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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Money or kindergarten? : distributive effects of cash versus in-kind family transfers for young children (2012)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 135
    Keywords: Familienpolitik ; Kinderbetreuung ; Familienleistungsausgleich ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Public support to families with pre-school children can be in the form of cash benefits (e.g. child allowances) or of “in-kind” support (e.g. care services such as kindergartens). The mix of these support measures varies greatly across OECD countries, from a cash / in-kind composition of 10%/90% to 80%/20%. This paper imputes the value of services into an “extended” household income and compares the resulting distributive patterns and the redistributive effect of these two strands of family policies. On average, cash and in-kind transfers each constitute 7 – 8% of the incomes of families with young children. Both instruments are redistributive. Cash transfers reduce child poverty by one third, with the estimated impacts in Austria, Ireland, Sweden, Hungary and Finland performing above average. When services are accounted for, child poverty falls by one quarter and poverty among children enrolled in childcare is more than halved. This reduction is highest in Belgium, France, Hungary, Iceland and Sweden.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k92vxbgpmnt-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trends in top incomes and their taxation in OECD countries (2014)
    Paris : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 159
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Einkommensteuer ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Taxation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The shares of top income recipients in total pre-tax income have increased in OECD countries in the past three decades, particularly in most of the English-speaking countries but also in some Nordic (from low levels) and Southern European countries. Today, the richest one percent receives between 7% of all pre-tax income in Denmark and the Netherlands up to almost 20% in the United States. This increase is the result of the top 1% capturing a disproportionate share of overall income growth over the past thirty years: around 20 – 25% in Australia and the United Kingdom, up to 37% in Canada and even 47% in the United States. At the same time, tax reforms in almost all OECD countries reduced top personal income tax rates as well as rates of other taxes affecting the highest income earners. Indeed, while top tax rates were equal to or above 70% in half of the countries in the mid-1970s, this rate has been halved in many countries by 2013.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz43jhlz87f-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The impact of publicly provided services on the distribution of resources : review of new results and methods (2012)
    Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Dir. for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 85 S., 2,69 MB) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers 130
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; OECD-Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k9h363c5szq-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Loose Leaf
    Loose Leaf
    Das Personalvertretungsrecht in Brandenburg : Praktiker-Kommentar; [1]: [Grundwerk] (2002)
    Heidelberg : Rehm
    Associated volumes
    In:  1
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 3 Bände (Loseblattsammlung)
    Angaben zur Quelle: 1
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    Loose Leaf
  • 5
    Loose Leaf
    Loose Leaf
    Das Personalvertretungsrecht in Brandenburg : Praktiker-Kommentar (1995-)
    Heidelberg : Rehm
    Associated volumes
    Details
    ISBN: 9783807311647 , 3807311645
    Language: German
    Pages: 3 Bände (Loseblattsammlung)
    Former Title: Ersatz von Landespersonalvertretungsgesetz Brandenburg
    RVK:
    PF 665
    RVK:
    PN 311 B8
    Keywords: Brandenburg ; Kommentar ; Brandenburg Landespersonalvertretungsgesetz
    Note: Identifizierung der Ressource nach Aktualisierungslieferung 47, Oktober 2020
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    Loose Leaf
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Income Distribution and Poverty in the OECD Area : Trends and Driving Forces (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans la zone de l'OCDE : Tendances et déterminants
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article uses internationally-comparable data on the distribution of income across households to identify some well-founded facts to replace the conjecture and supposition which too often dominate discussions on inequality and poverty. There has been a general trend in nearly all OECD countries towards increased market income (earnings and income from capital) inequality between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s. However, in a significant minority of countries this has not resulted in higher levels of inequality because either the amounts distributed through the tax and transfer system have increased, or because it has become more progressive. Changes in income distribution in the past ten years generally favoured the prime-age and elderly age groups, particularly those around retirement age. Relative income levels of single parents are very low and have worsened in a number of countries. Trends in earned income, and in particular trends in employment, are found to be crucial in explaining these changes.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art2-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Income Distribution and Poverty in Selected OECD Countries (1998)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 102 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.189
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This working paper presents evidence on changes in income distribution and poverty in thirteen OECD countries over the two decades up to the first half of the 1990s. While country experience has been variable, income and poverty rose in most countries. Both earnings and capital and self employment incomes contributed to these developments, partly offset by an increase in the importance of (progressive) taxes and transfers in total income. Increases in the share of no-worker households appears to have contributed to widening income distribution. Transfers appear to be relatively evenly spread across income groups in a number of countries, reflecting the weight of age-related transfers. An analysis of average incomes and poverty by household type, suggests that the retirement-age population has tended to do better, while younger households and households with children have become less well off and poverty has tended to shift from the old to the young. This mainly reflects ...
    DOI: 10.1787/730801800603
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Promoting social mobility in Austria (2020)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.251
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Austria
    Abstract: While income inequality in Austria is relatively low compared to many other OECD countries, social mobility lags behind. Socio-economic outcomes carry over strongly from one generation to the next: more than elsewhere, fathers’ earnings are a strong predictor of the earnings of their prime-age children. This reflects strong persistence across generations in occupational and educational outcomes, particularly for women and migrants. Relative income positions also tend to strongly persist over people’s lives, in particular at the top and bottom. Meanwhile, the middle-income group is polarising, with downward risks rising for the lower middle. Longer-term earnings trajectories (over 15 years) display marked gender differences, with women facing weaker chances of moving up and greater risks of sliding down. This paper identifies policies that promote or hamper social mobility in four domains. First, good-quality early childhood education and care can be a catalyst for upward mobility. Participation rates have significantly risen over the last decade, but still lag those in many OECD countries. Further investment is needed to improve quality and status of formal childcare. Second, tackling low educational mobility in Austria requires ensuring a successful school-to-work transition. Austria provides targeted support for those who struggle, but it could improve funding for disadvantaged schools and consider the appropriateness of "tracking" students at such a young age. Third, reducing gender inequality in the labour market would greatly improve social mobility. This requires raising incentives for a more equal sharing of family and work responsibilities in the areas of tax policy, parental leave and family and care benefits. Fourth, the Austrian tax and benefit system provides comparatively adequate protection against income shocks. The high concentration of household wealth, combined with the absence of inheritance taxation, however implies that inequalities of opportunity remain large.
    DOI: 10.1787/1e0efdcc-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans la zone de l'OCDE : Tendances et déterminants (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-41
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 48 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Income Distribution and Poverty in the OECD Area: Trends and Driving Forces
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-41
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude exploite des données permettant des comparaisons internationales de la distribution des revenus entre les ménages. Elle a pour objectif d’identifier des faits bien établis, aptes à se substituer aux conjectures et suppositions qui, trop souvent, prédominent dans les débats sur les inégalités et la pauvreté. Entre le milieu des années soixante-dix et le milieu des années quatre-vingt-dix, on a observé une tendance générale au creusement des inégalités concernant les revenus marchands (revenus salariaux et du capital) dans la quasi-totalité des pays de l’OCDE. En revanche, dans une minorité significative de pays, il n’en a pas résulté une aggravation des inégalités globales, car soit les montants distribués via les prélèvements et transferts sont plus substantiels, soit le dispositif est devenu plus progressif. Dans l’ensemble, la distribution des revenus au cours des dix dernières années a évolué en faveur de la population dans la force de l’âge (les 40-50 ans) et d’un certain âge (55 ans et plus), mais surtout autour de l’âge de la retraite. Par ailleurs, le revenu relatif des familles monoparentales est très faible, et décroît même dans plusieurs pays. Enfin, on constate que les tendances des revenus salariaux, et en particulier de l’emploi, jouent un rôle crucial dans ces changements.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art2-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Demographic or labour market trends : What determines the distribution of household earnings in OECD countries? (2014)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal: Economic Studies Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 179-207 | volume:2013 | year:2013 | number:1 | pages:179-207
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal: Economic Studies
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2013, no. 1, p. 179-207
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2013
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Angaben zur Quelle: pages:179-207
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article assesses various underlying driving factors for the evolution of household earnings inequality for 23 OECD countries from the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s. There are a number of factors at play. Some are related to labour market trends – increasing dispersion of individual wages and changes in men’s and women’s employment rates. Others relate to shifts in household structures and family formation – more single-headed households and increased earnings correlation among partners in couples. The contribution of each of these factors is estimated using a semi parametric decomposition technique. The results reveal that marital sorting and household structure changes contributed, albeit moderately, to increasing household earnings inequality, while rising women’s employment exerted a sizable equalising effect. However, changes in labour market factors, in particular increases in men’s earnings disparities, were identified as the main driver of household earnings inequality, contributing between one-third and one-half to the overall increase in most countries. Sensitivity analysis applying a reversedorder decomposition suggests that these results are robust.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-2013-5k43jt5vcdvl
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
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