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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (167)
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  • Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
Datenlieferant
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Sprache
Erscheinungszeitraum
Jahr
  • 1
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 1-
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1-
    DDC: 340
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; 1.1956 -
    ISSN: 0068-6891
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1956 -
    Suppl.: 34=6 von South Asian archaeology [Wechselnde Verlagsorte], 1973 0066-2011
    Suppl.: 42=8 von Arabian studies Cambridge [u.a.] : Univ. Press, 1974 0305-036X
    Suppl.: 47=3 von Ḥevrah le-ḥeḳer ha-tarbut ha-ʿaravit-ha-yehudit shel yeme ha-benayim Papers read at the ... congress of the Society for Judaeo-Arabic Studies Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1992
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als University of Cambridge oriental publications
    Vorheriger Titel: University of Cambridge oriental publications
    DDC: 050
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    New York : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Dazugehörige Bände/Artikel
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , 1469-8676 , 1469-8676
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Social anthropology
    DDC: 390
    Schlagwort(e): Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; [1.]2002 - [4.]2007; 5.2011 -
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: [1.]2002 - [4.]2007; 5.2011 -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe New approaches to African history
    DDC: 960
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    New York : Berghahn | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell | Chichester : Wiley ; 1.1992/93(1993) -
    ISSN: 0964-0282 , 1469-8676 , 1469-8676
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1992/93(1993) -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Social anthropology
    DDC: 390
    Schlagwort(e): Zeitschrift ; Sozialanthropologie ; Zeitschrift
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Manchester : Manchester Univ. Press | Edinburgh : Univ. Press ; 1.1985 -
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1985 -
    DDC: 320
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Zeitschrift/Serie
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; [1.]2002 - [4.]2007; 5.2011 -
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: [1.]2002 - [4.]2007; 5.2011 -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe New approaches to African history
    DDC: 960
    Schlagwort(e): Monografische Reihe
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Levitton, Pa. [u.a.] : Carfax Publ. | Philadelphia, Pa. : Taylor & Francis Group ; 1.1972/73 -
    ISSN: 1465-3923 , 0090-5992
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 1.1972/73 -
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. Nationalities papers
    DDC: 390
    Schlagwort(e): Nationale Minderheit ; Nationalitätenfrage ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Nachfolgestaaten ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Nationale Minderheit ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Nationale Minderheit ; Nationalitätenfrage ; Zeitschrift ; Sowjetunion ; Sowjetunion ; Osteuropa ; Sowjetunion ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Sowjetunion ; Nationale Minderheit ; Nationalitätenfrage ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Sowjetunion ; Nachfolgestaaten ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Osteuropa ; Nationale Minderheit ; Zeitschrift ; Online-Ressource ; Sowjetunion ; Nationale Minderheit ; Nationalitätenfrage ; Zeitschrift
    Anmerkung: Gesehen am 12.05.21 , Urh. anfangs: Association for the Study of the Nationalities (USSR and East Europe)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press | Chicago, IL : Univ. of Chicago Press | Oxford [u.a.] : Blackwell Publ. | Oxford [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell ; 13.1988 -
    ISSN: 1747-4469 , 0897-6546 , 0897-6546
    Sprache: Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf: 13.1988 -
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Law & social inquiry
    Vorheriger Titel: Vorg. American Bar Foundation Research journal
    DDC: 340
    Schlagwort(e): Zeitschrift ; USA ; Rechtssoziologie
    Anmerkung: Gesehen am
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Buch
    Buch
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 9780521560856 , 0521560853 , 0521024463 , 9780521024464
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: x, 317 Seiten
    Ausgabe: Digitally printed first paperback version
    DDC: 306.4/7
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Geschichte 1700-1800 ; Geschichte 1600-1700 ; Geschichte 1650-1800 ; Engels ; Kunstbevordering ; Letterkunde ; Littérature anglaise - 16e siècle - Histoire et critique ; Littérature anglaise - 17e siècle - Histoire et critique ; Littérature anglaise - 17e siècle - Histoire et critique ; Littérature anglaise - 18e siècle - Histoire et critique ; Littérature anglaise - 18e siècle - Histoire et critique ; Littérature et société - Angleterre - Histoire ; Mécénat - Grande-Bretagne - Histoire ; Politiek ; Politique et littérature - Angleterre - Histoire ; Politique et littérature - Grande-Bretagne - Histoire ; Écrivains et mécènes - Angleterre - Histoire - 17e siècle ; Écrivains et mécènes - Angleterre - Histoire - 18e siècle ; Écrivains et mécènes - Grande-Bretazgne - Histoire ; Englisch ; Geschichte ; Literatur ; Politik ; Authors and patrons History 17th century ; Authors and patrons History 18th century ; English literature History and criticism 18th century ; English literature History and criticism Early modern, 1500-1700 ; Literary patrons ; Literature and society History ; Politics and literature History 17th century ; Politics and literature History 18th century ; Schriftsteller ; Mäzenatentum ; Patronage ; Englisch ; Literatur ; Großbritannien ; Großbritannien ; Englisch ; Literatur ; Mäzenatentum ; Geschichte 1650-1800 ; Großbritannien ; Schriftsteller ; Mäzenatentum ; Geschichte 1650-1800 ; Englisch ; Literatur ; Patronage ; Geschichte 1650-1800
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Buch
    Buch
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 0521691052 , 0521870690 , 9780521691055 , 9780521870696
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: x, 342 Seiten , Diagramme
    DDC: 901
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): History Philosophy ; Eurocentrism ; Westliche Welt ; Geschichtsschreibung ; Kritizismus ; Kulturvergleich ; Methodologie ; Sozialwissenschaften
    Anmerkung: Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Buch
    Buch
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 0521869528 , 0521689678 , 9780521869522 , 9780521689670
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: xii, 254 Seiten , 24 cm
    Serie: The law in context series
    DDC: 340.11
    Schlagwort(e): Rule of law History ; Law Philosophy ; Legal positivism ; Instrumentalism (Philosophy) ; Rule of law United States ; History ; Law United States ; Philosophy ; Legal positivism ; Instrumentalism (Philosophy) ; 653 ; s ; Legal instrumentalism ; USA ; Rechtsphilosophie ; Gesetzespositivismus ; USA ; Rechtsstaatsprinzip ; Rechtsphilosophie ; Geschichte ; USA Supreme Court ; Rechtsstaatsprinzip
    Anmerkung: Literaturangaben
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9780521033343
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: x, 134 Seiten , Diagramme
    Ausgabe: Digitally reprinted first paperback version
    Serie: The Arnold and Caroline Rose monograph series of the American Sociological Association
    DDC: 305.3
    Schlagwort(e): Identity (Psychology) ; Social role ; Sex role ; Symbolic interactionism ; Identität ; Soziale Rolle ; Symbolischer Interaktionismus ; Sozialpsychologie
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that a key goal of the World Bank is supporting developing countries in meeting their energy demands, and helping poor people escape from poverty, and doing so with a smaller environmental footprint. It is important to build a strong partnership between rich countries and developing countries. He talked about Brazil producing ethanol on an enormous scale and with exceptional efficiency where ethanol prices have been steadily coming down in Brazilian industry, when global energy prices have been coming up. He noted the need to remove unnecessary trade obstacles that make bio fuels less competitive. He concluded by saying that the goal of World Bank's new Investment Framework for Clean Energy and Development is to provide advice, technical assistance, and investment programs to help the partner countries meet the energy challenges while protecting the natural environment
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed the fight against poverty during the last 20 years, during which East Asian countries have made progress, but Sub-Saharan African poverty has doubled. Oil revenues far exceed official development assistance. Yet for some countries it has been more of a curse than a blessing. Corruption and waste has led to distorted economies and demoralized societies in which government power has become an object of plunder leading to civil war and social chaos. The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) aims to improve governance in resource-rich countries through disclosure and verification of company payments and government revenues from oil, gas, and mining. It focuses on transparency, which is one important aspect of governance-but it is an important step towards transforming resources into real development impact, to real effect on the lives of the poor. He spoke about EITI process still facing many challenges ahead. If EITI is to succeed, it must engage every group that has a stake in the country's future. EITI process requires governments to significantly increase their capacity while coping with other pressing demands. Making EITI succeed means going beyond just EITI in making revenues more transparent. We need to begin a vigorous effort in the area of helping countries recover stolen assets. For most countries EI revenues by themselves will not be enough by themselves to guarantee higher living standards for all citizens. We must do everything we can to help these countries transform their wealth into a brighter future for every citizen
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, reminded participants that it is important to remember the more than 1 billion people worldwide struggling to survive on less than USD 1 a day. Fighting the scourge of poverty is at the heart of the World Bank Group's mission. The burden of debt and the disease of corruption threaten to undermine the efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Many regions of the world have made significant progress to improve living standards and reduce poverty. Sub-Saharan Africa is moving dangerously in the opposite direction. Africa's richest resource, and its best hope, is its people. But more development financing and debt relief is needed. In the long run, neither aid nor debt relief will help the poor escape poverty without a transparent and accountable government. We are seeing an informed African citizenry demanding change. The World Bank Group is committed to supporting champions of reform in both government and civil society. Partnering with parliaments from donor countries is as important as working with parliaments in recipient countries. To achieve true prosperity for our integrated planet, we must work together to help give the poorest among us the chance to find their way out of poverty
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, at a meeting jointly sponsored by WHO, UNAIDS, and the World Bank, addressed the issue of the financial sustainability of AIDS treatment-especially focusing on the increasing need for second-line combination treatment regimens. The Bank is working to strengthen capacity for effectively mainstreaming AIDS priorities into national planning efforts, particularly development of poverty reduction and implementation processes. As one of many development partners supporting national AIDS programs, the World Bank is committed to improve coordination, and to better align and harmonize its support with country responses
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 9780511812682
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 online resource (xiv, 379 pages)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 303.66
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Psychologie ; Peace ; Peace / Psychological aspects ; Psychologie ; Friede ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Friede ; Psychologie
    Kurzfassung: A comprehensive introduction to the rapidly growing research area of peace psychology. Both a topic in its own right and studied within courses on peace studies, conflict studies and subsidiaries of psychology, international relations and politics, peace psychology is a practically and theoretically important area. This textbook covers the whole research literature focusing on research since the end of the cold war but also incorporating aspects of earlier literature which retain contemporary relevance. The content includes an introductory chapter outlining the growth of the field and continues to cover interdisciplinary practice (international relations, education, feminist studies and ethics), primary psychological topics (development, social psychology, psychodynamics and cognition), core topics from peace studies (conflict resolution, crisis management, non-violence, peacemaking and peacebuilding, specific locations such as the middle East and sustainable development) and terrorism (threats and victims). This is a unique textbook that will appeal to students and practitioners alike
    Anmerkung: Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 9780511801624
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 284 Seiten) , Diagramme
    Serie: Key topics in sociolinguistics
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 306.44072
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Sprache ; Language and languages / Variation ; Sociolinguistics / Research ; Soziolinguistik ; Methode ; Sprachvariante ; Sprachanalyse ; Soziolinguistik ; Sprachvariante ; Sprachanalyse ; Methode
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed Africa's challenge to unleash the energy of the people, and give people the opportunity to improve their lives themselves. He talked about the challenge of corruption. He appreciated Africa for improving policies to make it easier for new businesses to take off and for businesses that are established to expand. Africans are taking a lead in helping their continent turn the corner, and donors are raising the bar for development assistance to try to ensure that every dollar is used to create a healthier, better-educated, more prosperous Africa. Governance is taken seriously, with performance-based aid strengthening anti-corruption efforts
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed giving the poor people of the world a chance to escape poverty. He spoke about the actions to promote good governance that are crucial to successful economic development, poverty reduction and helping member countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals. He mentioned issues of global import, particularly the prospects for the Doha Round and the issue of clean, efficient, and affordable energy. He concluded by saying that the Bank Group will continue to remain active in a variety of international efforts to provide global public goods
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, stated that the importance of cities is increasing on a daily basis. By 2030, China alone will add 342 million new urban residents, and India 271 million. Africa will add 395 million people and more than half (54 percent) of its population will be living in urban areas. Urbanization creates job opportunities and poverty challenges. Urbanization has place mayors on center stage to implement solutions to alleviate poverty at the local level. The World Bank established a dedicated urban unit more than 30 years ago, with estimated lending on urban issues in 2005 at USD 7 billion. The Bank looks forward to strengthening partnerships with local governments
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, and Ambassador Andrew Young engaged in a roundtable discussion on economic development, moderated by Dean Bahl of Georgia State. Wolfowitz has made Africa the first priority of the Bank. There is really a chance for Africa to turn the corner. It's going to have to start with the best performers, doing what the so-called Tigers did in East Asia, showing the way for other countries. Young said you can make more money honestly in a growing economy, than you can steal in a dying economy. Wolfowitz gave examples of the turnaround in Africa. Africa needs an environment where foreign investment support and local domestic investment is even more important
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  • 24
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Schlagwort(e): Competition ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes the performance and development of the Mexican pension annuity market in Mexico that stemmed from the 1997 pension reform. The Mexican experience displays interesting characteristics that provide lessons for other countries that still need to design the decumulation phase of their newly established second pillars. At the same, time it raises some technical and policy concerns that need addressing as they could hamper, in the future, the healthy development of the market. This paper benefited from interviews with officials in the Insurance Supervisory Authority (CNSF), the Ministry of Finance (SHCP), the Pension Supervisory Authority (CONSAR), and the Social Security Institute (IMSS) as well as with management of specialized annuity companies. The paper is structured as follows: section one gives introduction; section two briefly summarizes the 1992 and 1997 pension reforms from which the pension annuity market derives; section three analyzes the evolution of the industrial organization, annuity product design and competition, the evolution of assets and liabilities and investment, as well as the regulatory framework for the aforementioned items, and the performance of the market; section four analyzes the development prospects of the market in light of the more recent 2001 and 2002 reforms of the 1997 social security law; and section five gives conclusions and policy recommendations
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    ISBN: 9780511606632
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 online resource (xxii, 891 pages)
    Serie: Cambridge handbooks in psychology
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als
    DDC: 302/.1
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Interpersonal relations / Handbooks, manuals, etc ; Interpersonal communication / Handbooks, manuals, etc ; Social psychology / Handbooks, manuals, etc ; Zwischenmenschliche Beziehung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Zwischenmenschliche Beziehung
    Kurzfassung: The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships serves as a benchmark of the current state of scholarship in this dynamic field synthesizing the extant theoretical and empirical literature, tracing its historical roots, and making recommendations for future directions. The volume addresses a broad range of established and emerging topics including: theoretical and methodological issues that influence the study of personal relationships; research and theory on relationship development, the nature and functions of personal relationships across the lifespan; individual differences and their influences on relationships; relationship processes such as cognition, emotion, and communication; relational qualities such as satisfaction and commitment; environmental influences on personal relationships; and maintenance and repair of relationships. The authors are experts from a variety of disciplines including several subfields of psychology, communication, family studies and sociology who have made major contributions to the understanding of relationships
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: pt. I. Introduction. Personal relationships : an introduction / Daniel Perlman, Anita L. Vangelisti -- pt. II. Foundations for studying relationships. The seven seas of the study of personal relationships : from "the thousand islands" to interconnected waterways / Daniel Perlman, Steve Duck -- Theoretical perspectives in the study of close relationships / John H. Harvey, Amy Wenzel -- Research methods for the study of personal relationships / Mahnaz Charania, William J. Ickes -- Advances in data analytic approaches for relationships research : the broad utility of hierarchical linear modeling / Deborah A. Kashy, Lorne Campbell, David W. Harris -- Relationship typologies / C. Arthur VanLear, Ascan Koerner, Donna M. Allen -- pt. III. Development of relationships. From courtship to universal properties : research on dating and mate selection, 1950-2003 / Catherine A. Surra, Christine R. Gray, Tyfany M.J. Boettcher, Nathan R. Cottle, Adam R. West --
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The affective structure of marriage / John P. Caughlin, Ted L. Huston -- Divorce and postdivorce relationships / Marilyn Coleman, Lawrence Ganong, Kim Leon -- pt. IV. Relationships across the life span. Relationships in early and middle childhood / Willard W. Hartup -- Personal relationships in adolescence and early adulthood / W. Andrew Collins, Stephanie D. Madsen -- Close relationships in middle and late adulthood / Rosemary Blieszner -- pt. V. Individual differences. Personality and relationships : a temperament perspective / Jeffry A. Simpson, Heike A. Winterheld, Jennie Y. Chen -- Attachment theory, individual psychodynamics, and relationship functioning / Phillip R. Shaver, Mario Mikulincer -- "His" and "her" relationships? : a review of the empirical evidence / Emily A. Impett, Letitia Anne Peplau -- The intimate same-sex relationships of sexual minorities / Lisa M. Diamond -- Family relationships and depression / Deborah J. Jones, Steven R.H. Beach, Frank D. Fincham --
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: pt. VI. Basic processes. Communication : basic properties and their relevance to relationship research / Alan L. Sillars, Anita L. Vangelisti -- Social cognition in intimate relationships / Garth J.O. Fletcher, Nickola C. Overall, Myron D. Friesen -- Emotion in theories of close relationships / Sally Planalp, Julie Fitness, Beverley Fehr -- Physiology and interpersonal relationships / Timothy J. Loving, Kathi L. Heffner, Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser -- pt. VII. Interactive processes. Self-disclosure in personal relationships / Kathryn Greene, Valerian J. Derlega, Alicia Mathews -- Close relationships and social support : implications for the measurement of social support / Barbara R. Sarason, Irwin G. Sarason -- Understanding couple conflict / Galena H. Kline, Nicole D. Pleasant, Sarah W. Whitton, Howard J. Markman -- Sexuality in close relationships / Susan Sprecher, F. Scott Christopher, Rodney Cate --
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: pt. VIII. Threats to relationships. Loneliness and social isolation / Jenny de Jong Gierveld, Theo van Tilburg, Pearl A. Dykstra -- Stress in couples : the process of dyadic coping / Carolyn E. Cutrona, Kelli A. Gardner -- Lying and deception in close relationships / Mark L. Knapp -- Temptations and threat : extradyadic relations and jealousy / Abraham P. Buunk, Pieternel Dijkstra -- Violence and abuse in personal relationships : conflict, terrror, and resistance in intimate partnerships / Michael P. Johnson -- pt. IX. Relational qualities. Relationship satisfaction / Frank D. Fincham, Steven R.H. Beach -- Romantic love / Arthur Aron, Helen E. Fisher, Greg Strong -- Commitment / Caryl E. Rusbult, Michael K. Coolsen, Jeffrey L. Kirchner, Jennifer A. Clarke -- Intimacy in personal relationships / Jean-Philippe Laurenceau, Brighid M. Kleinman -- pt. X. Context. Social networks and personal communities / Graham Allan --
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Relationships in home and community environments : a transactional dialectic analysis / Barbara B. Brown, Carol M. Werner, Irwin Altman -- Relationships, culture, and social change / Robin Goodwin, Urmila Pillay -- Personal relationships on and off the Internet / Jeffrey Boase, Barry Wellman -- pt. XI. Maintenance and repair of relationships. Maintaining relationships / Daniel J. Canary, Marianne Dainton -- The treatment of relationship distress : theoretical perspectives and empirical findings / Donald H. Baucom, Norman B. Epstein, Susan Stanton -- pt. XII. Conclusion. Bringing it all together : a theoretical approach / Patricia Noller
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  • 26
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: World Development Report Background Papers
    Kurzfassung: The following pages relate to the experience of over three thousand young people with regards to what it means for them to be coming of age in today's world. Between September 2005 and April 2006, these young women and men met in twenty-six developing countries to talk about what concerns them: getting a degree, landing a job, staying healthy, finding a partner, moving into their own place, and making a difference in their society. By voicing their concerns and policy demands, these young people contributed to what is universally regarded as one of the most influential perennial development research publications: The World Development Report (WDR). The authors of the report recognized the value of listening to the subjects of their research and working together with a team of consultation experts to devise what may well be among the most extensive stakeholder consultation processes to date. Given the focus of the 2007 WDR on youth, it was especially important to devise a consultative process that will foster a dialogue not only about youth but also with young people themselves. At the same time, it had to be made clear to the youth constituency that the report could not be written by youth. The consultations had three clearly stated objectives: information, validation, and traction. They provided information to the team of researchers to learn about and understand the perspectives of the young people. Moreover, the dialogue with the youth in developing countries helped the team to validate their research. Finally, the consultations were also a key instrument to foster political traction with global youth organizations, governmental agencies, and development partners to enhance the 'operationalization' of the report
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Kurzfassung: Over the last five decades, Colombia has made substantial progress in protecting its environment. This includes restructuring its legal and regulatory landscape, undertaking policy initiatives, and strengthening its capacity for protecting and managing its natural resources and environmental quality, and establishing a system of national parks and forestry reserves that covers more than a quarter of the country. Colombia's environmental management framework has focused on three main environmental priorities: (a) river basin management and conservation of water resources, (b) reforestation, and (c) conservation o f biodiversity. The analysis of the cost of environmental degradation conducted as part of the Country Environmental Analysis (CEA), shows that the most costly problems associated with environmental degradation are urban and indoor air pollution; inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene; natural disasters (such as flooding and landslides); and land degradation. The burden of these costs falls most heavily on vulnerable segments of the population, especially poor children under age five. The effects of environmental degradation associated with these principal causes are estimated to cost more than 3.7 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), mainly due to increased mortality and morbidity and decreased productivity. To identify alternatives aimed at abating the cost of environmental degradation, this CEA examines institutional and policy issues in the functioning of the country's environmental management system and suggests some cost-effective interventions
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  • 28
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Schlagwort(e): Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; State-Owned Banks
    Kurzfassung: The current system of deposit insurance is governed by two different pieces of legislation, each in turn elaborated by a separate National Bank of Belarus (NBB) resolution. The two legislations cover foreign exchange accounts in state owned banks and all other accounts, respectively. The first legislation was the presidential decree of April 20, 1998, which established full coverage for foreign exchange accounts in six state banks. The second legislation is Article 121 of the Banking Code which is the legal basis for coverage for all other deposits and which became effective October 12, 2000. The deposit insurance system is currently characterized by preferential treatment of the authorized banks and in particular Belarusbank and Belagroprombank
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  • 29
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Schlagwort(e): Autonomy ; Monetary Policy ; Transparency
    Kurzfassung: This note examines the observance by the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus (NBRB) of the good practices on transparency in monetary policy. The transparency analysis was based on a review of relevant laws and regulations and the International Monetary Fund (IMF s) code of good practices on transparency in monetary and financial policies without carrying out a formal principle-by-principle assessment. It was conducted as part of the joint IMF-World Bank Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) mission to Belarus that took place in November 2004. NBRB displays a satisfactory degree of transparency in formulation and implementation of its monetary policy although improvements are possible in several areas. The objectives and responsibilities of the NBRB, and the broad modalities of accountability and public dissemination of the information, are defined in the Statute of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus and the Banking Code. The monetary policy process is generally well structured and open. In several areas, however, the NBRB should further improve its monetary policy transparency and accountability practices
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Trade ; Agricultural Workers ; Agriculture ; GDP ; High-Income Countries ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population
    Kurzfassung: This compilation of data is prepared as a companion to the Bank's research project on distortions to agricultural incentives. Its purpose is to provide comparative basic economic and trade indicators for the countries involved as case studies in that project. The project is global in coverage, and is sub-divided into five groups: Africa, Asia, Europe and Central Asia's Transition Economies, Latin America and the Caribbean, and high-income countries. The present compendium is divided into seven main sections. The first one includes data on high income countries which are compared with three aggregates for developing countries. Sections two through five focuses indeed specifically on one of the four regional groups and compare data for the case study countries with various aggregates of studied and not studied countries. Due to the very limited data availability several countries have not been included in the compendium. Finally, section six and seven include estimates of trade distortions, and sectoral shares of value added and household expenditures for all the studied countries and several regional aggregates
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  • 31
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Research ; Agriculture ; Food Security ; Poverty ; Productivity ; Trade ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment
    Kurzfassung: The Middle East and North Africa (MNA) region is one of the most water scarce regions in the world, with a regional annual average of 1,200 cubic meters per person (world average is close to 7,000). Water, not land, is now the limiting factor for improving agricultural production in the MNA region. Maximizing water productivity, not yield per unit of land, is, therefore, a better strategy for on-farm water management under such conditions. Raising water productivity requires integrated attention to improving technical, agronomic and management measures. Water User Associations greatly facilitate the implementation of integrated measures. Using satellite remote sensing technologies, planners and policy makers can make more effective decisions to ensure a stable supply of water for food and the environment. All MNA countries with the exception of Morocco are net importers of agricultural products. The greatest benefits for MNA will be generated by comprehensive domestic agricultural reforms, in tandem with higher market access in European and world markets. MNA governments will face issues relating to timing and sequencing of reforms. Given its current resources endowments and growth prospects, it is in the best interest for MNA countries to push towards proceeding with the liberalization of markets in developed countries. At the same time, they could ask for some sort of compensation for higher prices and lost preferences in the form of non-trade distorting financial schemes or even cash grants for those countries facing significant losses as a result. Countries will have to pay a particular attention to the implications of this gradual approach for government revenues, adjustment costs and credibility of reforms
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  • 32
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Schlagwort(e): Banking Law ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Regulation and Supervision ; Law and Development ; Legal Framework
    Kurzfassung: This detailed assessment of observance with the basel core principles for effective banking supervision is the first external comprehensive assessment of the system of banking supervision in Belarus. The assessment of observance of each of the core principles follows a qualitative approach and is based on the core principles methodology document (October 1999). The assessment method consisted of examining the degree of observance of each of a principle's essential criteria and, where the assessors judged necessary, of the additional criteria. The assessment included a review of the relevant, legally non-binding instruments of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus (NBRB) under the form of recommendations, the internal provisions of the NBRB, the licensing documents and the bank examination reports prepared by the NBRB, annual reports, the NBRB website, and other relevant material. The assessment is also based on the self-assessment prepared by the NBRB and discussions with staff in the banking supervision area, and with banks
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Other Education Study
    Kurzfassung: This report describes an experience, developed jointly by the Uruguayan National Department of Public Education (ANEP) and the World Bank, of the implementation of an Inclusive Education component. The goal is to demonstrate a concrete example of what countries can do to implement such inclusive education in practice, within the framework of strategies proposed by the "Education for All" initiative and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).This document does not attempt to provide either details of the conceptual framework or political arguments for setting the international guidelines of inclusive education programs, but rather responds to the demand for practical examples that illustrate an operational strategy. One of the promising characteristics of the Uruguayan experience with the implementation of the Inclusive Education component was that it did not require additional programs or resources; rather, the process was incorporated as a new tool within an overall strategy for improving the quality of education in the country.Although the fact that the component has only recently been implemented (2003) prevents an exhaustive study of its results and impact thus far, publicizing the experience internationally is justifieddue to the need for documentation of actual experiences developed on a national scale. It is hoped that this will allow the public to envisage models for the implementation of inclusive education
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  • 34
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Country Environmental Analysis
    Kurzfassung: The economic losses resulting from the environmental impacts considered in this report are equivalent to more than 4 percent o f Bangladesh's Gross Domestic Product. Among these impacts, three sources of environmental degradation stand out as currently receiving insufficient attention given their relative significance: (1) in door and urban air pollution, (2) the degradation o f water quality in Dhaka, and (3) the decline of capture fisheries. The economic losses associated with these three concerns alone may amount to more than 2.7 percent of GDP. The report proposes a set of actions in each o f these areas, and also identifies a series of measures that could be taken to strengthen environmental governance, which forms an overarching constraint to improved environmental management across all issues. While the report estimates the economic losses associated with the environmental impacts considered, it does not provide a benefit-cost or cost-effectiveness analysis of the proposed mitigating actions. It will be important to examine the costs of the proposed actions in more detail as an element of the follow-up work in each o f the priority areas
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  • 35
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Country Environmental Analysis
    Kurzfassung: El Salvador, a small country with limited national resources, needs to grow through its main comparative advantage, which is its strong culture of competitive businesses. To do so, however, the government needs to ensure that the best affordable environmental management is in place to secure sustainable economic development. The benefits of further improvements to the environmental institutional and regulatory frameworks will be substantial not only to facilitate and sustain trade and infrastructure expansion, but in terms of preserving the natural resource base on which economic growth depends. Moreover, while DR-CAFTA is expected to bring new possibilities for investment and trade, the agreement will also raise the scrutiny and monitoring by El Salvador's trade partners regarding environmental compliance. Maintaining low compliance rates would add unnecessary friction and raise the regulatory risks for investing in the country
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  • 36
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Financial Sector Assessment Program
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Sector and Social Assistance ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Mexico, as many other countries in Latin America, has adopted an individual capitalization pension system. The design of these pension reforms confers the administration of pension funds to private companies. Under these schemes competition plays a key role, keeping prices low, a good quality of service, and an efficient investment allocation. However, the extent of competition in the reformed systems has been a common concern for most of the countries where it has been implemented. Moreover, when competition has been intense, like in Chile between 1994 and 1997, marketing expenses were extremely high. This outcome may not be desirable if it does not benefit future pensioners and is an unnecessary increase in costs of providing the service. The performance of competition in this industry is largely related to the demand characteristics, which is by design highly insensitive to prices, rates of return or quality of service, given that this is a compulsory product with government guarantees. Regulations in this market also significantly affect the way in which competition operates. Aiming to a better degree of competition, the private pension system's regulator in Mexico has introduced innovate rules. These regulations have focus in inducing higher demand elasticity to prices and lowering barriers to entry. This has entailed lower prices, lower profits, and the entrance of new firms. The paper is structured as follows: section A gives pension reform in Mexico; section B gives the role of the government; section C deals with the afore industry; section D is commission structure; section E gives potential barriers to entry; section F focuses on changes in regulation that promote price competition; section G gives comments on policy implications and prospects; and section H gives conclusions and policy recommendations
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Kurzfassung: Growth in Emerging East Asia is expected to reach close to 8 percent in 2006, the second strongest pace in the five year long economic expansion underway in the region since 2001. Emerging East Asia comprises Developing East Asia (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and some smaller economies) and four Newly Industrialized Economies or NIEs (Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, China). The rest of this summary provides further information on the main cross-country trends and policy issues discussed in this report. Developments at the country level are discussed in the Country Sections at the back of the report, while fuller Country Briefs are available at the website associated with this report. The Special Focus in this report is on Investing in Young People in East Asia and the Pacific, a study of the lessons for East Asia from the World Bank's recent World Development Report 2007: Development and the Next Generation
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: World Bank East Asia and Pacific Economic Update
    Kurzfassung: The report stipulates growth in Emerging East Asian countries eased modestly from 7.5 percent in 2004 to 6.8 percent in 2005. The slower pace of activity was most clear in the Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs), and in some of the middle income economies of South East Asia. But it was not universal. Growth accelerated in Indonesia and Vietnam, and continued at very high rates in China. In addition, while the moderation in activity in the NIEs and South East Asia occurred in the first part of 2005, activity was generally rebounding in the latter part of the year. Indeed growth for 2005 as a whole, generally turned out higher than we had expected six months ago. The prospects for 2006 also look reasonably firm, with aggregate regional growth expected to exceed 6.5 percent for a third year in a row. Global high tech demand slowed in late 2004 and early 2005, causing a downturn in tech-reliant East Asian export growth, but then rebounded strongly in the second half of the year. High oil prices clearly played a large role in moderating growth in 2005. While the report assumes that oil prices have now peaked, they are still expected to average 10 percent higher in 2006 than in 2005, so that some of the adverse impact is still likely to be playing out in 2006. Nevertheless, the real surprise has been that the highest real oil prices in more than 25 years did not inflict more serious economic damage, with growth not falling below 4 percent in any of the main economies of the region
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Country Environmental Analysis
    Kurzfassung: The urgency of addressing Pakistan's environmental problems has probably never been greater. Conservative estimates presented in this report suggest that environmental degradation costs the country at least 6 percent of GDP, or about Rs. 365 billion per year, and these costs fall disproportionately upon the poor. The most significant causes of environmental damage identified and estimated in this report are (1) illness and premature mortality caused by air pollution (indoor and outdoor), (almost 50 percent oft he total damage cost); (2) diarrhoeal diseases and typhoid due to inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene (about 30 percent of the total), and (3) reduced agricultural productivity due to soil degradation (about 20 percent of the total). The magnitude of these costs indicates that environmental decay has become a serious development concern. Following a discussion of the analytical framework for environmental outcomes, , the report analyzes the main binding constraints to improving environmental performance as falling into four categories, (1) gaps in institutional design, (2) gaps in the regulatory framework, (3) capacity limitations, and (4) gaps in incentives and accountability. Of these, weak incentives and low levels of public accountability remain the critical constraints on performance. Public scrutiny of performance is ultimately a source of strength that leads to stronger institutions with greater public trust and support. The principal features of these constraints are discussed, as are recommendations for moving forward to more sustainable economic growth. The annex (Volume 2) provides a comprehensive overview of the data and methods used to estimate the costs of environmental degradation in three environmental damage categories and three natural resource damage categories: (1) urban air pollution, including particulate matter and lead, (2) water supply, sanitation and hygiene, (3) indoor air pollution, (4) agricultural damage from soil salinity and erosion, (5) rangeland degradation, and (6) deforestation. Data limitations have prevented estimation of degradation costs at the national level for coastal zones, municipal waste disposal, and inadequate industrial and hospital waste management
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  • 40
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Country Environmental Analysis
    Kurzfassung: Since the signing of the Peace Accords in 1996, Guatemala has made substantial progress in consolidating peace and democracy. While progress in socioeconomic development has been uneven, there have been important gains in education and health coverage, sustained increases in social sector spending, improved coverage of basic utility services, and better management of public finances, among other gains. Unfortunately, progress has been slower than expected in several important areas, including economic growth rates. Based on the best regional and international practices, this report concludes that mainstreaming environmental considerations into sectoral policies rather than scaling-up the operations of environmental agencies is the best way to prepare Guatemalan institutions for current environmental challenges and those it will encounter in the future. The report also emphasizes the need to provide the right incentives to economic agents (e.g., promoting compliance through achievable requirements but with credible sanctions to violators, rather than trying to change behavior by threatening with criminal charges that are ultimately not enforced), and to engage civil society by improving information and participation mechanisms
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  • 41
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptation to Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Mainstreaming ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Natural Disasters ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: Pacific Island communities are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters - ranging from tropical cyclones, drought, floods, storm surges and tsunamis. Each year, these events result in significant loss of life, the destruction of homes, public infrastructure and livelihoods and the reversal of hard-won economic gains. Recently, deadly tsunami and earthquake events in the Indian Ocean region have focused the attention of the world community, particularly those living in small islands and coastal regions, to the need for greater vigilance in disaster prevention and preparedness. This is all the more important as evidence mounts that climate change will exacerbate the incidence of extreme events and potential disasters. The goal of this Policy Note is to influence policy makers and development partners in the Pacific Islands region to undertake risk management of natural hazards and minimize the future impacts of natural disasters, climate change and sea-level rise. As a short-term objective, the Policy Note aims to review the disaster trends and lessons learned from pilot risk management of natural hazards initiatives, and recommend a strategic way forward. Particular attention is paid to Incentives, Institutions, and Instruments
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  • 42
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other ESW Reports
    Schlagwort(e): GIG Economy ; ICT Economics ; Inclusivity ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Labor Markets ; Labor Standards ; Local and Regional ; Online GIG Work ; Online Platforms ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Jobs are crucial for individual well-being. They provide a livelihood and, equally important, a sense of dignity. They are also crucial for collective well-being and economic growth. Over the past decade, technology has fundamentally shifted traditional work patterns, creating new ways in which work is contracted, performed, managed, scheduled, and remunerated. New business models, digital platform firms, are allowing the effects of technology to reach more people more quickly, bringing economic opportunity to millions of people who do not live in industrialized countries or even industrial areas, simply with access to broadband and a digital device (World Bank 2019). Digital labor platforms play a role in the process of structural transformation especially by triggering organizational and occupational transformations, for example, by enhancing labor productivity and formalization in service sectors (Nayyar, Hallward-Driemeier, and Davies 2021). New forms of work, known as gig jobs, enabled by digital platforms, have now gained momentum (Eurofound 2020)
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  • 43
    Online-Ressource
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed good governance, policies, and practice that are the means to achieve better development results. He spoke of sound principles of accountability and transparency that not only assure funds that are spent as intended, but also are essential to accelerating economic growth, helping the poor to escape poverty,and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. He highlighted the need to find solutions which are innovative and flexible and which respect the unique constituents and conditions in each country. He concluded by saying that the effort to strengthen and improve governance is a key element in the fight against poverty
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  • 44
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    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, discussed Singapore's remarkable progress along the road from poverty to prosperity which has also been discovered by many other countries in East Asia and around the world. He spoke of how each country must find its own path for people to pursue the same dreams of the chance to go to school, the security of a good job, and the ability to provide a better future for their children. Throughout the world, and importantly in the developing world, there is a growing recognition that the path to prosperity must be built on a solid foundation of good governance. Rich countries that have a vital responsibility in the fight against corruption and the need to take action against bribe givers who often come from their countries and to help the developing country partners recover stolen assets. He concluded by saying that the Bank's mission is to help pave the way for the poor by giving them opportunity to work, so that they can take control of their own destiny
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  • 45
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, in the development community, the interaction of energy, environment, and poverty have emerged as a central challenge. Lack of consistent electricity in developing countries is a severe obstacle to doing business. It is also affecting school attendance, particularly among girls. Inefficient energy sources can also pose health problems-as many as 1.6 million deaths per year due to indoor smoke. Rich and poor countries alike need to apply energy-efficient technology to cut greenhouse gas emissions. At the G8 summit in Gleneagles, the World Bank Group was asked to take a leadership role in creating a new framework for clean energy and development, including investment and financing. In the first phase we will propose accelerated investments. In the second phase, we aim to generate new knowledge on technology options and the impact on climate change. Wolfowitz summarized the Bank's ongoing energy spending activities
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that the Gender Equality Millennium Development Goal is a central component of our overall mission of fighting poverty and empowering women in their education and opportunity for a better future. Gender equality is more than a women's issue, it is a development issue. If one of the wheels of the cart isn't moving, the cart won't go very far. We have already missing the 2005 target to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education. Trends in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa put us in danger of missing the 2015 target. We must bring more women into the labor force and into higher-paid occupations. The Bank has made significant progress on gender mainstreaming in social sectors like education and health, but more must be done to support shared growth in such areas as infrastructure, energy, and transport
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  • 47
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, remarked that the past-quarter century has to count as the most successful 25 years in history in the fight against poverty. The one region that has so far been conspicuously left behind by that progress is Sub-Saharan Africa. The people of Africa are hard at work building a more hopeful future for their continent. There is no shortage of energy, ambition, or entrepreneurial spirit. What are most severely lacking are resources to support good plans and good ideas. For Africa and the poorest countries in the world a critical source of development funding comes from the International Development Association or IDA. France has been a leader in IDA in the past. The World Bank has responded with an 'Africa Action Plan.' Wolfowitz briefly discussed four key areas of focus: Education, Health, Private Sector Development, and Infrastructure
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  • 48
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (1 pages)
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Kurzfassung: Paul Wolfowitz, President of the World Bank, talked about a new generation of leaders emerging in Africa, who increasingly recognize their responsibility to their people. The landscape across Africa is changing. Conflicts diminish. Small Businesses emerge. We are seeing a new breath of hope infused in all parts of that continent. More and more Africans are saying they can't live with corruption. Strong U.S. support for foreign aid is particularly important to help address issues important to Americans, issues like government transparency, anti-corruption, and civil society participation. Wolfowitz concluded that it will be up to Africans most of all to bring about the momentous changes needed to conquer poverty. But as Americans we must be able to say that we did everything we could to give them the hand that they need and deserve
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  • 49
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Olarreaga, Marcelo How Costly Is It For Poor Farmers To Lift Themselves Out of Poverty?
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access to Markets ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Commercial Farming ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Fair ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Disruption ; Market Entry ; Market Failures ; Market Prices ; Market Reforms ; Market Structure ; Marketing ; Marketing Board ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The main objective of this paper is to provide estimates of the cost of moving out of subsistence for Madagascar's farmers. The analysis is based on a simple asset-return model of occupational choice. Estimates suggest that the entry (sunk) cost associated with moving out of subsistence can be quite large - somewhere between 124 and 153 percent of a subsistence farmer's annual production. Our results make it possible to identify farm characteristics likely to generate large gains, if moved out of subsistence, yielding useful information for the targeting of trade-adjustment assistance programs
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  • 50
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Gertler, Paul Empowering Parents To Improve Education
    Schlagwort(e): Curriculum ; Curriculum Development ; Disability ; Disadvantaged Students ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Reform ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Information Asymmetries ; Learning ; Learning Environment ; Learning Outcomes ; Literature ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Curriculum ; Curriculum Development ; Disability ; Disadvantaged Students ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Reform ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Information Asymmetries ; Learning ; Learning Environment ; Learning Outcomes ; Literature ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Curriculum ; Curriculum Development ; Disability ; Disadvantaged Students ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational Reform ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Information Asymmetries ; Learning ; Learning Environment ; Learning Outcomes ; Literature ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education
    Kurzfassung: Mexico's compensatory education program provides extra resources to primary schools that enroll disadvantaged students in highly disadvantaged rural communities. One of the most important components of the program is the school-based management intervention known as AGEs. The impact of the AGEs is assessed on intermediate school quality indicators (failure, repetition and dropout), controlling for the presence of the conditional cash transfer program. Results prove that school-based management is an effective measure for improving outcomes, based on an over time difference-in-difference evaluation. Complementary qualitative evidence corroborates the veracity of such findings
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Mitra, Pradeep Increasing Inequality In Transition Economies
    Schlagwort(e): Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Development Economics ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Empirical Analysis ; Equity and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Income Source ; Income Sources ; Incomes ; Increasing Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Investment Climate ; Job Credit ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Kurzfassung: This paper decomposes changes in inequality, which has in general been increasing in the transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, both by income source and socio-economic group, with a view to understanding the determinants of inequality and assessing how it might evolve in the future. The empirical analysis relies on a set of inequality statistics that, unlike "official data", are consistent and comparable across countries and are based on primary records from household surveys recently put together for the World Bank study "Growth, Poverty and Inequality in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: 1998-2003" [World Bank (2005b)]. The increase in inequality in transition, as predicted by a number of theoretical models, in practice differed substantially across countries, with the size and speed of its evolution depending on the relative importance of its key determinants, viz., changes in the wage distribution, employment, entrepreneurial incomes and social safety nets. Its evolution was also influenced by policy. This diversity of outcomes is exemplified on the one hand for Central Europe by Poland, where the increase in inequality has been steady but gradual and reflects, inter alia, larger changes in employment and compensating adjustments in social safety nets and, on the other for the Commonwealth of Independent States by Russia, where an explosive overshooting of inequality peaked in the mid-1990s before being moderated through the extinguishing of wage arrears during its post-1998 recovery. The paper argues that the process of transition to a market economy is not complete and that further evolution of inequality will depend both on (i) transition-related factors, such as the evolution of the education premium, a bias in the investment climate against new private sector firms which are important vehicles of job creation and regional impediments to mobility of goods and labor, as well as increasingly (ii) other factors, such as technological change and globalization. The paper also contrasts key features of inequality in Russia in the context of other transition economies with trends in inequality observed in China where rapid economic growth has been accompanied by a steep increase in inequality. It argues that the latter's experience is, to a large extent, a developmental, rather than a transition-related phenomenon deriving from the rural-urban divide and is, therefore, of limited relevance for predicting changes in inequality in Russia
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  • 52
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (63 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ronchi, Loraine Fairtrade And Market Failures In Agricultural Commodity Markets
    Schlagwort(e): Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Demand ; Export Markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Failures ; Market Power ; Market Share ; Marketing ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Price ; Price Policy ; Price Risk ; Prices ; Prices ; Producer Price ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Demand ; Export Markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Failures ; Market Power ; Market Share ; Marketing ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Price ; Price Policy ; Price Risk ; Prices ; Prices ; Producer Price ; Access to Markets ; Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Demand ; Export Markets ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Failures ; Market Power ; Market Share ; Marketing ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Price ; Price Policy ; Price Risk ; Prices ; Prices ; Producer Price
    Kurzfassung: This paper concerns an NGO intervention in agricultural commodity markets known as Fairtrade. Fairtrade pays producers a minimum unit price and provides capacity building support to member cooperative organizations. Fairtrade's organizational capacity support targets those factors believed to reduce the commodity producer's share of returns. Specifically, Fairtrade justifies its intervention in markets like coffee by claiming that market power and a lack of capacity in producer organizations 'marks down' the prices producers receive. As the market share of Fairtrade coffee grows in importance, its intervention in commodity markets is of increasing interest. Using an original data set collected from fieldwork in Costa Rica, this paper assesses the role of Fairtrade in overcoming the market factors it claims limits producer returns. Features of the Costa Rican input market for coffee permit a generalization of the results. The empirical results find that market power is a limiting factor in the Costa Rican market and that Fairtrade does improve the efficiency of cooperatives, thereby increasing the returns to producers. These results do not depend on the minimum price policy of Fairtrade and therefore can inform on its organizational support activities. Finally, the results also suggest that producers selling to vertically integrated, multinational coffee mills face lower producer price 'mark-downs' compared with domestically owned non-cooperative mills. This result contradicts the popular view that the increasing concentration of vertically integrated multinational firms accounts for a decline in producers' share of coffee returns
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ersado, Lire Rural Vulnerability In Serbia
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Access To Markets ; Agricultural Sector ; Covariate Shocks ; Drought ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Vulnerability ; Household Welfare ; Human Development ; Income ; Measures ; Poor ; Poor Households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: In the presence of risk and uncertainty, measures such as poverty rates are inadequate to analyze the well-being of poor households. The poor are not only concerned about the current low levels of their income or consumption, but also the likelihood of experiencing stressful declines in these levels in the future. Risks to livelihood are particularly important in rural areas where there is generally high dependence on agriculture and the environment. In this study, the author analyzes the nature, extent, and causes of rural vulnerability in Serbia using panel national household data from the 2002 and 2003 Serbia Living Standard Surveys. He measures rural vulnerability as a function of nonstochastic determinants of poverty as well as exposure to risk. While low levels of consumption (poverty) explain about 70 percent of vulnerability, the author identifies risk and uncertainty as crucial dimensions of rural life in accounting for the remaining 30 percent of household vulnerability. Households and regions with a greater share of their livelihood depending on agricultural activities are more at risk of vulnerability than those with a significantly higher share of their income coming from nonagricultural sources. Dependence on agricultural income is directly associated with higher aggregate risk, underscoring the agricultural sector's lopsided exposure to covariate shocks in general, and the negative impact of the 2003 drought in particular. Rural vulnerability to poverty and risk is also strongly associated with asset ownership and access to markets to mobilize them in time of need
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  • 54
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bown, Chad P The World Trade Organization And Antidumping In Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Access ; Antidumping ; Antidumping Database ; Antidumping Measures ; Antidumping Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic Industries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Welfare ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; Import Competition ; Import Penetration ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Access ; Antidumping ; Antidumping Database ; Antidumping Measures ; Antidumping Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic Industries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Welfare ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; Import Competition ; Import Penetration ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Access ; Antidumping ; Antidumping Database ; Antidumping Measures ; Antidumping Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic Industries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Welfare ; Exporters ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Globalization and Financial Integration ; Import Competition ; Import Penetration ; Industrial Management ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Kurzfassung: Since the 1995 inception of the World Trade Organization (WTO), developing countries have become some of the most frequent users of the WTO-sanctioned antidumping trade policy instrument. This paper exploits newly available data to examine the pattern of actual industrial use of antidumping in nine of the major "new user" developing countries - Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Turkey and Venezuela. For these countries we are able to match data from two newly available sources: data on production in 28 different 3-digit ISIC industries from the Trade, Production and Protection Database to data on antidumping investigations, outcomes and imports at the 6-digit Harmonized System (HS) product level from the Global Antidumping Database. Our econometric analysis is to estimate a two-stage model of the industry-level decision to pursue an antidumping investigation and the national government's decision of whether and how much antidumping import protection to provide. First, we find evidence consistent with the theory of endogenous trade policy: larger industries that face substantial import competition are more likely to pursue an antidumping investigation, and larger and more concentrated industries receive greater antidumping protection from imports. Second, we find that industries that use antidumping are more likely to face the changing economic conditions specified by the technical evidentiary criteria of the WTO Antidumping Agreement: industries that face rapidly falling import prices are more likely to pursue an investigation, and industries that are more susceptible to cyclical dumping due to greater capital investment expenditures and that face rapidly increasing competition from imports receive greater antidumping protection
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  • 55
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (83 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Rutherford, Thomas Regional Impacts of Russia's Accession To The World Trade Organization
    Schlagwort(e): Competitiveness ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Imperfect Competition ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Competitiveness ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Imperfect Competition ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development ; Competitiveness ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Goods ; Imperfect Competition ; Information and Communication Technologies ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Markets and Market Access ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Production ; Public Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: In this paper we develop a computable general equilibrium model of the regions of Russia to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the regions of Russia. We estimate that the average gain in welfare as a percentage of consumption for the whole country is 7.8 percent (or 4.3 percent of consumption); we estimate that three regions will gain considerably more: Northwest (11.2 percent), St. Petersburg (10.6 percent) and Far East (9.7 percent). We estimate that the Urals will gain only 6.2 percent of consumption, considerably less than the national average. The principal explanation in our central analysis for the differences across regions is the ability of the different regions to benefit from a reduction in barriers against foreign direct investment. The three regions with the largest welfare gains are clearly the regions with the estimated largest shares of multinational investment. But the Urals has attracted relatively little FDI in the service sectors. An additional reason for differences across regions is quantified in our sensitivity analysis: regions may gain more from WTO accession if they can succeed in creating a good investment climate
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  • 56
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bayraktar, Nihal Banking Sector Openness And Economic Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banking Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowing ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Labor Pollution ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banking Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowing ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Labor Pollution ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banking Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowing ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Labor Pollution ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: Banking sector openness may directly affect growth by improving the access to financial services and indirectly by improving the efficiency of financial intermediaries, both of which reduce the cost of financing, and in turn, stimulate capital accumulation and economic growth. The objective of the paper is to empirically reinvestigate these direct and indirect links using a more advanced econometric technique (GMM dynamic panel estimators). An illustrative model is presented to link financial market development with investment. The empirical results confirm the presence of direct and indirect links, and thus provide support for countries planning to open their banking sector for international competition
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  • 57
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: van Ours, Jan C Duration of Unemployment Benefits And Quality of Post-Unemployment Jobs
    Schlagwort(e): Employment Office ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Match ; Job Matches ; Job Search ; Job Separation ; Job Tenure ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Re-Employment Bonuses ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment ; Employment Office ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Match ; Job Matches ; Job Search ; Job Separation ; Job Tenure ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Re-Employment Bonuses ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment ; Employment Office ; Human Capital ; Job ; Job Match ; Job Matches ; Job Search ; Job Separation ; Job Tenure ; Jobs ; Labor Markets ; Re-Employment Bonuses ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployed ; Unemployment ; Unemployment
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates how the potential duration of unemployment benefits affects the quality of post-unemployment jobs. It takes advantage of a natural experiment introduced by a change in Slovenia's unemployment insurance law that substantially reduced the potential benefit duration. Although this reduction strongly increased job finding rates, the quality of the post-unemployment jobs remained unaffected. The paper finds that the law change had no effect on the type of contract (temporary versus permanent), the duration of the post-unemployment job, or the wage earned in the job
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  • 58
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Guillaumont, Patrick When Instability Increases The Effectiveness of Aid Projects
    Schlagwort(e): Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Issues ; Development Objectives ; Development Projects ; Development Research ; Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Issues ; Development Objectives ; Development Projects ; Development Research ; Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Issues ; Development Objectives ; Development Projects ; Development Research ; Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Kurzfassung: The authors assess the effect of economic instability on the success of projects funded by the World Bank using the outcome of the projects, which is a notation of their overall success determined by the Bank's Independent Evaluation Group. It has been argued in macroeconomic studies that aid effectiveness is higher in vulnerable countries because it dampens the negative effects of shocks. The authors show that this finding is not inconsistent with the observation that the success of the projects is lower in an unstable environment. Instability, in particular the instability of exports, harms aid projects as it harms the rest of the economy, while the success of projects decreases when the total amount of aid received increases, due to absorptive capacity limitations. But this decrease is slower when instability is higher, showing a positive effect of aid through its stabilizing impact. The authors find the same results keeping only the projects funded by nonconcessionary loans, which suggests that the cushioning effect of aid extends not only to aid funded projects but to whole sets of projects. Corroborating macroeconomic findings, their results lead to the same conclusion that more aid should be allocated to more vulnerable countries, in spite of the lower success of the projects in an unstable environment: project evaluations cannot include the macrostabilizing effect of the aid delivered through projects
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  • 59
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Shah, Anwar A Practitioner's Guide To Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Distributional Equity ; Equalization ; Equity ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Management ; Grant Designs ; Grant Programs ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Intergovernmental Finance ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental Transfer ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Equity ; Equalization ; Equity ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Management ; Grant Designs ; Grant Programs ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Intergovernmental Finance ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental Transfer ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Urban Development ; Debt Markets ; Distributional Equity ; Equalization ; Equity ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Management ; Grant Designs ; Grant Programs ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure ; Intergovernmental Finance ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental Transfer ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: Intergovernmental fiscal transfers are a dominant feature of subnational finance in most countries. They are used to ensure that revenues roughly match the expenditure needs of various orders (levels) of subnational governments. They are also used to advance national, regional, and local area objectives, such as fairness and equity, and creating a common economic union. The structure of these transfers creates incentives for national, regional, and local governments that have a bearing on fiscal management, macroeconomic stability, distributional equity, allocative efficiency, and public services delivery. This paper reviews the conceptual, empirical, and practice literature to distill lessons of policy interest in designing the fiscal transfers to create the right incentives for prudent fiscal management and competitive and innovative service delivery. It provides practical guidance on the design of performance-oriented transfers that emphasize bottom-up, client-focused, and results-based government accountability. It cites examples of simple but innovative grant designs that can satisfy grantors' objectives while preserving local autonomy and creating an enabling environment for responsive, responsible, equitable, and accountable public governance. The paper further provides guidance on the design and practice of equalization transfers for regional fiscal equity as well as the institutional arrangements for implementation of such transfer mechanisms. It concludes with negative (practices to avoid) and positive (practices to emulate) lessons from international practices
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  • 60
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Peterson, George E Land Leasing And Land Sale As An Infrastructure-Financing Option
    Schlagwort(e): Budgets ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt ; Fees ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Management ; Housing ; Infrastructure ; Land ; Local Governments ; Management ; Municipal Financial Management ; Municipalities ; Private Sector ; Public ; Public Sector ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Subnational Governance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Urban Governance and Management ; Budgets ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt ; Fees ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Management ; Housing ; Infrastructure ; Land ; Local Governments ; Management ; Municipal Financial Management ; Municipalities ; Private Sector ; Public ; Public Sector ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Subnational Governance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Urban Governance and Management ; Budgets ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt ; Fees ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Management ; Housing ; Infrastructure ; Land ; Local Governments ; Management ; Municipal Financial Management ; Municipalities ; Private Sector ; Public ; Public Sector ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Subnational Governance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Urban Governance and Management
    Kurzfassung: Municipal land sales provide one option for financing urban infrastructure investment. In countries where land is owned by the public sector, land is by far the most valuable asset on the municipal balance sheet. Selling land or long-term leasing rights to land use while investing the proceeds in infrastructure facilities can be viewed as a type of portfolio asset adjustment. This paper shows that in China many municipalities have financed more than half of their high rates of infrastructure investment from land sales, for periods of 10 to 15 years. Much of the remaining investment has been financed by municipal borrowing against the collateral of land values. Other countries also have turned to land sales and leasing for infrastructure finance. From a local perspective, land sales have the advantage that they typically are free from the intergovernmental restrictions that require higher-level approval for increases in local tax rates or user fees and that restrict local government borrowing. However, financing municipal infrastructure investment through land sales creates special risks that are not recognized in most intergovernmental fiscal frameworks. One danger involves the use of proceeds to finance operating budgets. Risk exposure is exaggerated by the highly volatile nature of urban land markets and evidence that in some countries urban land values in 2006 reflected a real estate bubble. In the past, Hong Kong, a jurisdiction that has relied heavily on land-leasing to finance its infrastructure budget, has seen land sales fall to zero at the bottom of the real estate cycle. The greatest financial sector risk stems from municipal borrowing based on inflated land values offered as collateral to banks. Sound intergovernmental fiscal management will require tighter regulation of municipalities' financial leveraging of land assets to avoid excessive risk taking by local governments
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  • 61
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Javorcik, Beata S Migrant Networks And Foreign Direct Investment
    Schlagwort(e): Countries of Origin ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment Opportunities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Host Country ; International Borders ; International Trade ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Population Policies ; Countries of Origin ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment Opportunities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Host Country ; International Borders ; International Trade ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Population Policies ; Countries of Origin ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment Opportunities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Host Countries ; Host Country ; International Borders ; International Trade ; Knowledge ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Population Policies
    Kurzfassung: While there exists sizeable literature documenting the importance of ethnic networks for international trade, little attention has been devoted to studying the effects of networks on foreign direct investment (FDI). The existence of ethnic networks may positively affect FDI by promoting information flows across international borders and by serving as a contract enforcement mechanism. This paper investigates the link between the presence of migrants in the United States and U.S. FDI in the migrants' countries of origin, taking into account the potential endogeneity concerns. The results suggest that U.S. FDI abroad is positively correlated with the presence of migrants from the host country. The data further indicate that the relationship between FDI and migration is driven by the presence of migrants with a college education
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  • 62
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Ming Su The Fiscal Framework And Urban Infrastructure Finance In China
    Schlagwort(e): Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budget Constraint ; Capacity Constraints ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Degree of Risk ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economic ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Capacity ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Policy ; Municipal Financial Management ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budget Constraint ; Capacity Constraints ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Degree of Risk ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economic ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Capacity ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Policy ; Municipal Financial Management ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budget Constraint ; Capacity Constraints ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Degree of Risk ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economic ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Capacity ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Policy ; Municipal Financial Management ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics
    Kurzfassung: China has experienced more than 25 years of extraordinary economic growth. Underlying this growth has been a decentralized fiscal system, in which provinces and large cities are given the freedom to make infrastructure investments to stimulate local development, and are allowed to retain a large part of the fiscal revenues that are generated from economic activity. Although successful as a growth strategy, this policy created two problems for national fiscal management. First, it significantly reduced the central government's share of fiscal revenues, which fell from 34.8 percent in 1980 to 22 percent in 1992. Second, it widened economic and fiscal disparities between the rapidly growing urban coastal region and the rest of the country. Rapid growth in subnational debt (which rose 23-fold in a decade) and subnational nonperforming loans (estimated by the authors to range between US
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  • 63
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance And Shariah Compliance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Schlagwort(e): Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; External Auditors ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Service ; Islamic Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; External Auditors ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Service ; Islamic Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; External Auditors ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Service ; Islamic Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures
    Kurzfassung: The structures and processes established within an institution offering Islamic financial Services (IIFS) for monitoring and evaluating Shariah compliance rely essentially on arrangements internal to the firm. By being incorporated in the institutional structure, a Shariah supervisory board (SSB) has the advantage of being close to the market. Competent, independent, and empowered to approve new Shariah-conforming instruments, an SSB can enable innovation likely to emerge within the institution. The paper reviews the issues and options facing current arrangements for ensuring Shariah compliance by IIFS. It suggests a framework that draws on internal and external arrangements to the firm and emphasizes market discipline. In issuing its fatwas, an SSB could be guided by standardized contracts and practices that could be harmonized by a self-regulatory professionals' association. A framework with the suggested internal and external features could ensure adequate consistency of interpretation and enhance the enforceability of contracts before civil courts. The review of transactions would mainly be entrusted to internal review units, which would collaborate with external auditors responsible for issuing an annual opinion on whether the institution's activities has met its Shariah requirements. This process would be sustained by reputable entities such as rating agencies, stock markets, financial media, and researchers who would channel signals to market players. This framework would enhance public understanding of the requirements of Shariah and lead to more effective options available to stakeholders to achieve improvements in Islamic financial services
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  • 64
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (66 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Medvedev, Denis Beyond Trade
    Schlagwort(e): Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Barriers ; Common Market ; Competition ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Investment ; Free Trade ; Harmonization ; Income ; Intellectual Property ; Interest ; International Capital ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Regional Integration
    Kurzfassung: The author investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on the net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows of member countries using a comprehensive database of PTAs in a panel setting. He finds that PTA membership is associated with a positive change in net FDI inflows, and the FDI gains are increasing in the market size of the PTA partners and their proximity to the host country. The author identifies several different channels through which preferential trade liberalization may affect FDI, and confirms that both threshold effects (signing the agreement) and market size effects (joining a larger and faster-growing common market) are important determinants of net FDI inflows, although the latter seem to dominate. The estimated relationship is largely driven by North-South PTAs, and is most pronounced in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the period when the majority of "deep integration" PTAs had been advanced
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  • 65
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Chaudhuri, Shubham Partially Awakened Giants
    Schlagwort(e): Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: The paper examines the ways in which recent economic growth has been uneven in China and India and what this has meant for inequality and poverty. Drawing on analyses based on existing household survey data and aggregate data from official sources, the authors show that growth has indeed been uneven-geographically, sectorally, and at the household level-and that this has meant uneven progress against poverty, less poverty reduction than might have been achieved had growth been more balanced, and an increase in income inequality. The paper then examines why growth was uneven and why this should be of concern. The discussion is structured around the idea that there are both "good" and "bad" inequalities-drivers and dimensions of inequality and uneven growth that are good or bad in terms of what they imply for both equity and long-term growth and development. The authors argue that the development paths of both China and India have been influenced by, and have generated, both types of inequalities and that while good inequalities-most notably those that reflect the role of economic incentives-have been critical to the growth experience thus far, there is a risk that bad inequalities-those that prevent individuals from connecting to markets and limit investment and accumulation of human capital and physical capital-may undermine the sustainability of growth in the coming years. The authors argue that policies are needed that preserve the good inequalities-continued incentives for innovation and investment-but reduce the scope for bad ones, notably through investments in human capital and rural infrastructure that help the poor connect to markets
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  • 66
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (83 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Zara, Stefano Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Schlagwort(e): Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Acid Rain ; Agriculture ; Biological Models ; Common Property Resource Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Environment ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Issues ; Environmental Problems ; Environmental Resources ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Forest Management ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oceans ; Rural Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a review of various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of natural and environmental resources. With an increase in the level of competition over environmental and natural resources, the incidents of disputes have been at the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of common pool resources such as fisheries and forests, and cases of environmental pollution such as acid rain, flow, and stock pollution. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce environmental and natural resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. CGT applications to international fishery disputes are especially useful in that they have been making headway in policy-related agreements among states and regions of the world. Forest applications are more local in nature, but of great relevance in solving disputes among communities and various levels of governments
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  • 67
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Loayza, Norman V The Composition of Growth Matters For Poverty Alleviation
    Schlagwort(e): Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor Countries ; Poor Households ; Poor Individuals ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: This paper contributes to explain the cross-country heterogeneity of the poverty response to changes in economic growth. It does so by focusing on the structure of output growth. The paper presents a two-sector theoretical model that clarifies the mechanism through which the sectoral composition of growth and associated labor intensity can affect workers' wages and, thus, poverty alleviation. Then it presents cross-country empirical evidence that analyzes first, the differential poverty-reducing impact of sectoral growth at various levels of disaggregation, and the role of unskilled labor intensity in such differential impact. The paper finds evidence that not only the size of economic growth but also its composition matters for poverty alleviation, with the largest contributions from labor-intensive sectors (such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing). The results are robust to the influence of outliers, alternative explanations, and various poverty measures
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  • 68
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Claessens, Stijn Finance And Hunger
    Schlagwort(e): Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Using cross-country and panel regressions, the authors show that financial sector development significantly reduces undernourishment (hunger), largely through gaining farmers and others access to productivity-enhancing equipment, translating into beneficial income and general effects. They show specifically that a deeper financial sector leads to higher agricultural productivity, including higher cereal yields, through increased fertilizer and tractor use. Higher productivity in turn leads to lower undernourishment. The results are robust to various specifications and econometric tests and imply that a 1 percentage point increase in private credit to GDP reduces undernourishment by 0.22-2.45 percentage points, or about one-quarter the impact of GDP per capita
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  • 69
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Beegle, Kathleen Adult Mortality And Consumption Growth In The Age of HIV/AIDS
    Schlagwort(e): Adult Mortality ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Brown Issues and Health ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Demographic Impact ; Demographics ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Diseases ; Economic Status ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Contact ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality of Men ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adult Mortality ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Brown Issues and Health ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Demographic Impact ; Demographics ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Diseases ; Economic Status ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Contact ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality of Men ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adult Mortality ; Aids ; Aids Epidemic ; Brown Issues and Health ; Childbearing ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Demographic Impact ; Demographics ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Diseases ; Economic Status ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heterosexual Contact ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality of Men ; Policy ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The authors use a 13-year panel of individuals in Tanzania to assess how adult mortality shocks affect both short and long-run consumption growth of surviving household members. Using unique data which tracks individuals from 1991 to 2004, they examine consumption growth, controlling for a set of initial community, household and individual characteristics. The effect is identified using the sample of households in 2004 which grew out of baseline households. The authors find robust evidence that an affected household will see consumption drop 7 percent within the first five years after the adult death. With high growth in the sample over this time period, this creates a 19 percentage point growth gap with the average household. There is some evidence of persistent effects of these shocks for up to 13 years, but these effects are imprecisely estimated and not significantly different from zero. The impact of female adult death is found to be particularly severe
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  • 70
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Niimi, Yoko Migration And Remittances
    Schlagwort(e): Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration ; Number of Migrants ; Office ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration ; Number of Migrants ; Office ; Population Policies ; Remittances ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government Policies ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Home Countries ; Household Surveys ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migrant Workers ; Migrants ; Migration ; Number of Migrants ; Office ; Population Policies ; Remittances
    Kurzfassung: The authors empirically examine the determinants of remittance flows at the cross-country level. They consider, among other things, the significance of the level of migration, the education level of migrants, and financial sector development in determining remittances. Given the potential endogeneity problems, the migration and financial development variables are instrumented in the estimation. They find that the migration level is the main driver of remittance flows, even after controlling for the endogeneity bias through instrumental variable estimation. The authors also find that the education level of migrants relative to the population in home countries, the size of the economy, and the level of economic development of recipient countries adversely affect remittance flows. While they find the effect of financial sector development to be positive, its significance is not strongly supported in their analysis
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  • 71
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Loayza, Norman V The Structural Determinants of External Vulnerability
    Schlagwort(e): Aggregate Output ; Business Cycle ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Fluctuations ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; External Shocks ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Depth ; Foreign Exchange ; Free Trade ; Growth ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aggregate Output ; Business Cycle ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Fluctuations ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; External Shocks ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Depth ; Foreign Exchange ; Free Trade ; Growth ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aggregate Output ; Business Cycle ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Fluctuations ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; External Shocks ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Depth ; Foreign Exchange ; Free Trade ; Growth ; International Economics & Trade ; Labor ; Labor Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The authors examine empirically how domestic structural characteristics related to openness and product- and factor-market flexibility influence the impact that terms-of-trade shocks can have on aggregate output. For this purpose, they apply an econometric methodology based on semi-structural vector auto-regressions to a panel of 90 countries with annual observations for the period 1974-2000. Using this methodology, the authors isolate and standardize the shocks, estimate their impact on GDP, and examine how this impact depends on the domestic conditions outlined above. They find that larger trade openness magnifies the output impact of external shocks, particularly the negative ones, while improvements in labor market flexibility and financial openness reduce their impact. Domestic financial depth has a more nuanced role in stabilizing the economy. It helps reduce the impact of external shocks particularly in environments of high exposure-that is, when trade and financial openness are high, firm entry is unrestricted, and labor markets are rigid
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  • 72
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Mirza, Daniel Are Lives A Substitute For Livelihoods ?
    Schlagwort(e): Attack ; Attacks ; Car Bomb ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Measures ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Homeland Security ; Industry ; Information ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development ; Attack ; Attacks ; Car Bomb ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Measures ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Homeland Security ; Industry ; Information ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development ; Attack ; Attacks ; Car Bomb ; Conflict and Development ; Counter-Terrorism ; Counter-Terrorism Measures ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Homeland Security ; Industry ; Information ; International Terrorism and Counterterrorism ; International Trade ; Logistical Support ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Security ; Terrorism ; Transport ; Transport Security ; Urban Development
    Kurzfassung: What is the impact of terrorism on trade through higher security at the borders? The authors set up a theory which shows that the impact goes not only from terrorism to trade. Higher trade with a partner might, in turn, increase the probability of terrorism acts and make security measures more costly for total welfare. To identify the true impact of terrorism, their theory allows for a strategy to condition out the latter mechanism. The authors show in particular how past incidents perpetrated in third countries (anywhere in the world except the origin or targeted country) constitute good exogenous factors for current security measures at the borders. Their tests suggest that terrorist incidents have a small effect on U.S. imports on average, but a much higher effect for those origin countries at the top of the distribution of incidents. In addition, the level of the impact is up to three times higher when the acts result in a relatively high number of victims, the products are sensitive to shipping time, and the size of the partner is small. The authors further show how terrorism affects the number of business visas given by the United States, thereby affecting significantly U.S. imports in differentiated products. These results suggest that security to prevent terrorism does matter for trade
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  • 73
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: Good governance is now accepted as vital to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and as a pre-condition for sustainable economic growth. Ensuring better governance of corporations, financial institutions and markets is increasingly recognised for developing countries despite the limited number of firms there with widely traded shares (Oman and Blume 2005). For developing countries, significant benefits can be linked to higher corporate governance standards in the private sector. These include better access to external finance, lower costs of capital and better firm performance (Claessens 2003). The corporate governance agenda has also been broadened by the recognition of the reach of corporate models characterised by different forms and structures to the Anglo-American model of an investor owned firm. However until now little attention has been paid to the governance needs of other institutional forms of business such as co-operatives despite their considerable presence in many developing countries. The co-operative sector as a whole remains poorly understood and its specific governance challenges remain as yet largely unexplored. This aim of this paper is to begin to remedy this absence. Taking as a starting point the distinct nature of co-operatives, relevant trends and issues within corporate governance are explored within the framework of the co-operative sector
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  • 74
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kenny, Charles What Is Effective Aid?
    Schlagwort(e): Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: There are significant weaknesses in some of the traditional justifications for assuming that aid will foster development. This paper looks at what the cross-country aid effectiveness literature and World Bank Operations Evaluation Department reviews have suggested about effective aid, first in terms of promoting income growth, and then for promoting other goals. This review forms the basis for a discussion of recommendations to improve aid effectiveness and a discussion of effective aid allocation. Given the multiple potential objectives for aid, there is no one right answer. However, it appears that there are a number of reforms to aid practices and distribution that might help to deliver a more significant return to aid resources. We should provide aid where institutions are already strong, where they can be strengthened with the help of donor resources, or where they can be bypassed with limited damage to existing institutional capacity. The importance of institutions to aid outcomes, as well as the fungibility of aid flows, suggests that programmatic aid should be expanded in countries with strong institutions, while project aid should be supported based on its ability to transfer knowledge and test new practices and support global public good provision rather than (merely) as a tool of financial resource transfer. The importance of institutions also suggests that we should be cautious in our expectations regarding the results of increased aid flows
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  • 75
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: De la Cruz, Javier Financial System Structure In Colombia
    Schlagwort(e): Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collective Investment ; Conflicts of Interest ; Corporate Law ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Depos Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Performance ; Financial Structure ; Financial System ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collective Investment ; Conflicts of Interest ; Corporate Law ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Depos Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Performance ; Financial Structure ; Financial System ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collective Investment ; Conflicts of Interest ; Corporate Law ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Depos Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Performance ; Financial Structure ; Financial System ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this policy paper is to identify and propose high-level legal and regulatory reforms to Colombia's financial system structure that would enhance efficiency and/or mitigate risks. Five specific and four general reforms are proposed and evaluated based on their compatibility with the aforementioned objectives, ease of implementation, impact, and consistency with international practice. Potential implications for supervision and competition, as well as likely criteria for developing a carefully sequenced reform roadmap, are also highlighted
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  • 76
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Duflo, Esther Education And HIV/AIDS Prevention
    Schlagwort(e): AIDS HIV ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adolescent Health ; Aids Epidemic ; Cost of Education ; Curriculum ; Dropout Rates ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Research ; School ; Schools ; Science ; Students ; Tertiary Education ; AIDS HIV ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adolescent Health ; Aids Epidemic ; Cost of Education ; Curriculum ; Dropout Rates ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Research ; School ; Schools ; Science ; Students ; Tertiary Education ; AIDS HIV ; Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Adolescent Health ; Aids Epidemic ; Cost of Education ; Curriculum ; Dropout Rates ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Grants ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Ministry of Education ; Papers ; Population Policies ; Primary Education ; Research ; School ; Schools ; Science ; Students ; Tertiary Education
    Kurzfassung: The authors report results from a randomized evaluation comparing three school-based HIV/AIDS interventions in Kenya: (1) training teachers in the Kenyan Government's HIV/AIDS-education curriculum; (2) encouraging students to debate the role of condoms and to write essays on how to protect themselves against HIV/AIDS; and (3) reducing the cost of education. Their primary measure of the effectiveness of these interventions is teenage childbearing, which is associated with unprotected sex. The authors also collected measures of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding HIV/AIDS. After two years, girls in schools where teachers had been trained were more likely to be married in the event of a pregnancy. The program had little other impact on students' knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, or on the incidence of teen childbearing. The condom debates and essays increased practical knowledge and self-reported use of condoms without increasing self-reported sexual activity. Reducing the cost of education by paying for school uniforms reduced dropout rates, teen marriage, and childbearing
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  • 77
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Anos Casero, Paloma Fiscal And Social Impact of A Nominal Exchange Rate Devaluation In Djibouti
    Schlagwort(e): Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency Devaluation ; Debt Markets ; Devaluation ; Developing Countries ; Economic Development ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Exchange Rate ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Currency ; Goods ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Kurzfassung: Limited fiscal space limits Djibouti's ability to meet the Millennium Development Goals and improve the living conditions of its population. Djibouti's fiscal structure is unique in that almost 70 percent of government revenue is denominated in foreign currency (import taxes, foreign aid grants, and military revenue) while over 50 percent of government expenditure is denominated in local currency (wages, salaries, and social transfers). Djibouti's economic structure is also unusual in that merchandise exports of local origin are insignificant, and the country relies heavily on imported goods (food, medicines, consumer and capital goods). A currency devaluation, by reducing real wages, could potentially generate additional fiscal space that would help meet Djibouti's fundamental development goals. Using macroeconomic and household level data, the authors quantify the impact of a devaluation of the nominal exchange rate on fiscal savings, real public sector wages, real income, and poverty under various hypothetical scenarios of exchange-rate pass-through and magnitude of devaluation. They find that a currency devaluation could generate fiscal savings in the short-term, but it would have an adverse effect on poverty and income distribution. A 30 percent nominal exchange rate devaluation could generate fiscal savings amounting between 3 and 7 percent of GDP. At the same time, a 30 percent nominal devaluation could cause nearly a fifth of the poorest households to fall below the extreme poverty line and pull the same fraction of upper middle-income households below the national poverty line. The authors also find that currency devaluation could generate net fiscal savings even after accounting for the additional social transfers needed to compensate the poor for their real income loss. However, the absence of formal social safety nets limits the government's readiness to provide well-targeted and timely social transfers to the poor
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  • 78
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Marschinski, Robert Do Intensity Targets Control Uncertainty Better Than Quotas ?
    Schlagwort(e): Abatement ; Abatement Cost ; Abatement Costs ; Abatement Level ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective Emissions ; Emission ; Emission Reductions ; Emissions Relative ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fuel ; Gas Emission ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport and Environment ; Abatement ; Abatement Cost ; Abatement Costs ; Abatement Level ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective Emissions ; Emission ; Emission Reductions ; Emissions Relative ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fuel ; Gas Emission ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport and Environment ; Abatement ; Abatement Cost ; Abatement Costs ; Abatement Level ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective Emissions ; Emission ; Emission Reductions ; Emissions Relative ; Energy ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fuel ; Gas Emission ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport and Environment
    Kurzfassung: Among policy instruments to control future greenhouse gas emissions, well-calibrated general intensity targets are known to lead to lower uncertainty on the amount of abatement than emissions quotas (Jotzo and Pezzey 2004). The authors test whether this result holds in a broader framework, and whether it applies to other policy-relevant variables as well. To do so, they provide a general representation of the uncertainty on future GDP, future business-as-usual emissions, and future abatement costs. The authors derive the variances of four variables, namely (effective) emissions, abatement effort, marginal abatement costs, and total abatement costs over GDP under a quota, a linear (LIT) and a general intensity target (GIT)-where the emissions ceiling is a power-law function of GDP. They confirm that GITs can yield a lower variance than a quota for marginal costs, but find that this is not true for total costs over GDP. Using economic and emissions scenarios and forecast errors of past projections, the authors estimate ranges of values for key parameters in their model. They find that quotas dominate LITs over most of this range, that calibrating GITs over this wide range is difficult, and that GITs would yield only modest reductions in uncertainty relative to quotas
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  • 79
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (90 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Medvedev, Denis Preferential Trade Agreements And Their Role In World Trade
    Schlagwort(e): Bilateral Trade ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Global Trade ; Gravity Equation ; Gravity Estimates ; Gravity Framework ; Gravity Model ; Gravity Models ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services ; Bilateral Trade ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Global Trade ; Gravity Equation ; Gravity Estimates ; Gravity Framework ; Gravity Model ; Gravity Models ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services ; Bilateral Trade ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Area ; Global Trade ; Gravity Equation ; Gravity Estimates ; Gravity Framework ; Gravity Model ; Gravity Models ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Preferential Trade ; Preferential Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade Policy ; Trade and Services
    Kurzfassung: The author investigates the effects of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on bilateral trade flows using a comprehensive database of PTAs in force and a detailed matrix of world trade. He shows that total trade between PTA partners is a poor proxy for preferential trade (trade in tariff lines where preferences are likely to matter): while the former amounted to one-third of global trade in 2000-02, the latter was between one-sixth and one-tenth of world trade. His gravity model estimates indicate that using total rather than preferential trade to assess the impact of PTAs leads to a significant downward bias in the PTA coefficient. The author finds that product exclusions and long phase-in periods significantly limit preferential trade, and their removal could more than double trade in tariff lines above 3 percent of most-favored-nation (MFN) duties. He also shows that the effects of PTAs on trade vary by type of agreement and are increasing in the incomes of PTA partners
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  • 80
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Lederman, Daniel Export Promotion Agencies
    Schlagwort(e): Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy ; Asymmetric Information ; Budgetary Support ; Capacity Building ; Consumer Preferences ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Diminishing Returns ; E-Business ; Economic Justification ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Competitiveness ; Exports ; Externalities ; Failures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Law ; Trade Policy
    Kurzfassung: The number of national export promotion agencies (EPAs) has tripled over the past two decades. While more countries have made them part of their national export strategy, studies have criticized their efficiency in developing countries. Partly in reaction to these critiques, EPAs have been retooled (see ITC 1998 or 2000, for example). This paper studies the impact of existing EPAs and their strategies based on a new data set covering 104 industrial and developing countries. Results suggest that on average they have a strong and statistically significant impact on exports. For each
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  • 81
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (16 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Arnold, Jens Matthias Services Inputs And Firm Productivity In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Access To Services ; Communications ; Data ; E-Business ; Economic Activities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Electronic Delivery ; Enterprise Survey ; Enterprise Surveys ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Services ; Communications ; Data ; E-Business ; Economic Activities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Electronic Delivery ; Enterprise Survey ; Enterprise Surveys ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Services ; Communications ; Data ; E-Business ; Economic Activities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Electronic Delivery ; Enterprise Survey ; Enterprise Surveys ; Export Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: The authors investigate the relationship between the productivity of African manufacturing firms and their access to services inputs. They use data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey for over 1,000 firms in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries to calculate the total factor productivity of firms. The Enterprise Surveys also contain unique measures of firms' access to communications, electricity, and financial services. The availability of these measures at the firm level, both as subjective and objective indicators, allows the authors to exploit the variation in services performance at the subnational regional level. Furthermore, by using the regional variation in services performance, they are also able to address concerns about the possible endogeneity of the services variables. The results show a significant and positive relationship between firm productivity and service performance in all three services sectors analyzed. The authors thus provide support for the argument that improvements in services industries contribute to enhancing the performance of downstream economic activities, and thus are an essential element of a strategy for promoting growth and reducing poverty
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Isik-Dikmelik, Aylin Trade Reforms And Welfare
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agricultural Production ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Buyers ; Food Crops ; Food Prices ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Income Growth ; Income On Food ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes the impact of trade reforms on household welfare. In particular, it studies the importance of each of the links that together constitute the impact using data from the Vietnamese experience in the 1990s. The implementation of trade reforms in the 1990s, most noteworthy of which was the liberalization of rice, resulted in substantial improvement in welfare as evidenced by the drastic decline in poverty. Using analytical and empirical methods, the author examines the role of each channel (direct versus indirect) in this improvement for different groups of households. Results indicate that the growth has been broad based and pro-poor. Poorer households experienced more growth for each and every group analyzed. And contrary to the standard literature, net buyer households had more growth compared with net sellers, emphasizing the importance of indirect links. Decomposition of the growth shows that for rural households, both the direct effect and the multiplier effect drive growth while the multiplier effect was key in urban areas. The importance of the secondary effects underscores the need for a broader model to estimate the impact of trade reforms fully
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  • 83
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Schlagwort(e): Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews institutions offering Islamic financial services (IIFS) corporate governance challenges and suggests options to address them. It first points out the importance of corporate governance for IIFS, where it would require a distinct treatment from conventional corporate governance and highlights three cases of distress of IIFS. It then dwells on prevailing corporate governance arrangements addressing IIFS' needs to ensure the consistency of their operations with Islamic finance principles and the protection of the financial interests of a stakeholders' category, namely depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. It raises the issues of independence, confidentiality, competence, consistency, and disclosure that may bear on pronouncements of consistency with Islamic finance principles. It also discusses the agency problem of depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. The paper argues for a governance framework that combines internal and external arrangements and relies significantly on transparency and disclosure of market relevant information
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  • 84
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (98 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Lindbeck, Assar An Essay On Economic Reforms And Social Change In China
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: The author applies a systems-oriented "holistic" approach to China's radical economic reforms during the past quarter of a century. He characterizes China's economic reforms in terms of a multidimensional classification of economic systems. When looking at the economic consequences of China's change of economic system, he deals with both the impressive growth performance and its economic costs. The author also studies the consequences of the economic reforms for the previous social arrangements in the country, which were tied to individual work units-agriculture communes, collective firms, and state-owned enterprises. He continues with the social development during the reform period, reflecting a complex mix of social advances, mainly in terms of poverty reduction, and regresses for large population groups in terms of income security and human services, such as education and, in particular, health care. Next, the author discusses China's future policy options in the social field, whereby he draws heavily on relevant experiences in industrial countries over the years. The future options are classified into three broad categories: policies influencing the level and distribution of factor income, income transfers including social insurance, and the provision of human services
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  • 85
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: de Luna Martinez, Jose Access To Financial Services In Zambia
    Schlagwort(e): Bank ; Bank Branches ; Banking ; Banking Services ; Banking System ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Credit Deposits ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Branches ; Banking ; Banking Services ; Banking System ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Credit Deposits ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Branches ; Banking ; Banking Services ; Banking System ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Credit Deposits ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Private Sector Development
    Kurzfassung: Despite the deep financial sector reforms undertaken in Zambia in the early 1990s, the expected benefits of establishing a market-based banking system has not materialized. In 2005 the banking system continued to be small and underdeveloped. Credit to the private sector by banks represented only 8 percent of GDP in 2005, which is slightly lower than the level registered in 1990. As in the early 1990s, only large corporations and a few small- and medium-size enterprises have access to credit in 2006. Moreover, less than 8 percent of Zambia's adult population had a bank account in 2005. And despite the open door policy to foreign financial institutions, which has been in place since Zambia's independence, only a few new banking products have been introduced by foreign banks to serve the needs of households and firms. This paper analyzes the factors that have prevented the development of a large and inclusive banking system in Zambia and highlights possible actions that may help improve access to finance in Zambia in both the short and long terms
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  • 86
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Agenor, Pierre-Richard Public Infrastructure And Growth
    Schlagwort(e): Children ; Clinics ; Death Rate ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Hygiene ; Implementation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Children ; Clinics ; Death Rate ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Hygiene ; Implementation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Children ; Clinics ; Death Rate ; Health ; Health Care ; Health Indicators ; Health Interventions ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Outcomes ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Hygiene ; Implementation ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides an overview of the various channels through which public infrastructure may affect growth. In addition to the conventional productivity, complementarity, and crowding-out effects typically emphasized in the literature, the impact of infrastructure on investment adjustment costs, the durability of private capital, and the production of health and education services are also highlighted. Effects on health and education are well documented in a number of microeconomic studies, but macroeconomists have only recently begun to study their implications for growth. Links between health, infrastructure, and growth are illustrated in an endogenous growth model with transitional dynamics, and the optimal allocation of public expenditure is discussed. The concluding section draws implications of the analysis for the design of strategies aimed at promoting growth and reducing poverty
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Das, Jishnu Learning Levels And Gaps In Pakistan
    DDC: 370
    Schlagwort(e): Adult Literacy ; Adult Literacy Rate ; Children ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Formal Schooling ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Girls ; Groups ; Human Development ; Knowledge ; Learning ; Literacy ; Net Enrol ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Adult Literacy ; Adult Literacy Rate ; Children ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Formal Schooling ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Girls ; Groups ; Human Development ; Knowledge ; Learning ; Literacy ; Net Enrol ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education ; Adult Literacy ; Adult Literacy Rate ; Children ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Enrollment ; Formal Schooling ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Girls ; Groups ; Human Development ; Knowledge ; Learning ; Literacy ; Net Enrol ; Primary Education ; Secondary Education ; Tertiary Education
    Kurzfassung: The authors report on a survey of primary public and private schools in rural Pakistan with a focus on student achievement as measured through test scores. Absolute learning is low compared with curricular standards and international norms. Tested at the end of the third grade, a bare majority had mastered the K-I mathematics curriculum and 31 percent could correctly form a sentence with the word "school" in the vernacular (Urdu). As in high-income countries, bivariate comparisons show that higher learning is associated with household wealth and parental literacy. In sharp contrast to high-income countries, these gaps decrease dramatically in a multivariate regression once differences between children in the same school are looked at. Consequently, the largest gaps are between schools. The gap in English test scores between government and private schools, for instance, is 12 times the gap between children from rich and poor families. To contextualize these results within a broader South Asian context, the authors use data from public schools in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. Levels of learning and the structure of the educational gaps are similar in the two samples. As in Pakistan, absolute learning is low and the largest gaps are between schools: the gap between good and bad government schools, for instance, is 5 times the gap between children with literate and illiterate mothers
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  • 88
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Fares, Jean How Are Youth Faring In The Labor Market ?
    Schlagwort(e): Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government ; Employment Outcomes ; Finding Work ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Unemployment ; High Unemployment Rates ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Demand ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Market Demand ; Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Population Policies ; Social Protections and Labor ; Youth and Government
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses a new standardized micro database for a large set of developing countries to (1) describe the patterns of labor market outcomes for youth, and (2) explain the contributions of supply and demand factors to youth outcomes. The paper shows that youth face various difficulties in transitioning to work. This is reflected in their relatively higher unemployment rate, higher incidence of low paying or unpaid work, and a large share of youth who are neither working nor in school. This is especially true for young girls who are found outside the labor market, some engaged in home production. Finally, the paper also finds that cross-country estimates show that changes in the youth relative cohort size is unlikely to have a large effect on how youth are faring in the labor market
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  • 89
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Parrachino, Irene Cooperative Game Theory and its Application to Natural, Environmental, and Water Resource Issues
    Schlagwort(e): Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Cost Recovery ; Cost Sharing ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Cost ; Municipalities ; Public Works ; Sanitation ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water ; Urban Water Supply ; Wastewater Treatment ; Water ; Water Conservation ; Water Consumption ; Water Infrastructure ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews various applications of cooperative game theory (CGT) to issues of water resources. With an increase in the competition over various water resources, the incidents of disputes have been in the center of allocation agreements. The paper reviews the cases of various water uses, such as multi-objective water projects, irrigation, groundwater, hydropower, urban water supply, wastewater, and transboundary water disputes. In addition to providing examples of cooperative solutions to allocation problems, the conclusion from this review suggests that cooperation over scarce water resources is possible under a variety of physical conditions and institutional arrangements. In particular, the various approaches for cost sharing and for allocation of physical water infrastructure and flow can serve as a basis for stable and efficient agreement, such that long-term investments in water projects are profitable and sustainable. The latter point is especially important, given recent developments in water policy in various countries and regional institutions such as the European Union (Water Framework Directive), calling for full cost recovery of investments and operation and maintenance in water projects. The CGT approaches discussed and demonstrated in this paper can provide a solid basis for finding possible and stable cost-sharing arrangements
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Loayza, Norman V Informality Trends And Cycles
    Schlagwort(e): Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Active Labor ; Business Cycle ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exogenous Variable ; Informal Economies ; Informal Economy ; Informal Employment ; Informal Labor Markets ; Informal Sector ; Labor ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the trends and cycles of informal employment. It first presents a theoretical model where the size of informal employment is determined by the relative costs and benefits of informality and the distribution of workers' skills. In the long run, informal employment varies with the trends in these variables, and in the short run it reacts to accommodate transient shocks and to close the gap that separates it from its trend level. The paper then uses an error-correction framework to examine empirically informality's long- and short-run relationships. For this purpose, it uses country-level data at annual frequency for a sample of industrial and developing countries, with the share of self-employment in the labor force as the proxy for informal employment. The paper finds that, in the long run, informality is larger in countries that have lower GDP per capita and impose more costs to formal firms in the form of more rigid business regulations, less valuable police and judicial services, and weaker monitoring of informality. In the short run, informal employment is found to be counter-cyclical for the majority of countries, with the degree of counter-cyclicality being lower in countries with larger informal employment and better police and judicial services. Moreover, informal employment follows a stable, trend-reverting process. These results are robust to changes in the sample and to the influence of outliers, even when only developing countries are considered in the analysis
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  • 91
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Estache, Antonio Utilities Reforms And Corruption In Developing Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Data ; Data Analysis ; Databases ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; International Telecommunications ; Mobile Phones ; Performance ; Performance Indicators ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Private Security ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Development ; Town Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Data ; Data Analysis ; Databases ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; International Telecommunications ; Mobile Phones ; Performance ; Performance Indicators ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Private Security ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Development ; Town Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Data ; Data Analysis ; Databases ; E-Business ; Electricity ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; International Telecommunications ; Mobile Phones ; Performance ; Performance Indicators ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Price ; Prices ; Private Sector Development ; Private Security ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Development ; Town Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation
    Kurzfassung: This paper shows empirically that "privatization" in the energy, telecommunications, and water sectors, and the introduction of independent regulators in those sectors, have not always had the expected effects on access, affordability, or quality of services. It also shows that corruption leads to adjustments in the quantity, quality, and price of services consistent with the profit-maximizing behavior that one would expect from monopolies in the sector. The results suggest that privatization and the introduction of independent regulators have, at best, only partial effects on the consequences of corruption for access, affordability, and quality of utility services
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Do, Quy-Toan The Economics of Consanguineous Marriages
    Schlagwort(e): Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Dependence ; Dowries ; Dowry ; Education ; Education and Society ; Extended Family ; Families ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Folklore ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; History ; Households ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Marriages ; Partners ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Populations ; Power ; Property ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Dependence ; Dowries ; Dowry ; Education ; Education and Society ; Extended Family ; Families ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Folklore ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; History ; Households ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Marriages ; Partners ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Populations ; Power ; Property ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Anthropology ; Culture & Development ; Dependence ; Dowries ; Dowry ; Education ; Education and Society ; Extended Family ; Families ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Folklore ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; History ; Households ; Law and Development ; Marriage ; Marriages ; Partners ; Population Policies ; Population and Development ; Populations ; Power ; Property ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Kurzfassung: The institution of consanguineous marriage-a marriage contracted between close biological relatives-has been a basic building block of many societies in different parts of the world. This paper argues that the practice of consanguinity is closely related to the practice of dowry, and that both arise in response to an agency problem between the families of a bride and a groom. When marriage contracts are incomplete, dowries transfer control rights to the party with the highest incentives to invest in a marriage. When these transactions are costly however, consanguinity can be a more appropriate response since it directly reduces the agency cost. The paper's model predicts that dowry transfers are less likely to be observed in consanguineous unions. It also emphasizes the effect of credit constraints on the relative prevalence of dowry payment and consanguinity. An empirical analysis using data from Bangladesh delivers robust results consistent with the predictions of the model
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  • 93
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bussolo, Maurizio The Impact of Commodity Price Changes On Rural Households
    Schlagwort(e): Agricultural Activities ; Agriculture ; Alternative Crops ; Capital Incomes ; Coffee ; Coffee Farmers ; Coffee Market ; Coffee Prices ; Coffee Production ; Coffee Sector ; Commodity ; Cotton ; Cotton ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Agricultural Activities ; Agriculture ; Alternative Crops ; Capital Incomes ; Coffee ; Coffee Farmers ; Coffee Market ; Coffee Prices ; Coffee Production ; Coffee Sector ; Commodity ; Cotton ; Cotton ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Agricultural Activities ; Agriculture ; Alternative Crops ; Capital Incomes ; Coffee ; Coffee Farmers ; Coffee Market ; Coffee Prices ; Coffee Production ; Coffee Sector ; Commodity ; Cotton ; Cotton ; Crops and Crop Management Systems
    Kurzfassung: Policies and external shocks affecting agriculture, the main source of income for rural households, can be expected to have a significant impact on poverty. The authors study the case of Uganda. Throughout the 1990s, more than 90 percent of its poor lived in rural areas and, during the same period, large international price fluctuations as well as an extensive domestic deregulation affected the coffee sector, its main source of export revenues. Using data from three household surveys covering the 1990s, the authors confirm a strong correlation between changes in coffee prices (in a liberalized market) and poverty reduction. This is highlighted by comparing the performance of different households grouped according to their dependence on coffee farming. Regression analysis (based on pooled data from the three surveys) of consumption expenditure on coffee-related variables, other controls, and time-fixed effects corroborates that the mentioned correlation is not spurious. The authors also find that while both poor and rich farmers enter the coffee sector, the price boom benefits the poorer households relatively more, whereas the liberalization seems to create more opportunities for richer farmers. Finally, notwithstanding the importance of the coffee price boom, the agricultural policy framework and the thorough structural reforms in which the coffee market liberalization was embedded have certainly played a role in triggering overall agricultural growth. These factors appear to matter especially in the second half of the 1990s when prices went down but poverty reduction continued
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  • 94
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (108 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Bogomolova, Tatiana An Assessment of Reform Options For The Public Service Pension Fund In Uganda
    Schlagwort(e): Bank ; Capital Market ; Contribution ; Contribution Scheme ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Economist ; Financial Literacy ; Insurance ; Liabilities ; Pension ; Pension Fund ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Capital Market ; Contribution ; Contribution Scheme ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Economist ; Financial Literacy ; Insurance ; Liabilities ; Pension ; Pension Fund ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Capital Market ; Contribution ; Contribution Scheme ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Economist ; Financial Literacy ; Insurance ; Liabilities ; Pension ; Pension Fund ; Pension Reform ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyzes the future liabilities that the Ugandan Public Service Pensions Fund might accumulate under the provisions of the Pensions Act (CAP 286) unless it is reformed. It then discusses alternative reform options that can be used in designing an educated homegrown reform of the fund. The paper supports a hybrid (two-pillar) reform option composed of a small defined benefit scheme and a complementary defined contribution scheme, instead of a pure defined contribution (monopillar) reform option discussed by policymakers in the country. The main reason for this is related to the fact that hybrid and pure defined contribution reforms will have the same impact on reducing pension expenditure (for the same grandfathering rules and surplus in the first pillar). In addition, everything else being equal, the hybrid reform is likely to produce higher average replacement rates due to the redistributive and pooling properties of the small defined benefit pillar
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  • 95
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Verner, Dorte Labor Markets And Income Generation In Rural Argentina
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Irrigation ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Land Size ; Nonfarm Income ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Analysis ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This paper addresses three areas of the rural labor market-employment, labor wages, and agriculture producer incomes. Findings show that the poor allocate a lower share of their labor to farm sectors than the nonpoor do, but still around 70 percent work in agriculture, and the vast majority of rural workers are engaged in the informal sector. When examining nonfarm employment in rural Argentina, findings suggest that key determinants of access to employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, skills, land access, location, and gender. Employment analyses show that women have higher probability than men to participate in rural nonfarm activities and they are not confined to low-return employment. Moreover, workers living in poorer regions with land access are less likely to be employed in the nonfarm sector. There is strong evidence that educated people have better prospects in both the farm and nonfarm sectors, and that education is an important determinant of employment in the better-paid nonfarm activities. Labor wage analyses reveal that labor markets pay lower returns to poorer than to richer women and returns to education are increasing with increased level of completed education and income level. And nonfarm income and employment are highly correlated with gender, skills, household size, and education. This analysis also shows a rather heterogeneous impact pattern of individual characteristics across the income distribution, but education is important for all levels of income. Agricultural producer income analyses reveal that producers' income monotonically increases with land size and with completed education level, and positively correlates with road access and use of electricity, fertilizer, and irrigation. Finally, farms operated by women are slightly more productive than farms operated by men
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  • 96
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Kenny, Charles Measuring And Reducing The Impact of Corruption In Infrastructure
    Schlagwort(e): Anti-Corruption ; Anticorruption ; Bank ; Bribe ; Bribery ; Bribes ; Confidence ; Corrupt ; Corruption ; Corruption Perceptions ; Corruption Perceptions Index ; Corruption Research ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; National Governance ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transport ; Anti-Corruption ; Anticorruption ; Bank ; Bribe ; Bribery ; Bribes ; Confidence ; Corrupt ; Corruption ; Corruption Perceptions ; Corruption Perceptions Index ; Corruption Research ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; National Governance ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transport ; Anti-Corruption ; Anticorruption ; Bank ; Bribe ; Bribery ; Bribes ; Confidence ; Corrupt ; Corruption ; Corruption Perceptions ; Corruption Perceptions Index ; Corruption Research ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; National Governance ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines what we can say about the extent and impact of corruption in infrastructure in developing countries using existing evidence. It looks at different approaches to estimating the extent of corruption and reports on the results of such studies. It suggests that there is considerable evidence that most existing perceptions measures appear to be very weak proxies for the actual extent of corruption in the infrastructure sector, largely (but inaccurately) measuring petty rather than grand corruption. Existing survey evidence is more reliable, but limited in extent and still subject to sufficient uncertainty that it should not be used as a tool for differentiating countries in terms of access to infrastructure finance or appropriate policy models. The paper discusses evidence for the relative costs of corruption impacts and suggests that a focus on bribe payments as the indicator of the costs of corruption in infrastructure may be misplaced. It draws some conclusions regarding priorities for infrastructure anti-corruption research and activities in projects, in particular regarding disaggregated and actionable indicators of weak governance and corruption
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821364758 , 9780821364819 , 9780821364758
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (240 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Serie: World Development Indicators
    DDC: 330.9/05
    Schlagwort(e): Economic indicators ; Social indicators ; Economic development Statistics 21st century ; Economic history Statistics 21st century
    Kurzfassung: A pocket-sized reference on key development data for over 200 countries, that provides profiles of each country with 54 development indicators about People, Environment, Economy, Technology and Infrastructure, Trade, and Finance
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Mansuri, Ghazala Incomplete Contracts And Investment
    Schlagwort(e): Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Asymmetric Information ; Bank Policy ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Contract ; Contract Law ; Contracts ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic Transactions ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Investment ; Investment Behavior ; Investment Decision ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Real Estate Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: When contracts are incomplete, relationship-specific investments may be underprovided due to the threat of opportunistic expropriation or holdup. The authors find evidence of such underinvestment on tenanted land in rural Pakistan. Using data from households cultivating multiple plots under different tenure arrangements, they show that land-specific investment is lower on leased plots. This result is robust to the possible effects of asymmetric information in the leasing market. Greater tenure security also increases land-specific investment on leased plots. Moreover, variation in tenure security appears to be driven largely by heterogeneity across landlords, suggesting that reputation may be important in mitigating the holdup problem
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (65 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Nabli, Mustapha Kamel Governance And Private Investment In The Middle East And North Africa
    Schlagwort(e): Accountability ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Liberties ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Democratic Institutions ; Economic Activity ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Institutions ; Governance Quality ; Human Development ; Investment Climate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Participation ; Political Economy ; Political Instability ; Political Rights ; Political Stability ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rule of Law ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Liberties ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Democratic Institutions ; Economic Activity ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Institutions ; Governance Quality ; Human Development ; Investment Climate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Participation ; Political Economy ; Political Instability ; Political Rights ; Political Stability ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rule of Law ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accountability ; Bureaucratic Quality ; Civil Liberties ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Democratic Institutions ; Economic Activity ; Economic Policies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Institutions ; Governance Quality ; Human Development ; Investment Climate ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Participation ; Political Economy ; Political Instability ; Political Rights ; Political Stability ; Private Sector Development ; Property Rights ; Rule of Law ; Security ; Social Protections and Labor
    Kurzfassung: This paper addresses the issue of the low level of private investment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with special emphasis on the role of governance. Based on the existing literature, the authors categorize what types of governance institutions are more detrimental to entrepreneurial investments. They then estimate a simultaneous model of private investment and governance quality where economic policies concurrently explain both variables. The empirical results show that governance plays a significant role in private investment decisions. This result is particularly true in the case of "administrative quality" in the form of control of corruption, bureaucratic quality, investment-friendly profile of administration, and law and order, as well as for "political stability." Evidence in favor of "public accountability" seems, however, less robust. The estimations also stress that structural reforms-such as financial development and trade openness-and human development affect private investment decisions directly, and/or through their positive impact on governance. These findings bring new empirical evidence on the subject of private investment in the developing world and in MENA countries in particular
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Paralleltitel: Gine, Xavier Group Versus Individual Liability
    Schlagwort(e): Bank Policy ; Conversion ; Debt Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Good ; Group Lending ; Joint Liability ; Lender ; Liability ; Loans ; Micro-Enterprises ; Microcredit Microfinance ; Political Power ; Bank Policy ; Conversion ; Debt Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Good ; Group Lending ; Joint Liability ; Lender ; Liability ; Loans ; Micro-Enterprises ; Microcredit Microfinance ; Political Power ; Bank Policy ; Conversion ; Debt Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Good ; Group Lending ; Joint Liability ; Lender ; Liability ; Loans ; Micro-Enterprises ; Microcredit Microfinance ; Political Power
    Kurzfassung: Group liability is often portrayed as the key innovation that led to the explosion of the microcredit movement, which started with the Grameen Bank in the 1970s and continues on today with hundreds of institutions around the world. Group lending claims to improve repayment rates and lower transaction costs when lending to the poor by providing incentives for peers to screen, monitor, and enforce each other's loans. However, some argue that group liability creates excessive pressure and discourages good clients from borrowing, jeopardizing both growth and sustainability. Therefore, it remains unclear whether group liability improves the lender's overall profitability and the poor's access to financial markets. The authors worked with a bank in the Philippines to conduct a field experiment to examine these issues. They randomly assigned half of the 169 pre-existing group liability 'centers' of approximately twenty women to individual-liability centers (treatment) and kept the other half as-is with group liability (control). We find that the conversion to individual liability does not affect the repayment rate, and leads to higher growth in center size by attracting new clients
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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