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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,081)
  • Würzburg UB
  • 2015-2019  (1,081)
  • Amtsdruckschrift  (1,081)
Datasource
Material
Language
Year
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Bei jing : Zhong guo tong ji chu ban she ; 1985(1986) -
    Title: 中国农村统计年鉴
    Publisher: 北京 : 中国统计出版社
    Language: Chinese
    Dates of Publication: 1985(1986) -
    Former Title: Rural statistical yearbook of China
    Former Title: Zhongguo-nongcun-tongji-nianjian
    DDC: 630
    Keywords: Ländliche Wirtschaft ; China ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: 1987; 2000 - 2002 ohne Parallelsacht , Urh. 1986: Guo jia tong ji ju nong ye tong ji si, 1987 - 1993?: Guo jia tong ji ju nong cun she hui jing ji tong ji si , Ersch. jährl. , Text chinesisch
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  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Rome : FAO ; Nr. 1.1971 -
    ISSN: 1014-6679
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1971 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als FAO legislative study
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Etude législative
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Estudio legislativo
    Former Title: Legislative studies
    Former Title: FAO legislative study
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Einige Nr. nicht ersch
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  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Rome : FAO ; Nr. 1.1977 -
    ISSN: 1020-6450 , 1014-2894 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1977 -
    Additional Information: 13=1960/77; 18=1960/78; 23=1961/80 usw. von Forest products prices Rome : FAO, 1979 0258-6150
    Additional Information: 14=2 von Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests (ZDB) Technical report of FAO Austria Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests Rome : FAO, 1976
    Additional Information: 140=2000; 147=2005; 163=2010 von Global forest resources assessment Rome : FAO, 2001
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als FAO FAO forestry paper
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Forstwirtschaft ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0384-2479
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1974 -
    Former Title: Annual report of the Government of the Northwest Territories
    Former Title: Rapport annuel du Gouvernement des Territoires du Nord-Quest
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Öffentlicher Haushalt ; Northwest Territories ; Öffentliche Verwaltung ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Text engl. u. franz
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  • 5
    Language: Tajik , Russian
    Dates of Publication: 2010 -
    Former Title: Vorg. Nišondiḩandaḩoi asosii sistemai ḩisobi millj
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Tadschikistan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: In kyrill. Schr.; Text tadschik. u. russ.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1020-8208
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.2000 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Social policy and development
    Former Title: Política social y desarrollo
    Former Title: Politique sociale et développement
    Former Title: Política social e desenvolvimento
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Reihenfolge zwischen Hauptsacht. u. Parallelsacht. wechselt , Überw. in engl., teils in span., franz. o. portug. Sprache ersch.
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  • 7
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Strasbourg : Ed. du Conseil de l'Europe ; Nr. 1.2002 -
    Language: French
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.2002 -
    Former Title: Trends in social Cohesion
    Subsequent Title: Daraus hervorgeg. Trends in social cohesion
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Monografische Reihe
    Note: Bis 20.2009 zweisprachige Ausg. mit Titelbl. in beiden Sprachen
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  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Bakı : "Säda" ; 2001 -
    Language: Azerbaijani
    Dates of Publication: 2001 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aserbaidschan. Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi Azärbaycanın regionları
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Regionalstatistik ; Aserbaidschan ; Azerbaijan ; Statistics ; Statistik ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Aserbaidschan
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  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Strasbourg : Council of Europe Publ. ; 21.2010 -
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 21.2010 -
    Former Title: Hervorg. aus Tendances de la cohésion sociale
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Monografische Reihe
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789994737215
    Language: Tajik , Russian
    Parallel Title: CD-ROM-Ausg. Barūjchatgirii aḩolī va fondi manzili Ǵumḩurii Toǵikiston dar soli 2010
    Keywords: 2010 ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Volkszählung ; Tadschikistan ; Tajikistan Census, 2010 ; Tajikistan Statistics Population ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur
    Note: In kyrill. Schr., tadschikisch und russ.
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  • 11
    Language: Russian
    Keywords: 1999 ; Kirgisistan ; Volkszählung ; Statistik ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Statistik ; Kirgisien ; Volkszählung ; Geschichte 1999
    Note: In kyrill. Schr., russ.
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  • 12
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    New York, NY [u.a.] : United Nations ; 1.1996 -
    ISSN: 1020-4563 , 2412-107X
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1996 -
    Series Statement: United Nations publication
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Environmental performance reviews series
    Former Title: Environmental performance reviews
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Welt ; Environmental policy ; Environmental policy International cooperation ; Environmental protection ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe
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  • 13
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Bei jing : Zhong guo tong ji chu ban she ; 1981(1982) - 1996; 16.1997 -
    Title: 中国统计年鉴
    Author, Corporation: 中国
    Publisher: 北京 : 中国统计出版社
    ISSN: 0255-6766
    Language: Chinese , English
    Dates of Publication: 1981(1982) - 1996; 16.1997 -
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe China Statistical yearbook of China
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China Zhong guo tong ji nian jian
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als China. Guo jia tong ji ju Zhong guo tong ji nian jian
    Former Title: Engl. Ausg. u. darin aufgeg. China China statistical yearbook
    Former Title: Chung-kuo t'ung-chi nien-chien
    Former Title: Statistical yearbook of China
    Former Title: Zhongguo-tongji-nianjian
    RVK:
    Keywords: Statistik ; China ; Gesellschaft ; Binnenwirtschaft ; Volksrepublik China Gesellschaft ; Binnenwirtschaft ; China ; Graue Literatur ; Statistik ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; China ; China ; Statistik ; Statistik ; Jahrbuch ; China
    Note: Anfangs ohne Parallelsacht , Erscheint jährlich , Herausgeber bis 36 (2017): Zhong hua ren min gong he guo guo jia tong ji ju bian , Text chines. u. engl. ab 1994
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  • 14
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Erfurt : TLS ; 1991; Ausg. 1.1993 -
    ISSN: 1431-0619
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1991; Ausg. 1.1993 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Thüringen Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Thüringen Statistisches Jahrbuch Thüringen
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch für Thüringen
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Statistik ; Thüringen ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Erwerbsbeteiligungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Rechtspflegestatistik ; Wahlstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Deutschland ; Thüringen ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Thüringen ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Beteil. Körp. 1991: Statistisches Landesamt Thüringen i.G , Ersch. jährlich.
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  • 15
    Language: Tajik , Russian
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2006(2008) -
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Tadschikistan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Urh. bis 2009: Kumitai Davlatii Omori Ǵumḩurii Toǵikiston , In kyrill. Schr.; Text tadschik. u. russ.
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  • 16
    Language: Azerbaijani , English
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1994 -
    Parallel Title: CD-ROM-Ausg. Aserbaidschan Azärbaycanın statistik göstäriciläri
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Aserbaidschan Azärbaycanın statistik göstäriciläri
    Former Title: Vorg. Narodnoe chozjajstvo Azerbajdžanskoj SSR
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Statistik ; Aserbaidschan ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik
    Note: Text aserbaidschan. u. engl.
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  • 17
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Rome : FAO ; Nr. 1.1977 -
    ISSN: 1020-6450 , 1014-2894 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150 , 0258-6150
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1977 -
    Additional Information: 13=1960/77; 18=1960/78; 23=1961/80 usw. von Forest products prices Rome : FAO, 1979 0258-6150
    Additional Information: 14=2 von Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests (ZDB) Technical report of FAO Austria Training Course on Forest Roads and Wood Harvesting in Mountainous Forests Rome : FAO, 1976
    Additional Information: 140=2000; 147=2005; 163=2010 von Global forest resources assessment Rome : FAO, 2001
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als FAO FAO forestry paper
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Forstwirtschaft ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Monografische Reihe ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht ; Forstwirtschaft ; Klimaänderung ; Umweltrecht
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  • 18
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    New York, NY : United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States ; 1.2002-6 (2016) [?] ; 2022-
    ISSN: 1992-7622 , 2520-2189 , 2520-2189
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.2002-6 (2016) [?] ; 2022-
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Taqrīr at-tanmīya al-insānīya al-ʿarabīya li-l-ʿām ...
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arab human development report ...
    Former Title: The Arab human development report
    RVK:
    Keywords: Entwicklungsindikator ; Sozialer Indikator ; Lebensqualität ; Humankapital ; Arabische Staaten ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Arabien ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Araber ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Araber ; Entwicklung
    Note: Zusatz wechselt , Urh. bis 4.2005: United Nations Development Programme, Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development , Teils ohne Zählung; Zählung aus dem Vorwort oder dem Text
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bonn : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] ; 2004 -
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 2004 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Unternehmen Region
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Technologiepolitik ; Regionalpolitik ; Ostdeutschland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 02.09.2022
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  • 20
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Köln : Reguvis Fachmedien GmbH | Stuttgart : Kohlhammer | Stuttgart : Metzler-Poeschel | Wiesbaden : Statistisches Bundesamt ; 1951(1952) -
    ISSN: 0072-4106
    Language: German
    Pages: 25 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1951(1952) -
    Series Statement: Bis 1962: Der Aussenhandel der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    Series Statement: 1963 - 1989: Systematische Verzeichnisse / Statistisches Bundesamt
    Series Statement: 1990 - 1992[?]: Gütersystematik / Statistisches Bundesamt
    Series Statement: Teils: DeStatis
    Series Statement: wissen, nutzen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Warenverzeichnis für die Außenhandelsstatistik
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Warenverzeichnis für die Außenhandelsstatistik
    Former Title: Vorg. Statistisches Warenverzeichnis für den Außenhandel
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Außenhandelsstatistik ; Produktklassifikation ; Deutschland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Warenverzeichnis für die Außenhandelsstatistik ; Außenhandel ; Warenverzeichnis ; Außenhandel ; Warenverzeichnis
    Note: 1951 ersch. als Losebl.-Ausg , Ungezählte Beil.: Erg.-Bd , Anfangs unregelmäßig, später jährl.
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  • 21
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Pretoria : GCIS | Johannesburg : Perskor Print. | Pretoria : South African Communication Service ; 1.1974 - 12.1986; 13.1987/88 - 15.1989/90; [N.S.] 1=17.1991/92 - 3=19.1993; [3.Ser.] Ed. 1.1994 - 6.1999; 7.2000/01(2000) - 10.2003/04(2003); 12.2004/05(2004) -
    ISSN: 0302-0681 , 1022-9515 , 0302-0681 , 0302-0681
    Language: English
    Dates of Publication: 1.1974 - 12.1986; 13.1987/88 - 15.1989/90; [N.S.] 1=17.1991/92 - 3=19.1993; [3.Ser.] Ed. 1.1994 - 6.1999; 7.2000/01(2000) - 10.2003/04(2003); 12.2004/05(2004) -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südafrika Suid-Afrika
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südafrika South Africa yearbook
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Südafrika South Africa yearbook
    Former Title: Vorg. Südafrika Official yearbook of the Union and of Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland
    Former Title: South Africa
    Former Title: Official yearbook
    Former Title: Yearbook
    Former Title: Official yearbook of the Republic of South Africa
    DDC: 910
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Südafrika ; Gebietskörperschaft ; Regionalforschung ; Geografie ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Innenpolitik ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Handbuch ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Südafrika
    Note: 1.1974 auch als International ed. bez , Urh. anfangs: South African Department of Information; bis 15.1989/90: Department of Foreign Affairs; bis [3.Ser.] 4.1997: South African Communication Service , Anfangs teils ohne Zählung; 11 in d. Zählung übersprungen , Ersch. 1991/92 - 1993 als engl.-sprachige, gekürzte Ausg.
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  • 22
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Berlin : Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH | Berlin : Kulturbuch-Verl. | Berlin : Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg | Berlin : edition q im be.bra verlag GmbH ; 1991-2020
    ISSN: 2747-4585
    Language: German
    Pages: 22 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1991-2020
    Additional Information: Supplement Berlin. Statistisches Landesamt Veröffentlichungen des Statistischen Landesamtes Berlin
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Berlin Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Berlin Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Berlin Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Vereinigung von Berlin (West) Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Vereinigung von Berlin (Ost) Statistisches Jahrbuch Berlin (Ost)
    DDC: 310
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Statistik ; Berlin ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Erwerbsbeteiligungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Rechtspflegestatistik ; Wahlstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Berlin ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Berlin ; Berlin ; Geschichte 1990-
    Note: Beteil. Körp. bis 2006: Statistisches Landesamt Berlin
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  • 23
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Schwerin : Statistisches Amt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Schwerin : Statistisches Landesamt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; 1.1991(1992); [2.]1992(1993) - [4.]1994(1995); 5.1995 - 14.2004; 2005-2020
    ISSN: 0949-3379
    Language: German
    Pages: 21 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.1991(1992); [2.]1992(1993) - [4.]1994(1995); 5.1995 - 14.2004; 2005-2020
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Vorg. u. CD-ROM-Ausg. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch ... für Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
    Former Title: Statistisches Jahrbuch
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Statistik ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Deutschland ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Statistik
    Note: Fortgesetzt als Online-Ausgabe , Hrsg. anfangs: Statistisches Landesamt Mecklenburg-Vorpommern , Ersch. jährl.
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  • 24
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Berlin : Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH | Potsdam : Landesbetrieb für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik | Potsdam : Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik | Berlin : Kulturbuch-Verl. | Potsdam : Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg | Berlin : edition q im be.bra verlag ; [1.]1991(1992) - 14.2004; [15.]2005; 16.2006 - 17.2007 ; 2008-2020
    Language: German
    Pages: 22 cm
    Dates of Publication: [1.]1991(1992) - 14.2004; [15.]2005; 16.2006 - 17.2007 ; 2008-2020
    Series Statement: Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brandenburg Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brandenburg Statistisches Jahrbuch
    Former Title: Vorg. Demografisches Jahrbuch
    DDC: 310
    Keywords: Statistik ; Brandenburg ; Bevölkerungsstatistik ; Erwerbsbeteiligungsstatistik ; Bildungsstatistik ; Wirtschaftsstatistik ; Gesundheitsstatistik ; Rechtspflegestatistik ; Wahlstatistik ; Sozialstatistik ; Deutschland ; Brandenburg ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Statistik ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Statistik ; Brandenburg ; Statistik
    Note: Fortgesetzt als Online-Ausgabe , Beteil. Körp. bis 11.2001: Landesbetrieb für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik, Potsdam; 12.2002 - 16.2006: Land Brandenburg, Landesamt für Datenverarbeitung und Statistik; Urh.-Bez. anfangs: Land Brandenburg , Ersch. jährl.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 48 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 286 (July 2019)
    Keywords: Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 43 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 272 (January 2019)
    Keywords: Online-Marketing ; Verbraucherschutz ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Online advertising is now the dominant form of advertising in many OECD countries, and offers businesses the ability to reach consumers in ways that could only have been imagined previously. Online advertising has the potential to benefit consumers through more relevant and timely advertising, and by funding a host of “free” online services. However, it also raises some new and complex challenges for consumers and consumer protection authorities. This report by the OECD’s Committee on Consumer Policy provides an introduction to the complex landscape that is online advertising. It outlines the potential benefits and risks for consumers, drawing on the behavioural insights literature where relevant.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 224
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Arbeitsuche ; Arbeitsverwaltung ; Arbeitsvermittlung ; Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Profiling tools help to deliver employment services more efficiently. They can ensure that more costly, intensive services are targeted at jobseekers most at risk of becoming long term unemployed. Moreover, the detailed information on the employment barriers facing jobseekers obtained through the profiling process can be used to tailor services more closely to their individual needs. While other forms of profiling exist, the focus is on statistical profiling, which makes use of statistical models to predict jobseekers’ likelihood of becoming long-term unemployed. An overview on profiling tools currently used throughout the OECD is presented, considerations for the development of such tools, and some insights into the latest developments such as using “click data” on job searches and advanced machine learning techniques. Also discussed are the limitations of statistical profiling tools and options for policymakers on how to address those in the development and implementation of statistical profiling tools.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 103 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 15 (February 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Social protection ; Financing ; Fiscal space ; Official Development Assistance ; Humanitarian relief ; Domestic resource mobilisation ; Ethiopia ; Ethiopia ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Social protection is at the centre of Ethiopia’s development policy. It is instrumental in reducing poverty and increasing the resilience of the population. The Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has published a new set of policy frameworks for social protection that envisage the expansion of social protection to cover a greater proportion of Ethiopians against a broader range of risks, and that call for social protection to be increasingly financed from domestic sources rather than by donors. A financing strategy for the implementation of this vision has been identified as a priority by the GoE. This study responds to this requirement. It provides a comprehensive mapping of social protection spending across the five focus areas of the national social protection policy and analyses the fiscal space available for different spending scenarios up to 2025/26. The study focuses on two issues in particular: the role of donor financing for social protection and the relationship between humanitarian relief and social protection spending.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 275 (February 2019)
    Keywords: Informationsversorgung ; Infrastruktur ; Sicherheit ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses responses to a questionnaire circulated to OECD delegations for the review of the 2008 OECD Recommendation on the Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure (CIIP). It includes suggestions to guide the updating of the Recommendation. The update comes against a backdrop of fast digital transformation and increased digital reliance of businesses and governments; increased frequency and severity of cybersecurity attacks on critical information infrastructure; the rise of state-sponsored attacks including digital sabotage and espionage; and increased capacity of attackers. The update of the Recommendation serves as an opportunity to make changes to its purpose and scope; to insert key messages based on overarching themes from the responses; and to adjust the Recommendation in line with current and anticipated evolutions in contexts, risks and policies.
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 78 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD LEED working papers no. 2019, 01
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2019/01
    Keywords: Sozialwirtschaft ; Innovation ; Sozialer Wandel ; Soziale Folgen ; Kommunale Entwicklung ; Niederlande ; Industry and Services ; Netherlands ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report provides an in-depth analysis of the Dutch policy ecosystem in place for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises. It identifies the country’s key strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a stronger policy ecosystem for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in the country. Key policy issues analysed include: clarifying the conceptual framework (Chapter 2); formally recognising social enterprises and boosting social entrepreneurship (Chapter 3); promoting social impact measurement and reporting (Chapter 4); developing social entrepreneurial capacity and skills (Chapter 5); improving access to markets and finance (Chapters 6 and 7); and ensuring sustainable institutional support for social entrepreneurship and social innovation (Chapter 8).
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 114 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers no. 2019, 03
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2019/03
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Poland ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines the local entrepreneurship ecosystem of the Malopolskie region in Poland and its capacity to promote productivity upgrading and industrial renewal. It forms part of the OECD’s work stream on local entrepreneurship ecosystems and emerging industries.
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  • 32
    ISBN: 9789264455030
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (105 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Global forum on transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Turks and Caicos Islands 2019 (second round)
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Westindische Inseln ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Turks- und Caicosinseln ; Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Kooperation
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Environment Directorate
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment policy paper no. 15
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.15
    Series Statement: Policy perspectives
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Good quality and sustainable infrastructure that meets the needs of women, men, children, minorities, people with disabilities and other vulnerable groups is essential for human well-being, economic growth and environmental sustainability. This Policy Paper shows how women and men may use infrastructure differently according to their needs, social roles or preferences. Building on OECD policy tools and several axes of work, it provides a framework to help countries align their infrastructure policies and projects with other societal and environmental goals, including supporting gender equality.
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 38 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 273 (January 2019)
    Keywords: Wissensgesellschaft ; Digitalisierung ; Industrie 4.0 ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report examines key properties – or “vectors” – of the digital transformation that fundamentally affect the economy and society and accordingly the design and efficacy of public policies. It explores three main areas where digital transformation affects the ways the economy and society are operating, i.e.: a) scale, scope and speed; b) ownership, assets and economic value; and c) relationships, markets and ecosystems. Exposing the underlying nature of change, the seven vectors provide insights on how the transformation challenges policies that are frequently predicated on an analogue world of tangible products and assets, fixed geographic boundaries and physical locations, on transaction costs that limit the scale and scope of interactions and offerings, and on supply and demand conditions that reflect scarcity. The objective of this report is to support the review of existing and the design of new policies to ensure that they are well‑suited to the digital era.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 25 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 129
    Keywords: Getreidepolitik ; Politische Reform ; Partielles Gleichgewicht ; China ; Agriculture and Food ; China, People’s Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Reforming China’s grain policy could have significant implications for both domestic and international markets. China has begun to reform its price support policies for several commodities, replacing them with commodity specific area payments. The assessment of policy reform scenarios for grains, using two partial equilibrium models, show that China would maintain more than 80% of self-sufficiency in wheat and maize, and more than 95% in rice. The increase in its grain imports could increase international prices, in particular for wheat and rice. A gradual approach to reforming market price support with compensatory payments would smooth the potential impacts on domestic and world commodity markets, as well as on domestic farm income. While the reform of price support policies benefit consumers the most, more decoupled area payments could also have a greater impact on farm income without increasing the overall cost to society as well as environmental performance of agriculture. Lower costs of managing public grain stocks would equally reduce the budgetary cost of reforms.
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 24 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 133
    Keywords: Tierhaltung ; Krankheit ; Menschen ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The emergence of a resistant pathogen reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics in preventing or treating an infection caused by a micro-organism, thus increasing morbidity and mortality and leading to higher economic costs to livestock producers. An understanding of the underlying disease dynamics is crucial in finding appropriate solutions to containing the rise in antimicrobial resistance. This report synthesises the evidence on the potential modes of transmission of antimicrobial resistance between humans and animals and vice versa. In particular, the important role of the environment in the transmission chain is discussed as well as practices to break this link. This report also illustrates some of the commonly shared antibiotic classes that are used in human medicine and animal production, and the overall trends in the usage of these antibiotics. While information on transmission of resistance is sparse, the report highlights several priority areas where future research could focus in order to bring a greater understanding of these interactions.
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment policy paper no. 17
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Policy Papers no.17
    Series Statement: Case study
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The investment choices we make in the coming years will either lock-in a climate-compatible, inclusive growth pathway, or a high-carbon, inefficient and unsustainable pathway for decades to come. Cities and regions, responsible for 60% of public investment in OECD countries, are significant contributes to spending and investment related to climate. With high levels of inequalities in many cities, the success of the transition will depend on the ability of local governments to engage in a “just” transition. This paper focuses on how national and sub-national governments can align subnational financial flows to transition towards low-carbon, resilient and inclusive cities. The paper is a contribution from the OECD Champion Mayors for Inclusive Growth initiative and to the OECD Programme on Subnational Finance and Investment.
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment 2019, 02
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on international investment
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The post financial crisis period has been associated with increased countercyclical use of various financial policies, including residency-based measures. This paper analyses in a single analytical framework the relative effectiveness of three types of financial policies – macroprudential (foundations), currency-based (fences), and residency-based measures (fire doors). The findings in this paper are based on a granular quarterly database of adjustments in these policies that covers both advanced and emerging economies from 2000 to 2015. The results show that residency-based measures on bonds and credit reduce capital inflows but provide limited support for a credit-mitigation role. While no evidence emerges that macroprudential measures alter capital inflows, most appear effective in reducing credit growth. Currency-based measures may reduce both inflows and credit growth (particularly FX reserve requirements and FX lending regulations). These results indicate that the impact of policies needs to be analysed at a granular level and that policy makers should adopt an integrated view of the financial policy toolkit.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 83 (October 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This document presents twelve policy initiatives supporting health and the bioeconomy from different OECD countries. The initiatives reviewed include: i) funding for public health centres that translate biomedical research into clinical research and care; ii) cross-border public-private consortia around health research and innovation; iii) strategies developed by national health agencies promoting translational research; and iv) national high-level strategies for the bioeconomy. It also provides a comparison of these initiatives with a focus on policy objectives, targets groups, sectoral priorities, budget, time horizon, selection criteria, international collaboration, and evaluation of the initiatives.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on public governance no. 34
    Keywords: Diversity Management ; Soziale Integration ; Öffentliche Dienstleistung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Embracing a policy and culture of diversity and inclusion (D&I) is increasingly considered the norm for public services across the OECD. A growing number of countries acknowledge how diversity has the potential to improve service delivery to citizens and boost performance through greater innovation and employee engagement. But, while some improvements have been made over time, progress has remained slow. In most public services, pay gaps for the same positions persist; the representation - particularly at senior levels of women, visible minorities and people with disabilities - remains markedly lower than in the general population; and in employee surveys, levels of perceived harassment and bullying remain higher than average for certain demographic groups. In many OECD member countries, a new generation of D&I policies is being developed to cultivate a culture of inclusion. The present Working Paper examines how public administrations are addressing this challenge, highlighting good practices in areas such as inclusive leadership models, the use of HR analytics and behavioural approaches to design and implement D&I policies. It also identifies governance mechanisms and tools for managers and organisations to help ensure coherence and accountability for D&I goals. The drive for diversity and inclusion will always be a moving target; public services will need to continually assess, adapt, and strive for public services that reflect the changing societies that they serve.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 234
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines how the increase in under-employment since the financial crisis stems from both cyclical and structural factors, notably the gradual shift of employment toward more demand-driven service sectors. The increase in under-employment has disproportionately affected young, female and low-skilled workers, meaning that they face lower wage growth, particularly at the bottom of the income distribution.
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 50 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 17
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between workplace organisation and innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It uses data for 30 countries, drawn from the European Company Survey, the OECD Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies and the Community Innovation Survey. It contrasts SMEs adopting a “learning organisation” or “discretionary learning” form of workplace organisation with SMEs adopting more hierarchical organisational forms. Learning organisation or discretionary learning SMEs are characterised by high levels of self-planning of tasks by employees, teamwork, knowledge exchange with employees and supervisors, on-the-job training, and employee performance incentives. They account for approximately one-third of SMEs across the countries examined. SMEs with this form of work organisation are more likely than other SMEs to develop new products/services and processes. At a macro level, countries with high proportions of these SMEs have higher rates of new-to-the-market innovations among SMEs and of SME innovation collaborations with other firms and organisations. The findings point to the potential role of policies favouring organisational change in SMEs as a means of stimulating SME innovation.
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1576
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses a new measure of human capital that works much better in explaining productivity in OECD countries compared to earlier measures of human capital to investigate the educational policy drivers of human capital. A novel methodology is utilised by interacting educational policies, for which time series coverage is very poor, with time-varying core drivers of human capital such as public spending on education. In such a framework, policy effects can only be assessed indirectly as they amplify or attenuate the effect of education spending on human capital. The results suggest that higher attendance at pre-primary education, greater autonomy of schools and universities, a lower student-to-teacher ratio, higher age of first tracking in secondary education and lower barriers to funding to students in tertiary education all tend to boost human capital through amplifying the positive effects of greater public spending on education. Benefits from pre-primary education are particularly high for countries with an above-average share of disadvantaged students. School autonomy yields high benefits especially in countries where schools are subject to external accountability.
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 63 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1584
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study provides the first evidence that air pollution causes economy-wide reductions in market economic activity based on data for Europe. The analysis combines satellite-based measures of air pollution with statistics on regional economic activity at the NUTS-3 level throughout the European Union over the period 2000-15. An instrumental variables approach based on thermal inversions is used to identify the causal impact of air pollution on economic activity. The estimates show that a 1μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration (or a 10% increase at the sample mean) causes a 0.8% reduction in real GDP that same year. Ninety-five per cent of this impact is due to reductions in output per worker, which can occur through greater absenteeism at work or reduced labour productivity. Therefore, the results suggest that public policies to reduce air pollution may contribute positively to economic growth. Indeed, the large economic benefits from pollution reduction uncovered in the study compare with relatively small abatement costs. Thus, more stringent air quality regulations could be warranted based solely on economic grounds, even ignoring the large benefits in terms of avoided mortality.
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 81 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1588
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper produces new evidence and stylised facts on housing, wealth accumulation and wealth distribution, relying on an in-depth analysis of micro-based data on household wealth across OECD countries. The analysis addresses several questions: i) How is homeownership and housing tenure distributed across the population along various socio-economic characteristics such as income, wealth and age? What is the weight of housing in households’ balance sheets and how does this vary across socio-economic groups? ii) What is the incidence of mortgage debt across households and how does this vary across socio-economic groups? What is the impact of mortgage debt on access to homeownership and wealth accumulation, and on debt overburden and financial risks among vulnerable groups? iii) Is housing a vehicle for wealth accumulation? Can it be a barrier to residential mobility? iv) Is there a link between homeownership and wealth inequality? Between inequality in housing wealth and in total wealth? A key policy issue addressed in this paper is whether and how housing-related policies affect wealth distribution. Another important issue is whether housing-related policies raise potential trade-offs between equity, or inequality reduction, and other policy objectives such as employment and productivity growth as well as macroeconomic resilience. Informed by the stylised facts and existing evidence, this paper discusses preliminary policy implications of housing reform to promote inclusiveness and social mobility, to enhance efficiency in the allocation of labour and capital and to strengthen macroeconomic resilience.
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1592
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Productivity in Russia has fallen steadily over the past 15 years. This paper explores micro-level data to understand the contribution of individual firms to aggregate productivity. Overall, firm-level data corroborate the decline in aggregate productivity and a widening productivity gap against several European countries. They also show that the gap between “the best” and “the rest” has widened in Russia, similar to other countries. Russian markets are quite concentrated, i.e. dominated by few large firms. Larger firms tend to be more productive, but firms at the productivity frontier have become smaller and younger over time, suggesting that more support for young and innovative firms could help raise productivity. Foreign ownership is associated with higher productivity, and there is evidence that foreign firms generate positive productivity spillovers for domestic firms. Service firms belong to the most productive, yet the service sector remains underdeveloped. Mining is also very productive but less than in other countries. Differences in productivity across regions are large, even controlling for many other determinants, suggesting a lack of capital and labour mobility and knowledge transfer across regional borders.
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2019, 13
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Following the historic 2015 Paris Agreement aiming to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100, 165 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, representing 192 countries, have been submitted. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) detail each Party’s efforts to reduce domestic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. This paper, recognising the role of cities and regions in implementing the Paris Agreement, highlights the need for an integrated approach in implementing NDCs and long-term low GHG emission development strategies (LT-LEDS) and attempts to present key policy options for such an approach. First, the paper identifies the national and subnational co-ordination mechanisms in current NDCs, LT-LEDS and other subnational climate strategies and argues that the current processes of developing and implementing NDCs and LT-LEDS provide a unique opportunity for national governments to integrate innovative subnational climate action. The paper then assesses the potential for co-ordination of national, regional and local climate mitigation investment through the lens of the OECD Recommendation on Effective Public Investment Across Levels of Government adopted in 2014.
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 143
    Keywords: City-Maut ; Kommunale Verkehrspolitik ; Fahrrad ; Share Economy ; Nachhaltige Mobilität ; Mailand ; Environment ; Italy ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of congestion pricing on the demand for clean transport modes. To this end, it draws on an empirical analysis of the effect of Milan’s congestion charge on the use of bike sharing. The analysis indicates that congestion pricing increases daily bike-sharing use by at least 5% in the short term. Extending the schedule of the congestion charge in the early evening increases bike-sharing use in the affected time window by 12%. The impact of the policy on bike-sharing use mainly occurs through the reduction of road traffic congestion, which makes cycling safer and more pleasant. The findings of the study indicate that policies aiming to reduce car use also have positive repercussions on the uptake of green mobility options. Relying solely on direct incentives for cycling, which often involve infrastructure projects, is likely insufficient to remove barriers to bike use.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 34 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2019, 1
    Keywords: Inflation ; Digitalisierung ; Produktivitätsentwicklung ; Bruttoinlandsprodukt ; Sozialer Wandel ; Verbraucherpreisindex ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The effect on the household consumption price index from possible sources of error in capturing digital products depends on the weight of the affected products. To calculate upper bounds for this effect, we apply weights based on the average structure of household consumption in OECD countries to a maximum plausible overstatement of price change for each affected or potentially affected product. The products account for about 35% of household expenditure in 2005, declining to 32% in 2015. The upper bound simulation effect on the growth rate of the consumption deflator is somewhat less than –0.6 percentage points in 2015 – large enough to improve the picture of GDP and productivity growth in advanced economies. However, this would not overturn the conclusion that productivity growth has slowed substantially compared over the past decades.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 70 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Additional Information: Anhang Milanez, Anna Annex - Taxation and the future of work Paris : OECD Publishing, 2019
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers no. 41
    Keywords: Einkommensteuer ; Arbeitskräfte ; Selbstständige ; Arbeitsgesellschaft ; OECD-Staaten ; Taxation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Recent policy discussion has highlighted the variety of ways in which the world of work is changing. One development prevalent in some countries has been an increase certain forms of non-standard work. Is this beneficial, representing increased flexibility in the workforce, or detrimental, representing a deterioration in job quality driven by automation, globalisation and the market power of large employers? These changes also raise crucial issues for tax systems. Differences in tax treatment across employment forms may create tax arbitrage opportunities. This paper investigates the potential for such opportunities for eight countries. It models the labour income taxation, inclusive of social contributions, of standard employees and then of self-employed workers (with applicable tax rules detailed in the paper’s annex). The aim is to understand whether countries’ tax systems treat different employment forms differently, before approaching the broader question of whether differential treatment has merit when evaluated against tax design principles.
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1532
    Keywords: Kapitalstock ; Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionsentscheidung ; Forschung ; Digitalisierung ; Wirtschaftsdaten ; Türkei ; Economics ; Turkey ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Starting from a low level in early 2000s, Turkey’s total capital stock has since expanded rapidly, but the composition and quality of investment raises questions. This study focuses on business investment, as the main driver of physical and knowledge-based capital formation and, hence, of potential output and the material foundations of well-being. Micro data allow to distinguish four types of firms: small businesses with a high rate of informality, medium-sized family firms, large formal corporations, and skilled start-ups. The relative importance of the challenges facing these different types of firms varies, notably with respect to skill shortcomings, regulatory burdens, labour costs, access to bank lending, over-leveraging and scarce equity capital. Improving the current business environment and overcoming the fragmentation of the business sector will be crucial to upgrade the quality of business investment and to enhance the allocative efficiency of capital formation. This calls for promoting formality, best management practices, the build-up of equity capital, access to long-term bank financing and other market-based financing that can complement traditional bank lending; and a faster and more inclusive transition to the digital economy.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 57 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 54
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.54
    Keywords: Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Auslandsinvestition ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In answer to the call expressed within the Addis Ababa Action Agenda to mobilise all available resources – domestic and foreign, public and private – in support of the Sustainable Development Goals, the Development Co-operation Directorate develops a new work stream on transition finance to explore the evolution and interaction of public (official development assistance and other official flows) and private (foreign direct investments and remittances) sources of finance across the development continuum – studying multiple stages of development: low income countries, middle income countries, fragile contexts, and different regions of the world. Its ultimate objective is to advise the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in preparing countries for transition (outlining the optimal financial mix and offering policy recommendations) and in building resilience. This paper introduces the concept of transition finance and initiates research to advise the DAC on its role as a major provider of development assistance among other public and private providers of financing for the 2030 Agenda.
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1534
    Keywords: Steuersystem ; Steuermoral ; Ökosteuer ; Öffentliche Einnahmen ; Indonesien ; Economics ; Indonesia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Indonesia’s government needs more revenue to fund spending that can boost GDP growth, raise well-being and reduce poverty. The tax-to-GDP ratio is low relative to other emerging market economies. The difficulty is to raise revenues without denting growth or worsening inequality. Successive reforms have modernised the tax administration and increased the number of taxpayers. Nonetheless, raising compliance is an ongoing challenge and investing in the tax administration rightly remains a government priority. There is also scope to improve the design of various taxes. Broadening the bases of income and consumption taxes would raise more revenue and reduce distortions. Expanding property taxation, if appropriately implemented, could provide additional funds for local governments. Taxes can also be used more extensively to discourage activities and behaviours with negative health and environmental externalities. Strengthening property rights and fighting illegal extraction would increase revenues from Indonesia’s natural resource wealth. This Working Paper relates to the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Indonesia (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-indonesia.htm).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1537
    Keywords: Technischer Fortschritt ; Digitalisierung ; Globalisierung ; Einkommensverteilung ; Soziale Ungleichheit ; Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ; Bildung ; Qualifikation ; Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Urbanisierung ; Ballungsraum ; Australien ; Economics ; Australia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Australia has seen large rises in living standards over the last decades across the whole of the income distribution. Technological change and international trade have contributed to this success, but have also brought structural change. Some industries have declined, while others flourished. Furthermore, new technologies and structural change create new skills and new tasks, boosting demand for some jobs, while making others disappear. Although technology and globalisation have not decreased overall employment, certain people, groups, and communities have undergone disruptive change and experienced falling living standards. Some groups face a higher risk of poverty and laid-off workers can have difficulty finding a new job. Well-informed and well-targeted policy is therefore needed to ensure that the benefits of technology and globalisation are widely shared. This paper focuses on policies to ensure that everyone in Australia has the opportunity to benefit from technological change and globalisation. The paper assesses policies relating to three issues: i) labour markets and active labour market policies; ii) education and skills; to ensure adequate skills for accessing good quality jobs; and iii) urban environments, ensuring that Australia's highly urbanised population can adapt to change.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1541
    Keywords: 1995 - 2011 ; Lohnquote ; Politik ; Kausalanalyse ; Ökonometrie ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Labour share developments over the past two decades have differed widely across OECD countries, with about half of them experiencing significant declines. This paper analyses the role of public policies in shaping labour share developments across countries. The results suggest that pro-competition product market reforms raise the labour share by reducing producer rents. Labour market reforms that strengthen the bargaining position of workers, such as tightening employment protection or raising minimum wages, may raise wages in the short term but risk triggering the substitution of capital for labour in the medium term. On average, across countries, such reforms are estimated to reduce the labour share. By contrast, promoting the re-employment of workers who lose their jobs through active labour market policies unambiguously raises the labour share.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 52
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.52
    Keywords: Entwicklungshilfe ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; UN-Entwicklungsziele ; Künstliche Intelligenz ; Lernen ; Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Official Development Assistance amounted USD 146.6 billions in 2017 but do we know how much of this aid contributed to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)? And to what SDG in particular? This paper present a new methodology using machine learning designed to link project-based flows to the Sustainable Development Goals. It provide first estimates of DAC and non-DAC donors’ aid contribution for the goal and show that similar analysis can be done at the recipient level and for other type of textual database such as private sector reports; opening wide array for policy analysis. The methodology presented in this working paper uses semantic analysis of the text description of each project present in the Creditor Reporting System (CRS).
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 122
    Keywords: Digitalisierung ; Agraraußenhandel ; Landhandel ; Landwirtschaft ; Wertschöpfung ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Welt ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: How are new opportunities to create and share information shaping the digital transformation of the agriculture and food system, and thus potentially fostering its reorganisation? This report focuses on cross-border trade aspects along the global agriculture and food value chain, and looks at how changes brought about by digital technologies can influence who participates in the value chain, where value added is created, and how value is distributed between actors in the chain. However, it is not only changes in the agriculture and food sector from digital technologies that matters, but also the digital transformation of other actors in the global value chain (GVC) such as support services, logistics and governments. Digital technologies present a potential to reduce trade and transaction costs, including those related to identifying and negotiating a deal, proving compliance with standards and to delivering products across borders quickly and efficiently.
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 126
    Keywords: Agraraußenhandel ; Handelspräferenzen ; Nichttarifäre Handelshemmnisse ; WTO-Recht ; Agriculture and Food ; Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Preferential trading agreements are becoming a more common feature of the global agro food trading environment, a trend that has increased since the early 2000s. While they increasingly cover the majority of trade worldwide, there remains a question as to the extent to which their treatment of agriculture has changed over time, and whether the liberalising elements contained in these agreements are increasingly addressing distortions in world agro-food markets. This paper presents findings on the evolution of the treatment of agriculture within preferential trade agreements. Changes in various aspects of liberalisation achieved through these agreements have been explored, such as provisions related to market access, export competition and domestic support. The report finds that agriculture appears to be increasingly treated in a similar manner to other goods trade, with expansion in the scope of agreements extending to agriculture. Agreements are delivering reduced tariffs among members across the majority of agricultural commodities – however, heterogeneity of rules of origin between agreements is likely to be undermining these benefits. Reflecting multilateral rules, provisions related to Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures and Technical Barriers to Trade have become a standard feature of agreements. Overall, preferential trade agreements are strongly influenced by the multilateral framework.
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 225
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Arbeitskräftepotenzial ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Befristete Beschäftigung ; Teilzeitarbeit ; Atypische Beschäftigung ; Trade ; European Union ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents new cross-country evidence on labour market transitions in sectors exposed to growing volumes of international trade, and the job characteristics of workers employed in these sectors. It shows that export growth is significantly associated with lower job loss risk. In commercial services sectors, exports offer over-proportional employment opportunities to those currently outside the workforce. Men and women are not always impacted identically. For example, involuntary part time employment amongst women falls with growing export volumes, while there is no such effect for men. These results show that the distributional effects of international trade are not limited to wage effects or net changes in employment numbers and highlight the need for a comprehensive assessment of trade implications for individual workers.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 56 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD green growth papers 2019, 03
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (“SMEs”) are important stakeholders for both environmental and economic policymaking. Among OECD countries, they represent roughly 99.7% of all enterprises and 60% of total employment. Simultaneously, while their individual environmental footprint is small, on aggregate, SMEs contribute up to 70% of industrial pollution in Europe. Thus, they have tremendous potential as drivers of green and inclusive growth. Through a comprehensive literature review, this issue paper assesses the trade-offs and synergies between SMEs’ ability to deliver green growth – through greening processes like eco-innovation and adoption of green measures - and their ability to contribute to inclusive growth – through job creation and inclusive business models. This issue paper also reviews relevant policy measures that can help SMEs navigate the opportunities and challenges in delivering green and inclusive growth.
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 88 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD food, agriculture and fisheries papers no. 119
    Keywords: 2004 - 2014 ; Agroindustrie ; Wertschöpfung ; Agriculture and Food ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Global value chains (GVCs) in agriculture and food sectors are becoming an important part of the agro-food trading landscape, influencing both the nature of the gains from trade and the impacts of trade policies. This study explores the changes in trade in value added that are occurring within agro-food GVCs and the implications that participation in agro-food GVCs has had on the agro-food sectors. It makes use of a database on trade in value added for 22 agro-food sectors derived from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. The study finds that between 2004 and 2014, agro-food sectors have been increasing their participation in GVCs and that the links created within these production networks have become more “global” in nature. At the same time, agro-food GVCs have become increasingly centred around hubs in the People’s Republic of China and Germany where large amounts of value added are funnelled before reaching the end consumer. The study also finds that participation in agro-food GVCs is beneficial for sector development and growth – both in aggregate terms and in terms of domestic value added from exports. Of key importance has been the use of foreign value added and access to a wide diversity of imported inputs. However, policies that restrict trade and limit market openness reduce participation and sector growth and development – including policies that create barriers to trade in agro-food products themselves. In addition, the study finds that the use of services value added in exports is an important factor that contributes to sector growth, which highlights the importance of the broader policy environment to enhance the benefits from agro-food GVCs.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 68 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 23 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report, part of the “Cities” collection, analyses road accessibility, transport corridors and checkpoints set up in border towns in West Africa. An innovative model shows that the population base of border towns could be 14% greater if there were no delays at border crossings. The existence of roadside checks decreases the size of this population base from 12 to 50%. A study of 59 jointly planned or operated border posts in sub-Saharan Africa shows that trade facilitation runs up against the special interests of public servants and private-sector actors making a living from regional integration frictions. Also in this Collection: “Regional Integration in Border Cities”, No. 20 “Population and Morphology of Border Cities”, No. 21 “Businesses and Health in Border Cities”, No. 22
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 54 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers no. 19 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD development policy papers
    Keywords: Development ; Namibia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Namibia is an upper middle-income country with one of the most comprehensive social protection systems in Africa. It provides cash transfers and complementary social assistance to a range of vulnerable groups including children, the elderly and people with disabilities, at a cost equivalent to 4.5% of GDP in 2016/17. Public-sector workers are well covered by social insurance, although there are gaps in provision for the private sector. Social protection, in particular cash transfers, has proven highly effective at reducing poverty and inequality and mitigating the impact of high unemployment, although these remain persistent challenges. For Namibia to achieve its development objectives, social protection will need to play an even greater role in the future, but scaling up social protection in the current context of low economic growth and fiscal consolidation will be challenging. This paper charts the evolution of social protection provision and expenditure, locates social protection within the context of Namibia’s broader fiscal framework and proposes options for enhancing its impact without increasing public spending.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 59 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 62 (March 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.62
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work analyses the role of the digital transformation for business dynamics across countries. The analysis combines unique harmonised data on business dynamics for 15 countries with a multi-dimensional measure of digital intensity that takes into account different facets of the digital transformation. Two key stylised facts emerge. First, digital intensive sectors – especially digital intensive services – are on average more dynamic than other sectors of the economy. Second, business dynamism has been declining in digital intensive sectors, and more so than in other sectors, especially after 2001. Despite an important role is played by technology, significant differences across countries still remain and are related to a number of institutional and policy factors.
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  • 65
    ISBN: 9789264730274
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (155 Seiten)
    Series Statement: Global forum on transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes: Hong Kong (China) 2019 (second round)
    Keywords: Steuer ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Hongkong ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur ; Hongkong ; Steuerverwaltung ; Finanzverwaltung ; Internationale Kooperation
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 37 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1558
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Education is a crucial determinant of labour market success. We investigate whether education is an appropriate means to cushion the negative consequences of job loss and study the role of age as a second major labour market factor. Using German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data for the years 2000 to 2016, we analyse unemployment durations and unemployment-induced wage penalties for prime-age men. We show that individuals without formal qualifications face a significantly lower probability of finding a new job than workers with some kind of formal qualification, and hence face a higher risk of long-term unemployment. Furthermore, the duration of unemployment prior to finding a new job rises with age. This pattern is particularly pronounced for individuals with upper secondary education or no formal qualifications. Moreover, we find a negative relationship between unemployment and an individual’s subsequent wage. This depressing impact is significant only for unqualified workers and workers with intermediate vocational education. Yet, differences between educational groups are not statistically significant. Across all education groups, unemployment depresses subsequent wages more strongly at a higher age. However, the results suggest that this is due to longer unemployment spells of older workers, not age per se.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1564
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Complementing the Product Market Regulation (PMR) survey, the Indicators on the Governance of Sector Regulators map the regulatory arrangements of 130 regulators across 38 countries and five network sectors: energy, e-communications, rail and air transport, and water. The indicators are structured along three components: independence, accountability and scope of action. For the 2018 update, the OECD Secretariat and delegates of the Network of Economic Regulators (NER) revised the structure and content of the survey based on new best practice principles, guidance documents and the growing body of work of the NER on the performance of regulators. The analysis shows that, while the governance arrangements of regulators vary considerably across countries and sectors, some key trends and correlations can be observed. These insights can support countries and regulators wishing to benchmark their governance practices and reform their governance arrangements.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 39 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 226
    Keywords: Arbeitslosigkeit ; Berufserfahrung ; Qualifikation ; Arbeitsmarktintegration ; Australien ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Australia ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Although Australia’s labour market escaped the dramatic negative impact of the global financial economic crisis seen in other OECD countries, a substantial share of working-age Australians either did were not working or worked only to a limited extent as the global recovery gathered pace between 2013 and 2014. The paper extends a method proposed by Fernandez et al. (2016) to measure and visualise employment barriers of individuals with no or weak labour-market attachment, using household micro-data. The most common employment obstacles in Australia are limited work experience, low skills and poor health. A notable finding is that almost one third of jobless or low-intensity workers face three or more simultaneous barriers, highlighting the limits of policy approaches that focus on subsets of these employment obstacles in isolation. A statistical clustering approach points to seven distinct groups, each characterized by unique profiles of employment barriers that call for different configurations of activation and employment-support policies.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 230
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report asks what is happening to middle-skill workers. Driven by mega trends such as automation, ageing and offshoring, the share of jobs whose wages placed them firmly in the middle of the wage distribution has been declining. Termed job polarisation, economists have observed the decline in the share of middle-skill jobs in the majority of OECD labour markets. One little explored question is where are these workers going? This report examines what workers are doing who in the past would have been employed in middle-skill jobs. The report first examines the traits of previous middle-skill workers to build a picture of the “typical” middle-skill worker. Using this profile, the report next examines what types of jobs a worker with the typical middle-skill profile is taking, and how likely such a worker is to be working. The study then analyses different metrics of job stability and compensation to put in perspective what shifts out of middle-skill work imply for labour market outcomes.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 32 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD regulatory policy working papers no. 11
    Series Statement: OECD regulatory policy working papers
    Keywords: Regulatory policy ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Governments are increasingly trying to limit the costs of regulatory compliance. One of the approaches that has been gaining ground in the last five years is the “one-in, x-out rule”, or the offsetting of regulatory costs stemming from new regulations by reducing the existing regulatory stock. This paper presents examples of regulatory offsetting approaches in selected OECD countries. By comparing the different approaches and discussing their key features, the paper provides guidance to countries considering introducing regulatory offsetting. This paper finds that there are many methodological and implementation issues that need to be resolved before a government decides to use a one-in, x-out approach as part of its regulatory policy. Key suggestions for countries introducing regulatory offsetting include i) ensuring a solid methodology for calculating regulatory costs; ii) linking the responsibility for finding offsets to the “owners” of regulation; iii) setting up quality oversight mechanisms; iv) securing strong political commitment and support and v) implementing regulatory offsetting as a complement to other regulatory management tools.
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 150
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a concrete example of how policy analysts can use empirical programme evaluation studies to perform ex-post assessments of environmentally related tax policies. A number of studies credibly identify causal effects of environmentally related tax policies, but do not necessarily provide all the information needed to fully inform the policy-making process. This paper argues that cost-benefit analysis (CBA) could enrich ex-post assessments of environmentally related tax policies, given that CBA provides decision makers with a broader perspective of social costs and benefits and allows the identification of potential trade-offs among policy objectives.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2019, 02
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper establishes an analytical framework for understanding and assessing Indigenous economic development and well-being in a place-based context. It identifies the importance of flexibility in geographic scale for organising policies for Indigenous communities, development objectives that reflect the selfdetermined and informed choices of Indigenous peoples, and implementing strategies for development based on the identification of local assets
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2019, 06
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper provides a method to classify TL3regions across OECD countries based on their level of access to metropolitan areas. TL3 regions are classified as ‘metropolitan’ if more than half of their population lives in one or more functional urban area (FUA) of at least 250 thousand inhabitants and as ‘non-metropolitan’ otherwise. The method sub-classifies metropolitan regions into ‘large metro’ or ‘metro’ regions based on the population size of the FUAs located within those regions. Non-metropolitan TL3 regions are sub-classified into: with accessto a metro, with access to a small/medium city, or remote based on their level of access to a FUA with population above a predetermined threshold. The method relies on publicly available grid-level population data and localised information on driving conditions.
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 67 (April 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report analyses market-distorting factors in the shipbuilding industry with a focus on government interventions. This paper argues that government interventions in this cyclical industry do more harm than good by exacerbating and prolonging economic downturns through two channels. First, it promotes an over-ordering of vessels through lower delivery time, distorting ship buyers’ investment behaviour. Second, it may maintain unproductive capacity in the market that re-enters a new economic cycle, restarting the vicious circle of industrial excess capacity. Against the background of the global nature of this industry, these channels reinforce the case for effective international disciplines on government interventions. Overall, the mature nature of the shipbuilding industry undermines the need for an active industrial policy, beyond facilitating structural adjustment, and emphasizes the necessity for a horizontal policy approach. The work seeks to provide policy makers with a better understanding of how different factors can contribute to excess capacity.
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD regional development working papers 2019, 11
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes the EU-OECD method to define functional urban areas (FUAs). Being composed of a city and its commuting zone, FUAs encompass the economic and functional extent of cities based on daily people’s movements. The paper first presents briefly the methodological approach and subsequently provides a detailed description of the identification algorithm, together with the data needed to apply it. This definition has been applied to 33 OECD member countries and Colombia, as well as to all European Union member countries.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 100 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) working papers no. 2019, 07
    Series Statement: OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers no.2019/07
    Keywords: Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Guide provides a roadmap for local governments, communities and museums on how to define together a local development agenda. It considers five dimensions: 1. Leverage the power of museums for local economic development, 2. Build on the role of museums for urban regeneration and community development, 3. Catalyse culturally aware and creative societies, 4. Promote museums as spaces for inclusion, health and well-being, 5. Mainstream the role of museums in local development.
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 74 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry policy papers no. 76 (September 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: “Innovation ecosystems in the bioeconomy” examines the policy aspects of building the industrial and innovation ecosystems and value chains needed to make a bioeconomy viable as a sustainable means of production. While building biorefineries is more like a formulaic exercise in engineering, enabling these ecosystems and their value chains is a much more complex endeavour. Building on qualitative case studies and face-to-face interviews in eleven participating countries, the study reveals the diverse ways countries are seeking to achieve the goals set by national strategies and policies. The current report draws lessons from this diverse set of national case studies to generate both common and country-specific insights that can enable this transition from a fossil-based economy to a more sustainable one. These lessons include the need for systems-based approaches, attention to policy alignment, more focus on demand-side instruments, diversification of products, enabling medium-sized companies and harnessing converging technologies.
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Paris] : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 55 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD digital economy papers no. 281 (April 2019)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: On 15-16 February 2018 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) hosted a Workshop on Digital Security and Resilience in Critical Infrastructure and Essential Services. The workshop brought together over 120 participants to discuss the effects of growing digital transformation on the resilience of critical infrastructures and essential services which rely increasingly on cross-border digital infrastructure. Over 25 experts discussed digital security in the financial, energy and transport sectors, in relation to the delivery of public sector services, and from the digital security public policy making perspective. Issues faced by SMEs were also addressed throughout the event. This report provides key cross-cutting high-level policy messages from the workshop, an issues paper developed to prepare the event, as well as a detailed account of discussions in each session.
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1563
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper describes the methodology used in the OECD Economics Department to produce historical estimates and short-run projections of potential output. These estimates are used mainly in the OECD Economic Outlook, in country surveys and as starting point for long-run scenarios. Total-economy potential output is modelled using a constant-returns-to-scale Cobb-Douglas production function with fixed factor shares. The three main inputs are labour, fixed capital excluding housing and labour efficiency, the latter obtained as a decomposition residual. The trend unemployment rate is estimated by Kalman filtering within a forward-looking Phillips curve. Other trend components are obtained by HP-filtering but labour efficiency and the labour force participation rate are cyclically adjusted before filtering to help alleviate the end-point problem associated with filters. This pre-filtering cyclical adjustment is especially helpful at cyclical turning points. It helps to lower the cyclicality of potential output as well as the extent of future revisions.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 58 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 227
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; France ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The OECD actively supports countries with the implementation of the OECD Jobs Strategy through the preparation of labour market chapters in the OECD Economic Surveys. This paper provides an overview of the analytical work carried out in the context of the 2019 Economic Survey for France. The paper consists of a preliminary assessment of the French labour market reforms since 2017 related to the tax and benefit system, employment protection, and collective bargaining. These reforms are broadly in line with the recommendations of the OECD Jobs Strategy. They are likely to contribute to enhanced employment and living standards of low-skilled workers and reduce labour market duality. However, a close monitoring will be necessary to assess whether their implementation has the desired effects and additional measures are needed.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 84 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 231
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study aims at disentangling the returns to formal, non-formal and informal training and fills key knowledge gaps. Informal learning is found to be by far the most common form of job-related learning at work. Learning informally at work is found to be associated with 3.5% higher wages, on top of the wage returns of non-formal training which amount to about 11%. Work environments which apply high performance work organisation practices – i.e. where workers have more autonomy and work in teams – are found to nurture a training culture that yields high returns. Workers in these contexts are 12% more likely to experience informal learning. In addition, they also reap higher returns from the training they attend, both non-formal and informal. This suggests that HPWP may amplify the benefits of learning at work, possibly giving workers more opportunities to turn what they learn into immediate use because of the increased flexibility in organising once work.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 46 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD social, employment and migration working papers no. 232
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Labour markets across the OECD have polarised in recent decades, as the share of middle skill occupations has declined relative to that of both high- and low skill occupations. This paper shows that, contrary to what is often assumed in the public debate, job polarisation has not resulted in a decline in the share of households with middle-income across 18 OECD countries. Most of the changes in the share of middle-income households result instead from changes in the propensity of workers in different occupations to be in it. In fact the results point to a change in the relationship between occupational skill levels and household income as both middle and high skill jobs increasingly fail to deliver on the promise of the relative income status traditionally associated with their skill level. These changes might help explain some of the social frustration that has been at the centre of the political debate in recent years.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD environment working papers no. 148
    Keywords: Environment ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Climate change and outdoor air pollution are two of the most challenging environmental issues that modern society faces. These challenges are strongly linked through their emission sources, the sectors they affect and the policies that can be implemented to reduce emissions. They also interact in the way they affect economic growth in the coming decades, although this aspect has been neglected in the literature. This paper presents the first global analysis of the joint economic consequences of climate change and outdoor air pollution to 2060, in the absence of new policies to address these challenges. A common methodology and a consistent modelling framework is used to specify the main economic interaction effects. While this paper provides a useful framework to analyse the interactions between two environmental issues in the economic system, the results need to be interpreted carefully, because of limited data availability.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 30 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 20 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report, part of the “Cities” collection, highlights the contribution of border towns to the process of regional integration in West Africa. For 18 countries, six indicators are used to identify the specificities of border towns at the local, national and international levels: demography, urban morphology, formal enterprises, health infrastructure, road accessibility, border control posts. These indicators are analysed from the perspective of three geographical scales of regional integration (density, distance and division). The report details the economic and institutional obstacles facing border towns. It concludes with place-based political options to facilitate the economic and political development of West African border towns. Also in this Collection: “Population and Morphology of Border Cities”, No. 21 “Businesses and Health in Border Cities”, No. 22 “Accessibility and Infrastructure in Border Cities”, No. 23
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 40 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: West African papers no. 24 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: West African papers
    Keywords: Development ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Integrating gender dimensions into early warning systems is critical to support equitable crisis prevention and response. This paper investigates the extent to which food and nutrition security early warning systems (FNS EWS) in the Sahel and West Africa are gender-responsive and highlights existing gaps at national and regional levels. Progress has been made by key partners and stakeholders towards strengthening the gender analysis of FNS EWS, however, these efforts have not led to a unified reconfiguration of joint FNS EWS mechanisms to be more gender-responsive. More concerted efforts are required to assess and track the gender dimensions of FNS EWS to inform more equitable emergency prevention and response. This paper provides timely policy directions to support stakeholders’ efforts in strengthening the gender-responsiveness of early warning systems in the Sahel and West Africa.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 45 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD SME and entrepreneurship papers no. 15
    Series Statement: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The report contextualises the role of data analytics in the ongoing digital revolution and its potential for SME performance, including for enhancing SME productivity. It presents evidence on the use of data analytics in SMEs, discusses main internal and external barriers to the use of data analytics by SMEs, and illustrates policy approaches to foster data-driven decision-making in SMEs.
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 66 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD trade policy papers no. 229
    Keywords: Trade ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in generating economic activity and employment in developing and developed countries. However, partly due to remaining at-the-border trade costs, SMEs continue to be less represented in international trade – as direct exporters or importers – than larger firms. Drawing on cross-country data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES), together with the OECD Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC), this paper looks at the relationship between the trade facilitation environment – as measured through the OECD Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs) – and various measures of international engagement of SMEs. While there are differentiated impacts across firm size for different trade facilitation areas, the analysis shows that firms of all sizes across both developed and developing economies benefit from improvements in the overall trade facilitation environment, helping them export and import. However, on aggregate, smaller firms benefit more from improvements in the overall trade facilitation environment relative to large firms. The analysis also suggests that some trade facilitation measures matter more in addressing fixed versus variable costs for SMEs and provides some guidance as to what trade facilitation policy reforms might be prioritised.
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 53 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers no. 18 (January 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD productivity working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents new evidence on industry concentration trends in Europe and in North America. It uses two novel data sources: representative firm-level concentration measures from the OECD MultiProd project, and business-group-level concentration measures using matched Orbis-Worldscope-Zephyr data. Based on the MultiProd data, it finds that between 2001 and 2012 the average industry across 10 European economies saw a 2-3-percentage-point increase in the share of the 10% largest companies in industry sales. Using the Orbis-Worldscope-Zephyr data, it documents a clear increase in industry concentration in Europe as well as in North America between 2000 and 2014 of the order of 4-8 percentage points for the average industry. Over the period, about 3 out of 4 (2-digit) industries in each region saw their concentration increase. The increase is observed for both manufacturing and non-financial services and is not driven by digital-intensive sectors.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 60 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1548
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper uses a novel empirical approach to assess if the development of online platforms affects the productivity of service firms. We build a proxy measure of platform use across four industries (hotels, restaurants, taxis and retail trade) and ten OECD countries using internet search data from Google Trends, which we link to firm-level data on productivity in these industries. We find that platform development supports the productivity of the average incumbent service firm and also stimulates labour reallocation towards more productive firms in these industries. This may notably reflect that platforms’ user review and rating systems reduce information asymmetries between consumers and service providers, enhancing competition between providers. The effects depend on platform type. “Aggregator” platforms that connect incumbent service providers to consumers tend to push up the productivity of incumbents, while more disruptive platforms that enable new types of providers to compete with them (e.g. home sharing, ride hailing) have on average no significant effect on it. Consistent with this, we find that different platform types affect differently the profits, mark-ups, employment and wages of incumbent service firms. Finally, the productivity gains from platforms are lower when a platform is persistently dominant on its market, suggesting that the contestability of platform markets should be promoted.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1552
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Heavy involvement in international trade and global value chains has been an effective way for promoting Slovakia's economic and social catch-up. Large foreign direct investment inflows have helped develop a competitive export-led manufacturing industry, with a strong specialisation in the automotive and electronics sectors, fostering robust growth and productivity performance with good fiscal and external balance results. However, the benefits of this development strategy have diminished since the 2008-09 crisis and the subsequent slowdown in world trade growth. Moreover, over the years Slovakia’s integration into world trade has remained for a large part based on downstream activities of value chains that incorporate little domestic value added, such as the assembly of imported intermediate goods, and further expansion of this growth model is hindered by employers’ increasing difficulties in finding skilled labour. There is a need to help local firms to better benefit from foreign companies’ know-how, further prepare the workforce for the increasing digitalisation and automation of most industries, promote the diversification of the economy and, in particular, strengthen the role of the services sector. This assessment, which is derived from the first part of this chapter, is followed by a discussion of the changes required to better leverage Slovakia’s experience with global value chains. All in all, a broad range of well-coordinated policies is called for. This entails better adapting the skills of the workforce to the changing needs of the labour market, enhancing the business environment, improving transport infrastructure and stimulating firms’ innovation capacity. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Slovak Republic (http://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/slovak-republic-economic-snapshot/)
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1562
    Keywords: Economics ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Housing markets, which are large and subject to sharp swings, shape to a great extent countries’ exposure to economic crises and their capacity to recover from them. This paper analyses the transmission of housing-related shocks to the real economy: it investigates the role that policy plays in (a) mitigating or amplifying shocks and (b) facilitating or hampering a recovery. It considers macroprudential measures, rental regulation, taxation and land use restrictions. The aim is to investigate, which housing policy-related reforms can foster greater economic resilience. Among other results, it finds that a tighter macroprudential stance is generally linked to a lower likelihood of economic crisis and that higher effective rates of housing taxation are associated with smoother housing cycles.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 185 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD working papers on public governance no. 36
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Sektor ; Künstliche Intelligenz ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area of research and technology application that can have a significant impact on public policies and services in many ways. In just a few years, it is expected that the potential will exist to free up nearly one-third of public servants’ time, allowing them to shift from mundane tasks to high-value work. Governments can also use AI to design better policies and make better decisions, improve communication and engagement with citizens and residents, and improve the speed and quality of public services. While the potential benefits of AI are significant, attaining them is not an easy task. Government use of AI trails that of the private sector; the field is complex and has a steep learning curve; and the purpose of, and context within, government are unique and present a number of challenges.
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 240 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers no. 43
    Keywords: Taxation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: The paper collects comprehensive and detailed data on what 40 OECD and G20 economies do with the revenues from carbon taxes, emissions trading systems, and excise taxes on energy use. It notes that constraints – which can take the form of political commitments or legal earmarks – on revenue use differ between carbon taxes, emissions trading systems, and excise taxes. Constraints are less common for excise taxes, which also raise the most revenue. Carbon tax revenues are relatively often associated with environmental tax reforms, involving reductions in personal or corporate income taxes. Revenues from emissions trading systems are frequently directed towards green spending. The results may be relevant to the political economy of ambitious carbon pricing schemes in the sense that the political expedience of choices on revenue use may depend on the amount of revenue raised.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 51 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD taxation working papers no. 46
    Keywords: Taxation ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of exchange of information on foreign-owned bank deposits in international financial centres (IFCs). Based on a dataset with extended jurisdiction coverage and sample length, foreign-owned IFC deposits declined globally by 24% or USD 410 billion during the period from 2008 to 2019. The commencement of automatic exchange of information is associated on average with a statistically significant 22% reduction in IFC bank deposits held by non-IFC counterparty jurisdictions. The results show that exchange of information on request was associated with a reduction of around 10% during the early years of implementation. Robustness checks show that voluntary disclosure programmes do not drive the results. These findings highlight the effectiveness of the expansion of automatic exchange of informationand provide further evidence of the success of a comprehensive multilateral approach towards international tax transparency.
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 142 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers no. 111
    Keywords: Gesundheitswesen ; Gesundheitsfinanzierung ; Lateinamerika ; Karibischer Raum ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: In 2018, the Inter-American Development Bank and the OECD launched a survey to collect information on key health systems characteristics in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. This paper presents the information provided by 21 of these countries. It describes country-specific arrangements to organise the population coverage against health risks and the financing of health spending. It depicts the organisation of health care delivery, focusing on the public/private mix of health care provision, provider payment schemes, user choice and competition among providers, as well as the regulation of health care supply and prices. Finally, this document provides information on governance and resource allocation in health systems (decentralisation in decision-making, nature of budget constraints and priority setting).
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 85 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD health working papers no. 112
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; United States ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours have been rising throughout the OECD in recent decades. Lack of physical activity and excessive sedentary behaviour are well-known risk factors for non-communicable diseases, such as heart diseases, stroke, diabetes, and osteoporosis. As such, reducing physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours and increasing daily physical activity has become a crucial public health issue. Using nationally representative time use surveys, this paper presents the trends in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours over time, in Canada, France, Germany and the United States. A particular focus of this analysis is placed on sport activities. Men and women spend between 80 and 105 minutes daily in physical activities, with women spending more time in domestic physical activity, and men more time in sports. Participation in sport activities has been increasing over time, but no global trend for time spent in sports is visible; additionally, women are consistently less likely than men to report engagement in sport activities. Meanwhile, participation in active travel has been decreasing, displaying no overall trend for duration either. Education-based inequalities for sports participation are higher in men than in women, while income-based inequalities for sports are higher in women than in men. Men and women with a low level of income are more likely to report active travel in all countries. Additional MET (metabolic equivalent) hours spent in sports and non-sports leisure PA, domestic PA, and active travel are all associated with an increase in total PA, while work-related PA as well as other activities are associated with a decrease in total PA. At the individual level, an increase in time spent in all previously mentioned activities is associated with a decrease in total time spent in sedentary behaviours.
    Note: Zusammenfassung in französischer Sprache
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 49 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2019, 03
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and industry working papers
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This report presents a new effort to collect comprehensive metadata for DynEmp and MultiProd, two OECD distributed microdata projects that collect information to analyse employment dynamics and productivity in a harmonised way across countries. It gives an overall description of both projects, presents the methodologies used for the data collection, summarises the main features of the data by country and provides further country-specific information.
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers no. 1587
    Keywords: Education ; Economics ; Sweden ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Swedish school results declined for two decades following a series of reforms in the early 1990s decentralising the school system and introducing choice, competition and management by objectives. The general aims and direction of reform were not destined to lower results, but weaknesses of reform design and implementation, against the backdrop of a deep recession, likely contributed to falling outcomes. Residential segregation and the current model of competition and choice increase school segregation and likely reduce equality of opportunity. A coherent set of reforms should strengthen central government institutions, rebuild a regional governance structure and increasingly target funding to pupils’ needs. Better steering of competition and school choice implies ensuring that grades fairly represent pupils’ skills and knowledge, that municipalities increasingly take the socio-economic mix of pupils into account in entry and investment decisions, and that entry and expansion of private schools are better coordinated to counter school segregation. Teaching needs to become more attractive to raise the quality of recruitment to the profession and to address current and future teacher shortages by improving teacher education, strengthening continuous learning and instigating more cooperation, feedback and support between colleagues. This Working Paper relates to the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Sweden (http://www.oecd.org/economy/sweden-economic-snapshot/).
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 77 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 56
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.56
    Keywords: Development ; Costa Rica ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This Working Paper summarises the main findings and recommendations of the pilot study carried out in Costa Rica as part of the development of the total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD) measurement framework. The Paper includes first approximations of TOSSD flows to Costa Rica. These flows in 2016 amount to around USD 559 million of official development finance and USD 60 million of private finance mobilised through official development interventions. These first estimations were reached using OECD DAC statistics. However, these figures are likely to be largely underestimated owing to a lack of available information, particularly concerning official support to Costa Rica from the People’s Republic of China and other non-DAC providers. The pilot study also indicated that the government is able to access, collect, collate, analyse and use data on external financing to the country using national data, thanks to its institutional and IT systems. However, the legislative framework requires adjustment and there is scope for improving co‑ordination in order to avoid duplication of effort.
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 64 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD development co-operation working paper 60
    Series Statement: OECD Development Co-operation Working Papers no.60
    Keywords: Development ; Viet Nam ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Based on the “ABC” approach targeted to assess all available sources of financing (official development finance, private investment, domestic resources, and remittances), the Viet Nam country pilot study explores the challenges of transition finance in a middle-income country in the Asia-Pacific region. After launching a series of successful reforms beginning in the late 1980s, Viet Nam has undergone an impressive transformation, which turned the country from a centrally planned to a market-oriented economy and from a low-income to a lower middle-income country. At the same time, Viet Nam is moving from a relatively high reliance on ODA and other external sources towards non-concessional sources and domestic sources. Through evolving partnerships, development partners can align their support with newly arising needs, actively supporting Viet Nam overcome the middle-income trap and move towards a trajectory for more sustainable development.
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