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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The decline in labour mobility in the United States : insights from new administrative data (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1644
    Keywords: job-to-job flows ; labour mobility ; geographic mobility ; ageing ; United States ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Job mobility is essential for a well-functioning market economy and for individual workers to boost their wages. This paper provides a re-assessment of job mobility in the United States during 2000-2018, based on a novel administrative data source covering almost all workers and job flows. First, aggregate job hire and job separation rates have declined over time, especially in the 2000s. This is mainly driven by flows into and out of nonemployment, while job-to-job hires during 2016-2018 had recovered to their peak levels prior to the global financial crisis. Examination of job mobility across different individual and firm-level characteristics shows comparatively higher job-to-job flows for youth, the less educated, non-whites and individuals working in young firms. In addition, observed job movers in these groups experience the largest earnings gain on average from job-to-job changes. Second, a spatial look at job mobility shows net job-to-job flows towards Western and Southern States. The aggregate rate of interstate job-to-job hires has been stable since 2000 and the observed job-to-job movers on average get a substantial boost to earnings by moving farther away and switching industries. Third, the paper briefly considers the influence of demographic changes on job mobility, one important driver identified in previous work. While ageing may explain around half of the downward trend in job hire and separation rates, other factors matter too.
    DOI: 10.1787/9af7f956-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
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    Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth in Poland (2001)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.299
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: This paper reviews several aspects of Poland’s environmental policies. Its main finding is that substantial progress has been made in dealing with the environmentally unfriendly legacy from the past. Poland has successfully combined emission permits based on environmental quality standards, emission fees and fines, public environmental subsidy schemes and widely publicised lists of the worst polluters. Other important factors of success were long-term time consistency, gradual tightening of enforcement and limited administrative discretion. Poland is now embarking on a fundamental revision of its instrument mix in order to respond to new environmental challenges typical of market economies, and to comply with the European Union environmental Directives. In this context, the challenge is to formulate a medium-term strategy that is both environmentally effective and market friendly. Pending legislative amendments, however, may not always live up to this challenge. New instruments ...
    DOI: 10.1787/148456178784
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
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    Making Thailand's services sector more competitive through international trade (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1642
    Keywords: Trade in Services ; Global Value Chains (GVCs) ; Thailand ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Services are an important part of global economic activity and of international trade. Nevertheless, compared to its very large tourism sector, the sector of high-end business services in Thailand remains small. As IT and information, and professional services are traded indirectly through value chains and are now crucial elements of manufacturing, strengthening these services would benefit Thailand in its post-COVID-19 participation of global value chains, enhancing the competitiveness of its manufacturers. This paper analyses how Thailand can seize the opportunity of growing international trade in services. It points out that liberalising services sector markets would strengthen the competitiveness of the services sectors and boost productivity not only in the sectors, but also in manufacturing sectors that rely on these services as input. In this regard, Thailand can benefit more from service-oriented Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Moreover, eliminating FDI restrictions would not only be crucial to spur employment and exports, but also benefit consumers. The paper identifies that, to maximise the benefits of services trade integration, Thailand needs to step up policies to re- and up-skill workers and make the labour market more flexible.
    DOI: 10.1787/f36f505d-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 4
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    Why are some U.S. cities successful, while others are not? : empirical evidence from machine learning (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 22 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1643
    Keywords: Labour mobility ; job-to-job flows ; metropolitan areas ; clustering analysis ; United States ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The U.S. population has become increasingly concentrated in large metropolitan areas. However, there are striking differences in between the performances of big cities: some of them have been very successful and have been able to pull away from the rest, while others have stagnated or even declined. The main objective of this paper is to characterize U.S. metropolitan areas according to their labor-market performance: which metropolitan areas are struggling and falling behind? Which ones are flourishing? Which ones are staying resilient by adapting to shocks? We rely on an unsupervised machine learning technique called Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) to conduct this empirical investigation. The data comes from a number of sources including the new Job-to-Job (J2J) flows dataset from the Census Bureau, which reports the near universe of job movements in and out of employment at the metropolitan level. We characterize the fate of metropolitan areas by tracking their job mobility rate, unemployment rate, income growth, population increase, net change in job-to-job mobility and GDP growth. Our results indicate that the 372 metropolitan areas under examination can be categorized into four statistically distinct groups: booming areas (67), prosperous mega metropolitan areas (99), resilient areas (149) and distressed metropolitan areas (57). The results show that areas that are doing well are predominantly located in the south and the west. The main features of their success have revolved around embracing digital technologies, adopting local regulations friendly to job mobility and business creation, avoiding strict rules on land-use and housing market, and improving the wellbeing of the city’s population. These results highlight that cities adopting well-targeted policies can accelerate the return to growth after a shock.
    DOI: 10.1787/7f77c2e7-en
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  • 5
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    Seizing the productive potential of digital change in Estonia (2020)
    Paris, France : OECD
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    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1639
    Keywords: Digitalisation ; productivity ; skills ; automation ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Technologies such as cloud computing, software to automate supplier- and customer relations, online platforms and artificial intelligence seem to offer a vast potential to boost productivity and living standards. However, aggregate productivity growth has declined sharply across the OECD over the past decades. Estonia is no exception, though it is well placed to gain from digital technology diffusion, with strong digital foundations, including advanced and secure physical and digital infrastructure and world-leading e-government services. Turning this potential into a productivity boost necessitates speeding up digital take-up also outside of the ICT sector and fostering the complementarities between digital technologies, skills and policies. Skills are high in general, and the supply of ICT specialists is picking up. There is still potential to improve digital user skills, and notably to put skills to better use by improving management skills and practices. Business-friendly regulations in general and pioneering attempts in some areas will likely spur the adoption of digital technologies. However, insolvencies are too slow and costly, command-and-control regulations relatively frequent and public ownership in network industries is high. Strengthening collaboration between industry associations, labour unions and industry clusters within technology investments, internationalisation, skill supply and management practices could help the country better realise complementarities between technologies, skills and policies, and thereby tap deeper into the productivity potential offered by digital technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/999c7d5a-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
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    The Polish Tax Reform (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.234
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: The Polish tax system has commendable features, in particular a capacity to generate strong revenue on a continuous basis. But it also has a number of less desirable features, which could hamper growth in the future and come under increased criticism both domestically and internationally. The authorities have introduced in 2000 an ambitious tax reform package that addresses some of these weaknesses. The present working paper reviews the main features of the Polish tax system, the forces shaping tax policy, and the recently introduced reforms. It also suggests areas where further reform could be beneficial. One such reform relates to the personal income tax and to social security contributions, which are particularly high in Poland and lead, together with the rigid labour market, to a low employment rate and an oversized underground economy. Secondly, the paper argues that the various tax rates on capital incomes should be unified in order to reduce possible distortions in the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/638712271244
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
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    Improving well-being in the United States (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1146
    Keywords: Lohnniveau ; Lohnstruktur ; Bildung ; Zeitverwendung ; Arbeitsangebot ; Soziale Sicherheit ; Arbeitszufriedenheit ; Lebensqualität ; USA ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Life is quite good in the United States compared to other OECD countries, thanks to strong economic growth and technological progress having lifted average income to high levels. Nonetheless, there is evidence that the benefits from growth have not been sufficiently broad based. Self-reported happiness increases with income, an issue particularly resonant in a country with among the highest levels of income inequality in the OECD and a pattern of inequality that appears to be moving toward even more concentration at the very top at the expense of the middle class and the poor. Working hours that remain among the longest in the OECD are also creating challenges for work-life balances, child education, personal care and leisure. These pressures are contributing to higher job strain and work-related stress with unhealthy consequences, including for mental health, and a detrimental impact on employability and medical costs. While these trends cannot be easily reversed, a number of policy options are being usefully rolled out and other initiatives are being considered: federal-level policies improving access to health care and early-childhood education, state-level initiatives favouring workplace flexibility, firm-level investments in job quality and greater attention to the health consequences of job-stress. If successfully adopted, they would go a long way toward improving the well-being of American working families. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of United States (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/United States).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz0zbc80tvl-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
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    Inequality and poverty in the United States : public policies for inclusive growth (2013)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1052
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Armut ; Umverteilung ; Sozialpolitik ; USA ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Income inequality and relative poverty in the United States are among the highest in the OECD and have substantially increased over the past decades. These developments have been associated with a number of other worrying statistics, including low intergenerational social mobility and weak real income growth for many households. A more inclusive pattern of growth would require less pronounced gaps in outcomes and opportunities across social groups and a broader sharing of the benefits of growth. The present paper analyses the causes of US income inequality and relative poverty in an OECD context, especially the role of the tax-and-transfer system, and suggests public policies to promote inclusive growth. To a significant degree, high income inequality is attributable to the large dispersion of earned income, which should be addressed by reforming education, so as to provide disadvantaged students with the skills needed to fully realise their potential. In addition, taxes and transfers contribute less to income redistribution than in other OECD countries. If well designed, reforms that promote inclusive growth could also help reduce the market distortions resulting from the current tax-and-transfer system. In particular, phasing out personal and corporate tax expenditures that disproportionately benefit high earners would lower income inequality and improve resource allocation. As well, social transfers could be more effective in alleviating poverty through better targeting of the truly needy while reducing administrative complexity.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k46957cwv8q-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
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    Macroprudential policy tools in Norway : strengthening financial system resilience (2014)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1126
    Keywords: Finanzmarktregulierung ; Finanzmarktaufsicht ; Immobilienmarkt ; Norwegen ; Finance and Investment ; Economics ; Norway ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In Norway house prices have risen to high levels, associated with very strong credit growth, in a context of low interest rates. Such a combination was in many countries a contributory factor to the 2008- 09 crisis. The Norwegian authorities have been well aware of the problem. Below-target inflation and low interest rates abroad have kept policy interest rates low. “Macro-prudential” tools have been developed as additional policy instruments with a view to strengthen the banking system’s resilience to possible shocks and dampen systemic risk. This chapter notes that although authorities seem to have succeeded in containing over-heating pressures in the housing market, high levels of household indebtedness persist, a phenomenon which was an important factor in the last major Norwegian recession. The chapter also provides some longer run considerations on resource allocation in the housing market. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Survey of Norway (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-norway.htm).
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jz2mm2vbhjk-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
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    Taxes, income and economic mobility in Ireland : new evidence from tax records data (2015)
    Paris : OECD, Economics Dep.
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1269
    Keywords: Steuervergünstigung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Einkommensteuer ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Soziale Mobilität ; Irland ; Economics ; Ireland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper analyses income inequality in Ireland using a new panel dataset based on the administrative tax records of the Revenue Commissioners for Ireland. High inequality at market incomes in Ireland by international standards appears to be driven by both ends of the income distribution. An analysis of income mobility over time shows it has been low at both ends of the income distribution, though it increased at the low end once the crisis began, reflecting the sharp deterioration of the labour market. The data confirms that the tax system is highly progressive at the high end of income distribution and the welfare system provides the most significant support to lower income deciles in Ireland. The redistributive function in the tax and benefit system was enhanced during the last decade, not only because more income support was necessitated with the crisis, but also because of steeper and more progressive tax rates. This working paper relates to the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Ireland (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-ireland.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: PDF Reader.
    DOI: 10.1787/5jrqc6zlgq31-en
    URL: Volltext
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