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  • BSZ  (126)
  • Philosophy and science.
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030845704
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(VII, 245 p. 12 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    Series Statement: Philosophy of Engineering and Technology 38
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy. ; Technology—Sociological aspects. ; Continental Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: 1 Introduction: Coming to terms with technoscience -- 2 Dialectics of Technoscience -- 3 Dialectical materialism -- 4 Psychoanalysing technoscience -- 5 Louis Althusser: science and ideology -- 6 Coming to terms with technoscience: the Heideggerian way -- 7 Pierre Teilhard de Chardin’s phenomenology of the noosphere -- 8 Philosophy of technoscience: from cis-continental to trans-continental.
    Abstract: The key objective of this volume is to allow philosophy students and early-stage researchers to become practicing philosophers in technoscientific settings. Zwart focuses on the methodological issue of how to practice continental philosophy of technoscience today. This text draws upon continental authors such as Hegel, Engels, Heidegger, Bachelard and Lacan (and their fields of dialectics, phenomenology and psychoanalysis) in developing a coherent message around the technicity of science or rather, “technoscience”. Within technoscience, the focus will be on recent developments in life sciences research, such as genomics, post-genomics, synthetic biology and global ecology. This book uniquely presents continental perspectives that tend to be underrepresented in mainstream philosophy of science, yet entail crucial insights for coming to terms with technoscience as it is evolving on a global scale today. This is an open access book.
    Note: Open Access
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands | Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9789402421156
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XXIII, 247 pages) , 4 b/w illustrations, 21 illustrations in colour
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Sociology. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Science—Social aspects.
    Abstract: Chapter 1: Science and Society – Chapter 2: Images of Science: A reality check -- Science in Transition: How science goes wrong and what to do about it -- Chapter 4: Science & Society: pragmatism by default -- Chapter 5: Science in Social Contexts -- Chapter 6: Science in Transition reduced to Practice -- chapter 7: Transition to Open Science.
    Abstract: This open access book provides a broad context for the understanding of current problems of science and of the different movements aiming to improve the societal impact of science and research. The author offers insights with regard to ideas, old and new, about science, and their historical origins in philosophy and sociology of science, which is of interest to a broad readership. The book shows that scientifically grounded knowledge is required and helpful in understanding intellectual and political positions in various discussions on the grand challenges of our time and how science makes impact on society. The book reveals why interventions that look good or even obvious, are often met with resistance and are hard to realize in practice. Based on a thorough analysis, as well as personal experiences in aids research, university administration and as a science observer, the author provides - while being totally open regarding science's limitations- a realistic narrative about how research is conducted, and how reliable ‘objective’ knowledge is produced. His idea of science, which draws heavily on American pragmatism, fits in with the global Open Science movement. It is argued that Open Science is a truly and historically unique movement in that it translates the analysis of the problems of science into major institutional actions of system change in order to improve academic culture and the impact of science, engaging all actors in the field of science and academia.
    URL: Cover
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030878139
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(X, 244 p. 1 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 445
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; History.
    Abstract: Preface -- Chapter 1. In Defense of the No-Miracles Argument -- Chapter 2. Critiques of the Pessimistic Induction -- Chapter 3. Critiques of Scientific Antirealism -- Chapter 4. Six New Arguments for Scientific Realism -- Chapter 5. Critiques of Five Variants of Putative Realism -- Chapter 6. Formulating Scientific Realism and Antirealism -- Chapter 7. Scientific Realism and Scientific Understanding -- Chapter 8. Scientific Realism and Scientific Progress -- Chapter 9. Scientific Realism and Mathematical Realism -- Chapter 10. Scientific Realism and Scientific Practice -- Chapter 11. New Topics for Future Debates -- Index.
    Abstract: This book provides philosophers of science with new theoretical resources for making their own contributions to the scientific realism debate. Readers will encounter old and new arguments for and against scientific realism. They will also be given useful tips for how to provide influential formulations of scientific realism and antirealism. Finally, they will see how scientific realism relates to scientific progress, scientific understanding, mathematical realism, and scientific practice.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030810108
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(IX, 310 p. 3 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    Series Statement: Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science 53
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy.
    Abstract: Chapter 1. A Life Between: Ernest Nagel (Matthias Neuber and Adam Tamas Tuboly) -- Chapter 2. Ernest Nagel and the Reception of Logical Empiricism in the United States (Sander Verhaegh) -- Chapter 3. Between Enthusiasm and Disenchantment: Ernest Nagel and Logical Empiricism (Thomas Mormann) -- Chapter 4. Putting the Cart before the Horse: Nagel’s Criticism of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle (Jeanne Peijnenburg and David Atkinson). Chapter 5. Nagel on Idealization in Science (Raphael van Riel) -- Chapter 6. Determinism as a Guiding Principle (Marij van Strien) -- Chapter 7. On Nagel’s ‘Truth-frequency’ Interpretation of Probability (Maria Carla Galavotti) -- Chapter 8. Neurath and Nagel on Semantics (Lucas Baccarat) -- Chapter 9. On Nagel on Teleology in Biology (Bohang Chen) -- Chapter 10. Nagel Teaching Aristotle and Philosophy of Science (Fons Dewulf) -- Chapter 11. Nagel’s Philosophy of the Social Sciences (Matthias Neuber) -- Chapter 12. Ernest Nagel the Reviewer (Eric Schliesser) -- Appendix: The Nagel-Hempel Correspondence.
    Abstract: This volume is dedicated to the life and work of Ernest Nagel (1901-1985) counted among the influential twentieth-century philosophers of science. Forgotten by the history of philosophy of science community in recent years, this volume introduces Nagel’s philosophy to a new generation of readers and highlights the merits and originality of his works. Best known in the history of philosophy as a major American representative of logical empiricism with some pragmatist and naturalist leanings, Nagel’s interests and activities went beyond these limits. His career was marked with a strong and determined intention of harmonizing the European scientific worldview of logical empiricism and American naturalism/pragmatism. His most famous and systematic treatise on, The Structure of Science, appeared just one year before Thomas Kuhn’s even more renowned, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. As a reflection of Nagel’s interdisciplinary work, the contributing authors’ articles are connected both historically and systematically. The volume will appeal to students mainly at the graduate level and academic scholars. Since the volume treats historical, philosophical, physical, social and general scientific questions, it will be of interest to historians and philosophers of science, epistemologists, social scientists, and anyone interested in the history of analytic philosophy and twentieth-century intellectual history.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783030813963
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XIX, 462 p. 9 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    Series Statement: Palgrave Perspectives on Process Philosophy
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Metaphysics. ; Philosophy and science. ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Ontology.
    Abstract: Editor’s Introduction: Mediations for a New Epoch -- PART I: PHYSICS & COSMOLOGY -- 1. Process Physics: Toward an Organismic, Neo-Whiteheadian Physics, Jeroen B. J. van Dijk -- 2. Extending Whiteheadean Organic Cosmology to a Comprehensive Science of Nature -- Attila Grandpierre -- 3. Outlines of a Speculative Cosmology: Whitehead’s Philosophy of Organism meets Descola’s Four Anthropological Dispositions towards Nature, Otávio S. R. D. Maciel -- PART II: ONTOLOGY & ECOLOGY -- 4. The Ontology of Ecology, Maria-Teresa Tiexiera -- 5. A Universe of Subjects: Process Cosmology and Deep Ecology, Wm. Andrew Schwartz -- 6. Eastern Traditions, Western Science and Whitehead.,John Pickering -- PART III: PLURALITY & PERSPECTIVISM -- 7. Cosmology and Meseology: Whitehead and the Plurality of Worlds, Rodrigo Petronio -- 8. Cosmic Epochs of Vigorous Order, Luís Morais -- 9. Truth and Reality in Whitehead’s Metaphysics, Glen Veitch -- PART IV: POSSIBILITY & MENTALITY -- 10. Rethinking Whitehead’s Cosmology through the Cosmogonic Philosophy of C.S. Peirce: Speculation on the Origins of the Actual and the Metaphysical Primacy of the Possible, Philip Rose -- 11. Jamesian Gifts and Whiteheadian Data: Selecting a Future, John Becker -- 12. A Process-Oriented Approach to Mental Causation, Friedrich Sieben -- PART V: TEMPORALITY & CREATIVITY -- 13. Grasping Epochal Time: A Process Phenomenological Approach -- Andrew Kirkpatrick -- 14. Bergson: from Virtual Action to the Melody of Time, Pedro Nuno Pereira Lopes -- 15. Whitehead and Bergson on Creativity and Stagnation in Art -- Miloš Ševčík -- PART VI: EXPERIENCE & RELIGION -- 16. Whitehead, Grof and Psychedelics, John Buchanan -- 17. Exceptional Human Experience and the Potential for New Cosmology, Lenny Gibson -- 18. Whiteheadian Cosmotheology: Platonic Entities, Divine Realities and Shared Extraterrestrial Values, Andrew M. Davis.
    Abstract: This book newly articulates the international and interdisciplinary reach of Whitehead’s organic process cosmology for a variety of topics across science and philosophy, and in dialogue with a variety historical and contemporary voices. Integrating Whitehead’s thought with the insights of Bergson, James, Pierce, Merleau-Ponty, Descola, Fuchs, Hofmann, Grof and many others, contributors from around the world reveal the relevance of process philosophy to physics, cosmology, astrobiology, ecology, metaphysics, aesthetics, psychedelics, and religion. A global collection, this book expresses multivocal possibilities for the development of process cosmology after Whitehead. This book newly articulates the international and interdisciplinary reach of Whitehead’s organic process cosmology for a variety of topics across science and philosophy, and in dialogue with a variety historical and contemporary voices. Integrating Whitehead’s thought with the insights of Bergson, James, Pierce, Merleau-Ponty, Descola, Fuchs, Hofmann, Grof and many others, contributors from around the world reveal the relevance of process philosophy to physics, cosmology, astrobiology, ecology, metaphysics, aesthetics, psychedelics, and religion. A global collection, this book expresses multivocal possibilities for the development of process cosmology after Whitehead.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030803636
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(VI, 261 p. 1 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna Vienna Circle Society, Society for the Advancement of Scientific World Conceptions 26
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Ethics. ; Philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Postmodernism.
    Abstract: Part 1 : The Socio-Ethical Dimension of Knowledge - The Mission of Logical Empiricism -- Chapter 1. Introduction (Tuboly) -- Chapter 2. Ethics and Morality in the Vienna Circle (Siegetsleitner) -- Chapter 3. The Social Virtue of Science. Motivating Structural Objectivity in Logical Empiricism (Richardson) -- Chapter 4. Philosophy (and Wissenschaft) Without Politics? Schlick on Nietzsche, German Idealism, and Militarism (Vrahimis) -- Chapter 5. Schlick on the Meaning of “Good” (Ambrus) -- Chapter 6. Making Logical Positivism Less Logical: The Case of Schlick and von Mises (Tuboly) -- Chapter 7. Leo Apostel and Rudolf Carnap: The Development of Logical Empiricist Ethics in Post-War Europe (Dewulf) -- Chapter 8. The Cult of Genius and its Critics: Edgar Zilsel and Otto Neurath (Sandner) -- Chapter 9. Philipp Frank’s Relativism: Presentation, Appreciation, and Critique (Stamenkovic) -- Chapter 10. Alternative Facts, Fake News, Pseudo-Science: New Challenges for a Scientific World-view. An Essay (Dahms) -- Part II: General Part -- Chapter 11. Viennese Lessons: Wittgenstein, Carnap and Schlick (Soames) -- Part III: Review Essays -- Chapter 12. George Reisch, The Politics of Paradigms. Thomas S. Kuhn, James Conant and the Cold War “Struggle for Men´s Minds“. Albany: State University of New York Press 2019 (Dahms) -- Chapter 13. Amrei C. Joerchel, Gerhard Benetka (Eds.), Memories of Gustav Ichheiser. Life and Work of a Social Scientist (Theory and History in the Human and Social Sciences Bd.1). Cham: Springer 2018 (Maria Czwik and Bastian Stoppelkamp).
    Abstract: This book studies how the relationship between philosophy, morality, politics, and science was conceived in the Vienna Circle and how this group of philosophers tried to position science as an antidote to totalitarianism and irrationalism. This leads to investigation of the still understudied views of the Vienna Circle on moral philosophy, meta-ethics, and the relationship between philosophy of science and politics. Including papers from an international group of scholars, The Socio-ethical Dimension of Knowledge: The Mission of Logical Empiricism addresses these topics and makes them available to scholars in the field of history of philosophy of science.
    URL: Cover
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9783030859398
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XXIV, 247 p. 1 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 340
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Janas, Michael, 1978 - Understanding quantum raffles
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Physics. ; Quantum physics.
    Abstract: 1. Introduction -- 2. Representing Distant Correlations by Correlation Arrays and Polytopes -- 3. The Elliptope and the Geometry of Correlations -- 4. Generalization to Singlet State of Two Particles with Higher Spin -- 5. Correlation Arrays, Polytopes and the CHSH Inequality -- 6. Interpreting Quantum Mechanics -- 7. Conclusion.
    Abstract: This book offers a thorough technical elaboration and philosophical defense of an objectivist informational interpretation of quantum mechanics according to which its novel content is located in its kinematical framework, that is, in how the theory describes systems independently of the specifics of their dynamics. It will be of interest to researchers and students in the philosophy of physics and in theoretical physics with an interest in the foundations of quantum mechanics. Additionally, parts of the book may be used as the basis for courses introducing non-physics majors to quantum mechanics, or for self-study by those outside of the university with an interest in quantum mechanics. With a Foreword by Jeffrey Bub. -- “Understanding Quantum Raffles is a wonderful book for both the specialists and those with curious minds. The elegance and the simplicity with which the 'three Mikes' explain some of the deepest aspects of quantum mechanics on the basis of probabilities and correlations are dazzling and delightful. The same elegance and simplicity also make the book ideal for any engaged reader who ever wondered what is so special about quantum mechanics. In our age of new quantum technologies, this is something anyone should read.” (Guido Bacciagaluppi, author of Quantum Theory at the Crossroads) “This book makes a sustained argument for an informational interpretation of quantum theory, blending an elegant mathematical characterisation of quantum correlations with incisive historical and philosophical analysis. A must-read for those interested in quantum foundations, and also a fertile source of teaching inspiration for quantum theory.” (Leah Henderson, author of Philosophy of quantum information and entanglement) “This is one of the most fascinating and accessible presentations of the informational approach to quantum mechanics. What has so far been mostly restricted to the theoretical physics community is here masterfully explained for a broader audience even without a physics background. Scholars, students, and laypeople alike will appreciate the clear, vivid, and yet deep discussion of what raffle tickets and correlation elliptopes can tell us about the physics and philosophy of the quantum world.” (Markus Müller, Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austria).
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Springer International Publishing | Cham : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783030810825
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(X, 130 p. 9 illus., 1 illus. in color.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2022.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Science—History. ; Analysis (Philosophy).
    Abstract: Introduction: What are thought experiments? -- The main characteristics: stages of experiments, their role in science in philosophy, their closest relatives -- Uderstanding the thought experiments: empiricist, Platonist and inferentialist proposals, the mental modelling as alternative -- The challenge of experimental philosophy -- Understanding the history of influential though-experiments -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: This book offers a readable introduction to the main aspects of thought experimenting in philosophy and science (together with related imaginative activities in mathematics and linguistics). It presents the main options in understanding thought experiments, from empiricism to Platonism, and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. However, it also provides some original perspectives on the topic. Firstly, it provides a new definition and analysis of thought experimenting that brings it closer to laboratory experimenting. Secondly, it develops the author’s earlier theory of “mental modelling”, proposed some decades ago by him, and some other researchers in the field as the crucial procedure in thought experimenting. The mental modelling approach links work with thought experimenting to cognitive science and to research on mental simulation which is a hot topic in present-day research. Thirdly, it proposes a principled way to respond to criticism of thought experimenting by “experimental philosophers” as they have been dominating the present-day debates. The response suggests a possible ameliorative, self-help project for thought experimenting. Finally, the book provides a way to systematize the history of important thought experiments in science and philosophy and thus connects, in an original way, the systematic investigation of experimenting to the historical work of famous thought experiments. It is of interest to scholars interested in history of ideas and philosophy of science.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9783662631874
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 150 Seiten)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Die Autorinnen und Autoren präsentieren in diesem Buch Argumente, die die Unmöglichkeit des Reduktionismus aus philosophischer, naturwissenschaftlicher bzw. mathematisch-logischer Perspektive zu begründen suchen. Der Reduktionismus behauptet, dass Eigenschaften auch von komplexen Systemen (bis hin zu Lebensvorgängen und menschlichem Bewusstsein) vollständig auf ihre Bestandteile zurückgeführt werden können. Diese Position ist einflussreich, aber umstritten. Im Jahr 2019 hat der Kurt Gödel Freundeskreis einen Essaywettbewerb veranstaltet, um schlagende Argumente gegen den Reduktionismus zu finden. Unter den internationalen Teilnehmern waren neben weltweit führenden Forschern auch Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler, die noch am Beginn ihrer Kariere stehen. Dieser Band versammelt die Beiträge der Preisträger und weitere ausgewählte Aufsätze. Aus dem Inhalt: · Kausalität als antireduktionistisches Hausmittel – Martin Breul · Reduktionismus im Diskurs – Hanna Hueske · Monads, Types, and Branching Time – Kurt Gödel’s approach towards a theory of the soul – Tim Lethen · The limits of reductionism: thought, life, and reality – Jesse M. Mulder · True or Rational? A Problem for a Mind-Body Reductionist – Michał Pawłowski · Why reductionism does not work – George F. R. Ellis · Physik ohne Reduktion – Rico Gutschmidt · Is there an Axiom for everything? – Jean-Yves Béziau · Unerklärliche Wahrheiten – Marco Hausmann · Gödel, mathematischer Realismus und Antireduktionismus – Reinhard Kahle Die Herausgeber Oliver Passon ist Privatdozent an der Bergischen Universität Wuppertal und lehrt Physik und ihre Didaktik. Zu seinen Hauptarbeits- und Interessensgebieten gehört die Didaktik, Geschichte und Philosophie der modernen Physik. Christoph Benzmüller ist Professor für KI/Informatik, Logik und Mathematik an der Freien Universität Berlin. Er war der erste UNA Europa Gastprofessor und er kooperiert derzeit mit einem Berliner Startup Unternehmen.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Kausalität als antireduktionistisches Hausmittel oder: Was hat den Großen Brand von London verursacht? -- 2 Reduktionismus im Diskurs -- 3 Monads, Types, and Branching Time – Kurt Gödel’s approach towards a theory of the soul -- 4 The limits of reductionism: thought, life, and reality -- 5 True or Rational? A Problem for a Mind-Body Reductionist -- 6 Why reductionism does not work -- 7 Physik ohne Reduktion -- 8 Is there an Axiom for everything? -- 9 Unerklärliche Wahrheiten -- 10 Gödel, mathematischer Realismus und Antireduktionismus.
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  • 10
    Book
    Book
    Cham, Switzerland : Palgrave Macmillan
    ISBN: 9783030824259 , 9783030824228
    Language: English
    Pages: vi, 233 Seiten
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Adorno, Francesco Paolo The Transhumanist Movement
    DDC: 301
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Sociology. ; Human body—Social aspects. ; Philosophy and science. ; Anthropology.
    Abstract: This volume analyzes the theoretical underpinnings of the academic transhumanism movement, beginning with the relationship between anthropology and technique. The author focuses on the question of immortality, which can be considered the core of transhumanism. The true depth of immortality will be discussed, through which and how many transformations could be produced in order to change our society, which is basically shaped by and for human mortal beings, in a society composed by immortal persons. Some writers have written about what a future populated with immortals might look like, which is far removed from both the bright future painted by transhumanists and from the disappearance of humanity feared by bioconservatives.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg | Berlin, Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer
    ISBN: 9783662617304
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XIII, 315 S. 5 Abb.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2020.
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mclntyre, Lee Wir lieben Wissenschaft
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Wissenschaft ; Pseudowissenschaft ; Abgrenzung ; Wissenschaft ; Betrug ; Irrtum ; Fälschung
    Abstract: Einführung -- Die wissenschaftliche Methode und das Abgrenzungsproblem -- Irrtümer und Missverständnisse: Wie funktioniert Wissenschaft wirklich?- Warum eine wissenschaftliche Grundhaltung wichtig ist -- Die wissenschaftliche Grundhaltung muss keine Lösung des Abgrenzungsproblems liefern -- Wie Wissenschaftler die wissenschaftliche Grundhaltung ein- und umsetzen -- Wie die wissenschaftliche Grundhaltung die moderne Medizin veränderte -- Wissenschaft falsch gemacht: Betrug und andere Fehlschläge -- Wissenschaft auf Abwegen: Leugner, Pseudowissenschaftler und andere Scharlatane -- Die wissenschaftliche Grundhaltung und die Sozialwissenschaften -- Wissenschaft schätzen lernen -- Anmerkungen -- Literaturverzeichnis.
    Abstract: Angriffe auf die Wissenschaft sind alltäglich geworden: Die Erforschung des Klimawandels sei keine „anständige“ Wissenschaft, die Evolution „nur eine Theorie“, die „Wahrheit“ über Impfstoffe werde vertuscht. In diesem Buch diskutiert Lee McIntyre, was Wissenschaft von Nicht-Wissenschaft unterscheidet: der Stellenwert der Evidenz und die Bereitschaft, Theorien auf Basis neuer Evidenz zu verwerfen. Diese beiden wesentlichen Eigenschaften nennt er die „wissenschaftliche Grundhaltung“. McIntyre führt Beispiele an, die sowohl den wissenschaftlichen Erfolg (eine Verringerung des Kindbettfiebers im 19. Jahrhundert) als auch das Scheitern (die fehlerhafte „Entdeckung“ der kalten Fusion im 20. Jahrhundert) veranschaulichen. Er beschreibt den Wandel der Medizin von einer weitgehend auf Vermutungen beruhenden Praxis zu einer Wissenschaft, die sich auf Beweise stützt; er betrachtet wissenschaftlichen Betrug und untersucht die Positionen von ideologiegetriebenen Leugnern, Pseudowissenschaftlern und „Skeptikern“, die wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse ablehnen. Das Buch macht in einer Welt der „alternativen Fakten“ klar, dass die Beachtung von Fakten ein einzigartig wirkungsvolles Instrument zur Verteidigung der Wissenschaft selbst ist. Der Autor Lee McIntyre ist Research Fellow am Center for Philosophy and History of Science der Universität Boston. Er schreibt unter anderem populärwissenschaftliche Sachbücher, in denen er es schafft, ein breites Publikum für die Philosophie der Natur- und Sozialwissenschaften zu gewinnen. .
    URL: Cover
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9783658174798
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 228 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of Religion ; Philosophy ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Dieser Band enthält eine Auswahl aus dem großen Bestand an Briefen, die Hans Albert zu Religionsfragen und zur Theologiekritik geschrieben hat. Er gibt neue und überraschende Einblicke in seinen Gedankenaustausch mit renommierten Theologen (Gerhard Ebeling, Heinzpeter Hempelmann, Peter Knauer, Armin Kreiner, Hans Küng, Helge Siemers), Religionsphilosophen (Helmut Groos, Hermann Lübbe) und dem Religionskritiker Karlheinz Deschner. Diese Korrespondenz gibt auch Auskunft über biographisch-historische Hintergründe, über die Entwicklung von Alberts Denken sowie über die Rezeption seiner Auffassungen und seine lebhafte Beteiligung an theologischen Auseinandersetzungen. Der von Albert vertretene Kritische Rationalismus ist mit der Forderung nach kritisch-rationaler Prüfung von Überzeugungen aller Art, mit der Zurückweisung verschiedener, fragwürdiger Formen von Rechtfertigungen und mit der Kritik an Immunisierungsstrategien nicht nur eine Herausforderung für die Theologie, sondern auch für eine mit dem christlichen Glauben zu vereinbarende Philosophie. Der Autor Prof. Dr. Hans Albert (1921) ist im deutschen Sprachraum einer der bedeutendsten Wissenschaftsphilosophen. Seit 1963 bis zu seiner Emeritierung im Jahr 1989 war er Professor für Soziologie und Wissenschaftslehre an der Universität Mannheim. Der Herausgeber PD Dr. phil. Dr. theol. habil. Giuseppe Franco (1981) ist Privatdozent an der Theologischen Fakultät der Katholischen Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Feodor Lynen-Forschungsstipendiat bei der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung an der Universität Salento/Lecce sowie Preisträger des Max-Weber-Preises für Wirtschaftsethik
    Abstract: Der theologische Briefwechsel von Hans Albert: Eine Einführung -- Im Gespräch mit evangelischen Theologen -- Im Gespräch mit Philosophen und Religionskritikern -- Im Gespräch mit katholischen Theologen -- Ausgewähltes Literaturverzeichnis
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9783030037727
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (IX, 169 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Veröffentlichungen des Instituts Wiener Kreis Bd. 29
    Series Statement: Springer eBooks
    Series Statement: Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy of Science ; Philosophy and science. ; Gravitation. ; Psychology. ; Konferenzschrift
    Abstract: Chapter 1. Ernst Mach und der wahre Inhalt von Newtons erstem Gesetz der Bewegung (Martin Černohorský) -- Chapter 2. Das bedrängte Ich. Ich-Konzepte bei Freud und Mach (Gerhard Donhauser) -- Chapter 3. Ernst Mach und die Kinematographie (Regina Jonach) -- Chapter 4. Ernst Machs Bedeutung für die Herausbildung einer naturwissenschaftlichen Psychologie – Zur Geschichte eines Missverständnisses (Gerhard Benetka und Thomas Slunecko) -- Chapter 6. Ernst Mach und Sigmund Freud: Fortsetzung der Philosophie mit anderen Mitteln? (Patrizia Giampieri) -- Chapter 7. Zu Ernst Machs ‚historisch-kritischer Methode‘ (Elisabeth Nemeth) -- Chapter 8. Mach, Boltzmann und die Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien (Wolfgang L. Reiter) -- Chapter 9. Vom Empiriokritizismus zum Empiriomonismus: Aleksander Bogdanovs Rezeption der Epistemologie von Ernst Mach (Maja Soboleva)
    Abstract: Ernst Mach (1838–1916) zählt zu den bedeutendsten Naturwissenschaftlern und Philosophen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. In der Physik gilt er als Wegbereiter von Einsteins Relativitätstheorie und Kontrahent von Boltzmanns Atomistik. In der Biologie, Psychologie und Physiologie wird er als Pionier einer empiristischen und gestalthaften „Analyse der Empfindungen“ betrachtet. In der Wissenschaftsphilosophie schließlich war er Vorbild des Wiener Kreises mit dem Verein Ernst Mach und Wegbereiter einer integrierten Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Wissenschaftstheorie. Der Band versammelt die deutschsprachigen Beiträge zum Symposium anlässlich des 100. Todestages von Ernst Mach. Im Mittelpunkt der internationalen Konferenz im Juni 2016 an der Universität Wien und der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften standen Leben, Werk und Wirkung des Naturforschers und Philosophen. Der Band bietet eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme von Machs Lebenswerk vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Forschung und Historiografie. Die Autoren untersuchen unter anderem seine Bedeutung für die Herausbildung einer naturwissenschaftlichen Psychologie Machs historisch-kritische Methode die Rolle der Kinematographie die Rezeption durch Aleksander Bogdanov das Verhältnis zu Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalyse Der Band erscheint in der Reihe „Veröffentlichungen des Instituts Wiener Kreis“ und richtet sich an Forschende auf den Gebieten der Wissenschaftsphilosophie, -geschichte und -theorie sowie der Kulturwissenschaften und der Wahrnehmungspsychologie
    Note: In 2016, June 15–18, this Ernst Mach Centenary Conference was organized by the Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer VS
    ISBN: 9783658162399
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XV, 799 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Series Statement: Springer eBooks
    Series Statement: Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Political science Philosophy ; Epistemology ; Philosophy and science. ; Political philosophy.
    Abstract: Einleitung -- I. Karl Poppers Leben und Werk -- II. Karl Popper und der Umkreis seines Denkens -- III. Wissenschaftstheoretische Grundlagen -- IV. Metaphysik, Erkenntnistheorie und Biophilosophie -- V. Sozialphilosophie und politische Philosophie -- VI. Der Kritische Rationalismus in den Wissenschaften -- VII. Zur Wirkungsgeschichte des Kritischen Rationalismus -- Anhang: Chronologie von Karl Poppers Lebensdaten und seiner Werke -- Autorenverzeichnis -- Namensregister
    Abstract: Dieses Handbuch bietet einen verlässlichen, systematischen und umfassenden Zugang einerseits zu Leben und Werk Karl Poppers, andererseits zur breiten Wirkung seiner Ideen in Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft. Die Struktur des Handbuches macht es möglich, es als praktisches Referenzwerk für Forschung und Lehre zu verwenden, aber auch Studierenden und interessierten Laien einen ersten Zugang zu verschiedenen Themenbereichen zu ermöglichen und ihnen die Bandbreite von Poppers Kritischem Rationalismus zu vermitteln. Der Inhalt • Karl Poppers Leben und Werk • Karl Popper und der Umkreis seines Denkens • Wissenschaftstheoretische Grundlagen • Metaphysik, Erkenntnistheorie und Biophilosophie • Sozialphilosophie und politische Philosophie • Der Kritische Rationalismus in den Wissenschaften • Zur Wirkungsgeschichte des Kritischen Rationalismus Die Zielgruppen Studierende, Lehrende, Wissenschaftler, Praktiker in den entsprechenden Disziplinen Der Herausgebende PD Dr. phil. Dr. theol. habil. Giuseppe Franco (geb. 1981) ist Privatdozent an der Theologischen Fakultät der Katholischen Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Feodor Lynen-Forschungsstipendiat bei der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung sowie Preisträger des Max-Weber-Preises für Wirtschaftsethik
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9783658151201
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VII, 270 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Springer eBooks
    Series Statement: Social Science and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of Science ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Charakterisierung des Gegenstandsbereiches 'Wissenschaftstheorien' -- Darstellung relevanter Beurteilungskriterien von Wissenschaftstheorien -- Darstellung der einzelnen Wissenschaftstheorien und ihre Beurteilung -- Zusammenfassende Folgerungen aus der Kritik der normativen Wissenschaftstheorien -- Interdisziplinarität: Künftige Aufgabe der Wissenschaftsphilosophie
    Abstract: Dieser Band bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die normativen Theorien der Wissenschaft. Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jhs. schien die Philosophie ihre Kompetenz in der Behandlung der Grundlagenprobleme der menschlichen Existenz an die Physik abzugeben. Einige Philosophen nutzten ihre Kenntnisse in Mathematik und Logik, um durch den Bezug auf die philosophischen Traditionen der Erkenntnistheorie mit den normativen Wissenschaftstheorien des Logische Positivismus, des Kritischen Rationalismus und des Konstruktivismus philosophisches Terrain zu erhalten. Ihr weit überzogener und nicht zu rechtfertigender Anspruch, den Wissenschaftlern korrektes wissenschaftliches Arbeiten vorzuschreiben, hat trotz ihrer wissenschaftsfördernden Arbeiten wie etwa die Metrisierungstheorie oder die sprachliche Bedeutungslehre das Ansehen der Wissenschaftstheorie ruiniert. Der Band III ist darum ein Wiederbelebungsversuch einer interdisziplinären für alle Wissenschaften fruchtbaren Theorie der Wissenschaften. Der Inhalt Charakterisierung des Gegenstandsbereiches 'Wissenschaftstheorien' • Darstellung relevanter Beurteilungskriterien von Wissenschaftstheorien • Darstellung der einzelnen Wissenschaftstheorien und ihre Beurteilung • Zusammenfassende Folgerungen aus der Kritik der normativen Wissenschaftstheorien • Interdisziplinarität: Künftige Aufgabe der Wissenschaftsphilosophie Die Zielgruppen Für Studierende an Universitäten und Hochschulen, für lehrende und forschende Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler sowie für alle Leserinnen und Leser, die sich im Selbststudium einen Überblick über die Grundlagen wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens und Forschens verschaffen wollen, und an der Bedeutung der Wissenschaft interessierte Medienvertreterinnen und -vertreter. Der Autor Wolfgang Deppert ist Wissenschaftstheoretiker, Philosoph, Physiker und Maschinenbauingenieur
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin : J.B. Metzler Verlag
    ISBN: 9783476047274
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VIII, 222 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Springer eBooks
    Series Statement: J.B. Metzler Humanities
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Heinrichs, Jan-Hendrik, 1975 - Neuroethik
    RVK:
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Neurosciences ; Neurology ; Philosophy of mind ; Ethics ; Philosophy and science. ; Einführung ; Neurowissenschaften ; Ethik ; Neuroethik
    Abstract: 1 Einführung und übergreifende Theorieperspektive -- 2 Vorgeschichte der Neuroethik – Von Symposien, rituellen Drogen und elektrischen Fischen -- 3 Ethik im neurowissenschaftlichen Labor -- 4 Ethik in der psychiatrischen und neurologischen Praxis -- 5 Neuroethik in der Alltagsmoral jenseits von Labor und Praxis -- Anhang (Bibliographie, Sachregister)
    Abstract: Das Buch bietet eine Gesamtdarstellung der noch relativ jungen Disziplin der Neuroethik. Es führt die derzeit separat geführten Diskussionen der forschungs- und medizinethisch ausgerichteten Ethik in den Neurowissenschaften mit der in professionellen und öffentlichen Diskussionen vernachlässigten alltäglichen Ethik des Umgangs mit Manipulationen des menschlichen Geistes jenseits von medizinischen und Forschungskontexten zusammen. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf den moralischen Implikationen der mechanischen Veränderung des menschlichen Geistes
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 207-220
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    ISBN: 9783658140434
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 327 S, online resource)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of Science ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Dieser Band bietet eine umfassende Einführung in die geschichtliche Entwicklung von Wissenschaft seit der Antike. Menschen sind historische Wesen, d.h. ihr Denken und Handeln sind durch ihre historische Gewordenheit bestimmt. Dies gilt besonders für die Wissenschaft, die sich stets im Zustand der fortlaufenden Entwicklung befindet, weil das Denkvermögen des Menschen, das ihn zum wissenschaftlichen Denken befähigt, erst in einigen tausend Jahren kultureller Entwicklung entstanden ist. Beginnend mit den mythischen Bewusstseins- und Denkformen wird das Werden des begrifflichen und erkennenden Denkens nachgezeichnet und das Werden der neuzeitlichen Wissenschaft in ihrer Abhängigkeit von sinnstiftenden Überzeugungen bis hin zur Quanten- und Relativitätsphysik. Wünschenswerte Weiterentwicklungen werden kurz behandelt. Der Inhalt Von den ersten Ursprüngen der Wissenschaft • Vom Werden des begrifflichen Denkens im antiken Griechenland • Die wissenschaftlichen Anfänge durch Platon, Aristoteles und ihre antiken Nachfolger • Die wissenschaftliche Friedhofszeit des frühen Christentums • Kulturelles und wissenschaftliches Aufblühen im frühen Islam • Erste Anläufe zum Werden der Wissenschaft zu Beginn der europäischen Neuzeit • Vereinzelte Starts zur neuzeitlichen Wissenschaft durch die Entwicklung der dazu nötigen Bewusstseinsformen bei Nikolaus Kopernikus, Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler und René Descartes • Das Werden der Wissenschaft im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert und der wissenschaftliche Aufschwung des 19. Jahrhunderts • Die wissenschaftlichen Revolutionen des 20. Jahrhunderts • Neuzeitliche Einsichten, in die Beschränktheit menschlicher Erkenntnis und ihre erkenntnistheoretischen Konsequenzen • Der wissenschaftliche Stand im 21. Jahrhundert • Das Werden der Wissenschaft in der Zukunft Die Zielgruppen Für Studierende an Universitäten und Hochschulen, für lehrende und forschende Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler sowie für alle Leserinnen und Leser, die sich im Selbststudium einen Überblick über die Grundlagen wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens und Forschens verschaffen wollen, und an der Bedeutung der Wissenschaft interessierte Medienvertreterinnen und -vertreter. Der Autor Wolfgang Deppert ist Wissenschaftstheoretiker, Philosoph, Physiker und Maschinenbauingenieur
    Abstract: Von den ersten Ursprüngen der Wissenschaft -- Vom Werden des begrifflichen Denkens im antiken Griechenland -- Die wissenschaftlichen Anfänge durch Platon, Aristoteles und ihre antiken Nachfolger -- Die wissenschaftliche Friedhofszeit des frühen Christentums -- Kulturelles und wissenschaftliches Aufblühen im frühen Islam -- Erste Anläufe zum Werden der Wissenschaft zu Beginn der europäischen Neuzeit -- Vereinzelte Starts zur neuzeitlichen Wissenschaft durch die Entwicklung der dazu nötigen Bewusstseinsformen bei Nikolaus Kopernikus, Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler und René Descartes -- Das Werden der Wissenschaft im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert und der wissenschaftliche Aufschwung des 19. Jahrhunderts -- Die wissenschaftlichen Revolutionen des 20. Jahrhunderts -- Neuzeitliche Einsichten, in die Beschränktheit menschlicher Erkenntnis und ihre erkenntnistheoretischen Konsequenzen -- Der wissenschaftliche Stand im 21. Jahrhundert -- Das Werden der Wissenschaft in der Zukunft
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    ISBN: 9783658238711
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 34 S, online resource)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: essentials
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Printed edition
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Schäffler, Stefan, 1960 - Wissenschaftsphilosophie
    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy of Science ; Science Philosophy ; Science-Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science-History ; Science—Philosophy ; Science—History ; Philosophy and science. ; Einführung ; Wissenschaftsphilosophie ; Wissenschaftstheorie
    Abstract: Dieses essential bietet eine verständliche Einführung in die philosophischen Grundprinzipien der Wissenschaften. Beantwortet werden Fragen wie: Was bedeutet eigentlich „logisch“? Was ist Deduktion, was ist Induktion? Welche Wissenschaften sind rein deduktiv? Kann ein wissenschaftliches Modell wahr oder falsch sein? Warum ist jedes wissenschaftliche Modell eine Deutung von Beobachtungen? Der Inhalt Sprache, Mathematik und Deduktion Beobachtung und Modellbildung Falsifikation, Bewährung und Deutung Die Zielgruppen Studierende und Dozierende der Mathematik und Wissenschaftsphilosophie Naturwissenschaftler und Philosophen Der Autor Prof. Dr. Dr. Stefan Schäffler ist Ordinarius für Mathematik und Operations Research an der Universität der Bundeswehr München
    Abstract: Sprache, Mathematik und Deduktion -- Beobachtung und Modellbildung -- Falsifikation und Bewährung -- Deutung
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    ISBN: 9783658226909
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXVI, 385 S. 3 Abb. in Farbe, online resource)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Printed edition
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy of Science ; Science Philosophy ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology.
    Abstract: Die vorliegende Hommage-Schrift hat das Ziel, Hans Albert - einen der bedeutendsten Wissenschaftsphilosophen und der Hauptvertreter des Kritischen Rationalismus im deutschen Sprachraum - durch biographisch-intellektuelle Zeugnisse zu ehren und die Bedeutung seines Denkens würdigend hervorzuheben. Der Band enthält Beiträge von Kollegen, Schülern und Freunden Hans Alberts in deutscher und englischer Sprache, in denen diese in unterschiedlicher Weise über ihre Beziehung zu Hans Albert berichten und beschreiben, inwiefern dessen Version des Kritischen Rationalismus sie beeinflusst hat. Auf diese Weise wird seine Denkrichtung aus der Perspektive verschiedener Fachdisziplinen wie etwa Wissenschaftstheorie, Ökonomie, Jurisprudenz, Soziologie, Psychologie, Ethik und Theologie betrachtet. Die verschiedenen Beiträge beleuchten nicht nur historische Hintergründe und verschiedene Lebensphasen des Geehrten; sie zeichnen auch die Entwicklung seines Denkens nach und machen seine lebhafte Beteiligung an philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzungen seiner Zeit nachvollziehbar. Deshalb kann man diese Hommage-Schrift auch als ein Zeitdokument verstehen, in dem nicht nur Hans Alberts intellektuelles Wirken in Erinnerung gerufen, sondern auch sein Leben vergegenwärtigt wird, von seiner Zeit als wissenschaftlicher Assistent bzw. Privatdozent in Köln bis zu seiner Emeritierung in Mannheim und darüber hinaus. Der Herausgeber PD Dr. phil. Dr. theol. habil. Giuseppe Franco (geb. 1981) ist Privatdozent an der Theologischen Fakultät der Katholischen Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Feodor Lynen-Forschungsstipendiat bei der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung an der Universität Salento/Lecce sowie Preisträger des Max-Weber-Preises für Wirtschaftsethik
    Abstract: Vorwort -- Beiträge von Karl Acham, Joseph Agassi, Dariusz Aleksandrowicz, Sybille (Wolf) Anbar, Gunnar Andersson, Dario Antiseri, Michael Baurmann, Peter Bernholz, Jack Birner, Margarita Boladeras, Hardy Bouillon, Wolfgang Brezinka, Ettore Brissa, Mario Bunge, Raimondo Cubeddu, Hans-Joachim Dahms, Günter Dlugos, Hans Peter Duerr, Santiago García Echevarria, Erika Eck, Armin Engländer, Edoardo Fittipaldi, Giuseppe Franco, Lothar Fritze, Volker Gadenne, Georg Geismann, Klaus Grimm, Evelyn Gröbl-Steinbach Schuster, Malachi Hacohen, Rainer Hegselmann, Heinzpeter Hempelmann, Eric Hilgendorf, Willy Hochkeppel, Stefan Huster, Dragan Jakovljevi, Bernulf Kanitscheider, Susanne Karstedt, Herbert Keuth, Hubert Kiesewetter, Hartmut Kliemt, Peter Knauer, Armin Kreiner, Ulrike Leopold-Wildburger, Siegwart Lindenberg, Hermann Lübbe, Wilhelm Meyer, Jürgen Mittelstraß, Martin Morgenstern, Alan Musgrave, Hans-Joachim Niemann, Hans G. Nutzinger, Karl-Dieter Opp, Ulrich Pagenstecher, Giridhari Lal Pandit, Andreas Pickel, Nicholas Rescher, Pietro Rossi, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Hans Günther Ruß, Kurt Salamun, Wolfgang Schluchter, Michael Schmid, Frank Schulze, Helge Siemers, Arpad-Andreas Sölter, Ulrich Steinvorth, Fritz Strack, Gerhard Streminger, Richard Sturn, Michael Sukale, Erwin Tegtmeier, Viktor Vanberg, Gerhard Vollmer, Erich Weede, John Wettersten, Ulrich Witt, Elie Zahar, Robert Zimmer -- Autorenverzeichnis -- Namensregister
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9783658236946
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (IX, 302 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Teleologische Reflexion in Kants Philosophie
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Aesthetics ; Aesthetics ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy. ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Kant, Immanuel 1724-1804 ; Philosophie ; Teleologie
    Abstract: Immanuel Kant entwickelte im Rahmen der Kritik der Urteilskraft seinen Begriff des Zwecks (telos). Die daraus entstehenden Implikationen für seine theoretische und praktische Philosophie, aber auch für sein System insgesamt sind weitreichend. Deshalb bleibt die Betrachtung der kantischen Teleologie in diesem Sammelband nicht bei einem Werk stehen, sondern betrachtet seine komplette Philosophie und zeigt sowohl Verbindungen als auch Brüche auf. Damit kann das Potenzial von Kants Teleologie, auch über seine Philosophie hinaus, neu bewertet werden. Der Inhalt Teil I: Systematik und Teleologie der Vernunft Teil II: Teleologische Urteilskraft Die Zielgruppen Studierende und Lehrende der Philosophie und Ethik Die Herausgeberinnen Paula Órdenes ist Philosophin am Philosophischen Seminar der Universität Heidelberg. Anna Pickhan ist Philosophin am Institut für Philosophie in Jena
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    ISBN: 9783658140243
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 268 S. 3 Abb., 2 Abb. in Farbe, online resource)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Printed edition
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of Science ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Dieses Lehrbuch wendet sich vordringlich an die Studierenden und Lehrenden an den deutschen Universitäten, um die Heranbildung von Forschern an den deutschen Universitäten im Geiste des Humboldtschen Bildungsideals der Einheit von Forschung und Lehre ebenso zu unterstützen wie das aktive Forschen in den universitären Forschungseinrichtungen. Dazu wird das Handwerkszeug der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit, die Begriffe in vielfältigen Varianten der logischen, theoretischen und empirischen Wissenschaften dargestellt und ihre Verwendung zur Erzielung von wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen und zur Problemlösung mannigfaltiger Art beschrieben und teilweise vorgeführt. Der Inhalt Über das Verhältnis von Philosophie und Wissenschaft • Zur Systematik dieser Vorlesung • Eine erste Vorstellung von Erkenntnissen • Der Erkenntnisbegriff • Was Begriffe sind und wozu wir sie gebrauchen können • Zum Verfahren des logischen Schließens • Zur Organisation des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens • Zur kosmischen Metrisierungstheorie der Relativitätstheorie Einsteins • Kants Erkenntnisweg angewandt auf heutige Grundlagenprobleme der Wissenschaft Die Zielgruppen Für Studierende an Universitäten und Hochschulen, für lehrende und forschende Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler sowie für alle Leserinnen und Leser, die sich im Selbststudium einen Überblick über die Grundlagen wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens und Forschens verschaffen wollen, und an der Bedeutung der Wissenschaft interessierte Medienvertreterinnen und -vertreter. Der Autor Wolfgang Deppert ist Wissenschaftstheoretiker, Philosoph, Physiker und Maschinenbauingenieur
    Abstract: Über das Verhältnis von Philosophie und Wissenschaft -- Zur Systematik dieser Vorlesung -- Eine erste Vorstellung von Erkenntnissen -- Der Erkenntnisbegriff -- Was Begriffe sind und wozu wir sie gebrauchen können -- Zum Verfahren des logischen Schließens -- Zur Organisation des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens -- Zur kosmischen Metrisierungstheorie der Relativitätstheorie Einsteins -- Kants Erkenntnisweg angewandt auf heutige Grundlagenprobleme der Wissenschaft
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  • 22
    ISBN: 9783476048134
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 383 S. 1 Abb, online resource)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. J.B. Metzler Humanities
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Printed edition
    RVK:
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of Science ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophie ; Zufall ; Chaostheorie
    Abstract: Mit Chaos und Zufälligkeit werden zwei wissenschaftstheoretische Themenkomplexe gegenübergestellt, die bislang unabhängig voneinander in unterschiedlichen Disziplinen diskutiert wurden: in der Chaostheorie und allgemeiner der Theorie dynamischer Systeme einerseits und in der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie und später der Algorithmentheorie andererseits. Durch den Vergleich wird geklärt, inwiefern man bei chaotischen Systemen tatsächlich von zufälligem Verhalten sprechen kann. Intuitiv wurde dies zwar bisher oft als richtig angenommen, wobei aber ungeklärt blieb, was mit solchem Verhalten eigentlich gemeint sei. Der Inhalt Charakteristika der Zufälligkeitsdefinitionen Chaos und Vorhersagbarkeit Chaos und Stochastizität Regularität bei Chaos Zufälligkeit bei dynamischen Systemen Chaotische Prozesse als Zufallszahlengeneratoren? Die Zielgruppen Forschende, Dozierende und Studierende der Philosophie, Mathematik, Physik und Informatik Mathematiker, Physiker, Informatiker, Designer von Zufallszahlengeneratoren Der Autor Jens Kirchner studierte Physik und Philosophie und promovierte in beiden Fächern. Er ist derzeit Gruppenleiter für den Bereich Medizinelektronik am Lehrstuhl für Technische Elektronik der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU)
    Abstract: C harakteristika der Zufälligkeitsdefinitionen -- Chaos und Vorhersagbarkeit -- Chaos und Stochastizität -- Regularität bei Chaos -- Zufälligkeit bei dynamischen Systemen -- Chaotische Prozesse als Zufallszahlengeneratoren?
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  • 23
    ISBN: 9783476047793
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 248 S, online resource)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. J.B. Metzler Humanities
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Printed edition
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of Man ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Anhand des Vergleichs verschiedener Erklärungstypen am Beispiel des Theologen Wolfhart Pannenberg und des Biologen Edward O. Wilson zeigt Anne C. Thaeder, dass ein bereicherndes Ergänzungsverhältnis von Wissenschaft und Weltanschauung in der Anthropologie unter bestimmten Bedingungen möglich ist. Insbesondere einer philosophischen Anthropologie kommt die Aufgabe zu, das Wissen über den Menschen der unterschiedlichen Disziplinen in ihrem Verhältnis zu reflektieren. Dabei muss sie sowohl die Innenperspektive als auch die Außenperspektive miteinbeziehen. Zu dieser Aufgabe gehört auch die Reflektion des Verhältnisses zwischen Naturwissenschaft und Religion als zentrale Quellen für unser Selbst- und Menschenbild. Der Inhalt Die theologische Erklärung der menschlichen Natur bei Wolfhart Pannenberg Die soziobiologische Erklärung der menschlichen Natur bei Edward O. Wilson Exzentrizität durch Gruppenselektion? Zentralität durch Individualselektion? Erklärungsformen bei Wilson und Pannenberg Selbstverständnis durch teleologische Sinnerklärung Die Zielgruppen Dozierende und Studierende der Philosophie und der Theologie Philosophen und Theologen, Religions-, Philosophie- und Ethiklehrer Die Autorin Dr. Anne C. Thaeder promovierte bei Prof. Dr. Manfred Stöckler am Institut für Philosophie an der Universität Bremen
    Abstract: Die theologische Erklärung der menschlichen Natur bei Wolfhart Pannenberg -- Die soziobiologische Erklärung der menschlichen Natur bei Edward O. Wilson -- Exzentrizität durch Gruppenselektion? -- Zentralität durch Individualselektion? -- Erklärungsformen bei Wilson und Pannenberg -- Selbstverständnis durch teleologische Sinnerklärung
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    imprint J.B. Metzler | Stuttgart : J.B. Metzler
    ISBN: 9783476047021
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (VI, 218 S., 1 Abb. in Farbe)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. J.B. Metzler Humanities
    Series Statement: Abhandlungen zur Philosophie
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Max Bense. Weltprogrammierung
    Parallel Title: Printed edition
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of Science ; Science Philosophy ; Aesthetics ; Aesthetics ; Philosophy and science. ; Bense, Max 1910-1990 ; Philosophie ; Wissenschaft ; Bense, Max 1910-1990 ; Technikphilosophie
    Abstract: Dieses Buch untersucht, ausgehend von einer der bedeutendsten technikphilosophischen Positionen der deutschen Nachkriegsmoderne, die diffizile Interaktion von aktueller Kultur und Technik. Die Beiträge diskutieren die faktische Aktualität des Wissenschaftlers und Avantgardisten Max Bense im Computerzeitalter, um die Relevanz von Konzepten wie „technische Existenz“, „Technizität“ und „ästhetischer Zustand“ zu verstehen und zu überprüfen. Immer noch erscheint die Arbeit an einem Theorieentwurf zu dem, was man ‚Informationsgesellschaft‘ oder ‚Postindustrialismus‘ nennt, notwendig. Dabei geht es nicht zuletzt um die Reflexion auf das Bild, das sich der Mensch unter hochtechnologischen Bedingungen über sich selbst und seine Welt macht
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Cham : Imprint: Springer | Cham : Springer International Publishing
    ISBN: 9783319427218
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XI, 297 p. 90 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2016.
    Series Statement: Archimedes, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 47
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    RVK:
    Keywords: History. ; Philosophy and science. ; Geometry. ; Optics. ; Electrodynamics. ; Ophthalmology. ; Architecture. ; History ; Philosophy and science ; Ophthalmology ; Architecture ; Geometry
    Abstract: 1. Perspectiva Naturalis/Artificialis -- Part I. Errors -- 2. Knowledge and Beliefs Regarding Linear Perspective -- 3. Understanding Errors in Perspective -- 4. Fact and Fiction Regarding Masaccio’s Trinity Fresco -- Part II. Theory -- 5. Ibn al-Haytham on Binocular Vision -- 6. The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham -- 7. The Rejection of the Two-Point Perspective System -- Part III. Sifting the Hypotheses -- 8. The Properties of Two-Point Perspective -- 9. The Hauck–Panofsky Conjecture Regarding Curvilinear Perspective -- 10. The White–Carter Conjecture on Synthetic Perspective -- 11. De Mesa Hypothesis Regarding the Arithmetic Construction of Perspective -- Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Error Analysis and Perspective Reconstruction -- Appendix 2: Artwork Catalogue -- Appendix 3: Errors of Reconstruction -- Appendix 4: Calculus of the Vanishing Points -- Appendix 5: Plates.
    Abstract: This book clarifies the interrelationship between optics, vision and perspective before the Classical Age, examining binocularity in particular. The author shows how binocular vision was one of the key juncture points between the three concepts and readers will see how important it is to understand the approach that scholars once took. In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the concept of Perspectiva – the Latin word for optics – encompassed many areas of enquiry that had been viewed since antiquity as interconnected, but which afterwards were separated: optics was incorporated into the field of physics (i.e., physical and geometrical optics), vision came to be regarded as the sum of various psycho-physiological mechanisms involved in the way the eye operates (i.e., physiological optics and psychology of vision) and the word ‘perspective’ was reserved for the mathematical representation of the external world (i.e., linear perspective). The author shows how this division, which emerged as a result of the spread of the sciences in classical Europe, turns out to be an anachronism if we confront certain facts from the immediately preceding periods. It is essential to take into account the way medieval scholars posed the problem – which included all facets of the Latin word perspectiva – when exploring the events of this period. This book will appeal to a broad readership, from philosophers and historians of science, to those working in geometry, optics, ophthalmology and architecture.
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9781137553942
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 226 p, online resource)
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: History
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Science ; Political science. ; Philosophy and science. ; Political sociology. ; Ethnology—Latin America. ; Culture—Study and teaching. ; Ethnicity.
    Abstract: Contributors of African descent from the United States and Brazil reflect on their multidimensional experiences in the field as researchers, collaborators, and allies to communities of color. They expose the complex and contradictory strategies that Black researchers must use to implement and develop their community-centered research agenda
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    URL: Cover
    URL: Cover
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  • 27
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    Online Resource
    New York : Palgrave Macmillan US
    ISBN: 9781137554895
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (XIV, 178 p)
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: History
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Ethics. ; Philosophy and science. ; Nature conservation. ; Public health. ; Science ; Vegetarier ; Ethik ; Argumentation
    Abstract: Is vegetarianism morally defensible? Can one even be a vegetarian? This book asserts that the answers to both these questions is a resounding “no.” Drawing on the latest research in plant science, systems ecology, environmental philosophy, and cultural anthropology, Andrew F. Smith-himself a long-time vegetarian-shatters the distinction between vegetarianism and omnivorism. He explains how the world would be better off if we could re-orient the way we think about plants, animals, and the moral reasoning that we use to bolster our belief in such a binary. Smith illustrates how the divisions we have constructed between plants and animals, and between omnivorism and vegetarianism, is emblematic of a way of thinking about ourselves and our eating practices that perpetuates an ecocidal worldview. A Critique of the Moral Defense of Vegetarianism insists we must adopt new ways of looking at things if our species is to survive and thrive. Smith suggests we begin by re-envisioning our relationship with our food. It turns out we are not what we eat, but who we eat. And this makes a world of difference
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    London : Palgrave Macmillan UK
    ISBN: 9781137552921
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (X, 100 p)
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: History
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics. ; Social sciences—Philosophy. ; Political philosophy. ; Epidemiology. ; Science
    Abstract: The Philosophy of Disease outlines a history of the philosophy of epidemiology. It provides a hybrid naturalist/constructivist account of disease and disease individuation and looks at causal concepts with respect to different aspects of public health to show that Smart's conceptual analysis can play a prescriptive and a descriptive role
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  • 29
    ISBN: 9783319017549
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 409 p. 42 illus, online resource)
    Series Statement: Outstanding Contributions to Logic 2
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Series Statement: Springer eBook Collection
    Series Statement: Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nuel Belnap on indeterminism and free action
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Science Philosophy ; Logic ; Metaphysics ; Belnap, Nuel D. 1930- ; Handlungslogik ; Indeterminismus ; Handlungsfreiheit ; Belnap, Nuel D. 1930- ; Willensfreiheit ; Handlungstheorie
    Abstract: This volume seeks to further the use of formal methods in clarifying one of the central problems of philosophy: that of our free human agency and its place in our indeterministic world. It celebrates the important contributions made in this area by Nuel Belnap, American logician and philosopher. Philosophically, indeterminism and free action can seem far apart, but in Belnap’s work, they are intimately linked. This book explores their philosophical interconnectedness through a selection of original research papers that build forth on Belnap’s logical and philosophical work. Some contributions take the form of critical discussions of Belnap's published work, some develop points made in his publications in new directions, and others provide additional insights on the topics of indeterminism and free action. In Nuel Belnap’s work on indeterminism and free action, three formal frameworks figure prominently: the simple branching histories framework known as "branching time;" its relativistic spatio-temporal extension, branching space-times; and the “seeing to it that” (stit) logic of agency. As those frameworks provide the formal background for the contributed papers, the volume introduction gives an overview of the current state of their development. It also introduces case-intensional first order logic (CIFOL), a general intensional logic offering resources for a first-order extension of the mentioned frameworks and a recent research focus of Belnap’s. The volume also contains an extended biographical interview with Nuel Belnap
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Science+Business Media B.V
    ISBN: 9789048194162
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 248 p, digital)
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science 83
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Series Statement: Bücher
    Parallel Title: Buchausg. u.d.T.
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy ; History. ; Mathematics. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy (General) ; Mathematik ; Philosophie
    Abstract: Translator’s Introduction -- Fundamental Questions of Geometry -- The Decidability Requirement -- The Origin of the Concept of Number -- Implicit Definition and the Proper Grounding of Mathematics -- Rigid Bodies in Geometry -- Prelude to Geometry: The Essential Ideas -- Physical and Mathematical Geometry -- Natural Geometry -- The Concept of the Differential -- Reflections on the Proper Grounding of Mathematics I -- Concepts and Proofs in Mathematics -- Dimension and Space in Mathematics -- Reflections on the Proper Grounding of Mathematics II -- The Axiomatic Method in Modern Mathematics
    Abstract: Moritz Pasch (1843-1930) is justly celebrated as a key figure in the history of axiomatic geometry. Less well known are his contributions to other areas of foundational research. This volume features English translations of 14 papers Pasch published in the decade 1917-1926. In them, Pasch argues that geometry and, more surprisingly, number theory are branches of empirical science; he provides axioms for the combinatorial reasoning essential to Hilbert’s program of consistency proofs; he explores "implicit definition" (a generalization of definition by abstraction) and indicates how this technique yields an "empiricist" reconstruction of set theory; he argues that we cannot fully understand the logical structure of mathematics without clearly distinguishing between decidable and undecidable properties; he offers a rare glimpse into the mind of a master of axiomatics, surveying in detail the thought experiments he employed as he struggled to identify fundamental mathematical principles; and much more. This volume will: Give English speakers access to an important body of work from a turbulent and pivotal period in the history of mathematics. Help us look beyond the familiar triad of formalism, intuitionism, and logicism. Show how deeply we can see with the help of a guide determined to present fundamental mathematical ideas in ways that match our human capacities. The book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in logic and the foundations of mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface; Contents; Translator's Introduction; 1 Fundamental Questions of Geometry; 2 The Decidability Requirement; 3 The Origin of the Concept of Number; 4 Implicit Definition and the Proper Grounding of Mathematics; 5 Rigid Bodies in Geometry; 6 Prelude to Geometry: The Essential Ideas; 7 Physical and Mathematical Geometry; 8 Natural Geometry; 9 The Concept of the Differential; 10 Reflections on the Proper Grounding of Mathematics I; 11 Concepts and Proofs in Mathematics; 12 Dimension and Space in Mathematics; 13 Reflections on the Proper Grounding of Mathematics II
    Description / Table of Contents: 14 The Axiomatic Method in Modern MathematicsIndex;
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 31
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9781402021961
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(X, 359 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2004.
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna Vienna Circle Society, Society for the Advancement of Scientific World Conceptions 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy. ; Logic. ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Philosophy—History. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Philosophy, modern ; Science Philosophy
    Abstract: Induction and Deduction in the Philosophy of Science: a Critical Account since the Methodenstreit -- Historicizing Deduction: Scientific Method, Critical Debate, and the Historian -- Inference to the Best Theory, rather than Inference to the Best Explanation — Kinds of Abduction and Induction -- The Significance of Explanatory Considerations -- Truth-seeking by Abduction -- Inference to the Best Explanation and Bayesianism -- Adaptive Logics and the Integration of Induction and Deduction -- Argument, Inference and Reasoning — Integrating Induction and Deduction -- Laws are Persistent Inductive Schemes -- Physical Intuition as Inductive Support -- Frege, Neo-Logicism and Applied Mathematics -- Remarks About a “General Science of Reasoning” -- Two Questions About the Revival of Frege’s Programme -- Handling Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, and the Bayesian Controversy -- Artificial Intelligence and Its Methodological Implications -- Supplying Planks for Neurath’s Boat: Can Economists Meet the Demands of the Dynamics of Scientific Theories? -- Informational Economy and Creativity -- The Place of the Notion of Corroboration in Karl Popper’s Philosophy of Science -- How can a Falsified Theory Remain Corroborated ? -- Inductivism in 19th Century German Economics -- The Uniformity of Nature: What Purpose does it Serve? -- Planning, Democratization and Popularization with ISOTYPE, ca. 1945: a Study of Otto Neurath’s Pictorial Statistics with the Example of Bilston, England -- Reviews -- Activities 2003 -- Preview 2004 -- Remembering Dick Jeffrey (1926-2002) (Maria Carla Galavotti) -- Index of Names.
    Abstract: The articles in this volume deal with the main inferential methods that can be applied to different kinds of experimental evidence. These contributions - accompanied with critical comments - by renowned scholars in the field of philosophy of science aim at removing the traditional opposition between inductivists and deductivists. They explore the different methods of explanation and justification in the sciences in different contexts and with different objectives. The volume contains contributions on methods of the sciences, especially on induction, deduction, abduction, laws, probability and explanation, ranging from logic, mathematics, natural to the social sciences. They present a highly topical pluralist re-evaluation of methodological and foundational procedures and reasoning, e.g. focusing in Bayesianism and Artificial Intelligence. They document the second international conference in Vienna on "Induction and Deduction in the Sciences" as part of the Scientific Network on "Historical and Contemporary Perspectives of Philosophy of Science in Europe", funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF).
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS; A Critical Account since the Methodenstreit
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Springer
    ISBN: 9781402032110
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(VI, 360 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2004.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic. ; Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Logic ; Science Philosophy
    Abstract: Hintikka on Epistemological Axiomatizations -- Hintikka on the Problem with the Problem of Transworld Identity -- What is Epistemic Discourse About? -- Interrogative Logic and the Economic Theory of Information -- A Metalogical Critique of Wittgensteinian ‘Phenomenology’ -- Theoretical Commensurability By Correspondence Relations: When Empirical Success Implies Theoretical Reference -- What is Abduction?: An Assessment of Jaakko Hintikka's Conception -- The Dialogic of Just Being Different: Hintikka's New Approach to the Notion of Episteme and its Impact on “Second Generation” Dialogics -- Probabilistic Features in Logic Games -- On Some Logical Properties of ‘Is True’ -- The Results are in: The Scope and Import of Hintikka's Philosophy.
    Abstract: Jaakko Hintikka is one of the most creative figures in contemporary philosophy. He has made significant contributions to virtually all areas of the discipline, from epistemology and the philosophy of logic to the history of philosophy and the philosophy of science. Part of the fruitfulness of Hintikka’s work is due to its opening important new lines of investigation and new approaches to traditional philosophical problems. This volume gathers together essays from some of Hintikka’s colleagues and former students exploring his influence on their work and pursuing some of the insights that we have found in his work. This book includes a comprehensive overview of Hintikka’s philosophy by Dan Kolak and John Symons and an annotated bibliography of Hintikka’s work.
    Description / Table of Contents: ForewordHintikka on Epistemological Axiomatizations -- Hintikka on the Problem with the Problem of Transworld Identity -- What is Epistemic Discourse About. Interrogative Logic and the Economic Theory of Information -- A Metalogical Critique of Wittgensteinian ‘Phenomenology’ -- Theoretical Commensurability By Correspondence Relations: When Empirical Success Implies Theoretical Reference -- What is Abduction?: An Assessment of Jaakko Hintikka's Conception -- The dialogic of just being different: Hintikka's new approach to the notion of episteme and its impact on "second generation" dialogics -- Probabilistic Features in Logic Games. On Some Logical Properties of ‘Is True’ -- The Results are in: The Scope and Import of Hintikka's Philosophy -- Annotated Bibliography of Jaakko Hintikka -- Index.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9781402027888
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 161 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The New Synthese Historical Library, Texts and Studies in the History of Philosophy 56
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy, Ancient. ; Philosophy—History. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This book examines a fundamental problem in Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics: what is the role of syllogistic logic in the theory of demonstrative knowledge? The answer to this question is sought in Aristotle’s metaphysical theory and his conception of substance. This interpretation challenges the traditional interpretation that approaches Aristotle’s theory of demonstration from the standpoint of scientific practice. It is argued, in this book, that the Posterior Analytics’ main objective is to articulate the notion of knowledge, viewed here as a conceptualisation, rather than analysing the structure and methods of scientific explorations. The original interpretation offered in this book sheds fresh light on issues, such as the conceptual difference between Aristotle’s logic and modern logic, the relationship between Aristotle’s logic and Greek mathematics, and the differences between the Aristotelian and modern notions of knowledge and proof. In attempting to present a comprehensive interpretation of one of the most difficult works in the Aristotelian corpus, this book is of major importance first and foremost for Aristotelian scholars and historians of Greek philosophy; the historical character of the analysis offered here makes it relevant also to historians of Greek mathematics, historians of logic, historians of science in general, and philosophers of sciences
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers
    ISBN: 9780306481239
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer-11648
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 237
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 232
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy of Nature ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Konferenzschrift 2001 ; Experiment ; Naturwissenschaften ; Wissenschaftliche Beobachtung ; Sozialwissenschaften
    Abstract: From Throry to Experiment and Back Again -- NaÏve Probability -- From Theory to Experiments and Back Again ... and Back Again ... Comments on Patrick Suppes -- Emergence and Future of Experimental Economics -- Rationality in Experimental Economics: An Analysis of Reinhard Selten’s Approach -- Experiments, Heuristics and Social Diversity: A Comment on Reinhard Selten -- Where do New Ideas Come From? a Heuristics of Discovery in the Cognitive Sciences -- Comments on Gerd Gigerenzer -- On the Concept of Discovery Comments on Gerd Gigerenzer -- Styles of Experimentation -- On French Concepts and Objects Comments on Ursula Klein -- Some Comments on “Styles of Experimentation” by Ursula Klein -- Improving “Styles of Experimentation” a Comment on Ursula Klein -- Experiments and Thought Experiments in Natural Science -- The Advantages of Theft Over Honest Toil Comments on David Atkinson -- Thinking About Thought Experiments in Physics Comment on “Experiments and Thought Experiments in Natural Science” -- The Dynamics of Thought Experiments A Comment on David Atkinson -- An Attempt at a Philosophy of Experiment -- An Attempt at a Philosophy of Experimental Error a Comment on Giora Hon -- O Happy Error a Comment on Giora Hon -- Bayesian Evidence -- On Bayesian Logic Comments on Colin Howson -- On Bayesian Induction (and Pythagoric Arithmetic) -- Probability and Logic Comments on Colin Howson.
    Abstract: According to a long tradition in philosophy of science, a clear cut distinction can be traced between a context of discovery and a context of justification. This tradition dates back to the birth of the discipline in connection with the Circles of Vienna and Berlin, in the twenties and thirties of last century. Convicted that only the context of justification is pertinent to philosophy of science, logical empiricists identified its goal with the “rational reconstruction” of scientific knowledge, taken as the clarification of the logical structure of science, through an analysis of its language and methods. Stressing justification as the proper field of application of philosophy of science, logical empiricists intended to leave discovery out of its remit. The context of discovery was then discarded from philosophy of science and left to sociology, psychology and history. The distinction between context of discovery and context of justification goes hand in hand with the tenet that the theoretical side of science can – and should – be kept separate from its observational and experimental components. Further, the final, abstract formulation of theories should be analysed apart from the process behind it, resulting from a tangle of context-dependent factors. This conviction is reflected by the distinction between theoretical and observational sentences underpinning the Hempelian view of theories as nets, whose knots represent theoretical terms, floating on the plane of observation, to which it is anchored by rules of interpretation.
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  • 35
    ISBN: 9781402027789
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 513 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Archimedes, New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Mathematical physics ; Physics ; Mathematics. ; History. ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: David Hilbert (1862-1943) was the most influential mathematician of the early twentieth century and, together with Henri Poincaré, the last mathematical universalist. His main known areas of research and influence were in pure mathematics (algebra, number theory, geometry, integral equations and analysis, logic and foundations), but he was also known to have some interest in physical topics. The latter, however, was traditionally conceived as comprising only sporadic incursions into a scientific domain which was essentially foreign to his mainstream of activity and in which he only made scattered, if important, contributions. Based on an extensive use of mainly unpublished archival sources, the present book presents a totally fresh and comprehensive picture of Hilbert’s intense, original, well-informed, and highly influential involvement with physics, that spanned his entire career and that constituted a truly main focus of interest in his scientific horizon. His program for axiomatizing physical theories provides the connecting link with his research in more purely mathematical fields, especially geometry, and a unifying point of view from which to understand his physical activities in general. In particular, the now famous dialogue and interaction between Hilbert and Einstein, leading to the formulation in 1915 of the generally covariant field-equations of gravitation, is adequately explored here within the natural context of Hilbert’s overall scientific world-view. This book will be of interest to historians of physics and of mathematics, to historically-minded physicists and mathematicians, and to philosophers of science
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  • 36
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9781402026409
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 474 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 240
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 240
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Popular works. ; Mathematics ; History. ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Engineering. ; Life sciences. ; Social sciences. ; Humanities.
    Abstract: This volume includes a selection of 19 classic papers on the history of Greek mathematics that were published during the 20th century and affected significantly the state of the art of this field. It is divided into six thematic sections and covers all the major issues of the Greek mathematical production. First, the inclusion in one volume of a considerable number of papers that had been published for the first time in old, and in certain cases hard to find, scientific journals representing turning-points in the history of the field, constitutes a particularly useful aid for all those working on the history of mathematics. Second, by means of the selected papers and the introductory texts of six well-known modern historians of ancient mathematics that accompany them, the reader can follow the ways the historiography of Greek mathematics developed. Finally, the introductory texts that precede each chapter help the reader to approach critically the selected papers and at the same time to get an idea of the issues being further clarified by the new historiographical approaches. The audience of the book includes scholars from history and philosophy of mathematics and mathematical sciences, scholars from history of science, students in the field of history of mathematics and history of sciences
    Description / Table of Contents: The Beginnings of Greek Mathematics -- Studies on Greek Geometry -- Studies on proportion theory and incommensurability -- Studies on Greek Algebra -- Did the Greeeks have the notion of common fraction? Did they use it?- Methodological Issues in the Historiography of Greek Mathematics.
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  • 37
    ISBN: 9789401704854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 278 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy, modern ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: -Selected papers on Renaissance philosophy and on Thomas Hobbes offers the best work in these fields by the acclaimed historian of philosophy, Karl Schuhmann (1941-2003), displaying the extraordinary range and depth of his unique scholarship, -Topics covered include Renaissance philosophy of nature; the development of the notion of time in early modern philosophy; Telesio's concept of space; Hermetic influences on Pico, Patrizi and Hobbes; Hobbes's Short Tract; Spinoza and Hobbes; Hobbes's political philosophy, -This book brings together, in chronological arrangement, twelve papers. Though these were published before in some form, several were not easily accessible so far, -All articles have been edited in accordance with the author's wishes, and incorporate his later additions and corrections
    Description / Table of Contents: Francis Bacon und Hobbes’ Widmungsbrief zu De CiveGedankenschnelle und Himmelsflug: einige hermetische Motive bei Hobbes -- Methodenfragen bei Spinoza und Hobbes: zum Problem des Einflusses -- Zur Entstehung des neuzeitlichen Zeitbegriffs: Telesio, Patrizi, Gassendi -- Telesio’s Concept of Matter -- Le concept de l’espace chez Telesio -- Giovanni Pico della Mirandola und der Hermetismus: Vom Mitstreiter zum Gegner -- Francesco Patrizi und die hermetische Philosophie -- La notion de loi chez Hobbes -- Hobbes and the Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle -- Hobbes und Gassendi -- Le Short Tract, première œuvre philosophique de Hobbes -- Karl Schuhmann - Bibliography (December 2003).
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  • 38
    ISBN: 9781402028083
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 626 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Logic, Epistemology, And The Unity Of Science 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Biology Philosophy ; Physics ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology. ; Logic ; Developmental biology ; Philosophy. ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: The aim of the series Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science, of which this is the first volume, is to take up anew the challenge of considering the scientific enterprise in its entirety in light of recent developments in logic and philosophy. Developments in logic are especially relevant to the current situation in philosophy of science. At present, there is no single logic, single approach to semantics or well-defined conception of scientific method dominating the philosophy of science. At the same time, questions concerning linguistic, reductionist and foundationalist approaches to epistemology, the analytic and synthetic distinction as well as disputes concerning semantics and pragmatics have been illuminated by recent developments in logic. Given the power of such developments, discussions of the unity of science are even more intriguing and urgent than in the 20th century. The first title in this new series aims to explore, through extensive co-operation, new ways of achieving the integration of science in all its diversity. The present volume contains essays from some of the most important and influential philosophers in contemporary philosophy, discussing a range of topics such as philosophy of science, epistemology, philosophy of logic and game theoretical approaches. It will be of great interest to philosophers, computer scientists and all others interested in the scientific rationality
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  • 39
    ISBN: 9789401001014
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXIX, 332 p) , digital
    Edition: Second Edition
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library 161
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 161
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    DDC: 305.42
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Biology Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Methodology ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology. ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy, modern ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Sociology—Methodology. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This collection of essays, first published two decades ago, presents central feminist critiques and analyses of natural and social sciences and their philosophies. Unfortunately, in spite of the brilliant body of research and scholarship in these fields in subsequent decades, the insights of these essays remain as timely now as they were then: philosophy and the sciences still presume kinds of social innocence to which they are not entitled. The essays focus on Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Hobbes, Rousseau, and Marx; on the 'adversary method' model of philosophic reasoning; on principles of individuation on philosophical ontology and philosophy of language; on individualistic assumptions in psychology; functionalism in sociological and biological theory; evolutionary theory; the methodology of political science; and conceptions of objective inquiry in the sciences. In taking insights of both Liberal and Marxian women's movements into the purportedly most abstract and value-free areas of Western thought, these essays chart sexist and androcentric assumptions, claims and practices in the cognitive, technical cores of Western sciences and their philosophies. They begin to identify the distinctive aspects of women's experiences and locations in male-supremacist social structures which can provide resources needed for the creation of post-androcentric thinking in research, scholarship, and public policy. Such uses of feminist insights remain controversial today, and even among some feminists
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306482144
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XXIII, 427 p. 6 illus.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2003.
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna Vienna Circle Society, Society for the Advancement of Scientific World Conceptions 10
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    RVK:
    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy. ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy of nature. ; Philosophy, Modern. ; Philosophy—History. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy of Nature ; Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy, modern ; Science Philosophy ; Konferenzschrift 2001 ; Wiener Kreis ; Neopositivismus
    Abstract: What is the Vienna Circle? -- What is the Vienna Circle? -- Origins and History -- Pluralism of Tenable World Views -- On the Formation of Logical Empiricism -- Bolzano’s Account of Justification -- Kantian Metaphysics and Hertzian Mechanics -- Moritz Schlick -- Moritz Schlick’s Idea of Non-territorial States -- An Unknown Side of Moritz Schlick’s Intellectual Biography: The Reviews for the “Vierteljahrschrift Für Wissenschaftliche Philosophie und Soziologie” (1911–1916) -- Between Meaning and Demarcation -- “Let’s Talk about Flourishing!” — Moritz Schlick and the Non-cognitive Foundation of Virtue Ethics -- Hans Reichenbach -- Coordination and Convention in Hans Reichenbach’s Philosophy of Space -- Reichenbach’s ?-Definition of Simultaneity in Historical and Philosophical Perspective -- Other Proponents and Periphery -- Towards a Physicalistic Attitude -- Logical Empiricism and Phenomenology: Felix Kaufmann -- Béla von Juhos and the Concept of “Konstatierungen” -- Wittgenstein’s Constructivization of Euler’s Proof of the Infinity of Primes -- Quine’S Historical Argument for Epistemology Naturalized -- Unity and Plurality -- Two Uses of Unification -- Unity and Plurality in the Concept of Causation -- Edgar Zilsel’s Research Programme: Unity of Science as an Empirical Problem -- Contexts of Science -- Criticizing a Difference of Contexts — On Reichenbach’S Distincition Between “Context of Discovery” and “Context of Justification” -- Contextualizing an Epistemological Issue: The Case of Error in Experiment -- The Contexts of Scientific Justification. Some Reflections on the Relation Between Epistemological Contextualism and Philosophy of Science -- Epistemology -- Modal Skepticism. Philosophical Thought Experiments and Modal Epistemology -- Structure and Heuristic: In Praise of Structural Reallism in the Case of Niels Bohr -- Ethics -- The Neutrality of Meta-Ethics Revisited — How to Draw on Einstein and the Vienna Circle in Developing an Adequate Account of Morals -- Women of Logical Empiricism -- No Woman, No Try? — Else Frenkel-Brunswik and the Project of Integrating Psychoanalysis into the Unity of Science -- Susan Stebbing on Cambridge and Vienna Analysis -- Susan Stebbing’s Criticism of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus -- Rose Rand: a Woman in Logic -- Report — Documentation -- Logical Positivism in Russia.
    Abstract: The Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism is for scholars, researchers and students in history and philosophy of science focusing on Logical Empiricism and analytic philosophy (of science). This volume features recent work from international research and historiography on the Vienna Circle and Logical Empiricism and their influence. It is unique in that it: -provides historical and systematic research; -deals with the influence and impact of the Vienna Circle/Logical Empiricism on today's philosophy of science; -explores the intellectual context of this scientific philosophy; -unites contributions by renowned scholars and a younger generation of philosophers; -focuses on main figures and peripheral adherents; -features crucial issues of Logical Empiricism; -documents the activities of the Vienna Circle Institute; -includes reviews on related topics.
    Note: Includes papers from a symposium held July 12-14, 2001 at the University of Vienna , Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401715423
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 259 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 235
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 235
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy, modern ; Logic ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Every philosopher of science, and every student of the philosophy of science, has heard of Paul Feyerabend: the iconoclast who supposedly asserted that science is not rational, nor objective, but is characterised by anarchism, relativism, subjectivism and power. In this book it is argued that this picture of Feyerabend is false. Though Feyerabend was an iconoclast, his destructive philosophy was also creative. Feyerabend was deeply critical of a particular theory of scientific rationality, herein labelled 'Rationalism' - characterised as the algorithmic application of universal, necessary, atemporal rules - but he did not completely reject the idea of scientific rationality. It is argued that Feyerabend implicitly supported an alternative theory of rationality, herein labelled tightrope-walking rationality, characterised as the context-sensitive balancing of inherently irreconcilable values. The first half of the book deals with the entrenched misunderstandings of Feyerabend's philosophy that have arisen through a lack of appreciation of the target of Feyerabend's criticisms. The second half of the book brings together the positive elements to be found in Feyerabend's work, and presents these elements as a coherent alternative conception of scientific rationality
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401709613
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 221 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 236
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 236
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Quantum theory ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Phenomenology ; Quantum physics. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This volume attempts to provide a new articulation of issues surrounding scientific realism, scientific rationality, the epistemology of non-classical physics, the type of revolutionary changes in the development of science, the naturalization of epistemology within frameworks of cognitive science and structural linguistics, models of the information technology revolution, and reconstructions of early modern logical systems. A common denominator of the authors' positions is the rejection of the post-modern deconstruction of the "global philosophical accounts" of science's cognitive structure and dynamics. The volume takes on a dual task: it deals with major perspectives on philosophy of science "after the end of post-positivism", and it represents basic philosophical controversies in an Eastern-European society "after the end of state socialism
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  • 43
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789400710443
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 336 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Semantics ; Management science. ; Philosophy and science. ; Ontology ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence ; Economics. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Semiotics.
    Abstract: Processes constitute the world of human experience - from nature to cognition to social reality. Yet our philosophical and scientific theories of nature and experience have traditionally prioritized concepts for static objects and structures. The essays collected here call for a review of the role of dynamic categories in the language of theories. They present old and new descriptive tools for the modelling of dynamic domains, and argue for the merits of process-based explanations in ontology, cognitive science, semiotics, linguistics, philosophy of mind, robotics, theoretical biology, music theory, and philosophy of chemistry and physics. The collection is of interest to professional researchers in any of these fields; it establishes - for the very first time - crossdisciplinary contact among recent process-based research movements and might witness a conceptual paradigm shift in the making
    Description / Table of Contents: I: Analysis of Dynamic CategoriesAristotle’s Distinction between Change and Activity -- Free Process Theory: Towards a Typology of Occurrings -- Ontological Categories in GOL -- The Conceptualization of Processes -- Overt and Hidden Processes in 20th Century Music -- II: Applications of Process-Based Theories -- Process and Emergence: Normative Function and Representation -- Self-Directedness: A Process Approach to Cognition -- The Pattern and Process of Language in Use: A Test Case -- A Process-Ontological Account of Work -- Continuants and Processes in Macroscopic Chemistry -- The EPR-Experiment and Free Process Theory -- A Process-Based Architecture for an Artificial Conscious Being -- Causal Processes, Semiosis, and Consciousness.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401712255
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 496 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 237
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 237
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; Mathematics ; History ; Philosophy—History. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Covering both the history of mathematics and of philosophy, Descartes's Mathematical Thought reconstructs the intellectual career of Descartes most comprehensively and originally in a global perspective including the history of early modern China and Japan. Especially, it shows what the concept of "mathesis universalis" meant before and during the period of Descartes and how it influenced the young Descartes. In fact, it was the most fundamental mathematical discipline during the seventeenth century, and for Descartes a key notion which may have led to his novel mathematics of algebraic analysis
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  • 45
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    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401002233
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 342 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Mathematics ; Science Study and teaching ; Humanities ; Science education. ; Philosophy and science. ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematics—Study and teaching . ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Toward an Anthropology of Graphing: Semiotic and Activity-Theoretic Perspectives presents the results of several studies involving scientists and technicians. In Part One of the book, "Graphing in Captivity", the author describes and analyses the interpretation scientists volunteered given graphs that had been culled from an introductory course and textbook in ecology. Surprisingly, the scientists were not the experts that the author expected them to be on the basis of the existing expert-novice literature. The section ends with the analysis of graphs that the scientists had culled from their own work. Here, they articulated a tremendous amount of background understanding before talking about the content of their graphs. In Part Two, "Graphing in the Wild", the author reports on graph usage in three different workplaces based on his ethnographic research among scientists and technicians. Based on these data, the author concludes that graphs and graphing are meaningful to the extent that they are deeply embedded in and connected to the familiarity with the workplace
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Toward an Anthropology of Graphing: An Introduction1.1 Graphing is Pervasive -- 1.2 Nature of Practice -- 1.3 Reading Graphs as Semiotic Practice -- 1.4 Graphs as Sign Objects -- 1.5 Graphing as Rhetorical Practice -- 1.6 Graphs as Conscription Devices -- 1.7 Conclusion and Outlook -- One: Graphing in Captivity -- 2 From ‘Expertise’ to Situated Reason: The Role of Experience, Familiarity, and Usefulness -- 3 Unfolding Interpretations: Graph Interpretation as Abduction -- 4 Problematic Readings: Case Studies of Scientists Struggling with Graph Interpretation -- 5 Articulating Background: Scientists Explain Graphs of their Own Making -- Two: Graphing in the Wild -- 6 Reading Graphs: Transparent Use of Graphs in Everyday Activity -- 7 From Writhing Lizards to Graphs: The Development of Embodied Graphing Competence -- 8 Fusion of Sign and Referent: From Interpreting to Reading of Graphs -- Appendix: The Tasks -- A.1 Plant Distributions -- A.2 Population Dynamics -- A.3 Isoclines -- A.4 Scientists’ Graphs -- Notes -- References.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789401726122
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 396 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 320
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Philosophy of nature ; Artificial intelligence ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Philosophical Dimensions of Logic and Science is a collection of outstanding contributed papers presented at the 11th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science held in Kraków in 1999. The Congress was a follow-up to the series of meetings, initiated once by Alfred Tarski, which aimed to provide an interdisciplinary forum for scientists, philosophers and logicians. The articles selected for publication in the book comply with that idea and innovatively address current issues in logic, metamathematics, philosophy of language, philosophy of science, and cognitive science, as well as philosophical problems of biology, chemistry and physics. The volume will be of interest to philosophers, logicians and scientists interested in foundational problems of their disciplines
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface -- I: Logic and Metamathematics. 1. A classification of logics over FLew. 2. On representing semantics in finite models. 3. Spectra of formulae with Henkin quantifiers. 4. On SigmaN-definability in arithmetic. 5. Arithmetic complexity of the predicate logics. 6. Straightforward proof of Köbler-Messner's result. 7. On the persistent difficulty of disjunction -- II: Science. 8. Science, lifeworld and realism. 9. Explaining laws by reduction. 10. Akaike's theorem and Bayesian methodology. 11. Does a living system have a state? 12. Do genes code for traits? 13. Chemistry and the completeness of physics. 14. The thermodynamic arrow of time. 15. Modal interpretations. 16. Cartwright's models are not adequate for EPR -- III: Language. 17. Radical anti-realism and substructural logics. 18. The minimalist conception of truth. 19. Truth and satisfaction by the empty sequence. 20. Truth, propositions and context. 21. Actuality and possibility. 22. Possible worlds semantics and the liar -- IV: Cognition. 23. The triplet modeling of concept connections. 24. Evaluation and testing in creativity. 25. Assessment in the limits of scientific inquiry. 26. Inferential traps in an escalation process -- Index of Names.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401701211
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXV, 288 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 93
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy of mind ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: When we do things for reasons, our behaviour seems to be caused by mental states such as beliefs and desires. But how can that be true? Is our body not already moved by 'physical' causes such as nerve impulses and muscle contractions? What difference is made by what is on our minds? It is unsettling that in contemporary analytic philosophy of mind we find widespread doubts about mental causation. For it is at the root of our existence as perceiving, thinking and acting subjects. Dependencies, Connections, and Other Relations. A Theory of Mental Causation covers, in its subsequent parts, ontology, the metaphysics of causation, and the philosophy of mind. It provides a firm theoretical basis for believing that in our all-physical world mental causation is perfectly real, and that it can be understood
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  • 48
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401002899
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 559 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 230
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 230
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Philosophy—History.
    Abstract: Do knowledge and science arise from the application of canons of rationality and scientific method? Or is all our scientific knowledge caused by socio-political factors, or by our interests in the socio-political - the view of sociologists of "knowledge"? Or does it result from interplay of relations of power - the view of Michel Foucault? Or does our knowledge arise from "the will to power" - the view of Nietzsche? This volume sets out to critically examine the theses of those who would debunk the idea of rational explanation. The book is wide-ranging. The theories of method of Quine, Kuhn, Feyerabend (amongst others) are discussed and related to the views of Marx, Foucault, Wittgenstein and Nietzsche as well as sociologists of science such as Mannheim and Bloor. The author provides a wide interpretative framework which links the doctrines espoused by many of these authors; it is argued that they inherit many of the difficulties in the Strong Programme in the sociology of "knowledge", and that they fail to reconcile the normativity of knowledge with their naturalism. It is argued that neither relativists, sceptics, nihilists, sociologists of "knowledge" nor the postmodernists successfully debunk the claims of rational explanation, far from it: these theorists presuppose much of the theory of methodology they deny
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789400710467
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 292 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 321
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Social sciences Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy of mind ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Realism in Action is a selection of essays written by leading representatives in the fields of action theory and philosophy of mind, philosophy of the social sciences and especially the nature of social action, and of epistemology and philosophy of science. Practical reason, reasons and causes in action theory, intending and trying, and folk-psychological explanation are some of the topics discussed by these leading participants. A particular emphasis is laid on trust, commitments and social institutions, on the possibility of grounding social notions in individual social attitudes, on the nature of social groups, institutions and collective intentionality, and on common belief and common knowledge. Applications to the social sciences include, e.g., a look at the Erklären-Verstehen controversy in economics, and at constructivist and realist views on archeological reconstructions of the past
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789401141420
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (LXI, 267 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 200
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 200
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The most outstanding feature of this book is that here, for the first time, is made available in a single volume all the important historical essays Edgar Zilsel (1891-1944) published during WWII on the emergence of modern science. This edition also contains one previously unpublished essay and an extended version of an essay published earlier. In these essays, Zilsel developed the now famous thesis, named after him, that science came into being when, in the late Middle Ages, the social barriers between the intellectuals and the artisans were eroded, due to the fact that the rapidly expanding commercial classes of that period had a keen interest in improvements in technology. This class was city-based and stimulated a social environment in which men of learning came to regard the craftsmen and technicians with a new respect, in which they no longer felt any contempt for manual work and in which theory and practice were eventually combined to produce modern science. This critical edition also carries a long introduction in which much new material about Zilsel's life and work is presented. It suggests that a radical new look at Zilsel's project needs to be taken. Zilsel's essays on the history of science look like a standard case study to substantiate a particular position on the origins of modern science, but they were also an attempt to show that lawlike explanation in history and social theory is possible. It is claimed that Zilsel's historical essays were a part of another project he was working on which focused on the idea that social phenomena were open to causal explanation as much as physical phenomena. Hence the volume also contains the essays Zilsel wrote in relation to this other project. Previously there have been published a German and an Italian edition of the Zilsel essays. This edition is the first in English; compared to the other two editions this one is the first that includes unpublished material and the first to undertake a serious effort to research Zilsel's life and work. What is special about this volume is the well-articulated social perspective it takes on the origins of modern science
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  • 51
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401002370
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Brain and Mind 2
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Psychology, clinical ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy of mind ; Neuropsychology. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Philosophy and Neuroscience: A Ruthlessly Reductive Account is the first book-length treatment of philosophical issues and implications in current cellular and molecular neuroscience. John Bickle articulates a philosophical justification for investigating "lower level" neuroscientific research and describes a set of experimental details that have recently yielded the reduction of memory consolidation to the molecular mechanisms of long-term potentiation (LTP). These empirical details suggest answers to recent philosophical disputes over the nature and possibility of psycho-neural scientific reduction, including the multiple realization challenge, mental causation, and relations across explanatory levels. Bickle concludes by examining recent work in cellular neuroscience pertaining to features of conscious experience, including the cellular basis of working memory, the effects of explicit selective attention on single-cell activity in visual cortex, and sensory experiences induced by cortical microstimulation.
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  • 52
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401701754
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 292 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science 68
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 68
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; History ; Philosophy—History. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Ernst Mach (1838-1916) was a seminal philosopher-scientist and a deserving member of the canon of major twentieth-century thinkers. Yet, despite a healthy resurgence in Mach studies, he is still widely thought to represent a simplistic positivist, even sensationalist, position that does not at all reflect the depth of Mach's interests and subtlety as a philosopher. By exploring Mach's views on science as well as philosophy, this book attempts to wrest him free from his customary association with logical positivism and to reinterpret him on his own terms as a natural philosopher and naturalist about human knowledge. Mach's development and his influences from 19th century German philosophy and science are probed in great conceptual and historical detail, and attention is paid to his unpublished Nachlaß as well as to the affinities between Mach's thought and that of other major philosopher-scientists such as Einstein, Bertrand Russell, William James, Helmholtz, Riemann, Herbart and Kant. In particular, the book strives to set forth the true nature of Mach's sensation-elements, the motivations for his critique of the concepts of space and time in physics, and the real meaning of his famous critique of metaphysics. The author's work has appeared in Synthese, Kant-Studien, Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, but here these inquiries are gathered into a unified historico-critical treatment that follows Mach's conceptual development and the culmination of his work in a unique and intriguing natural philosophy. Physicists, psychologists, philosophers of science, historians of twentieth-century thought and culture, and educators will find this volume a valuable help in interpreting Mach's ideas in a context that includes philosophy and science and the bridge between them
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401710091
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (III, 174 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy of mind ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Natural and social sciences seem very often, though usually only implicitly, to hedge their laws by ceteris paribus clauses - a practice which is philosophically very hard to understand because such clauses seem to render the laws trivial and unfalsifiable. After early worries the issue is vigorously discussed in the philosophy of science and the philosophy of mind since ca. 15 years. This volume collects the most prominent philosophers of science in the field and presents a lively, controversial, but well-integrated, highly original and up-to-date discussion of the issue. It will be the reference book in the coming years concerning ceteris paribus laws
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789401717670
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 495 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 225
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Religion (General) ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy, modern ; Aesthetics ; Phenomenology ; Religion. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This richly textured book bridges analytic and hermeneutic and phenomenological philosophy of science, featuring unique resources for students of the philosophy and history of quantum mechanics and the Copenhagen Interpretation, cognitive theory and the psychology of perception, the history and philosophy of art, and the pragmatic and historical relationships between religion and science. Of special interest is the new technology of variational graphic representations with the insights (and mathematical apparatus) of Patrick Heelan's work on the perception of space and the history of art, particularly the work of Cézanne and Van Gogh. This book will interest students of the scientific philosophies of Heisenberg and Bohr, Wittgenstein (on science - Hertz - and on religion - Rush Rhees), as well as the social histories of Thomas Kuhn and Ludwig Fleck, and the philosophical insights of Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, Lacan, Foucault, and including pragmatism and the contemporary Thomism of Bernard Longeran
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789401707695
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 382 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Library 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Political science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology. ; Modern philosophy. ; Political philosophy. ; Philosophy, modern ; Mathematics. ; History. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Political science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Imre Lakatos (1922-1974) was one of the protagonists in shaping the "new philosophy of science". More than 25 years after his untimely death, it is time for a critical re-evaluation of his ideas. His main theme of locating rationality within the scientific process appears even more compelling today, after many historical case studies have revealed the cultural and societal elements within scientific practices. Recently there has been, above all, an increasing interest in Lakatos' philosophy of mathematics, which emphasises heuristics and mathematical practice over logical justification. But suitable modifications of his approach are called for in order to make it applicable to modern axiomatised theories. Pioneering historical research in England and Hungary has unearthed hitherto unknown facts about Lakatos' personal life, his wartime activities and his involvement in the political developments of post-war Europe. From a communist activist committed to Györgyi Lukács' thinking, Lakatos developed into a staunch anti-Marxist who found his intellectual background in Popper's critical rationalism. The volume also publishes for the first time a part of his Debrecen Ph.D. thesis and it is concluded by a bibliography of his Hungarian writings
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401735483
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IV, 210 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Reihe Gegründet von H.L. van Breda und Publiziert unter Schirmherrschaft der Husserl-Archive 162
    Series Statement: Phaenomenologica, Series Founded by H. L. Van Breda and Published Under the Auspices of the Husserl-Archives 162
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: "Wahr" oder "unwahr" scheinen Prädikate, die nur einer Aussage zukommen können. Die Frage, auf die eine Aussage antwortet, das Thema, worauf sie sich einläßt, der Gegenstand, über den sie sich ausspricht, scheinen nicht "wahr" oder "verkehrt", sondern allenfalls "interessant" oder "uninteressant" sein zu können. Die Frage der Topik, wie sie hier gestellt und erörtert wird, ist dahingegen die, ob sich nicht auch für eine Frage, ein Thema, einen Gegenstand, verbunden mit der Frage des Interesses, eine Frage der Wahrheit (die Frage einer "topischen Wahrheit") stellt, da sonst die Frage nach der `mogischen Wahrheit' einer Aussage buchstäblich gegenstandlos zu werden Gefahr läuft. In einem ersten Kapitel soll im Hinblick auf eine Reihe von Phänomenen (vom `Betrug' bis hin zur `Diskussion') gezeigt sein, daß sich eine solche Frage der Topik in der Tat stellt; im zweiten Kapitel, daß sie sich auch längst schon, sei es auch nicht unter diesem Namen, in der modernen Wissenschaftsphilosophie (von Kant bis Thomas Kuhn) erhoben hat. Das dritte Kapitel ist ein Versuch zur Grundlegung einer Antwort auf die Frage der Topik. Das vierte Kapitel soll zeigen, daß die gewöhnliche Ausflucht aus der Frage der Topik selber auf einer eigentümlichen Antwort auf die Frage der Topik beruht
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers
    ISBN: 9780306468742
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer-11648
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 63
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; medicine Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Medical ethics ; Philosophy and science. ; Ethics ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Bioethics. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Diagnose ; Nosologie ; Philosophie
    Abstract: Fact and Value -- Social Constructivism vs. Scientific Realism -- Fact vs. Value -- Disease -- The Concept of Disease -- The Classification of Diseases -- Diagnosis -- The Elements of Diagnosis -- The Process of Diagnosis -- Conclusion.
    Abstract: The germs of the ideas in this book became implanted in me during my experience as a resident in clinical pathology at Boston University Medical Center. At the time, I had inklings that the test results churned out by our laboratories were more than scientific facts. As a philosophically unsophisticated young physician, however, I had no language or framework to analyze what I saw as a deep philosophical problem, a problem largely unrecognized by most physicians. The test results provided by our laboratories were accurate and of great practical importance for patient care. However, most of the physicians who relied on our test results to diagnose and treat their patients either did not have the time or interest to consider the philosophical issues inherent in diagnosis, or, like me, had inadequate means to further analyze them. It was more than ten years later that I began doctoral studies in philosophy, and I was fortunate to find a faculty that was supportive ofmy efforts to address the problem. This book began as my doctoral dissertation in the Department of Philosophy at Georgetown University. I would like to acknowledge the assistance of my mentor, Robert Veatch, Ph. D. Our conversations during my Georgetown years led me in new and often fascinating directions. I would also like to acknowledge the help of Kenneth Schaffner, M. D. , Ph. D.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers
    ISBN: 9780306472152
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , v.: digital
    Edition: Online-Ausg. Springer-11648
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Science and Law
    Series Statement: Science & Technology Education Library 5
    Series Statement: Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education 5
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Teachers Training of ; Science education. ; Teaching. ; Philosophy and science. ; Learning. ; Instruction. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Teachers—Training of. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Learning, Psychology of. ; Naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Wissenschaftstheorie ; Didaktik
    Abstract: Rationales for Including Nature of Science in Science Instruction -- The Role and Character of the Nature of Science in Science Education -- The Nature of Science in International Science Education Standards Documents -- The Principal Elements of the Nature of Science: Dispelling the Myths -- Communicating the Nature of Science: Plans, Approaches and Strategies -- The Card Exchange: Introducing the Philosophy of Science -- Avoiding De-Natured Science: Activities that Promote Understandings of the Nature of Science -- Confronting Students’ Conceptions of the Nature of Science with Cooperative Controversy -- Nature of Science Activities Using the Dichotomy to a Philosophy Checklist Scientific Profile: From the Hawking-Gould -- Learning by Designing a Case of Heuristic Directed Theory Development in Science Teachting -- Using Historical Case Studies in Biology to Explore the Nature of Science: A Professional Development Program for High School Teachers -- A History of Science Approach to the Nature of Science: Learning Science by Rediscovering it -- Integrating the Nature of Science with Student Teaching: Rationale and Strategies -- Communicating the Nature of Science: Courses and Course Elements -- A Thematic Introduction to the Nature of Science: The Rationale and Content of a Course for Science Educators -- The Nature of Science: Achieving Scientific Literacy by Doing Science -- Elementary Science Teaching Methods: Developing and Measuring Student Views about the Nature of Science -- Nature of Science: Implications for Education an Undergraduate Course for Prospective Teachers -- The Use of Real and Imaginary Cases in Communicating the Nature of Science: A Course Outline -- Teaching the Nature of Science as an Element of Science, Technology and Society -- Of Starting Points and Destinations: Teacher Education and the Nature of Science -- A Programme for Developing Understanding of the Nature of Science in Teacher Education -- The Nature of Science as a Foundation for Teaching Science: Evolution as a Case Study -- Assessing the Nature of Science Understanding -- Assessing Understanding of the Nature of Science: A Historical Perspective.
    Abstract: The Nature of Science in Science Education is the first book to blend a justification for the inclusion of the history and philosophy of science in science teaching with methods by which this vital content can be shared with a variety of learners. It contains a complete analysis of the variety of tools developed thus far to assess learning in this domain. This book is relevant to science methods instructors, science education graduate students and science teachers.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9781402046766
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 309 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Methodos Series 1
    Series Statement: Methodos Series, Methodological Prospects in the Social Sciences 1
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Economics ; Science Philosophy ; Population ; Social sciences Methodology ; Philosophy and science. ; Population—Economic aspects. ; Sociology—Methodology. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Empirical research often lacks theory. This book progressively works out a method of constructing models which can bridge the gap between empirical and theoretical research in the social sciences. This might improve the explanatory power of models. The issue is quite novel, and it benefited from a thorough examination of statistical and mathematical models, conceptual models, diagrams and maps, machines, computer simulations, and artificial neural networks. These modelling practices have been approached through different disciplines. The proposed method is partly inspired by reverse engineering. The standard covering law approach is abandoned, and classical induction restored to its rightful place. It helps to solve several difficulties which impact upon the social sciences today, for example how to extend an explanatory model to new phenomena, how to establish laws, and how to guide the choice of a conceptual structure. The book can be used for advanced courses in research methods in the social sciences and in philosophy of science
    Description / Table of Contents: List of AuthorsGeneral Introduction -- Part I: Statistical Modelling and the Need for Theory. Introduction to Part I. 1. The determinants of infant mortality: how far are conceptual frameworks really modelled?. 2. The role of statistical and formal techniques in experimental psychology. 3. Explanatory models in suicide research: explaining relationships. 4. Attitudes towards ethnic minorities and support for ethnic discrimination, A test of complementary models -- Part II: Computer Simulation and the Reverse Engineering Method. Introduction to Part II. 5. Computer simulation methods to model macroeconomics. 6. The explanatory power of Artificial Neural Networks. Conclusions of Part II -- Part III: Models and Theory. Introduction to Part III. 7. On modelling in human geography. 8. The explanatory power of migration models. 9. The role of models in comparative politics. 10. Elementary mathematical modelization of games and sports. Conclusions of Part III -- Part IV: Epistemological Landmarks. Introduction to Part IV. 11. Computer modelling of theory, explanation for the 21st century. 12. The logistic analysis of explanatory theories in archaeology. Conclusions of Part IV. General Conclusion -- Subject Index -- Name Index.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401700832
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 251 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 310
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Science Philosophy ; Logic, Symbolic and mathematical ; Philosophy and science. ; Mathematics ; Logic ; Mathematical logic. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Arithmetik ; Logischer Schluss
    Abstract: Internal logic is the logic of content. The content is here arithmetic and the emphasis is on a constructive logic of arithmetic (arithmetical logic). Kronecker's general arithmetic of forms (polynomials) together with Fermat's infinite descent is put to use in an internal consistency proof. The view is developed in the context of a radical arithmetization of mathematics and logic and covers the many-faceted heritage of Kronecker's work, which includes not only Hilbert, but also Frege, Cantor, Dedekind, Husserl and Brouwer. The book will be of primary interest to logicians, philosophers and mathematicians interested in the foundations of mathematics and the philosophical implications of constructivist mathematics. It may also be of interest to historians, since it covers a fifty-year period, from 1880 to 1930, which has been crucial in the foundational debates and their repercussions on the contemporary scene
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401715218
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XX, 321 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 312
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Mathematical physics. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: In this book, Veikko Rantala makes a systematic attempt to understand cognitive characteristics of translation by bringing its logical, pragmatic and hermeneutic features together and examining a number of scientific, logical, and philosophical applications. The notion of translation investigated here is called explanatory, but it is not a translation in the standard sense of the word since it admits of conceptual change. Such translations can take various degrees of precision, and therefore they can occur in contexts of different kinds: from everyday discourse to literary texts to scientific change. The book generalizes some earlier approaches to translation, especially the one presented in David Pearce's monograph Roads to Commensurability. Rantala argues that the notion has something in common with Thomas Kuhn's earlier conception of scientific change and his views of language learning, but it can be used to go beyond Kuhn's well-known ideas and challenge his criticism concerning the import of the correspondence relation
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface. IntroductionPart One: The Pragmatics and Hermeneutics of Conceptual Change. 1. Prologue: The Correspondence Principle. 2. Translation. 3. Examples and Applications of Local Translation. 4. Global Translation -- Part Two: The Logic and Pragmatics of Scientific Change. 5. The Correspondence Relation. 6. Intertheoretic Explanation. 7. Case Studies -- Part Three: The Formal Basis of the Correspondence Relation. 8. Theories and Logics. 9. A Formal Treatment of Case Studies -- Appendix: Definability. Notes. Bibliography. Name Index. Subject Index.
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  • 62
    ISBN: 9789401722230
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 251 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 229
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 229
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Science Philosophy ; Technology Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Physics. ; Observations, Astronomical. ; Philosophy. ; History ; Astronomy—Observations. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Technology—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This book is a historical-epistemological study of one the most consequential idea of early modern celestial mechanics: Robert Hooke's proposal to "compoun[d] the celestial motions of the planets of a direct motion by the tangent & an attractive motion towards a central body," a proposal which Isaac Newton adopted and realized in his Principia. Hooke's Programme was revolutionary both cosmologically and mathematically. It presented "the celestial motions," the proverbial symbol of stability and immutability, as a process of continuous change, and prescribed only parameters of rectilinear motions and rectilinear attractions for calculating their closed curved orbits. Yet the traces of Hooke's construction of his Programme for the heavens lead through his investigations in such earthly disciplines as microscopy, practical optics and horology, and the mathematical tools developed by Newton to accomplish it appear no less local and goal-oriented than Hooke's lenses and springs. This transgression of the boundaries between the theoretical, experimental and technological realms is reminiscent of Hooke's own free excursions in and out of the circles occupied by gentlemen-philosophers, university mathematicians, instrument makers, technicians and servants. It presents an opportunity to examine the social and epistemological distinctions, relations and hierarchies between those realms and their inhabitants, and compels a critical assessment of the philosophical categories they embody
    Description / Table of Contents: IntroductionPart A: The Historical Question. 1. Gallileo's Challenge. 2. The Correspondence. 3. Hooke's Programme -- Part B: The Historiographic Difficulty. 4. Hooke vs. Newton. 5. The Genius vs. The Mechanic. 1. Inflection. Introduction: The Bad Ending -- Part A: The Novelty. 1. Hooke's Programme. 2. Setting the Question Right -- Part B: Employing Inflection. 3. Inflection. 4. Application as Manipulation.-- Part C: Producing Inflection in the Workshop. 5. Construction. 6. Implementation. 7. Tentative Conclusion -- 1.st Interlude: Practice. 1. Introduction - Methodological Lessons. 2. Hacking. 3. The Realism Snare. 2. Power -- Part A: 1. Introduction. 2. De Potentia Restitutiva, or: Of Spring -- Part B: 3. Horology. 4. The Spring Watch. 5. Springs and Forces -- Part C: 6. The Origins of the Vibration Theory. 7. Of Spring again. 8. Springs as a Topos. 9. A Clockwork Theory of Matter and Power -- 2.nd Interlude: Representation. 1. Rorty. 2. 'Knowledge Of and 'Knowledge That'. 3. Hacking and Rorty. 3. Newton's Synthesis. 1. Introduction. 2. Newton Before and After. 3. Hooke's Programme. Notes. Introduction. 1. Inflection. 1st Interlude: Practice. 2. Clocks, Pendulums and Springs -- 2.nd Interlude: Representation. 3. Newton's Synthesis -- Bibliography -- Index.
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9781461506058
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 404 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The study of diagnostic, visual, spatial, analogical, and temporal reasoning has demonstrated that there are many ways of performing intelligent and creative reasoning that cannot be described with the help of traditional notions of reasoning, such as classical logic. Understanding the contribution of modeling practices to discovery and conceptual change in science requires expanding scientific reasoning to include complex forms of creative reasoning that are not always successful and can lead to incorrect solutions. The study of these heuristic ways of reasoning is situated at the crossroads of philosophy, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and logic; that is, at the heart of cognitive science. There are several key ingredients common to the various forms of model-based reasoning considered in this book. The term `model' comprises both internal and external representations. The models are intended as interpretations of target physical systems, processes, phenomena, or situations. The models are retrieved or constructed on the basis of potentially satisfying salient constraints of the target domain. Moreover, in the modeling process, various forms of abstraction are used. Evaluation and adaptation take place in the light of structural, causal, and/or functional constraints. Model simulation can be used to produce new states and enable evaluation of behaviors and other factors. The various contributions of the book are written by interdisciplinary researchers who are active in the area of creative reasoning in science and technology: the most recent results and achievements in the topics above are illustrated in the chapters
    Description / Table of Contents: Metaphor-Based Values in Scientific ModelsAnalogy in Scientific Discovery: The Case of Johannes Kepler -- Model Experiments and Models in Experiments -- Models, Simulations, and Experiments -- Calibration of Models in Experiments -- The Development of Scientific Taxonomies -- Production, Science and Epistemology. An Overview on New Models and Scenarios -- Modeling Practices and “Tradition” -- Modeling Data: Analogies in Neural Networks, Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms -- Perceptual Simulation in Analogical Problem Solving -- Building Demand Models to Improve Environmental Policy Process -- Toward a Computational Model of Hypothesis Formation and Model Building in Science -- Models as Parts of Distributed Cognitive Systems -- Conceptual Models, Inquiry and the Problem of Deriving Normative Claims from a Naturalistic Base -- Dynamic Imagery: A Computational Model of Motion and Visual Analogy -- Model-Based Reasoning and Similarity in the World -- Epistemic Artifacts: Michael Faraday’s Search for the Optical Effects of Gold -- Epistemic Mediators and Model-Based Discovery in Science -- Deterministic Models and the “Unimportance of the Inevitable” -- Mental Models in Conceptual Development -- Modeling Core Knowledge and Practices in a Computational Approach to Innovation Process -- Author Index.
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  • 64
    ISBN: 9789401713313
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 299 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 226
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 226
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Burtt's book, The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science, is something of a puzzle within the context of twentieth-century intellectual history, especially American intellectual history. Burtt's pioneering study of the scientific revolution has proved to prophetic in its rejection of both scientism and positivism. Published in 1924, Burtt's book continues to be read in educated circles and remains both the rose and the thorn on university reading lists, raising skeptical questions about science methods and science knowledge just as it did seventy-five years ago. This book examines Burtt's public, academic and personal life. From his politics of conscience after World War I on through the Cold War Burtt is shown to be a man of unparalleled integrity, whose relentless search for philosophic understanding drove his more quixotic philosophical quests and steered his personal life, including its tragic dimension, toward simple virtue. The many who have been affected by The Metaphysical Foundations will be especially interested in this new perspective on the life and thought of its author. Those who have not read Burtt's books might be inspired to study this unusual American thinker
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789401717854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 441 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook [2001], Institut ‘Wiener Kreis’ Society for the Advancement of the Scientific World Conception 9
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna Vienna Circle Society, Society for the Advancement of Scientific World Conceptions 9
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy. ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Philosophy—History. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This volume includes in its special part recent contributions to the philosophy of science from a historical point of view and of the highest topicality: the range of the topics is covering all fields in the philosophy of the science provided by authors from Europe, America and around the world focussing on ancient , modern and contemporary periods in the development of the science philosophy. It represents a distinguished selection of the "Third Biennial Meeting of the History of Philosophy of Science Working Group" in Vienna (HOPOS 2000), which was jointly organised by Vienna Circle Institute at the University of Vienna. The audience of this proceedings is the scientific community and students at graduate level as well as postdocs in this interdisciplinary field of research.The general part contains as usual a report/document section with special highlights - contributions on American philosophers (by Gerald Holton) and on Wittgenstein (David Stern) - as well as review articles and review related new publications and short documentation of Vienna Circle Institute's activities
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401722926
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXX, 322 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 223
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 223
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Chemistry ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Much of Duhem's work as a professional scientist was closely related to the newly emerging discipline of physical chemistry. The book and associated papers translated here revolve around his concomitant philosophical and historical interests in chemistry-topics largely uncovered by Duhem's writings hitherto available in English. He understood contemporary concerns of chemists to be a development of the ancient dispute over the nature of mixture. Having developed his historical account from distinctions drawn from the atomists and Aristotelians of antiquity, he places his own views of chemical combination squarely within the Aristotelian tradition. Apart from illuminating Duhem's own work, it is of interest to see how the ancient dispute can be related to modern science by someone competent to make such comparisons. The book is lucid and logically stringent without assuming any particular mathematical prerequisites, and provides a masterly statement of an important line of nineteenth century thought which is of interest in its own right as well as providing insight into Duhem's broader philosophical views
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  • 67
    ISBN: 9789401003797
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 208 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Contributions to Phenomenology, In Cooperation with the Center for Advanced Research in Phenomenology 46
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy, modern ; Ontology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Ideas for Hermeneutic Phenomenology of Natural Sciences (published in 1993 as volume 15 of this series) comprised mainly ontological reflections on the natural sciences. That book explained why the natural sciences must be considered inherently interpretive in character, and clarified the conditions under which scientific interpretations are "legitimate" and may be called "true". This companion volume focuses on methodological issues. Its first part elucidates the methodical hermeneutics developed in the 19th century by Boeckh, Birt, Dilthey, and others. Its second part, through the use of concrete examples drawn from modern physics as it unfolded from Copernicus to Maxwell, clarifies and "proves" the main points of the ontologico-hermeneutical conception of the sciences elaborated in the earlier volume. It thereby both illuminates the most important problems confronting an ontologico-phenomenological approach to the natural sciences and offers an alternative to Kuhn's conception of the historical development of the natural sciences
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  • 68
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401720205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 227
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 227
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This collection of twenty papers deals with a wide range of issues in philosophy of language, epistemology, history of philosophy, philosophy of psychology, jurisprudence and philosophy of science. It should be of interest to, and prove a stimulus for new work by, researchers and practitioners working in any of these fields. Tracing a route backwards through the papers as presented here, the final group is largely concerned with how empirical knowledge may be acquired through evidence in states of uncertainty; the middle group explores how such evidence often requires or results in conceptual innovation and is given to us in language the meaning of which may be difficult to determine; the first group explores how a theory of meaning can be constructed for natural and artificial languages. The papers exhibit a distinctive analytical perspective and a great deal of thematic continuity, underpinned by commitment to the richness both of language and of enquiry and opposition to simplistic or dogmatic formalisations and analyses
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  • 69
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401700856
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 223 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Origins, Studies in the sources of scientific creativity 2
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: For centuries, inconsistencies were seen as a hindrance to good reasoning, and their role in the sciences was ignored. In recent years, however, logicians as well as philosophers and historians have showed a growing interest in the matter. Central to this change were the advent of paraconsistent logics, the shift in attention from finished theories to construction processes, and the recognition that most scientific theories were at some point either internally inconsistent or incompatible with other accepted findings. The new interest gave rise to important questions. How is `logical anarchy' avoided? Is it ever rational to accept an inconsistent theory? In what sense, if any, can inconsistent theories be considered as true? The present collection of papers is the first to deal with this kind of questions. It contains case studies as well as philosophical analyses, and presents an excellent overview of the different approaches in the domain
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  • 70
    ISBN: 9789401720854
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 379 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 76
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology. ; Aesthetics ; Ethics ; Phenomenology ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: What is truth? This fascinating spectrum of studies into the various rationalities of our human dealings with life - psychological, aesthetic, economic, spiritual - reveals their joints and calls for a new approach to truth. Putting both classical and contemporary conceptions aside, we find the primogenital ground of truth in the networks of correspondences, adequations, relevancies, and rationales at work in life's becoming. Does this plurivocal differentiation mean that the status of truth is relative? On the contrary, submits Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, given the universal significance of the crucial instrument of the logos of life, "truth is the vortex of life's ontopoietic unfolding
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789401700979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 160 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 309
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Phenomenology ; Science Philosophy ; Quantum theory ; Astrophysics. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy of nature ; Astronomy. ; Mathematical physics. ; Quantum physics. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Humanities. ; Social sciences.
    Abstract: These works concern fundamental philosophical problems of time and spacetime, such as the implications of the absolute and relations concepts of motion for the disputes about the character of spacetime, the role of relativity, quantum mechanics, quantum gravity and noncommutative geometry with respect to the controversy concerning the objectivity of the flow of time, the existence of the future, the concept of branching spacetime. One paper presents the views on time of an outstanding representative of phenomenology, Roman Ingarden, thus enriching the book with some questions of philosophical anthropology and ethics. The collection is mainly addressed to research workers and graduate students
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789401704755
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (376 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 316
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Biology Philosophy ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy. ; Artificial intelligence ; Biology—Philosophy. ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy—History.
    Abstract: This is the second of two volumes containing papers submitted by the invited speakers to the 11th international Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, held in Cracow in 1999, under the auspices of the International Union of History and Philosophy of Science, Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. The invited speakers are the leading researchers and accordingly the book presents the current state of the intellectual discourse in the respective fields
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789401002691
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 333 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophy and Medicine 75
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    Keywords: Medicine ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Human genetics ; Ethics ; Medical ethics ; Philosophy and science.
    Abstract: Advances in genetics, such as the Human Genome Project's successful mapping of the human genome and the discovery of ever more sites of disease-related mutations, invite re-examination of basic concepts underlying our fundamental social practices and institutions. Having children, assigning responsibility, identifying causes, using social and scientific resources to improve human well-being, among other concepts, will never be the same. Our concepts of moral and legal responsibility, cause and effect, disease prevention, health, disability, enhancement, personal identity, and reproductive autonomy and responsibility are all subtly changing in response to developments in genetics. Biology, law, medicine, and other disciplines are also evolving in response to mutating concepts in genetics itself-for example, dominance, causation, behavior, gene expression, and gene. The selections in this volume employ philosophical and historical perspectives to shed light on classic social, ethical, and philosophical issues raised with renewed urgency against the backdrop of the mapping of the human genome
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  • 74
    ISBN: 9789401728621
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIII, 215 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 17
    Series Statement: Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 17
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Ontology ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This volume brings together ten original, thematically-related papers, written by prominent figures in the philosophy of science in Australasia and elsewhere. The contributed papers are focused on two fundamental issues in contemporary philosophy of science, the status of scientific realism and the relationship between science and commonsense. The contemporary scientific realism debate turns on the viability of the claims that science aims at truth and that we can justifiably believe that science has achieved or approximated this aim. Several papers in the collection constitute original contributions to this debate. Other papers explore what appears to be an increasingly divergent relationship between the scientific and commonsense images of the world. This volume is a valuable resource for all who are interested in and engaged by contemporary philosophy of science
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789401736725
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 280 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 224
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 224
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Physics. ; Mechanics ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The great debates of the 18th century about the true measure of living force and the principle of least action, etc., can only be understood in depth if we realize that, at that time, mechanics was more than just mechanics. From Newton and Leibniz to Euler, Maupertuis, d'Alembert, and Lagrange, there was a metaphysical dimension to the pertinent issues, albeit partly at an implicit level. This gave the debates their typical flavor and texture, and influenced their outcomes deeply. On an explicit level, there was a progressive rejection of the traditional metaphysical approach to the foundations of mechanics. This was accompanied by profound conceptual changes in mechanics, away from force conceived as a substance, like water, and toward force conceived as a relationship between the elements in a structure of space and time. Thus these controversies helped to turn mechanics into the discipline we recognize today
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  • 76
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401705837
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 203 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 311
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Ontology ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: In this book Emma Ruttkamp demonstrates the power of the full-blown employment of the model-theoretic paradigm in the philosophy of science. Within this paradigm she gives an account of sciences as process and product. She expounds the "received statement" and the "non-statement" views of science, and shows how the model-theoretic approach resolves the spurious tension between these views. In this endeavour she also engages the views of a number of contemporary philosophers of science with affinity to model theory. This text can be read by specialists working in philosophy of science or formal semantics, by logicians working on the structure of theories, and by students in philosophy of science - this text offers a thorough introduction to non-statement accounts of sciences as well as a discussion of the traditional statement account of science
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  • 77
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    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306476532
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XVI, 207 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Series Statement: Innovations in Science Education and Technology 11
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy and social sciences. ; Philosophy and science. ; History. ; Education—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; History ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy (General) ; Naturwissenschaftlicher Unterricht ; Audiovisuelles Unterrichtsmittel ; Schreib- und Lesefähigkeit
    Abstract: Science Education -- The Moiton Picture -- Radio in the Science Classroom -- Instructional Television -- The Computer -- Perspective.
    Abstract: This book deals with the use of technology in science teaching. The author is not, nor has ever had an intention of being a “techie. ” Rather, I spent the first decade of my professional life as a high school physics teacher, making occasional uses of technology to further student understanding and to automate my own teaching practices. During my graduate work, my interest in the use of technology continued. Catalyzed, to some extent by the increasing availability of graphical interfaces for computers, the realization struck that the computer was more and more becoming a tool that all teachers could use to support their teaching practice—not simply those with a passion for the technology itself. The rapid changes in the hardware and software available, however, frequently caused me to reflect on the usefulness of technology—if it were to change at such a rapid pace, would anyone, save for those who diligently focused on the development of these tools, be able to effectively use technology in science teaching? Was change to rapid to yield a useful tool for teachers? To address this interest, I examined the nature of science teaching during this century—using the equally fluid notion of “scientific literacy”—which formed the organizing principle for this study. The result is a examination of how technology was used to accomplishing this goal of producing scientifically literate citizens. What was observed is that technology, indeed, consistently came to the service of teachers as they attempted to achieve this goal.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-195) and index
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  • 78
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    New York, NY : Imprint: Springer | New York, NY : Springer US
    ISBN: 9781441985620
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XVII, 205 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Logic. ; Cognitive psychology. ; History. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Philosophy (General) ; Logic ; Science Philosophy ; History ; Humanities ; Consciousness
    Abstract: 1 Hypothesis Generation -- 2 Theoretical Abduction -- 3 Manipulative Abduction -- 4 Diagnostic Reasoning -- 5 Visual and Temporal Abduction -- 6 Governing Inconsistencies -- 7 Hypothesis Withdrawal in Science -- References -- Author Index.
    Abstract: This volume explores abduction (inference to explanatory hypotheses), an important but neglected topic in scientific reasoning. My aim is to inte­ grate philosophical, cognitive, and computational issues, while also discuss­ ing some cases of reasoning in science and medicine. The main thesis is that abduction is a significant kind of scientific reasoning, helpful in delineating the first principles of a new theory of science. The status of abduction is very controversial. When dealing with abduc­ tive reasoning misinterpretations and equivocations are common. What are the differences between abduction and induction? What are the differences between abduction and the well-known hypothetico-deductive method? What did Peirce mean when he considered abduction a kind of inference? Does abduction involve only the generation of hypotheses or their evaluation too? Are the criteria for the best explanation in abductive reasoning epis­ temic, or pragmatic, or both? How many kinds of abduction are there? The book aims to increase knowledge about creative and expert infer­ ences. The study of these high-level methods of abductive reasoning is situ­ ated at the crossroads of philosophy, epistemology, artificial intel1igence, cognitive psychology, and logic; that is, at the heart of cognitive science. Philosophers of science in the twentieth century have traditionally distin­ guished between the inferential processes active in the logic of discovery and the ones active in logic of justification.
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Hypothesis Generation2 Theoretical Abduction -- 3 Manipulative Abduction -- 4 Diagnostic Reasoning -- 5 Visual and Temporal Abduction -- 6 Governing Inconsistencies -- 7 Hypothesis Withdrawal in Science -- References -- Author Index.
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9789401597296
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVI, 288 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 220
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Modern philosophy. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy, modern ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: It is a truism that philosophy and the sciences were closely linked in the age of Leibniz, Newton, and Kant; but a more precise determination of the structure and dynamics of this linkage is required. The subject matter of this volume is the interactions among the developments in philosophy and the transformations that the different branches of sciences, Baconian as well as classical, underwent during this period. Among the topics addressed are the transformations of metaphysics as a discipline, the emergence of analytical mechanics and its consequences for founding physics on metaphysics, the diverging avenues of 18th-century Newtonianism, the body-mind problem as dealt with by philosophers and physicians, and philosophical principles of classification in the life sciences. As an appendix, a critical edition and first translation into English of Newton's scholia from David Gregory's Estate on the Propositions IV through IX Book III of his Principia is added
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  • 80
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    Dordrecht : Imprint: Springer | Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9780306476235
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XV, 300 p.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2001.
    Series Statement: Innovations in Science Education and Technology 10
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Science education. ; Physics. ; Philosophy and science. ; History. ; Religion. ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Education ; History ; Science Study and teaching ; Physics History ; Science Philosophy ; Religion (General) ; Naturwissenschaften ; Philosophie ; Soziologie
    Abstract: The World of Values and Facts -- Modern People and the State of Their Societies -- The Way Science Works and Evolves -- Science: The Penetrator of the Physical Universe -- Distinct Characteristics and Principles of Science -- The Scientist and the Science Worker -- From Basic Research to Application (Science and Technology) -- The Cultural and Educational Value of Science -- Where Science Meets Religion -- Limits of and to Science -- The Future of and in Science.
    Abstract: This is an engrossing book. It is also an unusual book: it is written by a scientist who is quite willing to talk about the softer side of life, about things such as love and respect and responsibility, and to try and position them in the context of his science. He is also willing to talk about religion, the manner in which it relates to science and science to it, and to attempt reconciliation of both. He sets himself a tough task, to tread the narrow path between the maudlin and the severely sober. In this, he is eminently successful. He is successful not because he aims at any grand synthesis, but because he has chosen the more modest path of simply laying out the cards on the table. This work is also unusual for another reason. The majority of books that attempt to explain science to a lay public, that try to describe its workings, its raison d'être, its hidden contents, its societal impact, its implications for our future, etc. , are written by theorists. This is hardly surprising. The theoretician, after all, is expected to think deeply, to be the great unifier, to be concernedwith meaning. Very few books about science are written by scientists, ones who spend their time in a working experimental laboratory. This is such a book. And because it is, it is also a very different book.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9783034882897
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 341 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Science Networks. Historical Studies 25
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    Keywords: Philosophy and science. ; Mathematics ; History. ; Science—History. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Philanthropies funded by the Rockefeller family have been prominent in the social history of the twentieth century for their involvement in medicine and applied science. This book provides the first detailed study of their relatively brief but nonetheless influential foray into the field of mathematics. The careers of a generation of pathbreakers in modern mathematics, such as S.Banach, B.L.van der Waerden and André Weil, were decisively affected by their becoming fellows of the Rockefeller-funded International Education Board in the 1920s. To help promote cooperation between physics and mathematics Rockefeller funds supported the erection of the new Mathematical Institute in Göttingen between 1926 and 1929, while the rise of probability and mathematical statistics owes much to the creation of the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris by American philanthropy at about the same time. This account draws upon the documented evaluation processes behind these personal and institutional involvements of philanthropies. It not only sheds light on important events in the history of mathematics and physics of the 20th century but also analyzes the comparative developments of mathematics in Europe and the United States. Several of the documents are given in their entirety as significant witnesses to the gradual shift of the centre of world mathematics to the USA. This shift was strengthened by the Nazi purge of German and European mathematics after 1933 to which the Rockefeller Foundation reacted with emergency programs that subsequently contributed to the American war effort. The general historical and political background of the events discussed in this book is the mixture of competition and cooperation between the various European countries and the USA after World War I, and the consequences of the Nazi dictatorship after 1933. Ideological positions of both the philanthropists and mathematicians mattered heavily in that process. Cultural bias in the selection of fellows and of disciplines supported, and the economic predominance of American philanthropy, led among other things to a restriction of the programs to Europe and America, to an uneven consideration of European candidates, and to preferences for Americans. Political self-isolation of the Soviet Union contributed to an increasing alienation of that important mathematical culture from Western mathematics. By focussing on a number of national cultures the investigation aims to represent a step toward a true in ...
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789401007306
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 376 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Education ; Education Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Science Study and teaching ; Science education. ; Philosophy and science. ; Philosophy and social sciences. ; History ; Science—Study and teaching. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Education—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This anthology contains 21 papers by prominent historians and philosophers of science, philosophers of education, science educators and science teachers. It is expansive in its subject matter, and detailed in its analysis. The common thread in all papers is the contribution that the history and philosophy of science makes to theoretical, curricular, and pedagogical issues in science education. This is a timely focus as, worldwide, there are increasing demands made on science curriculum writers and teachers to ensure that students come to know something of the `nature of science', or something about the `big picture' of science. This means knowing something of the history and methodology of science, its relations with world views, and how science articulates with social and cultural values and interests. The contributions show how historically and philosophically informed teaching of science can create this `big picture' knowledge about science, which in turn allows science to inform culture and social life
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  • 83
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401728706
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 263 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 307
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Computational linguistics ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This monograph is unique in its kind, giving as it does an independent and self-contained introduction to the eight prominent verisimilitude proposals that make up the verisimilitude literature after the breakdown of Popper's definition in 1974. The author brings them together by comparing the ways in which they order propositional formulae. Using this method, he shows that the distinction of content and likeness definitions partitions the entire field of investigation. In addition, it is shown that the weak content definitions can be strengthened by incorporating considerations of similarity between possible worlds. The resulting refined verisimilitude definition has many desirable properties. For instance, it is the first qualitative proposal that evades the problem of truth-value dependence. In addition, in chapter five the often discussed and misunderstood problem of "language dependency" is solved. The book will be of interest to those working in the fields of logic, epistemology, philosophy of science, and (computational) linguistics
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  • 84
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    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401735322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 284 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 84
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Ontology ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The larger project of which this volume forms part is an attempt to craft a coherent doctrine of divine eternity and God's relationship to time. Central to this project is the integration of the concerns of theology with the concept of time in relativity theory. Unfortunately, theologians and philosophers of religion do not in general understand Einstein's theories, whereas physicists and philosophers of science, under the influence of verificationism, have largely focused philosophical reflection on spatiotemporal concepts given by physics. There is thus a paucity of integrative literature dealing with God and relativity theory. The collapse of positivism and the rejuvenation of metaphysics have led to a renewed scrutiny of the metaphysical foundations of relativity theory and the concept(s) time found therein. This volume provides an accessible and philosophically informed examination of the concept of time in relativity, the ultimate aim being the achievement of a tenable theological synthesis
    Description / Table of Contents: Preface1. The Historical Background of Special Relativity -- 2. Einstein's Special Theory -- 3. Time Dilation and Length Contraction -- 4. Empirical Confirmation of Special Relativity -- 5. Two Relativistic Interpretations -- 6. The Classical Concept of Time -- 7. The Positivistic Foundations of Relativity Theory -- 8. The Elimination of Absolute Time -- 9. Absolute Time and Relativistic Time -- 10. God, Time, and Relativity -- 11. Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Subject Index -- Proper Name Index.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands
    ISBN: 9789401717151
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XI, 321 p) , online resource
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Ontology ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Those who think about time are thinking deeply. Those who think about God are thinking even more deeply still. To try to think about both at once is to press the very limits of human understanding. Undeterred, this is precisely the project which William Lane Craig sets for himself in this study: to try to grasp the nature of divine eternity, to understand what is meant by the affirmation that God is eternal, to formulate a coherent doctrine of God's relationship with time. In this highly original and ground-breaking work, Craig brings together discussions in the philosophy of time and space, philosophy of language, phenomenology, philosophy of science, Special and General Relativity, classical cosmology, quantum mechanics, and so forth, with the concerns of philosophy of religion and theology, in order to craft a philosophically informed and scientifically tenable doctrine of divine eternity and God's relationship to time
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 The Case for Divine Timelessness2 Timelessness and Personhood -- 3 Timelessness and Divine Action -- 4 Timelessness and Divine Knowledge -- 5 The Classical Concept of Time -- 6 God’s Time and Relativistic Time -- 7 God, Time, and Relativity -- 8 Creatio ex nihilo -- 9 God and the Beginning of Time -- Proper Name Index.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401597470
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XVII, 240 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 67
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Philosophy of law ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Political science. ; Metaphysics ; Ontology ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Law—Philosophy.
    Abstract: According to platonists, entities such as numbers, sets, propositions and properties are abstract objects. But abstract objects lack causal powers and a location in space and time, so how could we ever come to know of the existence of such impotent and remote objects? In Knowledge, Cause, and Abstract Objects, Colin Cheyne presents the first systematic and detailed account of this epistemological objection to the platonist doctrine that abstract objects exist and can be known. Since mathematics has such a central role in the acquisition of scientific knowledge, he concentrates on mathematical platonism. He also concentrates on our knowledge of what exists, and argues for a causal constraint on such existential knowledge. Finally, he exposes the weaknesses of recent attempts by platonists to account for our supposed platonic knowledge. This book will be of particular interest to researchers and advanced students of epistemology and of the philosophy of mathematics and science. It will also be of interest to all philosophers with a general interest in metaphysics and ontology
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789401006187
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIX, 401 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 27
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Consciousness ; Evolutionary biology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Evolution (Biology) ; Anthropology ; Cognitive psychology. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: This book offers a multi-disciplinary approach by scientists and philosophers that reveals the stamp of evolution on everyday life: how kinship unravels nurture, how family life affects the personalities we acquire, how our minds develop to negotiate social hierarchies, whether we decide to eat or not, what qualities we prefer in our sexual and marriage patterns, how we name and raise our children, how our thoughts and emotions are framed to make adaptive decisions, and methods for identifying evolved adaptations of the human life-cycle. It serves as an advanced text for students and scholars that critiques the dominating work of Buss, Cosmides and Tooby, Dennett, and Pinker. Taking the field beyond the narrow and contentious innatist-adaptionist view of the mind, it supplies a much sought-after interactional, `biopsycho-sociocultural' paradigm using a variety of evidence to converge on carefully reasoned conclusions
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401006729
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 306 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 219
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 219
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Regional planning ; Philosophy and science. ; Culture—Study and teaching. ; Philosophy of mind ; History ; Science—Philosophy. ; Ethnology. ; Culture.
    Abstract: The present collection attempts to be an essential step in acquainting the international reader with the Estonian contribution to the philosophy and history of science, including the recent history and policy of science and philosophy in Estonia on its way back to the Western world after the break-up of the Soviet Union. The book comprises mainly new papers. The authors - philosophers and scientists - represent every generation from emeritus professors to young researchers who have already received their education according to international standards and acquired a contemporary way of analytic reasoning and technique of investigation. The primary audience for this volume is: students as well as professionals of philosophy, methodology and logic of science; history of science and science studies; philosophy of mind; medical ethics; history, philosophy and methodology of physics, mathematics, chemistry, geography, medicine, but also those interested in cultural history and recent developments in a small Baltic country
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789401715041
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IV, 394 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library, Series A: Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences 31
    Series Statement: Theory and Decision Library A:, Rational Choice in Practical Philosophy and Philosophy of Science 31
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Economics ; Economic theory. ; Philosophy and science. ; Social sciences ; Philosophy. ; Econometrics. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: In a ground-breaking series of articles, one of them written by a Nobel Laureate, this volume demonstrates the evolutionary dynamic and the transformation of today's democratic societies into scientific-democratic societies. It highlights the progress of modeling individual and societal evaluation by neo-Bayesian utility theory. It shows how social learning and collective opinion formation work, and how democracies cope with randomness caused by randomizers. Nonlinear `evolution equations' and serial stochastic matrices of evolutionary game theory allow us to optimally compute possible serial evolutionary solutions of societal conflicts. But in democracies progress can be defined as any positive, gradual, innovative and creative change of culturally used, transmitted and stored mentifacts (models, theories), sociofacts (customs, opinions), artifacts and technifacts, within and across generations. The most important changes are caused, besides randomness, by conflict solutions and their realizations by citizens who follow democratic laws. These laws correspond to the extended Pareto principle, a supreme, socioethical democratic rule. According to this principle, progress is any increase in the individual and collective welfare which is achieved during any evolutionary progress. Central to evolutionary modeling is the criterion of the empirical realization of computed solutions. Applied to serial conflict solutions (decisions), evolutionary trajectories are formed; they become the most influential causal attractors of the channeling of societal evolution. Democratic constitutions, legal systems etc., store all advantageous, present and past, adaptive, competitive, cooperative and collective solutions and their rules; they have been accepted by majority votes. Societal laws are codes of statutes (default or statistical rules), and they serve to optimally solve societal conflicts, in analogy to game theoretical models or to statistical decision theory. Such solutions become necessary when we face harmful or advantageous random events always lurking at the edge of societal and external chaos. The evolutionary theory of societal evolution in democracies presents a new type of stochastic theory; it is based on default rules and stresses realization. The rules represent the change of our democracies into information, science and technology-based societies; they will revolutionize social sciences, especially economics. Their methods have already found their way int ...
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401728683
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 163 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 296
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Philosophy of mind ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: This systematic development of the internal realist approach, first developed by Hilary Putnam, tries to steer a middle course between metaphysical realism and relativism. It argues against metaphysical realism that it is open to global skepticism and cannot cope with conceptual pluralism. Against realism it is claimed that there are mind-independent constraints on the validity of our claims to knowledge. The book provides a moderately verificationist account of semantics and a novel explanation of the idea of conceptual schemes. It is also argued that the approach developed can accommodate our commonsense realist intuitions and is also compatible with physicalism and naturalism. Readership: Philosophers at graduate student and advanced level. Advanced undergraduate courses could be based on certain parts of the book
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401597319
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIII, 345 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 302
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Consciousness ; Social sciences Methodology ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy of mind ; Cognitive psychology. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Sociology—Methodology.
    Abstract: The merits of this book are first and foremost the combination of theory and practice, then the unique presentation of a philosophical dialogue between prominent authors in the field: Peter Lipton and Wesley C. Salmon, who present in a conciliatory spirit opposing views of explanation. Finally the book features an interdisciplinary account of the application of explanation in philosophy, philosophy of science, psychology, perception, cognition, social sciences, political science, and aesthetics. There is currently a great interest in this kind of interdisciplinary collection of papers, not only among students and researchers of philosophy of science, but also among psychologists and social scientists. The interdisciplinary character of the book will attract readers from various fields of research. Practicing scientists and students who are interested in a particular field of study, will also find in this book insightful theoretical analyses of explanation. The aim of the book is to shed light on the very concept of explanation and to examine its application in diverse settings
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401596800
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXXIV, 337 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 216
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 216
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Linguistics Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Observations, Astronomical. ; Metaphysics ; Language and languages—Philosophy. ; Astronomy—Observations. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: Incommensurability and Related Matters draws together some of the most distinguished contributors to the critical literature on the problem of the incommensurability of scientific theories. It addresses all the various problems raised by the problem of incommensurability, such as meaning change, reference of theoretical terms, scientific realism and anti-realism, rationality of theory choice, cognitive aspects of conceptual change, as well as exploring the broader implications of incommensurability for cultural difference. While it offers new work, and new directions of discussion, on the topic of incommensurability, the book also recapitulates the history of the discussion of the topic that has taken place within the literature on incommensurability
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789401597395
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 413 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 301
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy and science. ; Logic ; Artificial intelligence ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The philosophy of science has lost its self-confidence, witness the lack of advanced textbooks in contrast to the abundance of elementary textbooks. Structures in Science is an advanced textbook that explicates, updates, accommodates, and integrates the best insights of logical-empiricism and its main critics. This `neo-classical approach' aims at providing heuristic patterns for research. The book introduces four ideal types of research programs (descriptive, explanatory, design, and explicative) and reanimates the distinction between observational laws and proper theories. It explicates various patterns of explanation by subsumption and specification as well as structures in reductive and other types of interlevel research. Its analysis of theory evaluation leads to new characterizations of confirmation, empirical progress, and pseudoscience. Partial analogies between progress in nomological research (i.e. observational, referential, and theoretical truth approximation, presented in detail in From Instrumentalism to Constructive Realism, 2000) and progress in explicative and design research emerge. Finally, special chapters are devoted to design research programs, computational philosophy of science, the structuralist approach to theories, and research ethics
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401009737
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (352p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Studies in Cognitive Systems 25
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    Keywords: Humanities ; Philosophy and science. ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy of mind ; Artificial intelligence
    Abstract: An important collection of studies providing a fresh and original perspective on the nature of mind, including thoughtful and detailed arguments that explain why the prevailing paradigm - the computational conception of language and mentality - can no longer be sustained. An alternative approach is advanced, inspired by the work of Charles S. Peirce, according to which minds are sign-using (or `semiotic') systems, which in turn generates distinctions between different kinds of minds and overcomes problems that burden more familiar alternatives. Unlike conceptions of minds as machines, this novel approach has obvious evolutionary implications, where differences in semiotic abilities tend to distinguish the species. From this point of view, the scope and limits of computer and AI systems can be more adequately appraised and alternative accounts of consciousness and cognition can be more thoroughly criticised. Readership: Intermediate and advanced students of computer science, AI, cognitive science, and all students of the philosophy of the mind
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789401596909
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 350 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science 218
    Series Statement: Boston Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 218
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy, classical ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy and science. ; Physics. ; History ; Philosophy, Ancient. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of.
    Abstract: This work gives insight into the philosophical influence Ernst Mach (1838-1916) has had on leading Viennese physicists and philosophers of his time by relating the ideas and works of these men to Mach's phenomenalism. The relation between Mach and the University of Vienna Philosophical Society is also examined. In the process little-known documents and correspondence from Mach are presented. Additionally, this extensive research helps clarify the conflict between Mach and most physicists over the reality of atoms and places the claim of Mach and his followers to represent science and philosophy of science against the claim of Planck and Einstein that phenomenalism and positivism were not even compatible with science. Audience: This is an ideal book for both graduate students and scholars in the field of history and philosophy of science
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789401007801
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXI, 281 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Analecta Husserliana, The Yearbook of Phenomenological Research 72
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; History ; medicine Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Ethics ; Phenomenology ; Philosophy. ; Medicine—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy. ; Medical sciences.
    Abstract: In medicine the understanding and interpretation of the complex reality of illness currently refers either to an organismic approach that focuses on the physical or to a 'holistic' approach that takes into account the patient's human sociocultural involvement. Yet as the papers of this collection show, the suffering human person refers ultimately to his/her existential sphere. Hence, praxis is supplemented by still other perspectives for valuation and interpretation: ethical, spiritual, and religious. Can medicine ignore these considerations or push them to the side as being subjective and arbitrary? Phenomenology/philosophy-of-life recognizes all of the above approaches to be essential facets of the Human Condition (Tymieniecka). This approach holds that all the facets of the Human Condition have equal objectivity and legitimacy. It completes the accepted medical outlook and points the way toward a new `medical humanism'
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401096225
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, A Series of Books in Philosophy of Science, Methodology, Epistemology, Logic, History of Science, and Related Fields 66
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Humanities ; Philosophy and science. ; Geometry ; History ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: Philosophers have studied geometry since ancient times. Geometrical knowledge has often played the role of a laboratory for the philosopher's conceptual experiments dedicated to the ideation of powerful theories of knowledge. Lorenzo Magnani's new book Philosophy and Geometry illustrates the rich intrigue of this fascinating story of human knowledge, providing a new analysis of the ideas of many scholars (including Plato, Proclus, Kant, and Poincaré), and discussing conventionalist and neopositivist perspectives and the problem of the origins of geometry. The book also ties together the concerns of philosophers of science and cognitive scientists, showing, for example, the connections between geometrical reasoning and cognition as well as the results of recent logical and computational models of geometrical reasoning. All the topics are dealt with using a novel combination of both historical and contemporary perspectives. Philosophy and Geometry is a valuable contribution to the renaissance of research in the field
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401717878
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 370 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Synthese Library, Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science 298
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Genetic epistemology ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Epistemology. ; Philosophy of mind ; Pragmatism ; Philosophy. ; Knowledge, Theory of. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The topic of this book is a comparison between holism in the philosophy and language and social holism on the one hand and holism about space-time and quantum systems on the other hand. The main claim is that holism in the humanities and holism in fundamental physics come under the same substantial, general conception of holism. That is to say: arguments to the effect that the holism of the mental is unscientific or that the mental is separated from the physical owing to holism are not sound. The holism of the mental fits into a world-view that bases itself on scientific realism. The addressees of this book are all those who care about our view of the world and ourselves in the spirit of an argumentative examination of different positions. No familiarity with physics is presupposed
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  • 99
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    Dordrecht : Springer
    ISBN: 9789401720120
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (IX, 373 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook [2000], Institut ‘Wiener Kreis’ Society for the Advancement of the Scientific World Conception 8
    Series Statement: Vienna Circle Institute Yearbook, Institute Vienna Circle, University of Vienna Vienna Circle Society, Society for the Advancement of Scientific World Conceptions 8
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Science Philosophy ; Quantum theory ; Physics. ; Philosophy and science. ; History ; Elementary particles (Physics). ; Quantum field theory. ; Quantum physics. ; Mathematical physics. ; Physics—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: John von Neumann (1903-1957) was undoubtedly one of the scientific geniuses of the 20th century. The main fields to which he contributed include various disciplines of pure and applied mathematics, mathematical and theoretical physics, logic, theoretical computer science, and computer architecture. Von Neumann was also actively involved in politics and science management and he had a major impact on US government decisions during, and especially after, the Second World War. There exist several popular books on his personality and various collections focusing on his achievements in mathematics, computer science, and economy. Strangely enough, to date no detailed appraisal of his seminal contributions to the mathematical foundations of quantum physics has appeared. Von Neumann's theory of measurement and his critique of hidden variables became the touchstone of most debates in the foundations of quantum mechanics. Today, his name also figures most prominently in the mathematically rigorous branches of contemporary quantum mechanics of large systems and quantum field theory. And finally - as one of his last lectures, published in this volume for the first time, shows - he considered the relation of quantum logic and quantum mechanical probability as his most important problem for the second half of the twentieth century. The present volume embraces both historical and systematic analyses of his methodology of mathematical physics, and of the various aspects of his work in the foundations of quantum physics, such as theory of measurement, quantum logic, and quantum mechanical entropy. The volume is rounded off by previously unpublished letters and lectures documenting von Neumann's thinking about quantum theory after his 1932 Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. The general part of the Yearbook contains papers emerging from the Institute's annual lecture series and reviews of important publications of philosophy of science and its history
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  • 100
    ISBN: 9789401733625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XV, 295 p) , digital
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Humanities, Social Sciences and Law
    Series Statement: Philosophical Studies Series 87
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    Keywords: Philosophy (General) ; Philosophy ; Science Philosophy ; Philosophy and science. ; Metaphysics ; Ontology ; Phenomenology ; Religion—Philosophy. ; Science—Philosophy.
    Abstract: The Importance of Time is a unique work that reveals the central role of the philosophy of time in major areas of philosophy. The first part of the book consists of symposia on two of the most important works in the philosophy of time over the past decade: Michael Tooley's Time, Tense, and Causation and D.H. Mellor's Real Time II. What characterizes these essays, and those that follow, are the interchanges between original papers, with original responses to them by commentators. The wide range of interrelated topics covered in this book is one of its most distinctive features. The book is divided into six parts: I. Book Symposia, II. Temporal Becoming, III. The Phenomenology of Time, IV. God, Time and Foreknowledge, V. Time and Physical Objects, and VI. Time and Causation, and contains 24 essays by leading philosophers in the various areas: Laurie Paul, Quentin Smith, L. Nathan Oaklander, Hugh Mellor, John Perry, William Lane Craig, Brian Leftow, Ned Markosian, Ronald C. Hoy, Michael Tooley, Storrs McCall, David Hunt, Mark Hinchliff, Robin Le Poidevin, Iain Martel and Eric M. Rubenstein
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