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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic freedom, human rights, and the returns to human capital : an evaluation of the Schultz hypothesis (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Montenegro, Claudio E Economic freedom, human rights, and the returns to human capital
    Abstract: According to T.W. Schultz, the returns to human capital are highest in economic environments experiencing unexpected price, productivity, and technology shocks that create "disequilibria." In such environments, the ability of firms and individuals to adapt their resource allocations to shocks becomes most valuable. In the case of negative shocks, government policies that mitigate the impact of the shock will also limit the returns to the skills of managing risk or adapting resources to changing market forces. In the case of positive shocks, government policies may restrict access to credit, labor, or financial markets in ways that limit reallocation of resources toward newly emerging profitable sectors. This paper tests the hypothesis that the returns to skills are highest in countries that allow individuals to respond to shocks. Using estimated returns to schooling and work experience from 122 household surveys in 86 developing countries, this paper demonstrates a strong positive correlation between the returns to human capital and economic freedom, an effect that is observed throughout the wage distribution. Economic freedom benefits those workers who have attained the most schooling as well as those who have accumulated the most work experience
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5405
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Life expectancy at birth and lifetime education and earnings (2020)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group, Education Global Practice
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 9418
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hoque, Mohammad Mainul Life Expectancy at Birth and Lifetime Education and Earnings
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Exploiting cross-birth cohort and cross-country variation from a pool of 188 household surveys from 111 countries, this paper measures how life expectancy at birth affects lifetime education and earnings. On average, individuals add one year of schooling for every 8.3 years of increased life expectancy at birth. Lifetime earnings increase by 1.7 percent per year of added life expectancy at birth. The estimates imply that rising life expectancy at birth explains 75 percent of the increase in average years of schooling worldwide for birth cohorts between 1922 and 1987 and 38 percent of the increase in average gross domestic product per capita in the 20th century
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9418
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Comparable Estimates of Returns to Schooling around the World (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Montenegro, Claudio E Comparable Estimates of Returns to Schooling around the World
    Abstract: Rates of return to investments in schooling have been estimated since the late 1950s. In the 60-plus year history of such estimates, there have been several attempts to synthesize the empirical results to ascertain patterns. This paper presents comparable estimates, as well as a database, that use the same specification, estimation procedure, and similar data for 139 economies and 819 harmonized household surveys. This effort to compile comparable estimates holds constant the definition of the dependent variable, the set of control variables, the sample definition, and the estimation method for all surveys in the sample. The results of this study show that (1) the returns to schooling are more concentrated around their respective means than previously thought; (2) the basic Mincerian model used is more stable than may have been expected; (3) the returns to schooling are higher for women than for men; (4) returns to schooling and labor market experience are strongly and positively associated; (5) there is a decreasing pattern over time; and (6) the returns to tertiary education are highest
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7020
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Shadow Economies All Over The World : New Estimates for 162 Countries From 1999 To 2007 (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Montenegro, Claudio E Shadow Economies All Over The World
    Abstract: paper presents estimations of the shadow economies for 162 countries, including developing Eastern European, Central Asian, and high-income countries over the period 1999 to 2006/2007. According to the estimations, the average size of the shadow economy (as a percentage of "official" gross domestic product) in 2006 in 98 developing countries is 38.7 percent; in 21 Eastern European and Central Asian (mostly transition) countries, it is 38.1 percent, and in 25 high-income countries, it is 18.7 percent. The authors find that the driving forces of the shadow economy are an increased burden of taxation (both direct and indirect), combined with labor market regulations and the quality of public goods and services, as well as the state of the "official" economy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5356
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aggregate agricultural supply response in developing countries : a survey of selected issues (1995)
    Washington, DC : World Bank, International Economics Dept., International Trade Division
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p) , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 1485
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice W Aggregate agricultural supply response in developing countries
    Keywords: Agricultural prices Econometric models ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Econometric models ; Agriculture and state Econometric models ; Produce trade Econometric models ; Agricultural prices Econometric models ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Econometric models ; Agriculture and state Econometric models ; Produce trade Econometric models
    Note: "July 1995"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references (p. 23-25)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Crafting labor policy : techniques and lessons from Latin America (2002)
    Washington, DC : Oxford University Press
    Details
    ISBN: 0821351117 , 0821351125
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xx, 279 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 331.12/042/098
    Keywords: Labor policy ; Labor policy ; Labor policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What determines the quality of institutions? (2002)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank, Office of the Senior Vice President, Development Economics
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2764
    Parallel Title: Islam, Roumeen What determines the quality of institutions?
    Keywords: Associations, institutions, etc ; Disclosure of information ; Economic development ; Equality ; Free trade ; Associations, institutions, etc ; Disclosure of information ; Economic development ; Equality ; Free trade
    Abstract: Trade openness has a significant impact on institutional quality, while inequality and ethnic diversity are not robustly correlated with institutional quality
    Note: "January 2002 , Includes bibliographical references (p. 16-17) , Title from title screen as viewed on Aug. 21, 2002 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Longevity and Lifetime Education : Global Evidence from 919 Surveys (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hoque, Mohammad Mainul Longevity and Lifetime Education: Global Evidence from 919 Surveys
    Abstract: Data from 919 household surveys conducted between 1960 and 2012, spanning 147 economies, are used to evaluate the relationship between rising life expectancy at birth and lifetime years of schooling for successive birth cohorts between 1905 and 1988. The study finds significant positive effects of increased life expectancy at birth on lifetime completed years of schooling in 95 percent of the surveys, with significant negative effects found in only 2.3 percent. Rising life expectancy at birth for a birth cohort has intergenerational benefits in that the cohort's children's schooling also increases. Rising life expectancy at birth since 1905 can explain 70 percent of the rising completed years of schooling for those birth cohorts
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8175
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Labor Policy and Digital Technology Use : Indicative Evidence from Cross-Country Correlations (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Packard, Truman G Labor Policy and Digital Technology Use: Indicative Evidence from Cross-Country Correlations
    Abstract: This paper exploits variation in country-level indicators drawn from published data to analyze the relationship between labor regulation and the use of digital technology. The analysis shows a statistically and economically significant association between digital technology use by firms and a country's statutory minimum wage and employment protection regulations. The results are robust to the inclusion of controls for level of development, economic stability, available infrastructure, and trade openness. To ensure the broadest country coverage, the paper develops new indexes of employment protection, using the World Bank's Doing Business indicators, which allow several aspects of labor market regulation-such as restrictions on hours and hiring, dismissal procedures, and severance costs-to be analyzed separately
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8221
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How Large Is the Gender Dividend? : Measuring Selected Impacts and Costs of Gender Inequality (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: Reducing gender inequality makes economic sense apart from being the right thing to do. Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls is the fifth sustainable development goal and is a top priority for governments. Countries can achieve this goal if they take appropriate steps. This note is part of a series that aims to measure the economic cost of gender inequality globally and regionally by examining the impacts of gender inequality in a wide range of areas and the costs associated with those impacts. Given that gender inequality affects individuals throughout their life, economic costs are measured in terms of losses in human capital wealth, as opposed to annual losses in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or GDP growth. The notes also aim to provide a synthesis of the available evidence on successful programs and policies that contribute to gender equality in multiple areas and achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
    DOI: 10.1596/33396
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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