print version Evaluation of the Medicare-DoD subvention demonstration
    Schlagwort(e): United States Officials and employees, Retired ; Medical care ; Finance ; United States ; Retired military personnel Medical care ; Finance ; Health maintenance organizations ; Managed care plans (Medical care) Finance ; Medicare ; Government employees' health insurance Finance ; Retired military personnel ; Health maintenance organizations ; Managed care plans (Medical care) ; Medicare ; Government employees' health insurance ; Armed Forces ; Medical care ; Government employees' health insurance ; Finance ; Health maintenance organizations ; Managed care plans (Medical care) ; Finance ; Medicare ; Medical Care Plans ; Public Health ; Health & Biological Sciences ; United States ; United States ; MEDICAL ; Health Policy ; United States Armed Forces ; Medical care ; United States ; Electronic book
    Kurzfassung: The Medicare-Department of Defense (DoD) Subvention Demonstration tested Senior Prime as a managed care approach for enhancing access to affordable health care for Medicare-eligible DoD beneficiaries. While Senior Prime achieved solid beneficiary participation and satisfaction, it also raised a difficult set of challenges involved in applying managed care to the DoD health care system. These challenges included financial issues such as establishing equitable capitation rates and an appropriate level-of-effort baseline, as well as management issues such as effective care management and administrative processes for health plan sites. The basic structures of TRICARE and the DoD health system, including separate management jurisdictions and hierarchical budgeting methods, contribute to the challenges by creating incentives that discourage delivery of cost-effective care. Military treatment facilities need to be motivated not only to provide excellent care but also to manage appropriateness of care and related costs. Although DoD has decided to discontinue the Senior Prime model, many of the lessons learned from this demonstration are applicable to any managed care program that DoD may contemplate in the future
    Kurzfassung: The Medicare-Department of Defense (DoD) Subvention Demonstration tested Senior Prime as a managed care approach for enhancing access to affordable health care for Medicare-eligible DoD beneficiaries. While Senior Prime achieved solid beneficiary participation and satisfaction, it also raised a difficult set of challenges involved in applying managed care to the DoD health care system. These challenges included financial issues such as establishing equitable capitation rates and an appropriate level-of-effort baseline, as well as management issues such as effective care management and administrative processes for health plan sites. The basic structures of TRICARE and the DoD health system, including separate management jurisdictions and hierarchical budgeting methods, contribute to the challenges by creating incentives that discourage delivery of cost-effective care. Military treatment facilities need to be motivated not only to provide excellent care but also to manage appropriateness of care and related costs. Although DoD has decided to discontinue the Senior Prime model, many of the lessons learned from this demonstration are applicable to any managed care program that DoD may contemplate in the future
    Anmerkung: "MR-1580-CMS"--Page 4 of cover , "RAND Health , "Prepared for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) and the DoD Tricare Management Activity (TMA) , Includes bibliographical references (page 127)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Santa Monica, CA : Rand
    ISBN: 9780833034168 , 0833036009 , 0833034162 , 9780833036001
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xvii, 98 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Print version State level changes in energy intensity and their national implications
    Schlagwort(e): Energy conservation Government policy ; States ; Energy policy States ; Energy conservation ; Energy policy ; SCIENCE ; Energy ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; General ; Energy conservation ; Government policy ; U.S. states ; Energy policy ; U.S. states ; Industries ; Business & Economics ; United States ; TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING ; Power Resources ; General ; BUSINESS & ECONOMICS ; Industries ; Energy ; Electronic book
    Kurzfassung: The National Energy Policy released by the Bush Administration in 2001 calls for continued reductions in U.S. energy intensity, typically defined as energy consumption per dollar of gross economic output. The Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy asked RAND to examine changes in energy intensity as part of a larger effort to identify state-level factors that may contribute to efficient energy use nationwide. The authors examined changes in energy intensity from 1977 through 1999 across the 48 contiguous states and in each of the states' residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation energy-consuming sectors. They identified a number of factors that may explain why some states had different patterns of energy intensity than others: energy prices; the mix of industrial and commercial activities; production capacity utilization; capital investment and new construction; population and demographics; climate; technological innovation; and the energy policies of national, state, and local governments. The results from this study suggests that opportunities may exist for the Department of Energy to increase its involvement in helping states to share information and to provide guidance on state-level actions that are effective in reducing energy intensity
    Kurzfassung: The National Energy Policy released by the Bush Administration in 2001 calls for continued reductions in U.S. energy intensity, typically defined as energy consumption per dollar of gross economic output. The Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy asked RAND to examine changes in energy intensity as part of a larger effort to identify state-level factors that may contribute to efficient energy use nationwide. The authors examined changes in energy intensity from 1977 through 1999 across the 48 contiguous states and in each of the states' residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation energy-consuming sectors. They identified a number of factors that may explain why some states had different patterns of energy intensity than others: energy prices; the mix of industrial and commercial activities; production capacity utilization; capital investment and new construction; population and demographics; climate; technological innovation; and the energy policies of national, state, and local governments. The results from this study suggests that opportunities may exist for the Department of Energy to increase its involvement in helping states to share information and to provide guidance on state-level actions that are effective in reducing energy intensity
    Anmerkung: At head of title: Science and Technology Policy Institute , Includes bibliographical references (pages 93-98)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264034860
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (226 p.)
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Kurzfassung: City and regional governments as well as development agencies will learn from this report how to develop their own toolbox of instruments and structures for leveraging private finance. What role can private financing play in local economic development? To address this issue, this study draws on practical examples from North America and Europe to show how municipal and regional authorities can capitalise on private financing for economic development purposes. The book is for policy researchers, entrepreneurs, academia and government circles.
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264105126
    Sprache: Italienisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Italy 2003
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Italie 2003
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2003
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Italie 2003
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Italy
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282103227
    Sprache: Mehrsprachig
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: This publication describes the main Acts of the Council of Ministers since the creation of the Conference in 1953 up until 1st January 2003. It pares down the Acts of the Council of Ministers to the essential and defines what constitutes the ECMT Acquis fifty years after the Conference's inception. One hundred and twenty documents (Resolutions, Declarations, Recommendations, Conclusions, etc.) have been reviewed by the Working Groups to select the key texts to be included in this document, an exercise which is the prerequisite to any review of the actual implementation of the main decisions of the Council of Ministers. The full text of these documents can be found on the enclosed CD-ROM.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9789264101234
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Emerging Risks in the 21st Century; An Agenda for Action
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Emerging Risks in the 21st Century: An Agenda for Action
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cet ouvrage explore les répercussions de l’évolution des grands risques depuis ces dernières années sur l’économie et la société du XXIe siècle en matière de catastrophes naturelles, maladies nouvelles, attentats terroristes et perturbations majeures d’infrastructures essentielles en s’intéressant à un éventuel accroissement de la vulnérabilité des grands systèmes. Cette publication privilégie cinq grands groupes de risques : les catastrophes naturelles, les accidents technologiques, les maladies infectieuses, la sécurité alimentaire et le terrorisme. Il propose aux pouvoirs publics et au secteur privé un certain nombre de recommandations susceptibles d’améliorer la gestion des risques systémiques émergents.
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264100800
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (212 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Denmark ; Sweden
    Kurzfassung: OECD's comprehensive territorial review of the Oresund region of Denmark and Sweden. Competitiveness is increasingly cited as the key objective of regional economic policy. In the same way that company executives strive to improve their market share and national governments are introducing competitiveness strategies, policy makers in urban areas are looking for ways to increase or maintain the competitive edge of their cities. This is a daunting task in any situation, but particularly so when, as in this case, the functional economic area concerned stretches across national boundaries. The constituent regions of Öresund, comprising the island of Zealand in Denmark, home of Copenhagen, and Sweden’s Skåne region which hosts the country’s third biggest city, Malmö are both wealthy areas. It is a “learning region” and has a strong presence in some high technology sectors. As such, the key to future growth is not simply the creation of a fixed link between the two parts of the region or improved flexibility in an expanded labour market. The region must look outward and compete with other metropolitan areas to retain and augment the assets that give it, at present, a strong competitive position in the “new economy”.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264275355
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy; A Handbook
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manual sobre la medición de la economía no observada
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy: A Handbook
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: L’objectif de ce Manuel essentiel consiste à définir et à faire connaître les pratiques exemplaires utilisées pour mesurer l’économie non observée selon des modalités compatibles avec les normes internationales et en particulier avec le Système de comptabilité nationale 1993. En outre, le Manuel indique comment on peut réaliser des estimations indépendantes du secteur informel, de la production souterraine, de la production des ménages pour leur usage propre et de certaines activités illégales. Cet ouvrage s’adresse aux producteurs et aux utilisateurs de statistiques macro-économiques.
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264199354
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Mexique 2003
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Estudios Territoriales de la OCDE; México 2003
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Mexique 2003
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Estudios Territoriales de la OCDE: México 2003
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Mexico
    Kurzfassung: This review of Mexico evaluates emerging territorial development strategies as well as relevant changes in governance, such as new horizontal and vertical co-ordination mechanisms, being introduced in conjunction with improved federal arrangements. The review focuses on three policy objectives that are considered as having greatest priority in confronting and redressing Mexico’s stark regional disparities: alleviating poverty, fostering competitiveness and enhancing connectivity. The review is for academia, policy makers and economists, NGOs and independent think tanks.
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  • 11
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.348
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents evidence on firm demographics and firm survival for a group of ten OECD countries. For each country a dataset of sectoral indicators of firm dynamics has been created using information from business registers. The patterns of firm entry, exit, survival and employment growth are described and analysed across countries, sectors, and over time. We find that both sectoral and country effects are important in determining firms demographics. We also find that entry and exit rates are fairly similar across countries, while post entry performance differ markedly between Europe and the US, a potential indication of the importance of barriers to firm growth as opposed to barriers to entry. Further, the paper provides a discussion of how these data may be used to gain a better understanding of the process through which economic policy and institutions may affect aggregate patterns of employment, output, and productivity growth ...
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.347
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: In this paper, we relate the scope and depth of regulatory reforms to growth outcomes in OECD countries. By means of a new set of quantitative indicators of regulation, we show that the cross-country variation of regulatory settings has increased in recent years, despite extensive liberalisation and privatisation in the OECD area. We then look at the regulation-growth linkage using data that cover a large set of manufacturing and service industries over the past two decades. We focus on multifactor productivity (MFP), which plays a crucial role in GDP growth and accounts for a significant share of its cross-country variance. We find evidence that reforms promoting private governance and competition (where these are viable) tend to boost productivity. Both privatisation and entry liberalisation are estimated to have a positive impact on productivity. In manufacturing the gains are greater the further a given country is from the technology leader, suggesting that regulation limiting ...
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.358
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finland
    Kurzfassung: Finland is committed to high quality and extensive public services and a high level of income redistribution. The heavy tax burden these commitments require is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain due to tax competition and the need to harmonise certain taxes with other EU countries. These pressures on taxation combined with the fiscal effects of rapid ageing imply a need for continued restraint of aggregate expenditure and a need for further efficiency gains in the provision of public services. This paper, one of a series of OECD reviews on public expenditure, looks at how Finland is coping with this challenge. It concludes that the fundamental framework guiding public expenditure in Finland is sound. And, in many areas of public activity the country compares very favourably internationally. However, recent slippage in fiscal discipline needs to be addressed. Also it will be important to monitor, and if necessary follow up on, reforms of pensions and early retirement ...
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  • 14
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (90 Seiten) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2003, 1
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This statistical working paper is the exact copy of the report of the joint OECD/Eurostat task force that was presented at the October 2002 OECD National Accounts Expert Meeting. The report confirms that current estimates of software investment differ significantly between countries for pure statistical reasons, thus affecting the comparability of GDP. The objective of this report is to propose concrete recommendations for a harmonised re-estimation of software investment in the national accounts. Recommendations cover definitional and conceptual issues (what is software?, what is software investment?), measurement issues in international trade and price, as well as general methods of estimation (sources and commodity-flow methods). The principle of the recommendations has been adopted by a large majority of OECD member countries during the October 2002 meeting. However, new estimates based on these recommendations should only be available in the forthcoming years, depending on the ...
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2003, 3
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This working paper has been written as a contribution to the OECD e-government project launched in 2001, which explores how governments can best exploit information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance good governance principles and achieve public policy goals. The paper highlights the way in which the collection, compilation and dissemination of statistics has changed dramatically as NSOs have taken advantage of the opportunities afforded by ICT advances. In this regard, it describes changes that have occurred in national statistical offices (NSOs) in response to growing citizen demand and outlines both developments that have been made possible and necessary by recent technological advances in software, communications and computing. In addition, the paper shows that statistical institutions have a significant role to play in e-government developments, having often been given a major role in national e-government initiatives. Finally, it shows that the drive towards ...
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.351
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Euro Area
    Kurzfassung: An early criticism of the Stability and Growth Pact has pointed to its asymmetric nature and the weak mechanisms to prevent politically-motivated fiscal policies: its constraints would bite in downswings but not in upswings, especially if in the latter the electoral cycle increases the temptation to run expansionary policies. We find that the experience of the initial years of EMU lends support to this criticism. Overall, unlike the experience in the run-up to EMU, fiscal policies had an expansionary bias, and a “genuine” discretionary boost took place in correspondence to political elections. Both sign and composition of such discretionary changes are in line with the predictions of the recent literature on electoral budget cycles. Closer fiscal surveillance may help detect early such behaviour, but it is unlikely to curb the incentives to run politically-motivated fiscal policies when elections approach ...
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2003/12
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The United States has the oldest and most developed venture capital industry in the OECD. Several successful high-technology companies in computers and communications, as well as in healthrelated sectors and services, were venture-backed. Young high-growth firms also benefit from a continuum of complementary finance from business angels, institutional investors and second-tier stock markets. The government played an active role in the early phases of the venture capital industry through the Small Business Investment Company (SBIC) program and various technology development schemes. A reduction in capital gains tax rates and liberalisation of rules for pension fund investments in risky assets in the late 1970s also unlocked new capital sources. Venture capital activity, however, has been quite cyclical. Periods of high fund-raising and investment in the 1980s and 1990s were followed by market downturns with negative effects on small firm survival and growth. Fundamental structural ...
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.376
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the determinants of female labour force participation in OECD countries, including a number of policy instruments such as the tax treatment of second earners (relative to single individuals), childcare subsidies, child benefits, paid maternity and parental leaves, and tax incentives to sharing market work between spouses. The econometric analysis uses a panel data set covering 17 OECD countries over the period 1985-1999, and distinguishes between part-time and full-time female participation rates. It shows a positive impact on female participation of a more neutral tax treatment of second earners (relative to single individuals), stronger tax incentives to share market work between spouses, childcare subsidies, and paid maternity and parental leaves Unlike childcare subsidies, child benefits reduce female participation due to an income effect and their lump-sum character. Finally, female education, the general labour market conditions, and cultural attitudes ...
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.365
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper constructs indicators of tax burden on FDI in order to review their trends and cross-country patterns. Over the 1990s, the overall tax burden on inward FDI (measured by the effective marginal tax rates) fell by 8 percentage points, reflecting corporate tax reforms in some OECD countries. Nevertheless, a large variation across host countries still remains. With the effective tax rates on inward FDI differing across host countries by as much as 28 percentage points for marginal FDI and by as much as 21 percentage points for infra-marginal FDI in 2001, a cross-country comparison of tax burden indicators shows that, irrespective of the tax burden indicators chosen, Canada, Iceland and Japan are persistently ranked as high-tax host countries over the 1990s. It is also found that there is more variation in the tax burdens faced by a parent company operating in different host countries than in the tax burdens faced by subsidiaries from different home countries operating in the ...
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.367
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper documents some features of recent trends in bond yields and discusses the drivers of these trends. This includes a discussion of the relationship between fiscal balances and interest rates -- with a summary of key empirical results from the literature provided in the Appendix. The main points to emerge from this analysis are as follows. First, cyclical and portfolio-allocation factors seem to have been the main driving forces behind the decline in long-term real interest rates over 2000-2003. However, in some European countries, declining (inflation, exchange-rate, and sovereign) risk premia suggest that the equilibrium real interest rate may now be somewhat lower. Second, the weight of recent evidence suggests a causal relationship from fiscal positions to long-term interest rates, at least for the United States. Thus, the actual and projected deterioration in US fiscal positions might have contributed to the recent rise in bond yields, although part of the ...
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.366
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: While the German federal fiscal system has been successful in promoting a high standard of living even in regions whose economic capacity is low, tensions have emerged. Firstly, it has been difficult to ensure a sustainable fiscal policy, and the size of the overall deficit makes it difficult for the automatic stabilisers to operate freely. Second, overlapping responsibilities between governments and the financing of public spending programmes via inter-governmental transfers provide individual governments with little incentives to contain costs and demand. Thirdly, social spending often discourages a higher utilisation of labour. Furthermore, public expenditure is going to have to cope with increasing pressure due to the substantial deterioration of the old-age dependency ratio projected for the next years and decades and the continuing fiscal burden associated with reunification. Hence, continuing the process of fiscal consolidation and improving the quality of government ...
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.354
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Belgium
    Kurzfassung: Belgium has a heavy tax burden which has mainly fallen on labour as international tax competition has limited the scope to which this burden could be imposed on capital. This has raised concerns about possible adverse labour market impacts from such high tax rates. In view of these concerns, the government has made substantial cuts in employers’ social security contributions, has reduced employees’ social security contributions and, in the context of a personal income tax reform, has introduced an earned income tax credit. All of these measures have been focused on low-income earners, maximising their favourable labour-market effects by increasing the likelihood that they produce lasting reductions in labour costs and/or reductions in benefit replacement rates. Further reductions in labourincome taxation targeted on low-income earners should be made as budget room becomes available. Narrowing the range of goods and services that are not subject to VAT would help to make more budget ...
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.355
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: In contrast to what has happened throughout the 1960s and 1970s, some of the largest EU countries and Japan are no longer closing the income gap vis-à-vis the United States. Worse, the gap may even be widening since the mid-1990s. While in the case of Japan the gap in GDP per capita is essentially due to the lagging performance in labour productivity, the European Union is trailing mainly in terms of labour resource utilisation, reflecting both lower employment rates and fewer hours worked. This paper provides a brief overview of the main structural factors thought to have contributed to differences in the degree of labour resource utilisation, as well as in the intensity of physical and human capital use and in the pace of technological progress. In doing so, it provides a set of performance and policy indicators which can be used to assess progress achieved in structural reform ...
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264102583
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Serie: Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi/Ageing and Employment Policies
    Serie: Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Switzerland
    Kurzfassung: Pour faire face au vieilllissement rapide de la population, il est nécessaire de promouvoir de meilleures opportunités d'emploi pour les travailleurs âgés. On a déjà beaucoup fait état du besoin de réformer les régimes de pension de retraite et de préretraite. Pourtant, cela ne sera sans doute pas suffisant en soi pour relever significativement les taux d'emploi des plus âgés ni pour réduire le risque futur de pénurie de travailleurs. Les autorités publiques et les entreprises doivent sans tarder prendre des mesures pour adapter la fixation des salaires à une main-d'œuvre plus âgée, pour s'attaquer aux discriminations du fait de l'âge et pour améliorer les qualifications et les conditions de travail des travailleurs âgés. Un changement d'attitude s'impose aussi de la part des travailleurs âgés quant au travail à un âge plus tardif et à l'acquisition de nouvelles compétences. On sait relativement peu de choses sur ce que les différents pays de l'OCDE sont en train de faire ou devraient faire dans ces domaines. Afin d'y remédier, l'OCDE a lancé une série de rapports dans une vingtaine de pays. Le rapport sur la Suisse est le troisième de cette série. Chaque rapport national fait le tour des principales barrières qui existent concernant l'emploi des travailleurs âgés, évalue la pertinence et l'efficacité des mesures existantes pour contrer ces barrières et présente une série de recommandations sur les politiques que les autorités publiques et les partenaires sociaux devraient mener.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264275997
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, Czech Republic 2002
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews: Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, Czech Republic 2002
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Czech Republic
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  • 26
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.364
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Accurate and timely information on the current state of economic activity is an important requirement for the policymaking process. Delays in the publication of official statistics mean that a complete picture of economic developments within a particular period emerges only some time after that period has elapsed. The research described in this paper develops a set of econometric models that provide estimates of GDP growth for a number of major OECD countries and zones in the two quarters following the last quarter for which official data have been published. These models exploit the considerable amount of monthly conjunctural information that becomes available before the release of official national accounts data. Information is incorporated from both ‘soft’ indicators, such as business surveys, and ‘hard’ indicators, such as industrial production and retail sales, and use is made of different frequencies of data and a variety of estimation techniques. An automated procedure is ...
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264299047
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Serie: La mesure des activités scientifiques et technologiques
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002; Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002: Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: En cette période de mutations technologiques rapides, la recherche-développement (R-D) constitue un facteur de croissance important. Pour élaborer des politiques adéquates et bien les analyser, il est essentiel de suivre les activités de R-D de l’industrie, des gouvernements et des universités. Le Manuel de Frascati est devenu la référence méthodologique en matière de recueil et d’exploitation des statistiques de R-D. C'est un outil dont les bureaux de statistiques du monde entier ne sauraient se passer. Ce manuel contient les définitions des notions de base, des principes directeurs pour la collecte de données ainsi que les classifications à utiliser pour la compilation des statistiques. Le manuel a été actualisé : on trouvera dans cette sixième édition des principes directeurs mieux adaptés au suivi de l’évolution des pays de l’OCDE, notamment pour la mesure de la R-D du secteur des services, l’internationalisation de la R-D ainsi que les ressources humaines qui y sont affectées. Le manuel sera également publié sous forme électronique, de façon à pouvoir être mis à jour en temps utile.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264101296
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les TIC et la croissance économique ; Panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les TIC et la croissance économique : Panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This report examines the impacts of ICT on business performance and the policies that can help seize its benefits. It argues that ICT remains an important technology for the years ahead, as ICT networks have now spread throughout the economy. What counts now is how the technology should be made to work. .
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9789264199798
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (240 p.)
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'entreprenariat et le développement économique local ; Quels programmes et quelles politiques ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Iniciativa empresarial y desarrollo económico local ; recomendaciones para la aplicación de programas y políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development; Programme and Policy Recommendations (Turkish version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'entreprenariat et le développement économique local : Quels programmes et quelles politiques ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Iniciativa empresarial y desarrollo económico local : recomendaciones para la aplicación de programas y políticas
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development: Programme and Policy Recommendations (Turkish version)
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Few studies have systematically examined the relationship between the creation of new firms and local economic development -- yet it is a universal concern for central and local governments wishing to combat localised economic distress. This book examines the principal routes through which enterprise creation can have a positive impact on local economies. Recommendations cover three thematic areas: strategy, finance and programme design. The book is for investment agencies, entrepreneurs seeking to invest locally and economists in the corporate sector. "Overall, this is an excellent overview of the key issues concerning entrepreneurship and local economic development. While primarily aimed at the pragmatic policymakers, who will find it extremely valuable, it also has the rigor and breadth to interest researchers and students." Ronald McQuaidEmployment Research InstituteNapier University, Edinburgh, UKJOURNAL OF REGIONAL SCIENCE, VOL. 44, NO. 3, 2004
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  • 30
    ISBN: 9789264101227
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle ; Vers un programme d'action
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle : Vers un programme d'action
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The 21st Century has so far witnessed a host of large-scale disasters in various parts of the world including: windstorms, flooding, new diseases infesting both humans and animals, terrorist attacks and major disruptions to critical infrastructures. It is not just the nature of major risks that seems to be changing, but also the context in which risks are evolving as well as society’s capacity to manage them. This book explores the implications of these developments for economy and society in the 21st century, focussing in particular on the potentially significant increase in the vulnerability of major systems. It concentrates on five large risk clusters: natural disasters, technological accidents, infectious diseases, food safety and terrorism, identifies the challenges facing OECD countries and sets out recommendations for governments and the private sector as to how the management of emerging systemic risks might be improved.
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264103597
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (48 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Railway Reform in China (Chinese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: This paper, prepared by the OECD and the Development Research Center under the State Council of the People’s Republic of China (DRC), discusses principles for reforming the Chinese railway, based on experience of rail reform in OECD countries. This paper draws on materials presented at a seminar held in Beijing on 28-29 January 2002.
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264199620
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (238 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Helsinki, Finlande 2003
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Helsinki, Finlande 2003
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Finland
    Kurzfassung: The Greater Helsinki Region emerged from the 1990s as an internationally competitive economy. This review examines the factors contributing to this success and the new development challenges it has created. One critical policy question is the Finnish dependence on the telecom/mobile industry. The current strategic positioning of the Finnish ICT cluster builds on a high-return/high-risk scenario. Long-term regional competitiveness requires a more focused strategy of diversification, i.e. developing ICT activities beyond the current cluster scope. Social inclusion is another crucial issue. Persistent unemployment among the less educated population and growing income disparities are calling for the restructuring of past policies. The Greater Helsinki Region needs to find ways to promote new opportunities of social cohesion. Rapid population growth has resulted from greater economic competitiveness requiring renewed commitment to managed growth and compact development. All of these challenges create needs for greater metropolitan co-ordination that are examined in turn.
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  • 33
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.7
    Schlagwort(e): Social Issues/Migration/Health ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Although new mothers are more likely than ever to be in the labour force, the time around childbirth is a dynamic one, with women quitting work altogether or changing jobs to accommodate the demands of their infants. The passage of Family and Medical Leave legislation during the 1980s and early 1990s may have altered incentives for employment among mothers of young children. This paper will examine whether the FMLA or prior state-legislated leave packages were associated with changes in the continuity of employment for mothers following childbirth, changes in return to their previous employer, and changes in their post-return versus pre-return earnings. Data come from the 1984-1997 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and its 1997 Child Development Supplement. Women who had a child post-FMLA return to work more quickly than those whose child was born prior to the FMLA, controlling for demographic factors and the state economic situation. Women who return are also more likely ...
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  • 34
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.377
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Kurzfassung: Although Korea has the second-lowest level of public spending among OECD countries at 22½ per cent of GDP, it faces strong upward spending pressures over the medium and longer term, which could threaten fiscal sustainability. This paper analyses the main features of Korea’s public expenditure system and reviews expenditure trends and the main forces behind them. The objective is to identify the major shortcomings in budget planning, management and control systems that have impeded better public sector performance. The paper concludes by proposing policy measures to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of the public expenditure management system. These include managing public finance within a medium-term expenditure framework; making the budgetary system more comprehensive and transparent by consolidating special accounts and public funds and bringing extra-budgetary funds into the budget; introducing more flexible and results-focused public management to improve ...
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  • 35
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.362
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This study investigates the changing relations between banks and their business customers in selected Asian emerging economies. These changes are manifest in declining bank lending growth and can be attributed to three major driving forces: cyclical factors, the fallout from the 1997 Asian crisis and structural factors affecting both the supply of and demand for bank credit. In response to declining lending growth and profits, banks have been diversifying their customer base and scope of activities. Alternative strategies to restore profitability and stay afloat in the global competition arena are consolidation and branching overseas. Faced with more stringent bank lending conditions in some cases, and seeking to reduce their debt loads, larger firms have been turning to capital markets as part of an effort to diversify their sources of funding. The measures taken by banks and firms to recover from the crisis and the 2001 downturn can be considered effective, but not sufficient to ...
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.360
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Iceland
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses the main features of Iceland’s public expenditure and addresses some key policy issues. While overall public spending is not high compared with Iceland’s Nordic neighbours, other OECD countries have made more progress in reining it in. Budget consolidation efforts and public-sector reforms temporarily reversed the upward trend in the government expenditure-to-GDP in the 1990s, but since then the ratio has edged up again. This highlights the need for enhancing spending control through further reforms. Indeed, although the expenditure management system has undergone significant changes over the past ten years or so, much remains to be done to increase budgetary discipline and improve the system’s ability to contain social-spending pressures, which will intensify as the population ages. In particular, weaknesses that need to be addressed would seem to relate to the budget process and the lack of a medium-term expenditure policy, along with insufficient performance ...
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.374
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This study reviews health-system reforms in OECD countries over the past several decades and their impact on the following policy goals: ensuring access to services; improving the quality of care and its outcomes; allocating an “appropriate” level of resources to health care (macroeconomic efficiency); and ensuring microeconomic efficiency in service provision. While nearly all OECD countries have achieved universal insurance coverage, initiatives to address persistent disparities in access are now being undertaken in a number of countries. In light of new evidence of serious problems with health-care quality, many countries have recently introduced reforms, but it is too soon to generalise as to the relative effects of alternative approaches. Instruments aimed at cost control have succeeded in slowing the growth of (particularly public) health-care spending over the 1980s and 1990s but health-care spending continues to rise as a share of GDP in most countries. A few countries have ...This paper is also published under OECD Health Working Papers Series.
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9789264100886
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Bank Profitability; Methodological Country Notes 2002
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Bank Profitability: Methodological Country Notes 2002
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Les statistiques de l’OCDE sur les banques, publiées chaque année sous le titre Rentabilité des banques : Comptes des banques, fournissent un instrument sans équivalent pour analyser l’évolution de la rentabilité des banques dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Les notes méthodologiques par pays, incluses dans ce volume, complètent la publication statistique et ont été préparées afin de faciliter la compréhension et l'interprétation des statistiques.
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789264104693
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (160 p)
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Austria ; Slovak Republic
    Kurzfassung: OECD's Territorial Review of the Vienna/Bratislava region. The Vienna-Bratislava region on the Austrian-Slovak border rapidly increased its competitiveness after 1989, following a 40 year separation by the Iron Curtain. As a result of the removal of many national and international barriers, trade flows and foreign direct investment have flourished, and regional growth, above national averages, has reduced internal disparities. However, new obstacles to further integration have emerged. Institutional reforms and stronger cross-border collaboration will enable the region to improve transport infrastructure, tackle restrictions on labour mobility, and better link the learning and productive systems on both sides of the border.
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  • 40
    ISBN: 9789264299511
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (102 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Most countries have suffered from inflation within recent memory and countries in Latin America and the former Soviet Union have lived with very high rates of inflation for several years. Under inflation, national accounts at current as well as at constant prices will be seriously distorted unless special adjustment techniques are applied. By explaining these in a systematic fashion, the author brings new insights into the definition and measurement of income as well as the calculation and interpretation of price indices.
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264065000
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (409 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Studien des Entwicklungszentrums
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The World Economy; A Millennial Perspective
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale ; une perspective millénaire
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale : une perspective millénaire
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Angus Maddison bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über Wachstum und Niveau der Weltbevölkerung seit dem Jahr 1000. In diesem Zeitraum wuchs die Bevölkerung um das 22fache, das Pro-Kopf-BIP um das 13fache und das Welt-BIP um nahezu das 300fache. Das größte Wachstum wiesen die heute reichen Länder auf (in Westeuropa, Nordamerika, Australasien sowie Japan). Die Kluft zwischen der führenden Volkswirtschaft der Welt – Vereinigte Staaten – und den ärmsten Ländern – in Afrika – beträgt mittlerweile 20:1. Im Jahr 1000 waren die reichen Länder von heute ärmer als Asien und Afrika. Das Buch dient mehreren Zwecken. So wird erstmals der Versuch unternommen, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der einzelnen Nationen innerhalb einer sehr langen Zeitspanne quantitativ darzustellen. Zum anderen wird aufgezeigt, welche Kräfte für den Erfolg der reichen Länder verantwortlich waren und welche Faktoren in anderen Regionen ähnliche Fortschritte verhindert haben, so dass diese zurückblieben. Und schließlich werden die Interaktionen zwischen den reichen Ländern und dem Rest der Welt genauer unter die Lupe genommen, um zu evaluieren, inwieweit hierbei Ausbeutung mit im Spiel war. Die Weltwirtschaft – eine Millenniumsperspektive sollte Pflichtlektüre für alle sein, die sich wissenschaftlich mit volkswirtschaftlichen und wirtschaftsgeschichtlichen Themen beschäftigen. Aber auch alle anderen interessierten Leser werden sich der Faszination des Buchs nicht entziehen können. Ferner stellt es ein monumentales Nachschlagewerk dar. Es schließt an die beiden anderen Werke des Autors an: Monitoring the World Economy: 1820-1992 aus dem Jahr 1995 und Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run von 1998, die beide vom OECD-Entwicklungszentrum veröffentlicht wurden.
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  • 42
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282123089
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. ECMT Annual Report 2002
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: ECMT Annual Report 2002
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264299627
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (260 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Helsinki, Finland 2003
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: OECD Territorial Reviews: Helsinki, Finland 2003
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Finland
    Kurzfassung: A la fin des années 1990, la Région du Grand Helsinki s’est affirmée comme un pôle économique compétitif à l’échelle internationale. Cet examen passe en revue les facteurs ayant contribué à cette réussite et les nouveaux enjeux qui en découlent en matière de développement. L’économie finlandaise est fortement tributaire du secteur de la téléphonie mobile et des télécommunications en général, ce qui préoccupe sérieusement les pouvoirs publics. Aujourd’hui, le positionnement stratégique de la grappe industrielle du secteur des TIC finlandais se fonde sur un scénario associant profits élevés et prise de risques considérables. Le maintien de la compétitivité de la région sur le long terme exige une stratégie de diversification plus fine, autrement dit le développement des activités du secteur des TIC bien au-delà du cadre de la grappe industrielle actuelle. L’inclusion sociale constitue également une question cruciale. La persistance du chômage chez les personnes à faible niveau de formation et les disparités croissantes en matière de revenu nécessitent une restructuration des politiques appliquées dans le passé. La Région du Grand Helsinki doit trouver de nouvelles façons de promouvoir la cohésion sociale. Conséquence de l’accroissement de la compétitivité économique, la rapidité de la croissance démographique exige de réitérer les engagements en faveur d’une croissance maîtrisée et d’un développement compact. Tous ces enjeux nécessitent une meilleure coordination métropolitaine, les besoins en la matière étant ici examinés successivement. L’examen territorial d'Helsinki s’inscrit dans un programme plus vaste d’examens territoriaux nationaux et thématiques, menés par le Comité des Politiques de Développement Territorial de l’OCDE. L’objectif général de la série des examens régionaux thématiques est de fournir des recommandations pratiques de politique aux gouvernements dans trois domaines: la gouvernance à plusieurs niveaux, le développement durable aux échelons régional et local, et les réseaux régionaux au service de la compétitivité.
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  • 44
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264199460
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (154 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les sources de la croissance économique dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Die Quellen wirtschaftlichen Wachstums in den OECD-Ländern
    DDC: 330.9177
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Understand growth disparities between OECD countries over the past twenty years through identification and analysis of underlying factors. Growth patterns through the 1990s and into this decade have turned received wisdom on its head. For most of the post-war period, OECD countries with relatively low GDP per capita grew faster than richer countries. Since the late 1990s, however, that pattern has broken down with the United States notably drawing further ahead of the field. This publication provides a comprehensive overview of growth drivers across the OECD and the extent to which disparities are attributable to factors like new technology and R&D, macroeconomic policy, education and training, labour market flexibility, product market competition, and barriers to business start-up and closure.
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264199545
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (340 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le secteur à but non lucratif dans une économie en mutation
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. El sector sin fines de lucro en una economía cambiante
    Schlagwort(e): Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Kurzfassung: Recent socio-economic trends, welfare state reform; the emergence of civil society and democracy have highlighted the growing significance of the non-profit sector – a sector between state and market – often associated with concepts such as ‘social economy’, ‘third sector’, ‘voluntary sector’, ‘third system’, ‘independent sector’ and, more recently, ‘social entrepreneurship’. This sector is facing a number of crucial new challenges such as management quality whilst both maintaining the sector's unique social dimension and fostering social innovation. Drawing on contributions from leading experts and academics, this report provides ground-breaking assessment of new trends; reviews the significant non-profit sector developments in EU countries, the US; Canada; Mexico and Australia; and provides tools on how to finance, monitor and evaluate the sector. This book, supported by statistical data, is for policy makers, practitioners, academics and the corporate sector.
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264100176
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Rentabilité des banques ; Notes méthodologiques par pays Edition 2002
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Rentabilité des banques : Notes méthodologiques par pays Edition 2002
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This publication complements Bank Profitability: Financial Statements of Banks. The notes included in this volume were prepared to facilitate the comprehension and the interpretation of the statistics and to provide a brief description of the activities of banks in each country.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264101609
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (376 p.)
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Australia
    Kurzfassung: OECD's comprehensive territorial review of Melbourne, Australia's second largest city, most important container port, and leading cultural and educational centre. It finds that Melbourne is poised for a major phase in its growth, but that it faces a number of challenges.
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.353
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses the major changes in both monetary and fiscal policy that have taken place over the past two decades and, within the limits of the existing empirical research, evaluates the overall costs and benefits for the OECD economies. The general findings for monetary policy are that, while it was costly to lower inflation (in terms of output and employment), there are also benefits in terms of lower risk premiums on interest rates, a more favourable investment climate and an improvement in economic efficiency. That said, the paper concludes that there is not much of a case for lowering inflation further from its already low level. While inflation was being lowered, in a number of cases central banks were also undergoing rather significant changes to their institutional structures and policy-making frameworks. There is some limited evidence that these changes have helped in terms of better anchoring inflation expectations. At the same time there is no firm answer on how ...
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264175990
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, République Tchèque 2002
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Moravska Trebova-Jevicko, République Tchèque 2002
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Czech Republic
    Kurzfassung: This report brings into light an emerging framework, with a new territorial unit for local initiative in the Czech Republic: the micro-region. It investigates the issues at stake in the development of these voluntary entities, that can be characterised as main partners for regions, although they do not correspond to an administrative level.
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.349
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Portugal
    Kurzfassung: Over the past decade, Portugal has experienced imbalances and inefficiencies in the public sector that have impeded better economic performance. Though Portugal’s total spending as a proportion of GDP is somewhat below the EU average, the rapid and uncontrolled growth of its primary current spending to a level now above the OECD and EU average, is worrying, because it puts at risks long-term fiscal sustainability. This paper points to major shortcomings in the budget management process and in the planning and control of public spending. The paper acknowledges recent action taken by public authorities to address some of the shortcomings and makes recommendations for moving further ahead. It suggests policy options that can make public expenditure more efficient and effective at overall levels. Administrative control, the cost-effectiveness of service provision, and incentives for efficient resource allocation all need to be improved. Ongoing efforts to develop accruals-based ...
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  • 51
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 103 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.369
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a synthesis of age-related developments and policies for a range of OECD countries, drawing on recent OECD work. It describes the expected impact of ageing on expenditure and fiscal pressures taking into account the current configuration of age-related policies. Since later retirement appears to be a key policy to easing the burden of ageing, it looks at indicators of the incentives for early retirement via pension systems and other transfer programmes permitting early withdrawal from the labour market for those approaching retirement. The report discussed the different types of age-related reforms undertaken up to now and areas where further reforms appear needed ...
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  • 52
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.373
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; European Union
    Kurzfassung: Evaluating the importance of non-tariff measures (NTMs) affecting imports remains a major challenge. This study reports evidence on the prevalence of NTMs based on an inventory of business complaints. This data source has the advantage of drawing on experiences of economic agents that are directly involved in trading activities, of containing information on "behind the border measures", and of covering procedural aspects of NTMs. The results suggest that natural resource based industries, such as agriculture and food, mining, and textiles, are most strongly affected by NTMs relative to their export volumes. Certification procedures, quantity control measures, and technical regulations are the types of NTM most frequently complained about. Complaints about domestic governance practices, such as impediments related to government procurement, investment restrictions, or insufficient intellectual property rights protection account for almost a third of all NTM observations and are in ...
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.370
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the impact of old-age pension systems and other social transfer programmes on the retirement decision of older males in OECD countries. For each of the 55-59, 60-64 and 65+ age groups, a new panel dataset (22 OECD countries over 1969-1999 or shorter periods in some cases) of retirement incentives embedded in those schemes is constructed for an illustrative worker. The main focus is on the implicit tax rate on working for five more years, which sums up various dimensions of retirement incentives such as the pension accrual rate but also, to a lesser extent, the availability and generosity of benefits. There is currently wide dispersion across OECD countries in implicit tax rates on continued work embedded in old-age pension and early retirement schemes: they are high in most Continental European Countries, compared with Japan, Korea, English-speaking and Nordic countries. Simple cross-country correlations and panel data econometric estimates both show that ...
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  • 54
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 15 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.372
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This working paper describes a medium-term reference scenario for the OECD based on the shortterm projections described in OECD Economic Outlook No.74. OECD-wide real GDP is projected to expand at 2¾ per cent per annum between 2006 and 2009 and the area-wide rate of unemployment to fall below 6 per cent at the end of the period, while inflation rises only slightly. Despite a fairly robust recovery, fiscal balances remain in significant deficit for the area as a whole; there is little overall improvement in current external imbalances between regions ...
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.368
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Euro Area
    Kurzfassung: Although there is no single yardstick to gauge the degree of integration, there is ample evidence that financial markets in the euro area have some way to go before national demarcation lines will effectively disappear and financial market integration is satisfactory. While there has been a push towards integration from the centre, global developments, such as advances in information technology, falling communication costs and standardisation of products, have been the main drivers, while national policies often acted as an impediment. The integration of financial markets finally became a policy priority with the adoption of the FSAP as part of the Cardiff process launched in 1998. For the European Union to have a fully satisfactory regulatory framework for financial markets in place in 2005, further efforts are needed. This paper takes stock of current developments and proposes a set of further suggestions for policy action ...
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  • 56
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressurce (39 Seiten) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD statistics working papers 2003, 2
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; European Union ; Japan ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This working paper has been presented and discussed at the October 2002 OECD National Accounts Experts Meeting. The objective of the paper is two fold: (1) present comparable results for household financial and non financial assets and liabilities for Europe, the USA and Japan, (2) analyse the change in the composition of household gross and net wealth of these countries and zones between 1995 and 2000. Data is based on official financial accounts sources. However the paper proposes (and estimate the corresponding data) an original classification, better adapted to analysis: pension funds assets are broken down between defined-benefit and defined contribution, life insurance between unit-linked and guaranteed-rate, mutual-funds between equity, bond and mixed. The paper discusses the reliability of the data, including non listed shares and non financial assets. The paper then discusses global and detailed compared trends of household wealth between countries ...
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 57
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.363
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Thailand
    Kurzfassung: This study investigates the relative importance of factors shaping banking and corporate landscapes in Thailand after 1997 through an empirical analysis of micro-data of Thai banks and firms. The results of the analysis of the bank data show that the deceleration of bank credit growth is mainly attributable to the fallout from the Asian crisis and postcrisis regulatory changes. While high non-performing loans (NPLs) and foreclosed assets on balance sheets hinder the resumption of lending, those banks that were well capitalised, larger or domestic could resume lending faster. The analysis also showed that big, domestic, well-capitalised banks with higher NPLs are more prone to diversify into securities investments. The analysis of the firm sample indicates that Thai firms have diversified their sources of financing over the period of 1997-2000, which is reflected in the rise of the share of debt securities and trade financing. As a conclusion from the above analyses, the ...
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  • 58
    ISBN: 9789264020078
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Tourism Satellite Account; Recommended Methodological Framework
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cette publication présente les recommandations concernant le cadre conceptuel du compte satellite du tourisme qui a été défini par un groupe de travail intersecrétariats réuni par la Division de statistique des Nations Unies, avec la participation de l'Office statistique des Communautés européennes, de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques et de l'Organisation mondiale du tourisme. Ces trois organismes feront le nécessaire pour promouvoir la mise en œuvre des recommandations dans leurs pays membres. Les recommandations ont été approuvées par la Commission de statistique à sa trente-et-unième session, en 2000.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264101319
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. ICT and Economic Growth; Evidence from OECD countries, industries and firms
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. ICT and Economic Growth: Evidence from OECD countries, industries and firms
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: En 2000, au plus fort de la nouvelle économie, les TIC était acclamées comme la technologie qui allait révolutionner l’économie des pays de l’OCDE et leur apporter d’innombrables bienfaits. Le coup de frein qui a suivi a fait voler en éclats un certain nombre d’idées fausses sur les TIC : les cycles économiques ne sont pas finis ; les valorisations boursières doivent en effet s’appuyer sur les bénéfices ; et non, le secteur des TIC n’est pas à l’abri des crises. Pour autant il ne faudrait pas oublier les changements structurels et les avantages économiques qu’a déjà amenés et qu’amène encore aujourd’hui la diffusion des TIC. Cette étude examine les incidences des TIC sur la performance des entreprises et les stratégies susceptibles d’en tirer le meilleur profit. Revenant sur les effets déjà constatés sur l’économie, elle analyse les raisons pour lesquelles certains pays ont investi plus que d’autres dans ces technologies, et cherche à expliquer pourquoi seulement une partie d’entre eux ont pleinement pris la mesure de ce que les TIC peuvent leur apporter. Elle fait valoir que les TIC demeureront une technologie importante au cours des années à venir, car les réseaux irriguent désormais toute l’économie. À présent, il importe de savoir comment se servir au mieux de ces technologies. Cet ouvrage démontre de façon éloquente que les TIC, à défaut d'être une panacée, peuvent contribuer à faire évoluer l’activité des entreprises et les rendre plus performantes. Mais cette mutation ne se produira que si l’environnement est concurrentiel et si les investissements informatiques s’accompagnent de changements organisationnels, d’investissements dans les qualifications et d’une gestion avisée. Ce livre est un plaidoyer pour une stratégie publique globale visant à tirer le meilleur des technologies de l’information et de la communication.
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264175785
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This publication compares key aspects of statistical methodologies used by OECD member countries in the compilation of wage related statistics. Such statistics comprise: wages and earnings; minimum wages; costs and prices; unit labour costs; and household income. The focus of the publication is data comparability in the context of international guidelines and recommendations published by the OECD and other international organisations. The publication also outlines the conceptual relationship between each of the wage related statistics covered.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264099210
    Sprache: Mehrsprachig
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the practice of peer review and the related effect of peer pressure in the context of international organisations, particularly the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. It outlines the main features of these two concepts and attempts to establish a model based on the different peer review mechanisms used at OECD. While there are other documents available that list the peer reviews of the OECD, this paper will provide an analysis of the practice. Annex B describes some OECD peer reviews.
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  • 62
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264105751
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Serie: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Serie: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Schlagwort(e): Alternde Bevölkerung ; Ältere Arbeitskräfte ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Spanien ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Spain
    Kurzfassung: This report, part of a series covering around 20 OECD countries, contains a survey of Spain's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
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  • 63
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264100664
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi/Ageing and Employment Policies
    Serie: Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium
    Kurzfassung: Pour faire face au vieilllissement rapide de la population, il est nécessaire de promouvoir de meilleures opportunités d'emploi pour les travailleurs âgés. On a déjà beaucoup fait état du besoin de réformer les régimes de pension de retraite et de préretraite. Pourtant, cela ne sera sans doute pas suffisant en soi pour relever significativement les taux d'emploi des plus âgés ni pour réduire le risque futur de pénurie de travailleurs. Les autorités publiques et les entreprises doivent sans tarder prendre des mesures pour adapter la fixation des salaires à une main-d’œuvre plus âgée, pour s'attaquer aux discriminations du fait de l'âge et pour améliorer les qualifications et les conditions de travail des travailleurs âgés. Un changement d’attitude s’impose aussi de la part des travailleurs âgés quant au travail à un âge plus tardif et à l’acquisition de nouvelles compétences. On sait relativement peu de choses sur ce que les différents pays de l'OCDE sont en train de faire ou devraient faire dans ces domaines. Afin d’y remédier, l’OCDE a lancé une série de rapports sur une vingtaine de pays, dont la Belgique. Chaque rapport national fait le tour des principales barrières qui existent concernant l'emploi des travailleurs âgés, évalue la pertinence et l'efficacité des mesures existantes pour contrer ces barrières et présente une série de recommandations sur les politiques que les autorités publiques et les partenaires sociaux devraient mener.
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  • 64
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 17 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.356
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Euro Area
    Kurzfassung: A problem associated with inflation differentials in monetary unions is that the “crowding-in” effect of lower real interest rates associated with high inflation will initially outweigh the loss of competitiveness (crowding out). The crowding-in effect may produce volatility in house prices, especially if tax regimes favour the occurrence of bubbles. This paper shows that this is the case notably in the smaller countries of the euro area, and this could explain the persistence of inflation differentials in the area to some extent ...
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  • 65
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789282113066
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (340 p.) , ill.
    Serie: ECMT Round Tables no.122
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Transport et manifestations exceptionnelles
    Schlagwort(e): Transport
    Kurzfassung: The Round Table examined large-scale sporting, cultural and festive events in Europe and the rest of the world, and noted that setting ambitious targets contributes to the quality of the event. Almost every experience is unique and one of the main conclusions of the Round Table is that a record should be kept of each event with regard to its organisation and staging requirements. In this way, an event “memory” could be built up and made available to any would-be event organiser. The Round Table is the first stage in this process.
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789264104716
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (372 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Kurzfassung: Decentralising labour market policy is a delicate and challenging subject of political debate. Does decentralisation really enable co-ordination of policies? At the local level, how do we make the best use of decentralised powers? How can greater flexibility be provided in managing policies while still guaranteeing efficiency and accountability? To enhance responsiveness to citizens’ needs, governments increasingly decentralise the way policies are designed and implemented. In the labour market policy area, many stakeholders, from business and local government to community groups and NGOs have been receptive. The OECD invited leading experts and experienced policy makers and practitioners to address these questions and share their experiences in dealing with such issues. This report, supported by statistical data, summarises the lessons learnt from their experiences. It is for researchers, leading experts, business communities, economists in government circles and NGOs.
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  • 67
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.350
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the performance of the United States health system in an international context and discusses potential directions for reform. The US health system is unique among OECD countries in its heavy reliance on the private sector for both financing and delivery of health care. The public sector plays a not-insignificant role, providing coverage for the elderly, disabled and poor, and spending as much on health as a share of GDP as is spent in total by many OECD countries. The system is considered highly flexible, capable of evolving quickly to address the changing preferences of consumers and the incentives put in place by the requirements of payers and government regulation. It is also characterised by excellent access by the insured population to the latest advances in medical technology. However, 14 per cent of Americans lack insurance coverage, and the decentralised, multi-payer approach to financing and regulation provides relatively few levers to control ...
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  • 68
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.352
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: One commonly held view about the difference between continental European countries and other OECD countries, especially the United States, is that the heavy regulation of Europe reduces its growth. Using newly assembled data on regulation in several sectors of many OECD countries, we provide substantial and robust evidence that various measures of regulation in the product market, concerning in particular entry barriers, are negatively related to investment. The implications of our analysis are clear: regulatory reforms, especially those that liberalise entry, are very likely to spur investment ...
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  • 69
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.357
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides new measures of restrictions on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) for OECD countries. Several different types of restrictions are considered: limitations on foreign ownership, screening or notification procedures, and management and operational restrictions. These restrictions are computed for nine sectors and eleven sub-sectors, most of which are in services, and then aggregated into a single measure for the economy as a whole. According to the aggregate indicators, the last two decades, and especially the 1990s, have witnessed dramatic liberalisation in FDI restrictions. OECD countries are now generally open to inward FDI, although there remain substantial differences between countries and across industries. The most open countries are now in Europe, at least as far as statutory restrictions are concerned. The preponderance of remaining restrictions is in services, with almost no overt restrictions in manufacturing ...
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789264299290
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (60 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines towards Environmentally Sustainable Transport
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: Les ministres de l’Environnement des pays de l’OCDE ont approuvé lors de leur réunion de mai 2001 une série des lignes directrices pour progresser sur la voie des transports écologiquement viables (TEV). Ces lignes directrices, qui s’appuient sur les résultats et conclusions du projet sur les TEV auquel ont été associés de nombreux pays membres et non membres de l’OCDE, offrent une solution pour rendre la politique des transports plus viable et améliorer la qualité de vie. Elles ont été élaborées pour favoriser le développement économique et le bien-être individuel sans entraîner d’impact excessif au plan de la santé et de l’environnement ni appauvrir les ressources restreintes. Les lignes directrices pour les TEV guideront les pouvoirs publics, à tous les niveaux, dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de stratégies axées sur les TEV, lesquelles, pour être efficaces, devront prendre en compte les particularités géographiques et socio-économiques des pays ou régions. Ces lignes directrices constituent une approche souhaitable et réaliste pour le secteur des transports, mais elles trouveront aussi une application utile dans le développement durable d’autres secteurs.
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  • 71
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.375
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Despite its apparent advantages, devolution of fiscal responsibilities has not proceeded evenly over the past two decades. Decentralisation can strengthen the democratic process, allow governments to tailor the supply of public goods to local preferences and introduce some competition across jurisdictions, thus raising public sector efficiency. It can, however, entail efficiency losses, and make it difficult to implement redistributive policies and complicate macroeconomic management. On the spending side, local provision may fail to exploit economies of scale and internalise territorial spillovers -- a serious issue since few public goods are purely local by nature. On the revenue side, few tax bases can be exploited by subnational governments without risking making national objectives difficult to achieve and raising serious distributive concerns. This paper, which is largely based on country experiences in mitigating the potential drawbacks of decentralisation while obtaining ...
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  • 72
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 127 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.359
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the importance of border and non-border policies for global economic integration. The focus is on four widely-advocated policies: removing explicit restrictions to trade and FDI; promoting domestic competition; improving the adaptability of labour markets; and ensuring adequate levels of infrastructure capital. The analysis covers FDI and trade in both goods and services, thus aiming to account for the most important channels of globalisation and dealing with most modes of cross-border services supply. It first describes trends in trade, FDI and the four sets of policies using a large set of structural policy indicators recently constructed by the OECD, including the new summary indicators for FDI-specific regulations described in Golub (2003). It then estimates the impact of policies on bilateral trade and bilateral and multilateral FDI. The results highlight that, despite extensive liberalisation over the past two decades, there is scope for further reducing ...
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  • 73
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.361
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: An unprecedented “boom and bust” investment cycle occurred in the high-tech industries at the turn of the century, in particular in the telecommunications sector. Regulatory reforms and technological innovation fuelled expectations of robust growth in traffic, revenue and earnings. Eventually, however, the volume of traffic expanded less than anticipated. Faced with severe financial difficulties, telecommunication firms sharply curtailed their investment and embarked on restructuring. The impact of such restructuring on the overall economy has been relatively small, but it has had severe upstream effects on equipment suppliers and technology firms. Confidence is now slowly returning to the sector thanks to the efforts of companies to strengthen their balance sheets and to renegotiate their debts. Although the necessary restructuring now underway in the industry is painful, governments and regulators should resist the temptation to provide relief to companies by easing competition ...
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  • 74
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264104662
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This brochure presents the highlights from OECD Forum 2003. It includes texts of the keynote speeches, summaries of the sessions and photos.
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  • 75
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264064751
    Sprache: Chinesisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (50 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Railway Reform in China
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: Can the current centrally planned and state owned rail system efficiently allocate its limited capacity to the highest-valued uses, while expanding its capacity in such a way that contributes to rather than constraining China’s economic growth? Which form of pro competitive reform is most appropriate for China? This book surveys several possible approaches to restructuring.
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  • 76
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing and European Conference of Ministers of Transport
    ISBN: 9789282123027
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Ausgabe: Edition 2001
    Schlagwort(e): Europa ; Transport
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9780833032935 , 0833034154 , 0833032933 , 9780833034151
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xxvii, 146 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Print version Global threat of new and reemerging infectious diseases
    DDC: 363.3/2
    Schlagwort(e): Bioterrorism Health aspects ; Emergency medical services Government policy ; Emergency management ; National security ; Communicable diseases Social aspects ; Bioterrorism ; Emergency medical services ; Emergency management ; National security ; Communicable diseases ; Public Policy ; Security Measures ; Communicable Disease Control ; Public Health Administration ; Electronic books ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Political Freedom & Security ; Law Enforcement ; POLITICAL SCIENCE ; Terrorism ; Bioterrorism ; Health aspects ; Communicable diseases ; Social aspects ; Emergency management ; Emergency medical services ; Government policy ; National security ; Public Health ; Health & Biological Sciences ; Communicable Diseases ; United States ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: This study offers a more comprehensive analysis of the security implications of the spread of infectious diseases than has been done to date. The study examines the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, highlighting this particular crisis as a graphic example of the devastating effects that infectious disease can have on virtually every aspect of a state's functioning viability. It also makes a detailed analysis of the United States, delineating the threat posed by specific diseases; assessing the effectiveness of the existing public health infrastructure; and offering specific actions that can be taken to improve the country's ability to meet this emerging challenge
    Kurzfassung: This study offers a more comprehensive analysis of the security implications of the spread of infectious diseases than has been done to date. The study examines the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in South Africa, highlighting this particular crisis as a graphic example of the devastating effects that infectious disease can have on virtually every aspect of a state's functioning viability. It also makes a detailed analysis of the United States, delineating the threat posed by specific diseases; assessing the effectiveness of the existing public health infrastructure; and offering specific actions that can be taken to improve the country's ability to meet this emerging challenge
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-146)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 78
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 231-249
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Consolidations tarifaires, protection inutilisée et libéralisation des échanges agricoles
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 231-249
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Prior quantitative assessments of the effects of agricultural trade liberalisation have assumed that negotiated reductions in bound tariffs translate into corresponding cuts in applied tariff rates. This approach, however, overestimates the actual reduction in applied tariffs and, hence, the benefits of trade liberalisation, since applied rates are often much lower than the tariffs bound in Uruguay Round schedules. This paper uses data on applied and bound tariffs and the GTAP-CGE model to quantify the magnitude of the resulting bias. The findings suggest that the distortion of estimates is particularly pronounced for modest tariff cuts, as well as for countries where the differences between bound and applied rates are substantial. Hence, quantitative policy analysts who aim to inform decision makers on the likely impacts of negotiated tariff cuts should consider the relationship between bound and applied tariff rates in their assessments in order to avoid mistaken advice...
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 59-110
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 65 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Growth effects of education and social capital in the OECD countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 59-110
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Le présent document passe en revue les études empiriques consacrées aux effets de l’éducation et du capital social sur la croissance. Il porte principalement sur les données relatives aux pays de l’OCDE, mais fait également un tour d’horizon rapide d’informations empruntées à l’économie du travail afin de préciser les aspects pour lesquels il peut être relativement utile d’utiliser des données macroéconomiques pour réaliser les travaux empiriques sur l’éducation. En définitive, les données internationales récentes tendent à montrer que l’éducation a sur la productivité des effets favorables au moins aussi importants que ceux recensés par les spécialistes de l’économie du travail. Les conséquences de cette situation sont également examinées. Enfin, le présent document examine la documentation nouvelle sur les avantages du capital social. Celle-ci se trouvant encore à un stade embryonnaire, il est d’autant plus difficile d’en dégager des conclusions pour l’action des pouvoirs publics.
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 41-89
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 60 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'investissement en capital humain : Le rôle de l'enseignement secondaire du 2e cycle et de l'enseignement supérieur
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 41-89
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This article examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the article indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally, the article notes that students in higher education tend to come from more affluent backgrounds and that they benefit from large public subsidies, whereas young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in tertiary education and thus benefit from public subsidies.
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  • 81
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 197-224
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 53 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Stock Market, the Housing Market and Consumer Behaviour
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 197-224
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Après l’euphorie boursière de la fin des années 90, les cours des actions se sont repliés, dans l’ensemble, depuis 2001. Les prix des logements, en revanche, ont continué de grimper, progressant plus rapidement que le niveau général des prix dans plusieurs pays. Ces évolutions ont entraîné un regain d’intérêt pour l’impact du prix des actifs sur la consommation et la demande globale. Ce document analyse l’influence des patrimoines financier et immobilier des ménages sur leur consommation, dans les pays du G7 (à l’exception de l’Allemagne). Il fournit des estimations de la sensibilité de la consommation à diverses formes de richesse et s’interroge, en procédant à des tests, sur les éventuelles variations de ces sensibilités au fil du temps. Il quantifie également l’impact des récentes évolutions des marchés financier et immobilier sur la consommation. Il ressort de ce document, premièrement, que pour tous les pays, les mécanismes de la richesse sont identifiés, deuxièmement, que ces effets varient considérablement d’un pays à l’autre et, troisièmement, que pour certains pays, leur importance a eu tendance à croître très nettement dans un passé récent.
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 60 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le transport aérien de passagers : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data are summarised by means of factor analysis. Controlling for market size, network length and other technological and economic differences, and combining national and route-level characteristics, cross-country and cross-route regressions show that i) productive efficiency increases and fares decline when regulations and market structures become more friendly to competition; ii) productive efficiency is sensitive to actual competitive pressures, as proxied by market concentration; iii) fares react to liberalisation independently from market structure, but in liberal environments their decline is amplified by actual competition between carriers; iv) business and economy fares tend to decline when they are liberalised and market concentration is reduced, but tend to increase when markets are dominated by airline alliances on the route; v) discount fares are affected by the overall market environment at route ends, charter regulations and the actual presence of challenger airlines on the route; and vi) airport congestion and dominance tend to increase fares in time-sensitive market segments.
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-109
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 115 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Implementation and the Effects of Regulatory Reform: Past Experience and Current Issues
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-109
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cet article décrit les tendances et les résultats de la réforme de la réglementation dans les pays de l’OCDE. En premier lieu il résume l’évolution de l’environnement réglementaire et les effets globaux et sectoriels des réformes (privatisation y compris) dans des industries concurrentielles et non compétitives au cours des deux dernières décennies. Se concentrant sur les industries de réseau, il aborde alors les principales questions de politique économique soulevées par la nécessité d’adapter la réglementation des segments non compétitifs de ces industries à la concurrence croissante sur les marchés libéralisés. Il se focalise sur les quatre éléments qui dominent le débat de la réforme de la réglementation : i) le passage d’un régime axé sur les interventions et le contrôle à une approche fondée sur les incitations basées sur la suppression des barrières à l’entrée sur les marchés concurrentiels, l’adoption de mécanismes de prix plafond et l’introduction de tarifications efficientes et neutres du point de vue de la concurrence pour l’accès aux réseaux fixes ; ii) les avantages et les inconvénients de mesures structurelles telles que la privatisation, et la séparation verticale et horizontale de monopoles précédemment intégrés ; iii) les manières de s’assurer que des objectifs non économiques importants, tels que l’universalité du service, continuent d’être assurés dans un environnement concurrentiel et au moindre coût pour la société ; et iv) la conception de mécanismes réglementaires et d’institutions le mieux à même de promouvoir les meilleures pratiques en termes de réglementation.
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  • 84
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 49-82
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 48 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Production and Use of ICT: A Sectoral Perspective on Productivity Growth in the OECD Area
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 49-82
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Le présent document examine les rôles du secteur de production de TIC et des principales industries utilisatrices de TIC vis-à-vis de la croissance globale de la productivité dans les pays de l’OCDE. Le secteur de fabrication des TIC, en particulier, se distingue dans de nombreux pays par des taux de croissance de la productivité très élevés, et contribue largement à la croissance de la productivité du travail en Corée, en Finlande et en Irlande. Dans quelques pays, et notamment en Australie et aux États-Unis, certains services utilisateurs de TIC ont aussi enregistré une reprise supérieure à la moyenne de la croissance de la productivité au cours de la seconde moitié de la décennie 1990. De plus amples réformes structurelles pourront s’avérer nécessaires pour que l’utilisation des TIC se traduise également dans les statistiques de productivité d’autres pays de l’OCDE. Par ailleurs, les différences observées selon les pays dans la mesure de la productivité des industries productrices et utilisatrices de TIC compliquent les analyses internationales.
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 83-143
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 75 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Competition and Efficiency in Publicly Funded Services
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 83-143
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Les pays de l’OCDE ouvrent progressivement à la concurrence la fourniture de certains services financés sur fonds publics. Le présent article propose un cadre d’analyse axé sur les mécanismes d’incitation et sur les asymétries d’information qui existent entre les pouvoirs publics, en tant que mandants, et les prestataires de services financés sur fonds publics, en tant que mandataires, et examine comment ces aspects sont traités dans le cadre de différentes formes de concurrence. A partir de plusieurs exemples et en s’inscrivant dans une perspective très large, l’article examine dans quelle mesure les pays de l’OCDE ont ouvert les services financés sur fonds publics à la concurrence et quelles modalités ils ont choisi pour le faire. Utilisant une approche comparative, il tente d’expliquer les différences qui peuvent exister à partir des caractéristiques des services. Les principaux services étudiés sont l’éducation, l’accueil des jeunes enfants, les soins de longue durée pour les personnes âgées et les services de l’emploi. Pour ces services, qui s’adressent à des particuliers, il peut être intéressant de laisser aux usagers la possibilité de choisir parmi différents prestataires mais il faudra alors impérativement prévoir une régulation permettant d’agir sur les incitations adressées aux usagers et aux prestataires. Il est aussi possible d’organiser des appels d’offres et de recourir à la sous-traitance comme le font souvent, d’ailleurs, les pays de l’OCDE pour les services techniques et les services de soutien, même dans les domaines où les services aux usagers sont fournis via un monopole public. Pour l’instant, la prise en charge du financement des investissements d’infrastructure par le secteur privé est un phénomène relativement marginal.
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 117-153
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 40 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La baisse des taux d'épargne privée durant les années 90 dans les pays de l'OCDE : Contribution des déterminants autres que la richesse
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 117-153
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The substantial decline in private-sector saving rates observed in several OECD countries in the late 1990s coincided in several cases with a sharp increase in household financial net worth. This was seen by many observers as evidence that the strong rise in equity and residential property prices during the late 1990s had been treated by households as a permanent increase in wealth, leading to an unsustainable drop in saving and raising fears of an eventual negative wealth effect. Applying estimation techniques for systems of dynamic panel equations, this paper looks at basic determinants of private saving for a sample of 15 OECD countries and finds that the sharp decline in saving observed after 1995 can be largely explained, even in a post-sample fashion, by fundamentals other than financial wealth. Among the determinants, the rise in public-sector saving is found to have contributed the most to the decline in private saving between 1995 and 2000. Based on this investigation, there is little evidence that consumers had gone too far in responding to the stock market boom of the late 1990s, even in countries where private saving rates have fallen to historically low levels. On the other hand, the results suggest that a loosening of fiscal policy may have a limited stimulatory impact on private consumption...
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-83
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 80 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'influence des politiques sur les échanges et l'investissement direct étranger
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-83
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses the importance of border and non-border policies for global economic integration. The focus is on four widely-advocated policies: removing explicit restrictions to trade and FDI; promoting domestic competition; improving the adaptability of labour markets; and ensuring adequate levels of infrastructure capital. The analysis covers FDI and trade in both goods and services, thus aiming to account for the most important channels of globalisation and dealing with most modes of cross-border services supply. The results highlight that, despite extensive liberalisation over the past two decades, there is scope for further reducing policy barriers to integration of OECD markets. Remaining barriers have a significant impact on bilateral trade and FDI, with anticompetitive domestic regulations and restrictive labour market arrangements estimated to curb integration as much as explicit trade and FDI restrictions. Simulating the removal of such barriers suggests that the quantitative effects of further liberalisation of trade, FDI and domestic product and labour markets on global integration could be substantial...
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-53
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 49 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La budgétisation aux États-Unis
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-53
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; United States
    Kurzfassung: The budgetary process in the United States federal government is different from that in other OECD member countries. This is a consequence of the strict separation of powers that characterises the American constitutional system and of a long historical development in which new layers of institutional innovation were successively added to existing ones. The presidential budgetary process started to develop in the beginning of the previous century. Its first codification took place in the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which required that the President submit a budget for the government to Congress and created the Bureau of the Budget, now the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). In the 1970s, Congress changed its own budgetary process through the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, which created the Congressional Budget Resolution and established the Congressional Budget Office. Another layer of innovation was added during the 1980s with the aim of controlling the deficit. This began with the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, commonly known as the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, which in 1990 was fundamentally amended by the Budget Enforcement Act...
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  • 89
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 171-216
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 59 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'estimation du taux de chômage structurel des pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 171-216
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The paper first reviews the conceptual framework underlying different measures of structural unemployment as well as alternative empirical methods that have been used to provide estimates of them. Drawing on this review, it goes on to develop a method for estimating time-varying NAIRUs across a range of OECD countries using a Kalman filter. It then discusses the resulting econometric estimates, and the scope for their further refinement given the associated range of uncertainties. Recent trends in the NAIRU estimates are reviewed: they fell in many countries in the second half of the 1990s, although actual unemployment has remained well above the NAIRU for a majority of countries throughout much of the 1990s, particularly in Europe. Finally, the relevance of such measures to analysing inflation developments and monetary policy is discussed.
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  • 90
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 43-96
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 67 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Investment in human capital through upper-secondary and tertiary education
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 43-96
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Le présent document porte sur divers aspects de l’équité et de l’efficience qui sont liés à l’acquisition de qualifications par les jeunes et les adultes relativement âgés. L’analyse donne à penser que ce type d’investissement dans le capital humain procure aux personnes d’importants avantages sur le marché du travail, notamment des gains, après impôt, plus élevés et de meilleures perspectives d’emploi, avantages qui compensent largement le coût des investissements, c’est-à-dire principalement, le manque à gagner et les frais d’études. Il ressort également de cette analyse que les avantages nets varient considérablement sous l’effet de facteurs liés à l’action des pouvoirs publics, tels que la durée de la scolarisation, les allocations d’études et le soutien apporté aux élèves et étudiants. Globalement, les estimations indiquées dans le rapport montrent que l’élève moyen serait fortement incité à poursuivre ses études au-delà de l’âge de l’obligation scolaire et elles mettent également en évidence les avantages que cet investissement dans l’éducation procure à la société dans son ensemble. Toutefois, les gains nets sont d’autant plus faibles que l’étudiant est âgé, ce qui tient surtout au fait que les avantages découlant de la formation s’étalent sur une plus courte durée. Enfin, il est signalé dans le document que les étudiants de l’enseignement supérieur appartiennent en général aux classes aisées et qu’ils profitent donc d’importantes subventions publiques alors que les jeunes issus de milieux défavorisés ont moins de chances de faire des études supérieures et, partant, de bénéficier des subventions publiques.
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  • 91
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 111-136
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 39 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. R&D and Productivity Growth: Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 111-136
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cette étude analyse les effets de long terme de différents types de R-D sur la croissance de la productivité totale des facteurs, qui sont les effets « spillover » de la R-D. Les estimations économétriques sont conduites sur un panel de 16 pays de l’OCDE sur la période 1980-98. Les résultats obtenus sont des moyennes sur l’ensemble des pays et des années, ils ne reflètent pas les spécificités nationales. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants. Un supplément de 1 pour cent de R-D des entreprises engendre une croissance de 0.13 pour cent de la productivité. Cet effet est plus fort dans les pays où les entreprises ont une intensité R-D plus élevée, et dans les pays où la part des financements gouvernementaux liés à la défense est plus faible. Un supplément de 1 pour cent de R-D étrangère engendre une croissance de 0.46 pour cent de la productivité, cet effet est plus fort dans les pays où les entreprises réalisent plus de R-D. Un supplément de 1 pour cent de R-D publique engendre une croissance de 0.17 pour cent de la productivité. Cet effet est plus fort dans les pays où la part des universités (par opposition aux laboratoires gouvernementaux) est plus élevée, dans les pays où le poids de la R-D liée à la défense est plus faible, et dans les pays où les entreprises réalisent plus de R-D.
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 103-126
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Recherche-développement et croissance de la productivité : Analyse des données d'un panel de 16 pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 103-126
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This study investigates the long-term effects of various types of R&D on multi-factor productivity growth, which are the spillover effects of R&D activities. Econometric estimates are conducted on a panel of 16 OECD countries, over the period 1980-98. All results are averages over countries and time, and little can be said about country specificities. Major results are as follows: an increase of 1 per cent in business R&D generates 0.13 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries that are intensive in business R&D, and in countries where the share of defence-related government funding is lower; a 1 per cent increase in foreign R&D generates 0.46 per cent in productivity growth, and the effect is larger in countries intensive in business R&D; 1 per cent more in public R&D generates 0.17 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries where the share of universities (as opposed to government labs) is higher, in countries where the share of defence R&D is lower, and in countries which are intensive in business R&D.
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  • 93
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 47-78
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Production et utilisation des TIC : Perspectives sectorielles sur la croissance de la productivité dans la zone OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 47-78
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the roles of the ICT-producing sector and of key ICT-using industries in overall productivity growth in OECD countries. The ICT manufacturing sector, in particular, has been characterised by very high rates of productivity growth in many countries and provides a large contribution to labour productivity growth in Finland, Ireland and Korea. In a few countries, notably the United States and Australia, certain ICT-using services have also experienced an above-average pick-up in productivity growth in the second half of the 1990s. Further structural reform may be needed before ICT use will also show up in the productivity statistics of other OECD countries. Differences in the measurement of productivity in ICT-producing and -using industries across countries complicate the cross-country analysis.
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  • 94
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 175-200
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 38 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La bourse, le marché de l'immobilier et le comportement des consommateurs
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 175-200
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: After the buoyancy of stock markets in the late nineties, share prices have generally trended downwards since 2001. By contrast, house prices have continued to increase, rising more rapidly than the general price level in several countries. These developments have led to renewed interest in the impact of asset prices on consumption and overall demand. This paper analyses the roles of household financial wealth and housing wealth across G7 countries (with the exception of Germany), in determining private consumption. It provides some estimates of the sensitivity of consumption to various forms of wealth and tests whether these sensitivities have changed over time. The impacts of recent financial and housing market developments on consumption are also quantified. The main results are, first, that for all countries, wealth channels are identified, second, that these effects vary significantly across countries, and third that for some countries, their importance has tended to rise markedly over the recent past.
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  • 95
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 145-195
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 65 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 145-195
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Le présent document présente les ratios fiscaux révisés calculés à partir d’hypothèses plus réalistes que celles retenues dans une étude précédente qui suivait la même approche (fondée sur les Statistiques des recettes publiques et les données des Comptes nationaux) pour évaluer la charge fiscale effective. Bien que les niveaux des ratios fiscaux révisés soient parfois très différents de ceux calculés précédemment, les deux séries de données sont généralement fortement corrélées. Cette étude présente également une analyse de sensibilité à l’assouplissement, dans toute la mesure du possible et pour des pays et des périodes données, de certaines hypothèses irréalistes qui continuent d’être retenues. L’effet en est souvent important sur les ratios fiscaux, en particulier pour ce qui est des revenus du capital, et les deux séries de données ne sont parfois plus si fortement corrélées. Ceci met en évidence la nécessité d’utiliser ces ratios conjointement avec d’autres indicateurs, tels que les taux d’imposition effectifs moyens, pour mener la démonstration jusqu’au bout.
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  • 96
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 127-170
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 57 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Mesurer la productivité
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 127-170
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper discusses the main measurement issues in calculating productivity indicators, and provides guidance to researchers and statisticians in addressing these difficulties. It draws on the OECD Productivity Manual and on recent OECD work on productivity levels. The paper examines a range of issues related to the measurement of productivity growth, including the choice of output measure (gross output versus value added), the measurement of output, labour and capital input, as well as index number issues. It also discusses OECD estimates of productivity levels and the key measurement issues in deriving these estimates, including the appropriate conversion from one currency unit to another. A final section discusses the interpretation of productivity measures, including their most common applications and the possible pitfalls. The paper concludes that substantial progress has been made in recent years to improve the comparability of productivity statistics. In many countries, however, basic source data are still the key limitation to the development of comparable indicators of productivity. In addition, statisticians, researchers and policy makers need to be more aware of the appropriate uses and interpretation of productivity statistics.
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  • 97
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 173-188
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 27 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Estimation du comportement cyclique des taux de marge : Une note technique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 173-188
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents estimates of the cyclical fluctuations of price-cost margins, following an extended version of the Rotemberg and Woodford (1991) approach. The results support the hypothesis of counter-cyclical price margins in most manufacturing industries, especially in the presence of downward rigidities of labour inputs. This is consistent with a growing body of empirical literature showing that economic booms tend to increase competition or decrease the incentives for collusion, thereby creating downward pressures on price margins. It also offers an appealing interpretation of the otherwise puzzling pro-cyclicality of real wages.
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  • 98
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    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-62
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 58 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Budgeting in the United States
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 7-62
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; United States
    Kurzfassung: Le processus budgétaire de l’administration fédérale des États-Unis est différent de celui des autres pays membres de l’OCDE. La raison en est la division rigoureuse des pouvoirs qui caractérise le régime constitutionnel américain de même qu’un long parcours historique marqué par l’ajout successif de nouvelles institutions. Le processus budgétaire présidentiel a commencé à se développer au début du siècle précédent. Il a été codifié pour la première fois en 1921 dans une loi intitulée Budget and Accounting Act, laquelle exigeait que le Président soumette au Congrès un budget pour le gouvernement et créait le Bureau of the Budget, devenu depuis l’Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Dans les années 70, le Congrès a modifié son propre processus budgétaire au moyen d’une loi intitulée Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act. Adoptée en 1974, cette loi créait la résolution budgétaire du Congrès et établissait le Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Une nouvelle institution s’est ajoutée au cours des années 1980 dans le but de contrôler le déficit. Il s’agit de la loi intitulée Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act, connue sous le nom de Loi Gramm-Rudman-Hollings qui a été adoptée en 1985. Elle a été modifiée en profondeur en 1990 par la Budget Enforcement Act...
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans la zone de l'OCDE : Tendances et déterminants
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This article uses internationally-comparable data on the distribution of income across households to identify some well-founded facts to replace the conjecture and supposition which too often dominate discussions on inequality and poverty. There has been a general trend in nearly all OECD countries towards increased market income (earnings and income from capital) inequality between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s. However, in a significant minority of countries this has not resulted in higher levels of inequality because either the amounts distributed through the tax and transfer system have increased, or because it has become more progressive. Changes in income distribution in the past ten years generally favoured the prime-age and elderly age groups, particularly those around retirement age. Relative income levels of single parents are very low and have worsened in a number of countries. Trends in earned income, and in particular trends in employment, are found to be crucial in explaining these changes.
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 159-200
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 59 p
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Regulation, industry structure and performance in the electricity supply industry
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 159-200
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Cet article évalue l’impact de la libéralisation et de la privatisation sur la performance dans le secteur de la production d’électricité. En s’appuyant sur un panel de données composé d’observations sur 19 pays membres de l’OCDE pour 10 années, les indicateurs de réglementation ont été construits pour mettre en évidence d’unepart l’impact de la réforme de la réglementation sur l’efficacité et les prix et d’autre part pour évaluer les différentes stratégies de réforme. La comparaison des pays dans un cadre dynamique permet d’identifier et de séparer les effets pays des effets imputables á la réglementation. Les principaux résultats de l’analyse suggèrent que les changements dans la législation sont lents á se répercuter sur le comportement des entreprises mais que la séparation des segments de la production et du transport, la nature de l’actionnaire, les conditions de l’accès au réseau et l’introduction d’un marché de l’électricité ont un impact statistiquement significatif sur divers aspects de la performance.
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