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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (197)
  • GBV  (23)
  • HBZ  (2)
  • 2005-2009  (221)
  • 1995-1999  (13)
  • 2008  (221)
  • World Bank  (198)
  • Grimm, Jacob  (23)
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Grimms Märchen international : zehn der bekanntesten Grimmschen Märchen und ihre europäischen und außereuropäischen Verwandten (1996-)
    Paderborn [u.a.] : Schöningh
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 24 cm
    DDC: 398.2
    Keywords: Kinder- und Hausmärchen ; Fairy tales ; Germany ; Anthologie ; Kinder- und Hausmärchen ; Vergleichende Märchenforschung
    Note: Enth. Literaturangaben und Register
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    GBV
  • 2
    Book
    Book
    The Egyptian fertility survey, 1980 (1983-)
    Cairo : The Agency
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: ill , 30 cm
    DDC: 304.6/32/0962
    Keywords: Fertility ; Egypt ; Egypt ; Population ; Birth control ; Egypt
    Note: World Fertility Survey, International Statistical Institute , This project was conducted as part of the World Fertility Survey and with the collaboration of the World Bank"--T.p. verso , Includes bibliographical references
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    GBV
  • 3
    Book
    Book
    Deutsche Rechtsaltertümer (1974-)
    Darmstadt : Wissenschaftl. Buchges.
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    Details
    ISBN: 3534002059
    Language: German
    Edition: Sonderausg; Unveränd. reprograf. Nachdr. der ... 4., verm. Aufl., Leipzig 1899
    Keywords: Biografie
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    Book
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Book
    Book
    Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm : kritische Ausgabe in Einzelbänden (2001-)
    Stuttgart : Hirzel
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    Details
    Language: German
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm
    DDC: 398.2092243
    RVK:
    GB 2666
    RVK:
    GB 2636
    RVK:
    GB 2706
    Keywords: Grimm, Jacob Correspondence ; Grimm, Wilhelm Correspondence ; Grimm, Jacob Correspondence ; Grimm, Wilhelm Correspondence ; Philologists Correspondence ; Germany ; Philologists Correspondence ; Briefsammlung ; Grimm, Jacob 1785-1863 ; Grimm, Wilhelm 1786-1859 ; Grimm, Wilhelm 1786-1859 ; Grimm, Jacob 1785-1863
    Note: Enth. Briefe von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm , Bd. 1. Briefwechsel zwischen Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm : T. 1. Text. T. 2. Zusätzliche Texte; Sagenkonkordanz. T. 3. Kommentar / verfasst und herausgegeben von Stephan Bialas-Pophanken , Bd. 2. Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm mit Karl Bartsch, Franz Pfeiffer und Gabriel Riedel , Bd. 3. Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm mit Gustav Hugo , Bd. 4. Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm mit Theodor Georg von Karajan, Wilhelm Wackernagel, Johann Hugo Wyttenbach und Julius Zacher , Bd. 5. Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm mit den Verlegern des "Deutschen Wörterbuchs" Karl Reimer und Salomon Hirzel , Bd. 6. Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm mit Rudolf Hildebrand, Matthias Lexer und Karl Weigand , Bd. 7. Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm mit Gustav Freytag, Moriz Haupt, Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben und Franz Joseph Mone , Bd. 8. Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm mit Johann Martin Lappenberg, Friedrich Lisch und Georg Waitz , Bd. 9. Briefwechsel der Brüder Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm mit ihren älteren Verwandten , 1,1 (2001) -
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  • 5
    Book
    Book
    Kinder und Hausmärchen. (1837-)
    Göttingen : Dieterich
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    Details
    Language: German
    Edition: Große Ausg.
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Kinder- und Hausmärchen
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Kinder- und Hausmärchen
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Kinder und Hausmärchen.
    Keywords: Anthologie ; Kinderbuch ; Deutsch ; Märchen ; Prosa ; Literatur
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    GBV
  • 6
    Book
    Book
    Kinder- und Hausmärchen (1910-)
    Berlin [u.a.] : Bong
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    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: octavo
    Edition: Neue durchges. Ausg.
    Keywords: Anthologie ; Kinderbuch ; Anthologie ; Kinderbuch ; Deutsch ; Märchen
    Note: T. 1. 2
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    GBV
    KOBV
  • 7
    Book
    Book
    Kinder- und Haus-Märchen (1819-)
    Berlin : bei G. Reimer
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    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 8°
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Kinder- und Haus-Märchen
    Keywords: Anthologie ; Kinderbuch ; Deutsch ; Märchen ; Prosa ; Literatur
    Note: In Fraktur
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    GBV
  • 8
    Book
    Book
    Deutsche Mythologie (1844-)
    Göttingen : Dieterich
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 8°
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Grimm, Jacob, 1785 - 1863 Deutsche Mythologie
    DDC: 293.13
    RVK:
    BE 2100
    Keywords: Mythology, Germanic ; Mythology, Norse ; Germanic peoples Religion ; Magic, Germanic ; Superstition Germany ; Names, Germanic ; Germanen ; Mythologie ; Deutschland
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Werke : Forschungsausgabe (1985-)
    Hildesheim [u.a.] : Olms-Weidmann
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    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: TIFF, Vers.6.0, 600 dpi, 1 bit (s/w), ITU group 4; Digitalisierungsvorlage: Primärausgabe
    Edition: Electronic. ed. Hildesheim [u.a.] Olms 2006 Olms online. Reprints. Sammlung zur Philosophie und deutschsprachigen Literatur des 16. bis 20. Jahrhunderts
    Edition: Göttingen GDZ
    Former Title: Teilw. u.d.T. Grimm, Jacob: Sämtliche Werke
    Note: Nachdr. teilw. in der Reihe Documenta linguistica , SUB Göttingen
    URL: Volltext
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    Online Resource
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deutsche Mythologie (1844-)
    Göttingen : Dieterich
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: TIFF, Vers. 6.0, 300 dpi, 24 bit (Farbe) , 8°
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe Halle, Saale Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt 2010 Inhouse digital aus der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion von Grimm, Jacob, 1785 - 1863 Deutsche Mythologie
    DDC: 293.13
    RVK:
    BE 2100
    Keywords: Mythology, Germanic ; Mythology, Norse ; Germanic peoples Religion ; Magic, Germanic ; Superstition Germany ; Names, Germanic ; Germanen ; Mythologie ; Deutschland
    DOI: 10.25673/95972
    URN: urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:3-5624
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    BSZ
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kinder und Hausmärchen. (1837-)
    Göttingen : Dieterich
    Details
    Language: German
    Edition: Große Ausg.
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe Berlin Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz 2021 Historische Drucke digital
    Edition: Nachlass Grimm digital
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion von Kinder- und Hausmärchen
    Keywords: Anthologie ; Kinderbuch ; Deutsch ; Märchen ; Prosa ; Literatur
    URL: kostenfrei
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    BSZ
    GBV
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kinder- und Haus-Märchen (1819-)
    Berlin : bei G. Reimer
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 8°
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe München Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 2022 1 Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion von Kinder- und Haus-Märchen
    Keywords: Anthologie ; Kinderbuch ; Deutsch ; Märchen ; Prosa ; Literatur
    Note: In Fraktur
    URL: kostenfrei
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    BSZ
    GBV
  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Kinder und Hausmärchen. (1837-)
    Göttingen : Dieterich
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    Details
    Language: German
    Edition: Große Ausgabe
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe München Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 2022 1 Online-Ressource
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion von Kinder- und Hausmärchen
    Keywords: Anthologie ; Kinderbuch ; Deutsch ; Märchen ; Prosa ; Literatur
    URL: kostenfrei
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    BSZ
    GBV
  • 14
    Book
    Book
    Werke : Forschungsausgabe (1985-)
    Hildesheim [u.a.] : Olms-Weidmann
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    Details
    Language: German
    Additional Information: Rezension Kaiste, Jaanna [Rezension von: Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm, Werke, Forschungsausgabe, Abt. 3, Gemeinsame Werke, Bd. 43-45] 2006
    Additional Information: Rezension Beck, Heinrich [Rezension von: Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm, Werke, Forschungsausgabe, Abt. 1. Bd. 17-18] 1995
    Additional Information: Rezension Speer, Heino [Rezension von: Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm, Werke, Forschungsausgabe, Abt. 1. Bd. 17-18] 1995
    Additional Information: Rezension Lecouteux, C. [Rezension von: Grimm, Jacob; Grimm, Wilhelm, Werke, Forschungsausgabe, Bd. 17-18] 1994
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Pöge-Alder, Kathrin, 1965 - [Rezension von: Grimm, Jacob, 1785-1863, Werke] 2006
    Former Title: Teilw. u.d.T. Grimm, Jacob: Sämtliche Werke
    RVK:
    GE 6083
    RVK:
    GB 2705
    Note: Nachdr. teilw. in der Reihe Documenta linguistica
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    GBV
  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social exclusion and mobility in Brazil (2008)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xix, 133 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg s.l.
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive 041181-4
    DDC: 305.5/690981
    Keywords: Marginality, Social / Brazil ; Poverty / Brazil ; Social mobility / Brazil ; Brazil / Social conditions
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: assessing social exclusion and mobility/Estanislao Gacitúa Marió and Michael Woolcock with Marisa von Bulow -- Social exclusion and poverty dynamics/Regis Bonelli, Gustavo Gonzaga, and Alinne Veiga -- Legitimization and acceptance: how Brazilians survive inequalities/Maria Celi Scalon and Ignacio Cano -- Conclusions and recommendations/Estanislao Gacitúa Marió.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-127) and index
    URL: Volltext
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    HBZ
  • 16
    Book
    Book
    Kinder- und Hausmärchen (2008)
    Augsburg : Weltbild
    Details
    Language: German
    Pages: 392 S. , zahlr. Ill. , 25 cm
    Series Statement: Illustrierte Märchen und Sagen
    Series Statement: Weltbild-SammlerEditionen
    DDC: 398.20943
    RVK:
    LC 81015
    RVK:
    DX 4150
    RVK:
    GE 6923
    RVK:
    DX 4151
    RVK:
    GB 2706
    RVK:
    GE 6701
    RVK:
    GB 2636
    RVK:
    GB 2705
    Keywords: Deutsch ; Märchen ; Anthologie ; Anthologie ; Anthologie ; Anthologie
    Note: Dieser Ausw. der Grimmschen Märchen liegt die Textfassung der um 1900 in der Dt. Verl.-Anst. in Stuttgart erschienenen Säkularausg. der »Kinder- und Hausmärchen, gesammelt durch die Brüder Grimm« zugrunde
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
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    München BSB
    HeBIS
    BVB
    HBZ
  • 17
    Book
    Book
    Tales from the Brothers Grimm (2008)
    New York : Papercutz | Godalming : Melia
    Details
    ISBN: 1597071005
    Language: English
    Pages: 130 S , überw. Ill. , 30cm
    Series Statement: Classics illustrated deluxe
    DDC: [398.2]
    Keywords: Fairy tales, Germany ; Graphic novels ; Comic ; Kinder- und Hausmärchen ; Bearbeitung
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    GBV
  • 18
    Book
    Book
    Kinder- und Hausmärchen (2008)
    Frankfurt am Main : Dt. Klassiker-Verl.
    Details
    ISBN: 9783618606604
    Language: German
    Pages: 1302 S. , 19 cm
    Edition: Vollst. Ausg. auf der Grundlage der 3. Aufl. (1837), 4. Aufl. hrsg. von Heinz Rölleke
    Series Statement: Bibliothek deutscher Klassiker 5
    Series Statement: Bibliothek deutscher Klassiker
    Uniform Title: Kinder- und Hausmärchen
    DDC: 398.20943
    Keywords: Fairy tales - Germany ; Folklore - Germany
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  • 19
    Book
    Book
    Der Gevatter Tod : drei Versionen des Märchens, entnommen aus den "Kinder- und Hausmärchen", gesammelt durch die Brüder Grimm und den "Geschichten und Lieder mit Bildern" von Franz Graf von Pocci (2008)
    München : Kunst- und Textwerk-Verl.
    Details
    ISBN: 9783937000084
    Language: German
    Pages: [16] S. , zahlr. Ill. , 21 cm
    DDC: 390
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  • 20
    Book
    Book
    "Von dem Machandelboom", "Von dem Fischer un syner Fru" : zwei Märchen (2008)
    Trier : WVT, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier
    Details
    ISBN: 3868210458 , 9783868210453
    Language: German
    Pages: 95 Seiten
    Series Statement: Schriftenreihe Literaturwissenschaft Band 79
    Series Statement: Schriftenreihe Literaturwissenschaft
    DDC: 390
    RVK:
    GB 2708
    Keywords: Von dem Machandelboom ; Textkritik ; Von dem Fischer un syner Fru ; Textkritik
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Ausführliche Beschreibung
    URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis
    URL: Ausführliche Beschreibung
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    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
  • 21
    Book
    Book
    Grimm's fairy tales (2008)
    Worksop : Award Publications Ltd.
    Details
    ISBN: 9781841355054 , 1841355054
    Language: Undetermined
    Pages: 198 p. , col. ill. , 27 cm
    Uniform Title: Kinder- und Hausmärchen. English. Selections
    DDC: 398.20943
    RVK:
    GE 6923
    Keywords: Fairy tales ; Germany
    Note: Formerly CIP Uk
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  • 22
    Book
    Book
    Hänsel und Gretel (2008)
    Rostock : Hinstorff Verlag GmbH
    Details
    ISBN: 9783356012262
    Language: German
    Pages: 54 S. , überw. Ill. , 35 cm
    Edition: 2. Aufl.
    DDC: 398.2
    RVK:
    DX 4060
    RVK:
    DX 4150
    RVK:
    ED 4260
    Keywords: Bilderbuch ; Hänsel und Gretel ; Deutsch ; Märchen
    Abstract: Nach "Rotkäppchen" (BA 4/02) hat sich die mehrfach ausgezeichnete Illustratorin nun wieder ein bekanntes Märchen vorgenommen - und wieder verblüfft sie mit ihren Bildern, denn darin ist nichts Altbekanntes und schon gar nichts Gefälliges, nur aufregend Neues. Die Bilder bringen die Märchengestalten irritierend nah an den Betrachter heran: die zwillingsgleichen Geschwister, den verhärmten, schwachen Vater, die kaltherzige Mutter, die billig aufgetakelte, schon durch das Feuerrot ihres Kleides Gefahr signalisierende Hexe. Es gibt keine Bildbegrenzung auf den Buchseiten, die Illustrationen sprengen schier das Format, dieses elegante schmale Hochformat. Kühne Perspektiven, eigenwillige Bildausschnitte, die verwendeten Farben verleihen ihnen eine ungeheure Expressivität und großen Ernst. Besondere Bildeffekte ergeben sich zudem durch Janssens Arbeit mit Collageelementen. Eine faszinierende Märcheninterpretation; man muss sich freilich vorbehaltlos darauf einlassen (wollen). Und - durch das kongeniale Zusammenspiel von Illustration und erlesener Typografie - ein Beispiel herausragender Buchkunst.. - Das bekannte Grimm'sche Märchen mit außergewöhnlichen Illustrationen, die einen neuen Blick auf den Text ermöglichen.
    Note: Textfassung folgt der Ausg. letzter Hand der "Kinder- und Hausmärchen", gesammelt durch die Brüder Grimm,1857, mit leichten Anpassungen an den heutigen Sprachgebrauch und die aktuelle Schreibweise
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Three gay tales from Grimm (2008)
    Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press
    Details
    ISBN: 0816656908 , 9780816656905
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p.
    Edition: 1st University of Minnesota Press ed
    Series Statement: Fesler-Lampert Minnesota heritage book series
    DDC: 398.20943
    Keywords: Fairy tales ; Tales ; Deutschland
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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    BVB
  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social exclusion and mobility in Brazil (2008)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082137074X , 082137219X , 0821372203 , 9780821370742 , 9780821372197 , 9780821372203
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xix, 133 Seiten) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg
    Series Statement: Directions in development. Countries and regions
    Uniform Title: Exclusão social e mobilidade no Brasil. 〈engl.〉
    DDC: 305.5/690981
    Keywords: Marginality, Social ; Poverty ; Social mobility ; Brazil / Social conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-127) and index
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Textbooks and school library provision in secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa (2008)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821373447 , 0821373455 , 9780821373446 , 9780821373453
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxxii, 98 p) , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Africa human development series
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 126
    DDC: 373.13/20967
    Keywords: High school libraries ; Textbooks ; High school libraries ; Textbooks ; High school libraries ; Textbooks ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur ; Subsaharisches Afrika ; Sekundarstufe ; Schulbuch ; Schulbibliothek ; Finanzierung
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-98)
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7344-6
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The World Bank Research Program, 2005-2007 : Abstracts of Current Studies (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821374052 , 9780821374061 , 9780821374054
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (277 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The World Bank Research Program. Abstracts of Current Studies is a compendium of research projects initiated, ongoing, or completed in fiscal years 2005 through 2007 (from July 1, 2004 through June 30, 2007).1 Each abstract summarizes the research questions, analytical methods used, and findings and policy implications, and describes the research team and publications produced. The volume also includes a complete list of research outputs produced by World Bank staff during this period. This research program generates knowledge that is an essential intellectual foundation of the World Bank's corporate strategies, lending, and policy advice. The research program is designed to increase understanding of the economic and social issues critical to the success of Bank operations, to inform policy dialogue, and to influence development thinking more generally. The World Bank has been a leader in development economics research and has also been the single most important source of data on economic development
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2008 (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821374303 , 9780821374313 , 9780821374306
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (229 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2008 is one of a series of pocket-sized books intended to provide a quick reference to development data on different topics. The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2008 provides data for more than 20 key indicators on business environment and private sector development in a single page for each of the World Bank member countries and other economies with populations of more than 30,000. These more than 200 country pages are supplemented by aggregate data for regional and income groupings
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The World Bank Annual Report 2008 : year In Review (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (64 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Analyzing health equity using household survey data : a guide to techniques and their implementation (2008)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821369334 , 9780821369333
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xi, 220 p) , ill , 27 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: WBI learning resources series
    DDC: 614.4/2072
    Keywords: Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Equality Health aspects ; Research ; Stastistical methods ; Health Services Accessibility ; Health Surveys ; Health services accessibility Research ; Statistical methods ; Health surveys Methodology ; Household surveys ; Quality Indicators, Health Care ; World Health ; World health Research ; Statistical methods ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Equality Health aspects ; Research ; Stastistical methods ; Health Services Accessibility ; Health Surveys ; Health services accessibility Research ; Statistical methods ; Health surveys Methodology ; Household surveys ; Quality Indicators, Health Care ; World Health ; World health Research ; Statistical methods ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Equality ; Health Services Accessibility ; Health aspects ; Health Surveys ; Research ; Health services accessibility ; Health surveys ; Household surveys ; Stastistical methods ; Research ; Methodology ; Statistical methods ; Quality Indicators, Health Care ; World Health ; World health
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction -- Data for health equity analysis: requirements, sources, and sample design -- Health outcome #1: child survival -- Health outcome #2: anthropometrics -- Health outcome #3: adult health -- Measurement of living standards -- Concentration curves -- The concentration index -- Extensions to the concentration index: inequality aversion and the health achievement index -- Multivariate analysis of health survey data -- Nonlinear models for health and medical expenditure data -- Explaining differences between groups: Oaxaca decomposition -- Explaining socioeconomic-related health inequality: decomposition of the concentration index -- Who benefits from health sector subsidies? benefit incidence analysis -- Measuring and explaining inequity in health service delivery -- Who pays for health care? progressivity of health finance -- Redistributive effect of health finance -- Catastrophic payments for health care -- Health care payments and poverty.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
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    Differentiation and articulation in tertiary education systems : a study of twelve African countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821375466 , 9780821375464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 170 p) , 25 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 145
    Keywords: Education, Higher ; Education, Higher
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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    Technology adoption and the investment climate : firm-level evidence for Eastern Europe and Central Asia (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4707
    Parallel Title: Corrêa, P. H. da Rocha Technology adoption and the investment climate
    Keywords: Diffusion of innovations ; Diffusion of innovations ; Diffusion of innovations ; Diffusion of innovations
    Abstract: "The international diffusion of technology presents an opportunity for developing economies distant from the world technological frontier to reduce their income gap relative to advanced economies. It is therefore crucial to understand why, when faced with similar technological alternatives different firms in different countries choose to adopt different vintages of capital. This paper examines technology adoption across firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The findings show that access to complementary inputs - managerial capacity, skilled labor, finance, and good infrastructure - and to international knowledge - through foreign direct investment or exports - is an important correlate of technology adoption. The link between market incentives and technology adoption is more nuanced. Although consumer pressure results in technology adoption, competitor pressure does not, suggesting that only firms with rents are able to adopt technology given substantial resource constraints. Privatized firms exhibit better technology adoption outcomes but only when a clear private owner with a profit incentive is present. Better governance is associated with technology adoption only in the countries that joined the European Union in 2004. Future increases in technology adoption by firms in the region will require complementary reforms of the investment climate. "--World Bank web site
    Abstract: "The international diffusion of technology presents an opportunity for developing economies distant from the world technological frontier to reduce their income gap relative to advanced economies. It is therefore crucial to understand why, when faced with similar technological alternatives different firms in different countries choose to adopt different vintages of capital. This paper examines technology adoption across firms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The findings show that access to complementary inputs - managerial capacity, skilled labor, finance, and good infrastructure - and to international knowledge - through foreign direct investment or exports - is an important correlate of technology adoption. The link between market incentives and technology adoption is more nuanced. Although consumer pressure results in technology adoption, competitor pressure does not, suggesting that only firms with rents are able to adopt technology given substantial resource constraints. Privatized firms exhibit better technology adoption outcomes but only when a clear private owner with a profit incentive is present. Better governance is associated with technology adoption only in the countries that joined the European Union in 2004. Future increases in technology adoption by firms in the region will require complementary reforms of the investment climate. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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    Household investment under violence : the Colombian case (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4713
    Parallel Title: Grun, Rebekka E Household investment under violence
    Keywords: Saving and investment ; Violent crimes ; Saving and investment ; Violent crimes
    Abstract: "Households in rural Colombia are confronted with a variety of violent threats: attacks and displacement threats by guerrillas and paramilitaries, gang violence among drug traffickers, and high common delinquency. In this context, households have to adjust their day-to-day decisions, including saving and portfolio choices, in order to be less vulnerable. The authors test the hypothesis that households, when confronted with exogenous violence, reduce their investment and, moreover, shift it from fixed to mobile assets, which would be safer in the case of displacement, and choose the opposite strategy under higher common delinquency associated with property crimes. Empirical evidence from a rich Colombian micro-data set strongly supports the hypothesis. The results shed new light on the economic impact of violence. The immediate reduction in capital stock might be much less severe than more permanent damage via the savings function. This has implications for the appropriate political answer to chronic violence in Colombia as well as in other areas of chronic conflict. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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    Potential applications of conditional cash transfers for prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4673
    Parallel Title: Medlin, Carol Potential applications of conditional cash transfers for prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: HIV (Viruses) Prevention ; Sexually transmitted diseases Prevention ; HIV (Viruses) Prevention ; Sexually transmitted diseases Prevention
    Abstract: "A growing number of developing countries have introduced conditional cash transfer programs that provide money to poor families with certain contingencies attached - such as requiring school attendance or regular immunization and health check-ups. As the popularity of conditional cash transfer programs has grown, experimentation with potential applications in other areas of health, such as sexual and reproductive health, and HIV prevention, in particular, has also increased. Evaluations of conditional cash transfer programs have focused almost exclusively on uptake of health and educational services, which make relatively low demands of participants compared with more complex interventions, which require the cessation of risky behaviors, such as smoking, obesity, and substance abuse. The literature on contingency management - based on the principle that behavioral change occurs when appropriate behaviors are reinforced and rewarded - provides a richer picture of the complexity of the use of conditionality to encourage healthy behavioral change. This paper examines developing countries' experiences with conditional cash transfer programs and the results of trials in clinical settings on the efficacy of contingency management, and addresses their relevance for designing conditional cash transfer programs to address risky sexual behavior and promote the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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    China and Central and Eastern European countries : regional networks, global supply chain, or international competitors? (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4689
    Parallel Title: Fung, K. C China and Central and Eastern European countries
    Keywords: Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign ; Investments, Foreign
    Abstract: "China has emerged as one of the top recipients of foreign direct investment in the world. Meanwhile, the successful transition experience of many Central and Eastern European countries has also allowed them to attract an increasing share of global foreign direct investment. In this paper, the authors use a panel data set to investigate whether foreign direct investment flows to these two regions are complements, substitutes, or independent of each other. Taking into account the role of host country characteristics - such as market size, degree of trade liberalization, and human capital - the authors find no evidence that foreign direct investment flows to one region are at the expense of those to the other. Instead, the results suggest that foreign direct investment flows are driven by distinct regional production networks (and thus are largely independent of each other) and the development of global supply chains (indicating that foreign direct investment flows are complementary). "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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    Hunting for leopards : long run country income dynamics in Africa (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4715
    Parallel Title: Arbache, Jorge Saba Hunting for leopards
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "This paper examines the country-level dynamics of long-run growth in Africa between 1975 and 2005. The authors examine how growth has affected mobility and the distribution of income among countries. They analyze changes in cross-country income structure and convergence, and look for evidence of the formation of country groups or "clubs." Using a novel method of breaking up the growth histories of African economies into medium-term spells of growth accelerations and declines, the authors investigate whether a group of African "leopards" - the regional equivalent of Asia's "tigers" - is beginning to emerge. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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    Trade costs in Africa : barriers and opportunities for reform (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4719
    Parallel Title: Portugal-Pérez, Alberto Trade costs in Africa
    Keywords: Africa, Sub-Saharan Commerce ; Export duties ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Commerce ; Export duties
    Abstract: "This paper reviews data and research on trade costs for Sub-Saharan African countries. It focuses on: border-related costs, transport costs, costs related to behind-the border issues, and the costs of compliance with rules of origin specific to preferential trade agreements. Trade costs are, on average, higher for African countries than for other developing countries. Using gravity-model estimates, the authors compute ad-valorem equivalents of improvements in trade indicators for a sample of African countries. The evidence suggests that the gains for African exporters from improving the trade logistics half-way to the level in South Africa is more important than a substantive cut in tariff barriers. As an example, improving logistics in Ethiopia half-way to the level in South Africa would be roughly equivalent to a 7.5 percent cut in tariffs faced by Ethiopian exporters. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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    Multi-product exporters : diversification and micro-level dynamics (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4723
    Parallel Title: Iacovone, Leonardo Multi-product exporters
    Keywords: Exports ; Exports
    Abstract: "Recent developments in trade theory, especially research on multi-product firms, have not been matched by similar progress on the empirical front. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting a novel set of stylized facts on firm-product dynamics observed during an export boom. This exercise is possible thanks to a unique firm-product level dataset covering about 85 percent of Mexican industrial output for the period 1994-2003. The main findings are as follows. First, there is a substantial degree of product turnover at the firm-product level in response to declining trade costs. Second, "core competencies" - the fact that firms have a cost advantage or greater expertise at manufacturing some of their products - are the main driver of firms' decision to introduce or drop export products. Third, new exporters tend to "start small" in terms of both values and number of exported products. Fourth, even if the expansion in the number of exported products played a role in stimulating Mexican exports, the growth in volume of pre-existing products was the main driver of the export boom. Finally, the introduction of new export products is preceded by a surge in investment. These findings are in line with many, but not all, predictions of recent theoretical work. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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    The sub prime crisis : implications for emerging markets (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4726
    Parallel Title: Gwinner, W. Britt The sub prime crisis
    Keywords: Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Mortgage loans ; Subprime mortgage loans ; Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009 ; Mortgage loans ; Subprime mortgage loans
    Abstract: "This paper discusses some of the key characteristics of the U.S. subprime mortgage boom and bust, contrasts them with characteristics of emerging mortgage markets, and makes recommendations for emerging market policy makers. The crisis has raised questions in the minds of many as to the wisdom of extending mortgage lending to low and moderate income households. It is important to note, however, that prior to the growth of subprime lending in the 1990s, U.S. mortgage markets already reached low and moderate-income households without taking large risks or suffering large losses. In contrast, in most emerging markets, mortgage finance is a luxury good, restricted to upper income households. As policy makers in emerging market seek to move lenders down market, they should adopt policies that include a variety of financing methods and should allow for rental or purchase as a function of the financial capacity of the household. Securitization remains a useful tool when developed in the context of well-aligned incentives and oversight. It is possible to extend mortgage lending down market without repeating the mistakes of the subprime boom and bust. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 39
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    Foreign direct investment in services and manufacturing productivity growth : evidence for Chile (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4730
    Parallel Title: Fernandes, Ana Margarida Foreign direct investment in services and manufacturing productivity growth
    Keywords: Industrial productivity ; Investments, Foreign ; Industrial productivity ; Investments, Foreign
    Abstract: "During the 1990s, foreign direct investment in producer service sectors in Latin America was massive. Such investment may increase the quality of services, reduce their cost, and offer opportunities for knowledge spillovers to downstream users of the services. This paper examines the effects of foreign direct investment in services on manufacturing productivity growth in Chile between 1992 and 2004. The authors estimate an extended production function where plant output growth depends on input growth and a weighted measure of foreign direct investment in services. The novelty of the approach is that the authors are able to assess the intensity of usage of various types of services at the plant level and use that information in the estimation of the importance of foreign direct investment in those services. The econometric results show a positive and significant effect of foreign direct investment in services on productivity growth of Chilean manufacturing plants which is robust to a multitude of tests. The economic impact of the estimates is that forward linkages from foreign direct investment in services account for almost 5 percent of the observed increase in Chilean manufacturing productivity growth during the sample period. This evidence therefore suggests that reducing the barriers restricting foreign direct investment in services in many developing economies may help accelerate productivity growth in their manufacturing sectors. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 40
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    The growth of transport sector CO2 emissions and underlying factors in Latin America and the Caribbean (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4734
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R The growth of transport sector CO2 emissions and underlying factors in Latin America and the Caribbean
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide Environmental aspects ; Transportation Environmental aspects ; Transportation Environmental aspects ; Carbon dioxide Environmental aspects ; Transportation Environmental aspects ; Transportation Environmental aspects
    Abstract: "This study examines the factors responsible for the growth of transport sector carbon dioxide emissions in 20 Latin American and Caribbean countries during 1980-2005 by decomposing the emissions growth into components associated with changes in fuel mix, modal shift, and economic growth, as well as changes in emission coefficients and transportation energy intensity. The key finding of the study is that economic growth and the changes in transportation energy intensity are the main factors driving transport sector carbon dioxide emissions growth in the countries considered. The results imply that fiscal policy instruments - such as subsidies to clean fuels and clean vehicles - would be more effective in reducing emissions in countries where the economic activity effect is the primary driver for transport sector carbon dioxide emissions growth. By contrast, regulatory policy instruments - such as vehicle efficiency standards and vehicle occupancy standards - would be more effective in countries where the transportation energy intensity effect is the main driver of carbon dioxide emissions growth. Both fiscal and regulatory policy instruments would be useful in countries where both economic activity and transportation energy intensity effects are responsible for driving transport sector carbon dioxide emissions growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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    Impact of rising rice prices and policy responses in Mali : simulations with a dynamic CGE model (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4739
    Parallel Title: Nouve, Kofi Impact of rising rice prices and policy responses in Mali
    Keywords: Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Mali Economic conditions ; Mali Economic conditions
    Abstract: "The increase in the international price of rice is likely to have substantial negative impacts on the poor in countries such as Mali which are net importers of rice. This paper relies on a dynamic CGE model to estimate the likely impact of the recent increase in rice prices on poverty with and without policy responses. Two sets of policy responses are considered: import tax cuts on rice and measures to increase productivity of domestic rice production. The results suggest that an increase in productivity would have a much larger positive impact than a reduction in taxes. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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    Does child labor always decrease with income? : an evaluation in the context of a development program in Nicaragua (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4694
    Parallel Title: Del Carpio, Ximena V Does child labor always decrease with income?
    Keywords: Child labor ; Income ; Child labor ; Income
    Abstract: "This paper investigates the relationship of household income with child labor. The analysis uses a rich dataset obtained in the context of a conditional cash transfer program in a poor region of Nicaragua in 2005 and 2006. The program has a strong productive emphasis and seeks to diversify the work portfolio of beneficiaries while imposing conditionalities on the household. The author develops a simple model that relates child labor to household income, preferences, and production technology. It turns out that child labor does not always decrease with income; the relationship is complex and exhibits an inverted-U shape. Applying the data to the model confirms that the relationship is concave when all children (8-15 years of age) are included in the sample. Expanding the analysis by stratifying the sample by age and gender shows that the relationship holds only for older children, both genders. The author investigates the effect of the conditional cash transfer program on child labor. The results show that the program has a decreasing effect on total hours of work for the full sample of children. Disentangling labor into two types - physically demanding labor and non-physical labor - reveals that the program has opposite effects on each type; it decreases physically demanding labor while increasing participation in non-physical (more intellectually oriented) tasks for children. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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    How pro-poor is the selection of seasonal migrant workers from Tonga under New Zealand's recognized Seasonal Employer Program ? (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4698
    Parallel Title: Gibson, John How pro-poor is the selection of seasonal migrant workers from Tonga under New Zealand's recognized Seasonal Employer Program ?
    Keywords: Seasonal labor ; Seasonal labor ; Seasonal labor ; Seasonal labor
    Abstract: "Temporary migration programs for unskilled workers are increasingly being proposed as a way to both relieve labor shortages in developed countries and aid development in sending countries without entailing many of the costs associated with permanent migration. New Zealand's new Recognized Seasonal Employer program is designed to enable unskilled workers from the Pacific Islands to work in horticulture and viticulture in New Zealand for a period of up to seven months. However, the development impact on a sending country will depend not only on how many workers participate, but also on who participates. This paper uses new survey data from Tonga to examine the process of selecting workers for the Recognized Seasonal Employer program, and to analyze how pro-poor the recruitment process has been to date. The findings show that recruited workers come from largely agricultural backgrounds, and have lower average incomes and schooling levels than Tongans not participating in the program. Comparing the characteristics of program workers with those of Tongans applying to permanently migrate to New Zealand through the Pacific Access Category, the program workers are more rural and less educated. The program therefore seems to have succeeded in creating new opportunities for relatively poor and unskilled Tongans to work in New Zealand. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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    Referendum, response, and consequences for Sudan : the game between Juba and Khartoum (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4684
    Parallel Title: Elbadawi, Ibrahim Referendum, response, and consequences for Sudan
    Keywords: Referendum ; Referendum
    Abstract: "This paper presents a game theory model of the strategic interaction between Khartoum and Juba leading up to the referendum on Sudan's partition in 2011. The findings show that excessive militarization and brinksmanship is a rational response for both actors, neither of which can credibly commit to lower levels of military spending under the current status quo. This militarization is often at the expense of health and education expenditures, suggesting that the opportunity cost of militarization is foregone economic development. These credibility issues might be resolved by democratization, increased transparency, reduction of information asymmetries, and efforts to promote economic and political cooperation. The paper explores these devices, demonstrating how they can contribute to Pareto preferred outcomes in equilibrium. The authors characterize the military expenditure associated with the commitment problem experienced by both sides, estimate its costs from data for Sudan, and identify the opportunity cost of foregone development implied by continued, excessive, and unsustainable militarization. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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    Are skills rewarded in Sub-Saharan Africa? : determinants of wages and productivity in the manufacturing sector (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4688
    Parallel Title: Fox, M. Louise Are skills rewarded in Sub-Saharan Africa?
    Keywords: Labor productivity ; Manufacturing industries ; Wages ; Labor productivity ; Manufacturing industries ; Wages
    Abstract: "Using recent matched employer-employee data from the manufacturing sector in 20 Sub-Saharan African countries, the authors analyze how the supply of skills and legal origin of the country affect the wage setting process. The wage analysis yields three main findings. First, increasing returns to education, especially for older workers, suggest that the expansion of education in Africa has reduced returns to education for entrants in the labor market. Second, age effects matter not just for returns to education, but also for the wage setting process more generally. In particular, in civil-law countries, returns to seniority are rewarded only after a certain age. Third, workers exercise some power in the wage setting process but their influence varies by linguistic group. In common-law countries, union presence benefits all workers equally, not just members, whereas in civil-law countries, only older members enjoy higher wages. The authors also contrast wage premia with relative marginal productivities for different age, occupation, and education categories. The findings show that in general, older, highly educated, and highly ranked workers receive wage premia that do not reflect a higher relative marginal productivity. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
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    Comparing constraints to economic stabilization in Macedonia and Slovakia : macro estimates with micro narratives (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4691
    Parallel Title: Melecky, Martin Comparing constraints to economic stabilization in Macedonia and Slovakia
    Keywords: Economic stabilization ; Economic stabilization ; Economic stabilization ; Economic stabilization ; Macedonia (Republic) Economic policy ; Slovakia Economic policy ; Macedonia Economic policy ; Slovakia Economic policy
    Abstract: "This paper re-emphasizes the link from structural policies to enhanced macroeconomic stabilization using a small structural model estimated on quarterly data for Macedonia and Slovakia over 1995-2007. The success of macroeconomic stabilization, typically in the hands of monetary policy, is not only determined by a suitable choice of the nominal anchor, which shapes the reaction function of monetary policy, but also the constraints within which the monetary policy strives to achieve its objectives. The key attributes of the constraints to macroeconomic stabilization are economic rigidities and structural shocks. By benchmarking the estimated economic rigidities and structural shocks faced by Macedonia to those faced by Slovakia, the authors find that Macedonia has relatively weaker transmission mechanisms of monetary policy, higher output rigidity, and a lower exchange rate pass-through, and faces larger external shocks. For Macedonia, these relatively higher constraints on monetary policy together with the chosen exchange rate anchor result in greater output and inflation volatility relative to Slovakia. Hence, it appears that small, open economies with stronger economic rigidities should apply monetary policy regimes that allow for more flexible adjustments in external relative prices to enhance their macroeconomic stability. "--World Bank web site
    Abstract: "This paper re-emphasizes the link from structural policies to enhanced macroeconomic stabilization using a small structural model estimated on quarterly data for Macedonia and Slovakia over 1995-2007. The success of macroeconomic stabilization, typically in the hands of monetary policy, is not only determined by a suitable choice of the nominal anchor, which shapes the reaction function of monetary policy, but also the constraints within which the monetary policy strives to achieve its objectives. The key attributes of the constraints to macroeconomic stabilization are economic rigidities and structural shocks. By benchmarking the estimated economic rigidities and structural shocks faced by Macedonia to those faced by Slovakia, the authors find that Macedonia has relatively weaker transmission mechanisms of monetary policy, higher output rigidity, and a lower exchange rate pass-through, and faces larger external shocks. For Macedonia, these relatively higher constraints on monetary policy together with the chosen exchange rate anchor result in greater output and inflation volatility relative to Slovakia. Hence, it appears that small, open economies with stronger economic rigidities should apply monetary policy regimes that allow for more flexible adjustments in external relative prices to enhance their macroeconomic stability. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
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    Bank competition and financial stability (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4696
    Parallel Title: Berger, Allen N Bank competition and financial stability
    Abstract: "Under the traditional "competition-fragility" view, more bank competition erodes market power, decreases profit margins, and results in reduced franchise value that encourages bank risk taking. Under the alternative "competition-stability" view, more market power in the loan market may result in greater bank risk as the higher interest rates charged to loan customers make it more difficult to repay loans and exacerbate moral hazard and adverse selection problems. But even if market power in the loan market results in riskier loan portfolios, the overall risks of banks need not increase if banks protect their franchise values by increasing their equity capital or engaging in other risk-mitigating techniques. The authors test these theories by regressing measures of loan risk, bank risk, and bank equity capital on several measures of market power, as well as indicators of the business environment, using data for 8,235 banks in 23 developed nations. The results suggest that - consistent with the traditional "competition-fragility" view - banks with a greater degree of market power also have less overall risk exposure. The data also provide some support for one element of the "competition-stability" view - that market power increases loan portfolio risk. The authors show that this risk may be offset in part by higher equity capital ratios. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 48
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    Rising income inequality in China : a race to the top (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4700
    Parallel Title: Luo, Xubei Rising income inequality in China
    Keywords: Income Regional disparities ; Income distribution ; Income Regional disparities ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "Income inequality in China has risen rapidly in the past decades across regions, between rural and urban sectors, and within provinces. The dynamics of divergence across these sub-national areas have taken the form of a "race to the top" - meaning that all segments of the population, including the poor with low education in lagging inland rural areas, have experienced gains in average income. The largest gains have been registered by those with higher income and education in leading coastal urban areas. Using the China Economic, Population, Nutrition and Health Survey data of 1989 and 2004, we show that the most important factors explaining overall inequality are differential returns to schooling and sector of employment. A decomposition analysis based on household income determination shows that the increase in returns to education explains two-thirds of income changes in urban areas and one-sixth in rural areas. The widening income gaps are the consequence of higher growth in leading urban and coastal areas and that the skilled population has benefited more from the economic reforms carried out during the last 25 years. The authors argue that rising income inequality can be part of a normal process of development at a certain stage, and that the dynamics of spatial income divergence in the form of "a race to the top" can be desirable to some extent as it unleashes competitive pressure and creates incentives for investment in skills. Continuing to improve market efficiency and investing in people, in particular improving education service in lagging areas to poor people, are important for sustainable growth and equitable distribution in the long run. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 49
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    Gender and asset ownership : a guide to collecting individual-level data (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4704
    Parallel Title: Doss, Cheryl R Gender and asset ownership
    Keywords: Gender-based analysis ; Right of property Sex differences ; Gender-based analysis ; Right of property Sex differences
    Abstract: "Ownership and control over assets such as land and housing provide direct and indirect benefits to individuals and households, including a secure place to live, the means of a livelihood, protection during emergencies, and collateral for credit that can be used for investment or consumption. Unfortunately, few studies - either at the micro or macro levels- examine the gender dimensions of asset ownership. This paper sets out a framework for researchers who are interested in collecting data on individual level asset ownership and analyzing the gender asset gap. It reviews best practices in existing surveys with respect to data collection on assets at both the household and individual levels, and shows how various questions on individually owned assets can be incorporated with a minimum of effort and cost into existing multi-topic household surveys, using examples of three Living Standard Measurement Study surveys: the 1998-99 Ghana survey, the 2000 Guatemala survey, and the 1997-98 Vietnam survey questionnaires. The analysis shows that it is feasible to add a minimal set of questions to enable calculation of the gender asset gap. Adding a series of extra questions will permit a more satisfactory and nuanced analysis of asset acquisition, use, disposition, and valuation - information that is critical for policies promoting gender equality, poverty reduction, and economic growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 50
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    Job creation and labor reform in Latin America (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4708
    Parallel Title: Kaplan, David S Job creation and labor reform in Latin America
    Keywords: Job creation ; Labor laws and legislation ; Job creation ; Labor laws and legislation
    Abstract: "This paper studies the effects of labor-regulation reform using data for 10,396 firms from 14 Latin American countries. Firms are asked both how many permanent workers they would have hired and how many they would have terminated if labor regulations were made more flexible. I find that making labor regulations more flexible would lead to an average net increase of 2.08 percent in total employment. Firms with fewer than 20 employees would benefit the most, with average gains in net employment of 4.27 percent. Countries with more regulated labor markets would experience larger gains in total employment. These larger gains in total employment, however, would be achieved through higher rates of hiring and higher rates of termination. These results may explain why there is substantial opposition to labor reforms despite the predicted gains in efficiency and total employment. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 51
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    Mainstreaming climate adaptation into development assistance in Mozambique : institutional barriers and opportunities (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4711
    Parallel Title: Sietz, Diana Mainstreaming climate adaptation into development assistance in Mozambique
    Keywords: Climatic changes ; Economic assistance ; Climatic changes ; Economic assistance
    Abstract: "Based on a literature review and expert interviews, this paper analyzes the most important climate impacts on development goals and explores relevant institutions in the context of mainstreaming climate adaptation into development assistance in Mozambique. Climate variability and change can significantly hinder progress toward attaining the Millennium Development Goals and poverty aggravates the country's climate vulnerability. Because Mozambique is one of the major recipients of official development assistance in the world, there is a clear interest in ensuring that the risks of climate impacts are incorporated into the country's development investments. A screening of donor activities at the sub-national level shows that a high share of development assistance is invested in climate-sensitive sectors, partly in areas that are particularly exposed to droughts, floods, and cyclones. The authors find that Mozambique has a supportive legislative environment and donors have a high awareness of climate risks. However, limited individual, organizational, networking, and financial capacity constrain mainstreaming initiatives. Given strong limitations at the national level, bilateral and multilateral donors can play a key role in fostering institutional capacity in Mozambique. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 52
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    Rising food prices in Sub-Saharan Africa : poverty impact and policy responses (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4738
    Parallel Title: Wodon, Quentin Rising food prices in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Food prices Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Poverty Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Food prices Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Poverty Africa, Sub-Saharan ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions ; Africa, Sub-Saharan Economic conditions
    Abstract: "The increase in food prices represents a major crisis for the world's poor. This paper aims to review the evidence on the potential impact of higher food prices on poverty in sub-Saharan Africa, and examines the extent to which policy responses will benefit the poor. The paper shows that rising food prices are likely to lead to higher poverty in sub-Saharan Africa as the negative impact on net poor consumers outweighs the benefits to poor producers. A recent survey shows that the most common policy response in sub-Saharan African countries is reducing taxes on food while outside the region price controls or targeted consumer subsidies are the most popular measure. Sub-Saharan African countries also have a higher prevalence of food-based safety net programs which are being scaled up to respond to rising prices. The review suggests that the benefits from reducing import tariffs on staples may accrue largely to the non-poor. Social protection programs show more promise, but geographic targeting is likely to be crucial in ensuring that benefits reach the neediest. The paper also argues that anti-poverty interventions ought to retain their focus on rural areas where poverty remains highest even after taking into account the adverse impact on the urban poor due to the rise in food prices. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 53
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    Populist fiscal policy (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4762
    Parallel Title: Khemani, Stuti Populist fiscal policy
    Keywords: Coalition governments ; Fiscal policy ; Coalition governments ; Fiscal policy
    Abstract: "Political economy explanations for fiscal profligacy are dominated by models of bargaining among organized interest groups over group-specific targeted benefits financed by generalized taxation. These models predict that governments consisting of a coalition of political parties spend more than single-party regimes. This paper presents an alternative model-that of populist pressure on political parties to spend more on the general public good, financed by costly income taxation-and obtains the opposite prediction. According to this model, public spending and taxes are lower under coalition governments that can win elections more cheaply. Indeed, in order to win elections, coalition partners need to satisfy a smaller share of swing voters than does a single-party government that enjoys narrower support from its core constituency. A coalition government therefore spends less on the public good to capture the share of the swing vote necessary for re-election. Using data from more than 70 countries during the period 1970-2006, the paper provides robust supporting evidence for this alternative model. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 54
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    The effect of male migration for work on employment patterns of females in Nepal (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4757
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael The effect of male migration for work on employment patterns of females in Nepal
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Migration, Internal ; Women employees ; Migration, Internal ; Women employees
    Abstract: "This paper assesses the impact of work-related migration by males on the labor market behavior of females in Nepal. Using data from the 2004 Nepal household survey, the authors apply the Instrumental Variable Full Information Maximum Likelihood method to account for unobserved factors that could simultaneously affect males' decision to migrate and females' decision to participate in the labor market. The results indicate that male migration for work has a negative impact on the level of market work participation by the women left behind. The authors find evidence of substantial heterogeneity (based both on observable and unobservable characteristics) in the impact of male migration. The findings highlight the important gender dimension of the impact of predominantly male worker migration on the wellbeing of sending households. The authors argue that strategies for economic development in Nepal should take into account such gender aspects of the migration dynamics. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 55
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    Carbon markets, institutions, policies, and research (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4761
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Carbon markets, institutions, policies, and research
    Abstract: "The scale of investment needed to slow greenhouse gas emissions is larger than governments can manage through transfers. Therefore, climate change policies rely heavily on markets and private capital. This is especially true in the case of the Kyoto Protocol with its provisions for trade and investment in joint projects. This paper describes institutions and policies important for new carbon markets and explains their origins. Research efforts that explore conceptual aspects of current policy are surveyed along with empirical studies that make predictions about how carbon markets will work and perform. The authors summarize early investment and price outcomes from newly formed markets and point out areas where markets have preformed as predicted and areas where markets remain incomplete. Overall the scale of carbon-market investment planned exceeds earlier expectations, but the geographic dispersion of investment is uneven and important opportunities for abatement remain untapped in some sectors, indicating a need for additional research on how investment markets work. How best to promote the development and deployment of new technologies is another promising area for study identified in the paper. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 56
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    Catastrophe risk pricing : an empirical analysis (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4765
    Parallel Title: Lane, Morton Catastrophe risk pricing
    Keywords: Disaster insurance ; Disaster insurance
    Abstract: "The price of catastrophe risks is viewed by many to be too high and/or too volatile. Catastrophe risk practitioners point out that, contrary to standard insurance, such as automobile insurance, catastrophe re-insurance is exposed to infrequent but potentially very large losses. It thus requires keeping a large amount of capital in hand, generating a cost of capital to be added to the long-term expected loss. This paper pulls together data from about 250 catastrophe bonds issued on the capital markets to investigate how catastrophe risks are priced. The analysis reveals that catastrophe risk prices are a function of the underlying peril, the expected loss, the wider capital market cycle, and the risk profile of the transaction. The market-based catastrophe risk price is estimated to be 2.69 times the expected loss over the long term, that is, the long-term average multiple is 2.69. When adjusted from the market cycle, the multiple is estimated at 2.33. Peak perils like US Wind are shown to have a much higher multiple than that of non-peak perils like Japan Wind, revealing the diversification of credit from the market. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 57
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    Endowments, location or luck? : evaluating the determinants of sub-national growth in decentralized Indonesia (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4769
    Parallel Title: McCulloch, Neil Endowments, location or luck?
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Indonesia Economic conditions 1997- ; Regional disparities ; Decentralization in government ; Indonesia Economic conditions 1997- ; Regional disparities
    Abstract: "Indonesia's "big bang" decentralization in 2001 shifted much of the responsibility for local economic development from central government to district and city governments, which today number more than 450. But the performance of these districts has varied widely. This paper attempts to understand the determinants of sub-national (district/city) growth in Indonesia and map how these determinants have changed since before the 1997/98 economic crisis. The authors exploit a rich dataset that includes a wide range of district-level characteristics, including education, population, cultural, economic, and infrastructure variables, as well as a set of variables relating to distance, to try to explain growth. The analysis finds that, after accounting for differences in other variables, poorer districts tend to grow faster than better off districts. Similarly, there is evidence of spatial divergence, in the sense that districts tend to grow faster if their neighbors are growing quickly. However, the quality of the existing district-level data makes it difficult to identify whether endowments or factors related to distance are systematically associated with growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 58
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    Chile : Toward a Cohesive and Well Governed National Innovation System (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Institutional and Governance Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Chile is increasingly looking to innovation as a pillar of its competitiveness and an engine of growth to close the income gap with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) economies. The country has doubled its per capita income since the 1990s. The growth slowdown in the late 1990s and early 2000s, however, raised concerns about that the old sources of growth. While the rate of growth has picked up again, spurred by a favorable external environment, there is an increased awareness of the importance of innovation to growth and a desire to move toward a more diversified and knowledge-based economy, following the example of other successful resource-rich economies such as Australia and Finland. Higher government commitments to innovation have raised new challenges. The remaining of the report is structured as follows. Chapter two discusses the importance of innovation to Chile's economy and highlights the need to define innovation policy within a comprehensive framework that encompasses the entire production system. Chapter three organizes thinking around some basic governance principles for innovation systems drawing form the public governance literature, the broader innovation literature, and international experiences. Chapter four applies those principles to Chile's public institutions and agents that will be responsible for defining and implementing innovation policies. Chapter five examines the rationale and guiding principles of regional innovation policies and offers recommendations for Chile's regional innovation systems and their governance framework. Chapter six summarizes the main conclusions
    DOI: 10.1596/28202
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  • 59
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    Whispers to Voices : Gender and Social Transformation in Bangladesh (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Bangladesh stands out as the shining new example in South Asia of a poor country achieving impressive gains in gender equality. Between 1971 and 2004, Bangladesh halved its fertility rates. In much of the country today, girls' secondary school attendance exceeds that of boys. The gender gap in infant mortality has been closed. The scholarly work that came out of the micro credit revolution is based on large and unique data sets and high quality ethnographic work and has set a high bar for evidence-based policy proposals. Beyond a doubt, Bangladesh has made great progress in achieving gender equality and enhancing the status of women. Its success in girls' education, reducing fertility and mortality and the famed microcredit revolution are some of the gains that set it apart from its neighbors and other countries of its income level. When young women and their families were asked what this meant for them and how their lives were different from their mothers', the unexpectedly common theme was "finding a voice" or "being able to speak" or "being listened to"
    DOI: 10.1596/26334
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  • 60
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    World Development Indicators 2008 (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821373862 , 9780821373873 , 9780821373866
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (418 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: Looking for accurate, up-to-date data on development issues? World Development Indicators is the World Bank's premier annual compilation of data about development. This indispensable statistical reference allows you to consult over 900 indicators for some 150 economies and 14 country groups in more than 80 tables. It provides a current overview of the most recent data available as well as important regional data and income group analysis in six thematic sections: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. The CD-ROM editions contain 46 years of time series data, covering 1960 to 2006, and offer mapping, charting, and data export formats
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  • 61
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    Doing Business 2009 (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821376102
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (195 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Doing Business
    Abstract: Comparing business regulation in 181 economies. Doing Business 2009 is the sixth in a series of annual reports comparing business regulations in 181 economies. Doing Business 2009 measures regulations affecting 10 areas of everyday business: Starting a business - steps, time, cost, and minimum capital to register a new business. Enforcing contracts - steps, time, and cost to enforce a commercial contract. Employing workers - indices of employment law rigidities cost of economic redundancies. Getting credit - extent of credit information sharing and creditor rights. Closing a business - steps, time, and cost to close down a business recovery rate for creditor. Registering property - steps, time, and cost to transfer ownership of commercial real estate. Protecting investors - indices on disclosure, investor suits, and standing in court. Dealing with construction permits - steps, time, and cost of business inspections and licensing. Paying taxes - statutory rates, number of taxes paid, and number of hours spent on preparing tax returns. Trading across borders - steps, time, and number of documents necessary to export and import. Doing Business 2009 updates all sets of indicators, ranks economies on their overall ease of doing business, and analyzes reforms to business regulation - identifying identifying which countries are improving the most. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. Doing Business 2009 focuses on how complex business regulations can impact business growth and job creation
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  • 62
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    Improving access to HIV/AIDS medicines in Africa : Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) flexibilities utilization (2008)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821375385 , 9780821375440
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xv, 65 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.196/9188061
    Keywords: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ; Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ; Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ; Anti-HIV Agents supply & distribution ; Antiretroviral agents ; Antiretroviral agents Patents ; Drug Industry ; Health Services Accessibility ; Patents as Topic legislation & jurisprudence ; Anti-HIV Agents supply & distribution ; Antiretroviral agents ; Antiretroviral agents Patents ; Drug Industry ; Health Services Accessibility ; Patents as Topic legislation & jurisprudence ; Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ; Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ; Anti-HIV Agents ; Antiretroviral agents ; Antiretroviral agents ; Drug Industry ; Health Services Accessibility ; Patents as Topic
    Description / Table of Contents: Overview of the TRIPS agreement and flexibilities -- Local production: experiences in four African countries -- Conclusions and recommendations.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-60) and index
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  • 63
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    Financing energy efficiency : lessons from Brazil, China, India, and beyond (2008)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821373048 , 0821373056 , 9780821373040 , 9780821373057
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 284 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 333.79/17
    Keywords: Energy policy ; Industries Energy conservation ; Finance ; Industries Energy consumption ; Energy policy ; Industries Energy conservation ; Finance ; Industries Energy consumption ; Energy policy ; Industries ; Industries
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 261-264) and index
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    Global Development Finance 2008 (Complete Print Edition) (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821373900 , 9780821373910 , 9780821373903
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (431 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: Global Development Finance-the World Bank's annual report on the external financing of developing countries-provides monitoring and analysis of development finance, identifying key emerging trends and policy challenges in international financial flows that are likely to affect the growth prospects of developing countries. As major financial institutions currently recognize losses from the U.S. subprime mortgage market crisis and rebuild their balance sheets through a more conservative approach to lending and risk management, the central theme of this year's report will be the market for international bank credit to developing countries.It is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. Vol I: Analysis and Statistical Appendix reviews recent trends in financial flows to developing countries. Vol II. Summary and Country Tables* includes comprehensive data for 138 countries, as well as summary data for regions and income groups. Also available on CD-ROM, with more than 200 historical time series from 1970 to 2006, and country group estimates for 2007
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  • 65
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    The place premium : wage differences for identical workers across the US border (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4671
    Parallel Title: Clemens, Michael A The place premium
    Keywords: Pay equity ; Pay equity
    Abstract: "This paper compares the wages of workers inside the United States to the wages of observably identical workers outside the United States-controlling for country of birth, country of education, years of education, work experience, sex, and rural-urban residence. This is made possible by new and uniquely rich microdata on the wages of over two million individual formal-sector wage-earners in 43 countries. The paper then uses five independent methods to correct these estimates for unobserved differences and introduces a selection model to estimate how migrants' wage gains depend on their position in the distribution of unobserved wage determinants. Following all adjustments for selectivity and compensating differentials, the authors estimate that the wages of a Bolivian worker of equal intrinsic productivity, willing to move, would be higher by a factor of 2.7 solely by working in the United States. While this is the median, this ratio is as high as 8.4 (for Nigeria). The paper documents that (1) for many countries, the wage gaps caused by barriers to movement across international borders are among the largest known forms of wage discrimination; (2) these gaps represent one of the largest remaining price distortions in any global market; and (3) these gaps imply that simply allowing labor mobility can reduce a given household's poverty to a much greater degree than most known in situ antipoverty interventions. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 66
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    Small enterprise growth and the rural investment climate : evidence from Tanzania (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4675
    Parallel Title: Kinda, Tidiane Small enterprise growth and the rural investment climate
    Keywords: Rural industries ; Small business ; Rural industries ; Small business
    Abstract: "This paper analyzes characteristics of nonfarm enterprises, their employment growth patterns, and constraints in doing business in rural Tanzania. Using unique survey data, the authors describe a low-return sector struggling to compete in a difficult business environment. However, about one-third of rural enterprises are growing fast. Most enterprises engage in agricultural trade. Due to a rapidly growing agricultural sector in recent years, limiting demand-side constraints, rural enterprise constraints in Tanzania mainly operate from the supply side. This suggests that, in particular, access to finance, road infrastructure, and rural cell phone communication is correlated with employment growth. A major finding is that subjective and objective measurements of business constraints are broadly comparable. The authors discuss a number of factors that would help to unleash the full potential of private sector-led growth in rural areas. The findings show that marginal improvements in the rural investment climate matter for growth. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 67
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    Exploring the links between HIV/AIDS, social capital, and development (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4679
    Parallel Title: David, Antonio C Exploring the links between HIV/AIDS, social capital, and development
    Keywords: HIV (Viruses) ; Social capital (Sociology) ; HIV (Viruses) ; Social capital (Sociology)
    Abstract: "This paper attempts to quantify the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on social capital with cross-country data. Using data from the World Values Survey, the authors estimate reduced-form regressions of the main determinants of social capital controlling for HIV prevalence, institutional quality, social distance, and economic indicators. The results obtained indicate that HIV prevalence affects social capital negatively. The empirical estimates suggest that a one standard deviation increase in HIV prevalence will lead to a decline of at least 1 percent in trust, controlling for other determinants of social capital. Moving from a country with a relatively low level of HIV prevalence, such as Estonia, to a country with a relatively high level, such as Uganda, there is a more than 11 percent point decline in social capital. These results are robust in a number of dimensions and highlight the empirical importance of an additional mechanism through which HIV/AIDS hinders the development process. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 68
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    Aid, service delivery, and the Millennium Development Goals in an economy-wide framework (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4683
    Parallel Title: Bourguignon, François Aid, service delivery, and the Millennium Development Goals in an economy-wide framework
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic development projects ; Economic assistance ; Economic development projects
    Abstract: "In many developing countries, achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 will require significant increases in expenditures on social services and in foreign assistance. It will also require careful planning of the sector allocation and sequencing of public spending. Especially for low-income countries, the challenges of the MDGs cannot be well understood unless sector issues are seen in the context of constraints at the macro level and in labor markets. To help countries analyze policies aimed at making progress toward the goals, the World Bank has developed a new tool, the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS). Its originality is to fully integrate government services and their impact on the economy within an otherwise standard economy-wide dynamic framework. In comparison with existing approaches, MAMS offers three main advantages. First, the representation of the production of government services - such as health or education - takes into account demand as well as supply factors and the efficiency of these services. It also allows for interactions across the goals, and between the goals and economic growth. Second, it shows how scaling up these services has economy-wide impacts that may change resource allocation in the non-government sector and relative prices, including the unit cost of government services. Third, it shows the tradeoffs across time, including the relative costs and benefits, of front-loading expenditures versus back-loading. The present paper describes the basic features of MAMS and provides an illustration of its applicability for Ethiopia. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 69
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    How will climate change shift agro-ecological zones and impact African agriculture ? (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4717
    Parallel Title: Kurukulasuriya, Pradeep How will climate change shift agro-ecological zones and impact African agriculture ?
    Keywords: Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes ; Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes
    Abstract: "The study develops a new method to measure the impacts of climate change on agriculture called the Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) Model. A multinomial logit is estimated to predict the probability of each AEZ in each district. The average percentage of cropland and average crop net revenue are calculated for each AEZ. Then an estimate of the amount of cropland in Africa and where it is located is provided. Using current conditions, the model calculates baseline values of cropland and crop net revenue, and estimates the future impact of climate change using two scenarios-harsh and mild. Total cropland does not change much across the two climate scenarios. However, the predicted change in African crop revenue ranges from a loss of 14 percent in the mild climate scenario to 30 percent in the harsher climate scenario. The analysis reveals that the greatest harm from climate change is that it will shift farms from high to low productive AEZs. The approach not only identifies the aggregate impacts, but also indicates where the impacts occur across Africa. The central region of Africa is hurt the most, especially in the harsher climate scenario. The Agro-Ecological Zone Model is a promising new method for valuing the long-term impacts of climate change on agriculture. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 70
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    General trends in competition policy and investment regulation in mandatory defined contribution markets in Latin America (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4720
    Parallel Title: Dayoub, Mariam General trends in competition policy and investment regulation in mandatory defined contribution markets in Latin America
    Keywords: Pension trusts ; Pension trusts
    Abstract: "Following Chile's pension reform in 1981, a wave of multi-pillar pension reforms took place in Latin America (LAC). Their implementation has revealed new policy challenges. To shed light on these issues, this paper reviews the structure and performance of mandatory DC pillars in LAC. The review highlights three important points. First, it suggests overall positive outcomes from reforms in the LAC countries that implemented multi-pillar pension systems. There is, however, scope for increasing efficiency. Second, management fees have declined but remain relatively high whereas decreases in operational costs have only been partially passed through to consumers reflecting inadequate competition. Limits on transfers and related measures have been ineffective in curtailing management fees but created new barriers to entry. In recent years, a few countries in LAC introduced or are in the process of introducing a combination of new measures that focus more directly on the two root causes of inadequate competition - the inelasticity of demand to fees and selective elimination of barriers to entry by facilitating unbundling of services. These new measures show some promise. Third, the paper's review indicates that a greater diversification of pension fund portfolios in LAC appears to be necessary. Portfolio concentration owes to the adoption of strict quantitative investment regulations, underdeveloped capital markets and volatile macroeconomic environments. A gradual relaxation of these restrictions is now in progress in several countries. Regulators have become more conscious of the costs imposed by such regulations and macroeconomic conditions have improved. Greater overseas diversification seems inevitable given the development stage of local capital markets. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 71
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    Decentralization, economic development, and growth in Turkish provinces (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4725
    Parallel Title: Tosun, Mehmet S Decentralization, economic development, and growth in Turkish provinces
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Local government ; Decentralization in government ; Local government ; Turkey Economic conditions ; Turkey Economic conditions
    Abstract: "There have been important developments in the decentralization of the government structure in Turkey since the early 1980s. This paper examines economic development and growth in Turkish provinces. Although there is a rich literature on the economic effects of government decentralization from both developed and developing countries, these effects have not been examined widely in the context of Turkish local governments. The authors first describe changes since the early 1980s and recent reform efforts. They then provide an empirical analysis of the effects of decentralization in Turkish provinces using cross-sectional and panel data approaches. The panel dataset consists of 67 provinces from 1976 to 2001. The analysis examines whether variations in local decentralization across these provinces and across time have had a significant impact on economic development and growth in those provinces. The findings suggest a weak negative economic effect of decentralization through a number of municipalities per capita. However, the findings do not show any significant impact from the creation of new provinces by separation from the existing ones. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 72
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    The great proletarian cultural revolution, disruptions to education, and returns to schooling in urban China (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4729
    Parallel Title: Giles, John The great proletarian cultural revolution, disruptions to education, and returns to schooling in urban China
    Keywords: Postsecondary education ; Postsecondary education ; China History Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 ; China History Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976
    Abstract: "In determining whether a country's higher education system should be expanded, it is important for policymakers first to determine the extent to which high private returns to post-secondary education are an indication of the scarcity of graduates instead of the high unobserved ability of students who choose to attend post-secondary education. To this end, the paper identifies the returns to schooling in urban China using individual-level variation in educational attainment caused by exogenous city-wide disruptions to education during the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976. For city-cohorts who experienced greater disruptions, children's educational attainment became less correlated with that of their fathers and more influenced by whether their fathers held administrative positions. The analysis calculates returns to college education using data from the China Urban Labor Survey conducted in five large cities in 2001. The results are consistent with the selection of high-ability students into higher education. The analysis also demonstrates that these results are unlikely to be driven by sample selection bias associated with migration, or by alternative pathways through which the Cultural Revolution could have affected adult productivity. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 73
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    Is the developing world catching up? : global convergence and national rising dispersion (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4733
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Is the developing world catching up?
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Abstract: "The present study uses the GIDD, a CGE-microsimulation model for Global Income Distribution Dynamics, to understand the ex-ante dynamics of global income distribution. Three main robust results emerge. First, under a set of realistic assumptions, there will be a reduction in global income inequality by 2030. This potential reduction can be fully accounted for by the projected convergence in average incomes across countries, with poor and populous countries growing faster than the rest of the world. Second, this convergence process will be accompanied by a widening of income distribution in two-thirds of the developing countries; the main cause being increasing skill premia. Third, a trend that may counter-balance the potential anti-globalization sentiment is the emergence of a global middle class: a group of consumers who demand access to, and have the means to purchase, international goods and services. The results show that the share of these consumers in the global population is likely to more than double in the next 20 years. These ex-ante trends in global income distribution suggest that the mid-1990s could be seen as a turning point after which global inequality began showing a negative tendency. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 74
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    Financing rural development for a harmonious society in China : recent reforms in public finance and their prospects (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4693
    Parallel Title: Fock, Achim Financing rural development for a harmonious society in China
    Keywords: Rural development Finance ; Rural development Finance
    Abstract: "The Government of China has placed strong emphasis on addressing problems related to agriculture, farmers, and rural society, with the development of a "new socialist countryside" designated as a top priority for the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). The financing of public services in rural areas will be a key determinant of the Plan's success. This report analyzes the performance of the intergovernmental fiscal system - the financing of rural development through counties, townships, and villages - and the impact of recent reforms. The authors show that achieving the government's objectives will require channeling substantial new resources to rural areas. In addition, ensuring the effective transfer of resources and their efficient utilization will require fundamental reforms to a wide range of public institutions, including budget and planning processes, personnel management systems, and the organization of government agencies. The authors argue that a comprehensive reform strategy is needed to address fundamental vertical and horizontal imbalances in the intergovernmental fiscal system The reforms must reach beyond the fiscal system to build improved accountability mechanisms to improve public service delivery at the grassroots level. And, given China's size and diversity, reform efforts must focus on improving incentive structures at the county, township, and village levels. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 75
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    A positive stigma for child labor? (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4697
    Parallel Title: Patrinos, Harry Anthony A positive stigma for child labor?
    Keywords: Child labor ; Stigma (Social psychology) ; Child labor ; Stigma (Social psychology)
    Abstract: "The authors introduce a simple empirical model that assumes a positive stigma (or norm) toward child labor that is common in some developing countries. They illustrate the positive stigma model using data from Guatemala. Controlling for several child and household-level characteristics, the analysis uses two instruments for measuring stigma: a child's indigenous background and the household head's childhood work experience. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 76
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    Macro-micro feedback links of water management in South Africa : CGE analyses of selected policy regimes (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
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    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4768
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Macro-micro feedback links of water management in South Africa
    Keywords: South Africa Economic conditions ; Water-supply ; South Africa Economic conditions ; Water-supply
    Abstract: "The pressure on an already stressed water situation in South Africa is predicted to increase significantly under climate change, plans for large industrial expansion, observed rapid urbanization, and government programs to provide access to water to millions of previously excluded people. The present study employed a general equilibrium approach to examine the economy-wide impacts of selected macro and water related policy reforms on water use and allocation, rural livelihoods, and the economy at large. The analyses reveal that implicit crop-level water quotas reduce the amount of irrigated land allocated to higher-value horticultural crops and create higher shadow rents for production of lower-value, water-intensive field crops, such as sugarcane and fodder. Accordingly, liberalizing local water allocation in irrigation agriculture is found to work in favor of higher-value crops, and expand agricultural production and exports and farm employment. Allowing for water trade between irrigation and non-agricultural uses fueled by higher competition for water from industrial expansion and urbanization leads to greater water shadow prices for irrigation water with reduced income and employment benefits to rural households and higher gains for non-agricultural households. The analyses show difficult tradeoffs between general economic gains and higher water prices, making irrigation subsidies difficult to justify. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 77
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    Assessing the geographic impact of higher food prices in Guinea (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4743
    Parallel Title: Coulombe, Harold Assessing the geographic impact of higher food prices in Guinea
    Keywords: Food prices ; Poverty ; Food prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Telling a policy maker that poverty will increase due to the recent increase in food prices is not very useful; telling the policy makers where the impact is likely to be larger is better, so that measures to cope with the impact of the crisis can be targeted to areas that need them the most. This paper shows how to use poverty mapping techniques to assess where higher food prices are likely to hurt the most using Guinea census and survey data as a case study. The results suggest that in the case of a rice price increase, the poorest areas of the country will not be the hardest hit, especially if the potential positive impact of higher food prices on rice producers is taken into account, in which case poverty may decline in some of these areas even if for the country as a whole poverty will increase significantly due to the large share of rice in the household consumption budget. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 78
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    Political alternation as a restraint on investing in influence : evidence from the post-communist transition (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4747
    Parallel Title: Milanovic, Branko Political alternation as a restraint on investing in influence
    Keywords: Post-communism Politics and government ; Post-communism Politics and government
    Abstract: "The authors develop and implement a method for measuring the frequency of changes in power among distinct leaders and ideologically distinct parties that is comparable across political systems. The authors find that more frequent alternation in power is associated with the emergence of better governance in post communist countries. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that firms seek durable protection from the state, which implies that expected political alternation is relevant to the decision whether to invest in influence with the governing party or, alternatively, to demand institutions that apply predictable rules, with equality of treatment, regardless of the party in power. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 79
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    Export surges : the power of a competitive currency (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4750
    Parallel Title: Freund, Caroline L Export surges
    Keywords: Exports ; Foreign exchange rates ; Exports ; Foreign exchange rates
    Abstract: "How can countries stimulate and sustain strong export growth? To answer this question, the authors examine 92 episodes of export surges, defined as significant increases in manufacturing export growth that are sustained for at least seven years. They find that export surges in developing countries tend to be preceded by a large real depreciation-which leaves the exchange rate significantly undervalued-and a reduction in exchange rate volatility. In contrast, in developed countries, the role of the exchange rate is less pronounced. The authors examine why the exchange rate is so important in developing countries and find that the depreciation leads to a significant reallocation of resources in the export sector. In particular, depreciation generates more entries into new export products and new markets, and the percentage of new entries that fail after one year declines. These new products and new markets are important, accounting for 25 percent of export growth during the surge in developing countries. The authors argue that maintaining a competitive currency leads firms to expand the product and market space for exports, inducing a large reorientation of the tradable sector. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 80
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    Market power and the matching of trade credit terms (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4754
    Parallel Title: Fabbri, Daniele Market power and the matching of trade credit terms
    Keywords: Credit ; Small business ; Credit ; Small business
    Abstract: "This paper studies the decision of firms to extend trade credit to customers and its relation with their financing decisions. The authors use a novel firm-level database of Chinese SMEs with unique information on market power in both output and input markets and on the amount, terms, and payment history of trade credit simultaneously extended to customers (accounts receivable) and received from suppliers (accounts payable). The analysis shows that suppliers with relatively weaker market power are more likely to extend trade credit and have a larger share of goods sold on credit. Examination of the importance of financial constraints reveals that access to bank financing and profitability are not significantly related to trade credit supply. Rather, firms that receive trade credit from their own suppliers are more likely to extend trade credit to their customers, and to "match maturity" between the contract terms of payables and receivables. This matching practice is more likely used when firms face strong competition in the product market (relative to their customers), and enjoy strong market power in the input market (relative to their suppliers). These results highlight the importance of supply chain financing for market competition and risk management in credit constrained firms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 81
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    Reaching the Millennium Development Goals : Mauritania should care (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
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    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4674
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Reaching the Millennium Development Goals
    Keywords: Economic development projects ; Economic development projects
    Abstract: "Mauritania is a resource-rich developing country. As many other African nations, it will not reach most of the Millennium Development Goals, unless the authorities commit to accelerating progress. To succeed by 2015, the government needs to: mobilize additional financial resources, introduce policy changes at the sector level, and strengthen the links between strategic objectives and the budget. Adopting the Millennium Development Goals as the overarching development framework will keep policy-makers focused on concrete results and help them avoid the so-called "natural resource curse." This paper calculates the total cost of the Millennium Development Goals and financing gap (on aggregate and for each goal); recommends changes in domestic sector policies; and proposes ways to integrate the Millennium Development Goals into the budget process. Over 2008-2015, the total cost of reaching the goals in Mauritania and the resulting financing gap stand at, respectively, around 9 and 3 percent of non-oil gross domestic product on average per year. Education is the most expensive goal in absolute terms, but the individual financing gaps are widest for poverty reduction and improving maternal health. On the policy side, sector strategies need to be aligned with the goals and resources allocated more than proportionally to the disadvantaged groups, mainly at the local level. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 82
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    Do community-driven development projects enhance social capital? : evidence from the Philippines (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4678
    Parallel Title: Labonne, Julien Do community-driven development projects enhance social capital?
    Keywords: Community development ; Social capital (Sociology) ; Community development ; Social capital (Sociology)
    Abstract: "This paper explores the social capital impacts of a large-scale, community-driven development project in the Philippines in which communities competed for block grants for infrastructure investment. The analysis uses a unique data set of about 2,100 households collected before the project started (2003) and after one cycle of sub-project implementation (2006) in 66 treatment and 69 matched control communities. Participation in village assemblies, the frequency with which local officials meet with residents and trust towards strangers increased as a result of the project. However, there is a decline in group membership and participation in informal collective action activities. This may have been because households were time-constrained, so that in order to participate in project activities, they needed to temporarily reduce their participation in informal activities. An alternative explanation is that the project improved the efficiency of formal forms of social capital and thus households needed to rely less on informal forms. Finally, the results indicate that, in the short run, the project might have reduced the number of other investments. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 83
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    A note on rising food prices (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4682
    Parallel Title: Mitchell, Donald O A note on rising food prices
    Keywords: Biomass energy ; Food prices ; Biomass energy ; Food prices
    Abstract: "The rapid rise in food prices has been a burden on the poor in developing countries, who spend roughly half of their household incomes on food. This paper examines the factors behind the rapid increase in internationally traded food prices since 2002 and estimates the contribution of various factors such as the increased production of biofuels from food grains and oilseeds, the weak dollar, and the increase in food production costs due to higher energy prices. It concludes that the most important factor was the large increase in biofuels production in the U.S. and the EU. Without these increases, global wheat and maize stocks would not have declined appreciably, oilseed prices would not have tripled, and price increases due to other factors, such as droughts, would have been more moderate. Recent export bans and speculative activities would probably not have occurred because they were largely responses to rising prices. While it is difficult to compare the results of this study with those of other studies due to differences in methodologies, time periods and prices considered, many other studies have also recognized biofuels production as a major driver of food prices. The contribution of biofuels to the rise in food prices raises an important policy issue, since much of the increase was due to EU and U.S. government policies that provided incentives to biofuels production, and biofuels policies which subsidize production need to be reconsidered in light of their impact on food prices. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 84
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    Timing and duration of exposure in evaluations of social programs (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4686
    Parallel Title: King, Elizabeth M Timing and duration of exposure in evaluations of social programs
    Keywords: Policy sciences Evaluation ; Policy sciences Evaluation
    Abstract: "Impact evaluations aim to measure the outcomes that can be attributed to a specific policy or intervention. Although there have been excellent reviews of the different methods that an evaluator can choose in order to estimate impact, there has not been sufficient attention given to questions related to timing: How long after a program has begun should one wait before evaluating it? How long should treatment groups be exposed to a program before they can be expected to benefit from it? Are there important time patterns in a program's impact? Many impact evaluations assume that interventions occur at specified launch dates and produce equal and constant changes in conditions among eligible beneficiary groups; but there are many reasons why this generally is not the case. This paper examines the evaluation issues related to timing and discusses the sources of variation in the duration of exposure within programs and their implications for impact estimates. It reviews the evidence from careful evaluations of programs (with a focus on developing countries) on the ways that duration affects impacts. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 85
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    Domestic water pricing with household surveys : a study of acceptability and willingness to pay in Chongqing, China (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4690
    Parallel Title: Wang, Hua Domestic water pricing with household surveys
    Keywords: Water-supply Prices ; Water-supply ; Water-supply Prices ; Water-supply
    Abstract: "In determining domestic water prices, policy makers often need to use information about the demand side rather than only relying on information about the supply side. Household surveys have frequently been employed to collect demand-side information. This paper presents a multiple bounded discrete choice household survey model. It discusses how the model can be utilized to collect and analyze information about the acceptability of different water prices by different types of households, as well as households' willingness to pay for water service improvement. The results obtained from these surveys can be directly utilized in the development of water pricing and subsidy policies. The paper also presents an empirical multiple bounded discrete choice study conducted in Chongqing, China. In this case, domestic water service quality was seriously inadequate, but financial resources were insufficient to improve service quality. With a survey of about 1,500 households in five suburban districts in Chongqing Municipality, this study shows that a significant increase in the water price is feasible as long as the poorest households can be properly subsidized and certain public awareness and accountability campaigns can be conducted to make the price increase more acceptable to the public. The analysis also indicates that the order in which hypothetical prices are presented to respondents systematically affects their answers, and should be taken into account when designing survey instruments. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 86
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    The Doha development agenda : what's on the table? (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4672
    Parallel Title: Martin, Will The Doha development agenda
    Keywords: Foreign trade regulation ; Foreign trade regulation
    Abstract: "The outlines of a potential agreement, emerging after seven years of negotiations, imply that Doha offers three key benefits: reduced uncertainty of market access in goods and services; improved market access in agriculture and manufacturing; and the mobilization of resources to deal with the trade problems of least developed countries. WTO Members have offered to make large reductions in legally bound levels of protection in goods and services. The reductions in currently applied levels of protection are smaller. For the least developed countries, the proposed "duty free and quota free" access will only add significantly to their access under existing preferential access arrangements if industrial and developing country members include vital tariff lines. The initiatives on trade facilitation and aid for trade can play a valuable catalytic role in promoting reform and mobilizing assistance, but substantial effort is still needed to translate notional benefits into actual gain. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/20/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 87
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    Can the introduction of a minimum wage in fyr Macedonia decrease the gender wage gap ? (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4795
    Parallel Title: Angel-Urdinola, Diego F Can the introduction of a minimum wage in fyr Macedonia decrease the gender wage gap ?
    Keywords: Minimum wage ; Sex discrimination in employment ; Wages Women ; Minimum wage ; Sex discrimination in employment ; Wages Women
    Abstract: "This paper relies on a simple framework to understand the gender wage gap in Macedonia, and simulates how the gender wage gap would behave after the introduction of a minimum wage. First, it presents a new - albeit simple - decomposition of the wage gap into three factors: (i) a wage level factor, which measures the extent to which the gender gap is driven by differences in wage levels among low-skilled workers of opposite sex; (ii) a skills endowment factor, which quantifies the extent to which the gender wage gap is driven by the difference in the share of high-skilled workers by gender; and (iii) returns to education, which measures the extent to which the gender gap is driven by differences by gender in returns to education. Second, the paper presents simple set of simulations that indicate that the introduction of a minimum wage in Macedonia could contribute to decrease the gender wage gap by up to 23 percent. Nevertheless, in order to significantly improve the wage gap, a rather high minimum wage may be required, which may contribute to reductions in employment. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 88
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    Global food price inflation : implications for South Asia, policy reactions, and future challenges (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4796
    Parallel Title: Ahmed, Sadiq Global food price inflation
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QR 544
    Keywords: Food prices ; Food prices
    Abstract: "The surge in global commodity prices of the past few years has presented a tremendous development challenge for South Asian countries. The large loss of income from the terms of trade shock has worsened macroeconomic balances, fueled rapid inflation, and hurt growth. Although commodity prices have come down recently, the benefits are being clouded by the emergence of a severe global financial crisis. The adverse consequences of the food price hike for the poor are large; the global financial crisis could further worsen the situation due to falling economic opportunities and government revenues. South Asian countries need to accelerate reforms to avoid facing a serious downturn in economic activity, investment, exports, and income. Governments in South Asia have responded by stabilizing domestic food prices through a number of short-term measures, tightened monetary policy to reduce inflation, and increased spending on a range of safety net programs for the poor. Some of the policies employed, such as export bans, are not consistent with the long-term welfare of the country or the region. Safety net interventions need to be made consistent with a longer-term poverty reduction strategy and fiscal sustainability. Most importantly, policy attention now needs to shift toward efforts to increase farm productivity, improve rural infrastructure, and lower the vulnerability of the poor. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 89
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    The relevance of a rules-based maize marketing policy : an experimental case study of Zambia (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4727
    Parallel Title: Abbink, Klaus The relevance of a rules-based maize marketing policy
    Keywords: Corn Marketing ; Corn Marketing
    Abstract: "Strategic interaction between public and private actors is increasingly recognized as an important determinant of agricultural market performance in Africa and elsewhere. Trust and consultation tend to positively affect private activity while uncertainty of government behavior impedes it. This paper reports on a laboratory experiment based on a stylized model of the Zambian maize market. The experiment facilitates a comparison between discretionary interventionism and a rules-based policy in which the government pre-commits itself to a future course of action. A simple precommitment rule can, in theory, overcome the prevailing strategic dilemma by encouraging private sector participation. Although this result is also borne out in the economic experiment, the improvement in private sector activity is surprisingly small and not statistically significant due to irrationally cautious choices by experimental governments. Encouragingly, a rules-based policy promotes a much more stable market outcome, thereby substantially reducing the risk of severe food shortages. These results underscore the importance of predictable and transparent rules for the state's involvement in agricultural markets. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 90
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    Rice prices and poverty in Liberia (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4742
    Parallel Title: Tsimpo, Clarence Rice prices and poverty in Liberia
    Keywords: Poverty ; Rice Prices ; Poverty ; Rice Prices
    Abstract: "When assessing the impact of changes in food prices on poverty, it is important to consider food producers (who may benefit from an increase in prices) as well as consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor consumers and producers. In the case of rice in Liberia however, the impact of a change in price is not ambiguous because a large share of the rice consumed is imported, while the rice locally produced is used mostly for auto-consumption. An increase in the price of rice will result in higher poverty in the country as a whole (even if some local producers will gain from this increase), while a reduction in price will reduce poverty. Furthermore, because rice represents a large share of food consumption, any change in its price is likely to have a large impact on poverty. Using data from the 2007 CWIQ survey, the paper finds that an increase or decrease of 20 percent in the price of rice could lead to an increase or decrease of three to four percentage points in the share of the population in poverty. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 91
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    Are women more credit constrained? : experimental evidence on gender and microenterprise returns (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4746
    Parallel Title: De Mel, Suresh Are women more credit constrained?
    Keywords: Businesswomen ; Sex discrimination ; Small business ; Businesswomen ; Sex discrimination ; Small business
    Abstract: "This paper analyzes data from a randomized experiment on mean returns to capital in Sri Lankan micro-enterprises. The findings show greater returns among men than among women; indeed, returns were not different from zero for women. The authors explore different explanations for the lower returns among female owners, and find no evidence that the gender gap is explained by differences in ability, risk aversion, or entrepreneurial attitudes. Differential access to unpaid family labor and social constraints limiting sales to local areas are not important. However, there is evidence that women invested grants differently from men. A smaller share of the smaller grants remained in the female-owned enterprises, and men were more likely to spend the grant on working capital and women on equipment. The gender gap is largest when male-dominated sectors are compared with female-dominated sectors, although female returns are lower than male returns even for females working in the same industries as men. The authors examine the heterogeneity of returns to determine whether any group of businesses owned by women benefit from easing capital constraints. The results suggest there is a large group of high-return male owners and a smaller group of poor, high-ability, female owners who might benefit from more access to capital. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 92
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    Does regionalism affect trade liberalization toward non-members ? (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4751
    Parallel Title: Estevadeordal, Antoni Does regionalism affect trade liberalization toward non-members ?
    Keywords: Favored nation clause ; Tariff preferences ; Favored nation clause ; Tariff preferences
    Abstract: "This paper examines the effect of regionalism on unilateral trade liberalization using industry-level data on applied most-favored nation tariffs and bilateral preferences for ten Latin American countries from 1990 to 2001. The findings show that preferential tariff reduction in a given sector leads to a reduction in the external (most-favored nation) tariff in that sector. External liberalization is greater if preferences are granted to important suppliers. However, these "complementarity effects" of preferential liberalization on external liberalization do not arise in customs unions. Overall, the results suggest that concerns about a negative effect of preferential liberalization on external trade liberalization are unfounded. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 93
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    The 2007 meltdown in structured securitization : searching for lessons, not scapegoats (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4756
    Parallel Title: Caprio, Gerard The 2007 meltdown in structured securitization
    Keywords: Asset-backed financing ; Financial crises ; Asset-backed financing ; Financial crises
    Abstract: "The intensity of recent turbulence in financial markets has surprised nearly everyone. This paper searches out the root causes of the crisis, distinguishing them from scapegoating explanations that have been used in policy circles to divert attention from the underlying breakdown of incentives. Incentive conflicts explain how securitization went wrong, why credit ratings proved so inaccurate, and why it is superficial to blame the crisis on mark-to-market accounting, an unexpected loss of liquidity, or trends in globalization and deregulation in financial markets. The analysis finds disturbing implications of the crisis for Basel II and its implementation. The paper argues that the principal source of financial instability lies in contradictory political and bureaucratic incentives that undermine the effectiveness of financial regulation and supervision in every country in the world. The paper concludes by identifying reforms that would improve incentives by increasing transparency and accountability in government and industry alike. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 94
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    Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices : the case of Ghana (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4740
    Parallel Title: Wodon, Quentin Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices
    Keywords: Grain Prices ; Poverty ; Grain Prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the (short term) impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers (who benefit from an increase in prices) and food consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor producers and consumers. In Ghana, the impact of a change in the price of rice is not ambiguous because a large share of the rice consumed is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is much larger than the positive impact for producers. For maize by contrast, the impact is ambiguous since much of the consumption is locally produced. Using a recent and comprehensive household survey, this paper provides an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in Ghana using both simple statistical analysis and non-parametric methods. The paper finds that rising food prices for rice, maize, and other cereals would together lead to an increase in poverty, but that by contrast to a number of other countries, this increase, while not negligible, may not be as large as feared. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 95
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    Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices : the case of Mali (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4744
    Parallel Title: Joseph, George Assessing the potential impact on poverty of rising cereals prices
    Keywords: Grain Prices ; Poverty ; Grain Prices ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Concerns have been raised about the impact of rising food prices worldwide on the poor. To assess the (short term) impact of rising food prices in any particular country it is necessary to look at both the impact on food producers (who benefit from an increase in prices) and food consumers (who loose out when the price increases), with a focus on poor producers and consumers. In Mali the impact of a change in the price of rice is not ambiguous because about half of the rice consumed in the country is imported, so that the negative impact for consumers is much larger than the positive impact for producers. By contrast, for millet and sorghum, as well as corn, the impact is more ambiguous since much of the consumption is locally produced. Using a recent and comprehensive household survey, this paper provides an assessment of the potential impact of higher food prices on the poor in Mali using both simple statistical analysis and non-parametric methods. The paper finds that rising food prices for rice, millet and sorghum, corn, as well as wheat and bread could together lead to a substantial increase in poverty, with the increase in the price of rice having by far the largest negative impact. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 96
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    The market for retirement products in Sweden (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4748
    Parallel Title: Palmer, Edward The market for retirement products in Sweden
    Keywords: Health insurance ; Individual retirement accounts ; Pension trusts ; Health insurance ; Individual retirement accounts ; Pension trusts
    Abstract: "Far-reaching changes in the regulation of financial markets and the organization of public pensions in the 1980s and 1990s transformed the landscape for retirement products in Sweden. First, banking and insurance were extensively deregulated in the 1980s, while the securities markets experienced major expansion. Insurance received a large boost from the authorization of unit-linked products in the early 1990s. Second, the public pension system was reformed. Survivor benefits for widows were eliminated from the public pillar in the late 1980s, leading to a large increase in demand for term life insurance. The old defined benefit public pension system was replaced by a notional or nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) scheme, while a funded defined contribution (FDC) component was also created in the public pillar. The four occupational pension funds that cover the majority of Swedish workers were also converted into FDC schemes. This paper reviews the implications of these changes for the Swedish annuity market. It discusses the regulation of payout options in Sweden, highlighting the compulsory use of life annuities in the public pillar and the preference for term annuities in the occupational funds. It examines the performance of providers of retirement products, including the PPM, and reviews the increasing focus on risk-based regulation and supervision. The paper also emphasizes Sweden's success in moving in the direction of increased funding and privatization of old age insurance, while maintaining its basic character as a highly developed welfare state. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 97
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    In pursuit of balance : randomization in practice in development field experiments (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4752
    Parallel Title: Bruhn, Miriam In pursuit of balance
    Abstract: "Randomized experiments are increasingly used in development economics, with researchers now facing the question of not just whether to randomize, but how to do so. Pure random assignment guarantees that the treatment and control groups will have identical characteristics on average, but in any particular random allocation, the two groups will differ along some dimensions. Methods used to pursue greater balance include stratification, pair-wise matching, and re-randomization. This paper presents new evidence on the randomization methods used in existing randomized experiments, and carries out simulations in order to provide guidance for researchers. Three main results emerge. First, many researchers are not controlling for the method of randomization in their analysis. The authors show this leads to tests with incorrect size, and can result in lower power than if a pure random draw was used. Second, they find that in samples of 300 or more, the different randomization methods perform similarly in terms of achieving balance on many future outcomes of interest. However, for very persistent outcome variables and in smaller sample sizes, pair-wise matching and stratification perform best. Third, the analysis suggests that on balance the re-randomization methods common in practice are less desirable than other methods, such as matching. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 98
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    Endogenous institution formation under a catching-up strategy in developing countries (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4794
    Parallel Title: Lin, Justin Yifu Endogenous institution formation under a catching-up strategy in developing countries
    Keywords: Institution building ; Institution building
    Abstract: "This paper explores endogenous institution formation under a catching-up strategy in developing countries. Since the catching-up strategy is normally against the compartive advantages of the developing countries, it can not be implemented through laissez-faire market mechanisms, and a government needs to establish nonmarket institutions to implement the strategy. In a simple two-sector model, the authors show that an institutional complex of price distortion, output control, and a directive allocation system is sufficient to implement the best allocation for the catching-up strategy. Furthermore, removing any of the three components will make it no longer implementable. The analysis also compares the best allocation and prices under the catching-up strategy with their counterparts under no distortions. The results of this paper provide important implications for understanding the institution formation in the developing countries that were pursuing a catching-up strategy after World War II. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 99
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    Migration and economic mobility in Tanzania : evidence from a tracking survey (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4798
    Parallel Title: Beegle, Kathleen Migration and economic mobility in Tanzania
    Keywords: Migration, Internal ; Migration, Internal
    Abstract: "This study explores the extent to which migration has contributed to improved living standards of individuals in Tanzania. Using longitudinal data on individuals, the authors estimate the impact of migration on consumption growth between 1991 and 2004. The analysis addresses concerns about heterogeneity and unobservable factors correlated with both income changes and the decision to migrate. The findings show that migration adds 36 percentage points to consumption growth, during a period of considerable growth in consumption. These results are robust to numerous tests and alternative specifications. Unpacking the findings, the analysis finds that moving out of agriculture is correlated with much higher growth than staying in agriculture, although growth is always higher in any sector if one physically moves. Economic mobility is strongly linked to geographic mobility. The puzzle is why more people do not move if returns to geographic mobility are high. The evidence is consistent with models in which exit barriers are set by home communities (through social and family norms) that prevent migration of certain categories of people. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Iraq Public Expenditure and Institutional Assessment, Volume 1 : Public Financial Management in a Conflict-Affected Environment (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The public expenditure and institutional assessment (PEIA) were motivated by a number of factors. First, both the Government of Iraq (GoI) and its international development partners have recognized the critical importance of sound management of Iraq's substantial public financial resources. Both parties support the reform and modernization of public financial management (PFM), as articulated in the International Compact for Iraq (ICI). Secondly, international experience demonstrates the importance of establishing a baseline against which progress in PFM over time can be measured. This implies the need for an assessment which provides the information necessary to measure the performance of a country's PFM system. Thirdly, the devastating circumstances in Iraq during the past 5 years have made the institutional arrangements for PFM the subject of considerable uncertainty. The PEIA can help to shape and prioritize the necessary development program. The report is organized in two main parts. Volume one contains a summary of the main issues to emerge from the public expenditure and financial accountability (PEFA) assessment and a discussion of a number of specific PFM issues of current importance to Iraq, including: capital investment budgeting (CIB), oil revenue management, the Iraq financial management information system (IFMIS), public accounting and accountability, and payroll management. Volume two contains a detailed technical analysis behind the PEFA assessment
    DOI: 10.1596/28209
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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