Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Safavian, Mehnaz When Do Enterprises Prefer Informal Credit?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bribes ; Capital Requirements ; Commercial Banks ; Creditors ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Finance ; Formal Financial Sector ; Informal Credit ; Informal Finance ; Working Capital ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bribes ; Capital Requirements ; Commercial Banks ; Creditors ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Finance ; Formal Financial Sector ; Informal Credit ; Informal Finance ; Working Capital ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bribes ; Capital Requirements ; Commercial Banks ; Creditors ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Finance ; Formal Financial Sector ; Informal Credit ; Informal Finance ; Working Capital
    Abstract: This paper tests the hypothesis that enterprises may forgo formal finance in lieu of informal credit by choice. They do so to avoid the additional regulatory scrutiny and harassment that engaging with the formal financial sector invites. We test this hypothesis using enterprise-level data on 3,564 enterprises in 29 countries. In this sample, enterprises finance approximately 57 percent of their working capital requirements with external finance. This external finance comes from formal sources, such as commercial banks (53 percent) and informal sources (42 percent), such as trade creditors, or family and friends. In our sample, 14 percent of enterprises rely exclusively on informal finance. We find that the likelihood of enterprises preferring to only use informal finance is inversely related to the quality of the regulatory environment, particularly the quality of tax administration and overall governance. For example, we find that when an enterprise has been asked for bribes by tax inspectors, it is 17 percent more likely to prefer informal finance
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Buckley, Robert M Is Accra A Superstar City?
    Keywords: Adverse Effects ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Elasticity ; Equations ; Gross Domestic Product ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Inflation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Underestimates ; Adverse Effects ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Elasticity ; Equations ; Gross Domestic Product ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Inflation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Underestimates ; Adverse Effects ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Elasticity ; Equations ; Gross Domestic Product ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Groups ; Inflation Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Underestimates
    Abstract: A recent study of house price behavior in U.S. cities by Gyourko, Mayer, and Sinai (2006) raises questions about so-called superstar cities in which housing is so inelastically supplied that it becomes unaffordable, as higher-income families outbid residents. We consider the case of Accra, Ghana, in this light, estimating the elasticity of housing supply and discussing the implications for growth and income distribution. There is not a great deal of data available to examine trends in Accra, so our method is indirect. First, we use a variant of the traditional monocentric city model to calculate the elasticity of Accra's housing supply relative to those of other similarly-sized African cities. This suggests that housing supply responsiveness is much higher elsewhere. This muted supply responsiveness is consistent with the observed higher housing prices. Second, we estimate a number of traditional housing demand equations and reduced form equations. Placing a number of restrictions on the equations allows us to infer Accra's housing supply elasticity. Taken together, our approaches suggest that lower-income families in Accra have such poor housing conditions because the market is extremely unresponsive to demand. Although the outcomes we have traced-high housing prices and low quality-are not unusual relative to the other developed country superstar cities, they are extreme. The welfare costs are considerable, so much so that in addition to direct housing market effects, these policies also appear to have potentially significant implications for the achievement of more equitable growth
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (82 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Finance, Financial Sector Policies, And Long-Run Growth
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Markets ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Decisions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Transaction ; Transaction Costs
    Abstract: The first part of this paper reviews the literature on the relation between finance and growth. The second part of the paper reviews the literature on the historical and policy determinants of financial development. Governments play a central role in shaping the operation of financial systems and the degree to which large segments of the financial system have access to financial services. The paper discusses the relationship between financial sector policies and economic development
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Australia's lackluster economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an anti-trade, anti-primary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sector assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. The changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programs in that period. Although the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in the export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brunner, Gregory Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems, International Bank, investment risk, Pension, pension fund, Pension Funds, pension systems, pensions, risk management, supervision of banks ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper provides a review of the design and experience of risk-based pension fund supervision in several countries that have been leaders in the development of these methods. The utilization of risk-based methods originates primarily in the supervision of banks. In recent years it has increasingly been extended to other types of financial intermediaries including pension funds and insurers. The trend toward risk-based supervision of pensions is closely associated with movement toward the integration of pension supervision with that of banking and other financial services into a single national authority. Although similar in concept to the techniques developed in banking, the application to pension funds has required modifications, particularly for defined contribution funds that transfer investment risk to fund members. The countries examined provide a range of experiences that illustrate both the diversity of pension systems and approaches to risk-based supervision, but also a commonality of the focus on sound risk management and effective supervisory outcomes. The paper provides a description of pension supervision in Australia, Denmark, Mexico and the Netherlands, and an initial evaluation of the results achieved in relation to the underlying objectives
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Straub, Stephane Infrastructure And Economic Growth In East Asia
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper examines whether infrastructure investment has contributed to East Asia's economic growth using both a growth accounting framework and cross-country regressions. For most of the variables used, both the growth accounting exercise and cross-country regressions fail to find a significant link between infrastructure, productivity and growth. These conclusions contrast strongly with previous studies finding positive and significant effect for all infrastructure variables in the context of a production function study. This leads us to conclude that results from studies using macro-level data should be considered with extreme caution. The Authors suggest that infrastructure investment may have had the primary function of relieving constraints and bottlenecks as they arose, as opposed to directly encouraging growth
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Toto Same, Achille Mineral-Rich Countries And Dutch Disease
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Economic Developments ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Gross domestic product ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Public finance ; Transparency ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Economic Developments ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Gross domestic product ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Public finance ; Transparency ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Economic Developments ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Gross domestic product ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Oil boom ; Public finance ; Transparency
    Abstract: Referring to the original context of Dutch Disease, the term refers to the fears of de-industrialization that gripped the Netherlands as a result of the appreciation of the Dutch currency that followed the discovery of natural gas deposits. Expansion of petroleum exports in the 1960s not only crowded out other exports, it actually reduced other exports disproportionately and fueled the fears of dire consequences for Dutch manufacturing. In the case of Equatorial Guinea, the secondary sector represents about 2 percent of the gross domestic product, manufacturing represents less than 1 percent, and oil represents more than 95 percent. The negative impact of the Dutch Disease in this context would be limited given the structure of the economy and on the contrary may even be a good thing because it fuels the structural transformational process of the economy, which is needed in Equatorial Guinea. This paper argues that the ongoing Dutch Disease is a natural and necessary reallocation of resources in the economy of Equatorial Guinea. The magnitude of negative macroeconomic consequences of the Dutch Disease depends on the country's economic structure and stage of development. In a country where the manufacturing sector barely exists or where the non-oil primary sector is structurally deficient, as has been the case of Equatorial Guinea, there is little to fear about the disease. The oil boom is a blessing, given that oil revenues when properly managed can play a special and critical role in overall economic development and poverty reduction in low-income countries. To promote good governance in the management of the country's oil wealth, the government may wish to adhere to clear standards of accountability and transparency; especially by complying with the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI++)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Djankov, Simeon Who Are The Unbanked?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Education levels ; Enterprise ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal financial institutions ; Household ; Households ; Savings ; Savings accounts ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Education levels ; Enterprise ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal financial institutions ; Household ; Households ; Savings ; Savings accounts ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Education levels ; Enterprise ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal financial institutions ; Household ; Households ; Savings ; Savings accounts
    Abstract: This paper uses nationally representative survey data from Mexico to compare households with savings accounts in formal financial institutions to their neighbors who do not have such accounts. The survey, which was conducted in 2005, contains information on nearly 5,000 households. The findings show that although neighboring banked and unbanked households have similar demographic and occupational profiles, the former are more educated and have markedly greater wealth. The median banked household spends 32 percent more per capita than the median unbanked household, and the median per capita wealth in banked households is 88 percent higher than that in unbanked households. The findings suggest that education levels, wealth, and unobserved household attributes that might be correlated with wealth and education play a major role in explaining who is banked
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank Competition And Financial Stability
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking crises ; Banking sector ; Banking system ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Financial stability ; Governments ; Labor Policies ; Markets ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Theory makes ambiguous predictions about the relationship between market structure and competitiveness of the banking system and banking sector stability. Empirical studies focusing on individual countries provide similarly ambiguous results, while cross-country studies point mostly to a positive relationship between competition and stability in the banking system. Where liberalization and unfettered competition have resulted in fragility, this has been mostly the consequence of regulatory and supervisory failures. The advantages of competition for an efficient and inclusive financial system are strong, and regulatory and supervisory policies should focus on an incentive-compatible environment for banking rather than try to fine-tune market structure or the degree of competition
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Who Gets The Credit?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies
    Abstract: While the theoretical and empirical finance literature has focused almost exclusively on enterprise credit, about half of credit extended by banks to the private sector in a sample of 45 developing and developed countries is to households. The share of household credit in total credit increases as countries grow richer and financial systems develop. Cross-country regressions, however, suggest a positive and significant impact on gross domestic product per capita growth only of enterprise but not household credit. These two findings together partly explain why previous studies have found a small or insignificant effect of finance on growth in high-income countries. In addition, countries with a lower share of manufacturing, a higher degree of urbanization, and more market-oriented financial systems have a higher share of household credit. It is thus mostly socio-economic trends that determine credit composition, while policies influencing banking market structure and regulatory policies are not robustly related to credit composition
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Alacevich, Michele The World Bank's Early Reflections On Development
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collections ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governments ; Housing ; Interest ; Lending ; Loans ; Principal ; Projects ; Urban development ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collections ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governments ; Housing ; Interest ; Lending ; Loans ; Principal ; Projects ; Urban development ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collections ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governments ; Housing ; Interest ; Lending ; Loans ; Principal ; Projects ; Urban development
    Abstract: Until the late 1960s, the World Bank presented itself as an institution devoted to making sound and directly productive project loans. Yet, during its very early years, some discussions developed inside the Bank regarding the possibility of issuing different types of loans, namely (i) loans aimed at tackling social issues ("social loans"), and (ii) loans aimed at providing foreign currency to address disequilibria in the balance of payments ("impact loans"). This paper brings together historical analysis and theories of organization development to study the housing issue as a case in point. The analysis reveals that the Bank was unwilling to lend for housing programs not because these were not sound - in fact, they were - but because they were geared toward achieving social welfare objectives and were not directly linked to productive investment projects, such as dams, power stations, and railroads. This early decision had a significant impact on the subsequent development of the Bank's view of policy-making: it locked the institution into a particular lending pattern, and deprived it of important intellectual resources. It was not until the late 1960s that the Bank began to take social issues into consideration, rather late compared with other multilateral institutions
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Knack, Stephen Sovereign Rents And The Quality of Tax Policy And Administration
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bureaucratic quality ; Country risk ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human development ; International bank ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Po ; Private Sector Development ; Rule of law ; Tax ; Tax Law ; Tax policy ; Tax systems ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: The availability of windfall revenues from natural resource exports or foreign aid potentially weakens governments' incentives to design efficient tax systems. Cross-country data for developing countries provide evidence for this hypothesis, using a World Bank indicator of "efficiency of revenue mobilization." Aid's negative effects on the quality of tax systems are robust to correcting for potential reverse causality, to changes in the sample, and to alternative estimation methods. Fuel export revenues are also associated with lower-quality tax policy and administration, but this finding is somewhat sensitive to outliers. Non-fuel resource exports, in contrast, show no relationship to the efficiency of revenue mobilization
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Rental Markets In The Process of Rural Structural Transformation
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The importance of land rental for overall economic development has long been recognized in theory, yet empirical evidence on the productivity and equity impacts of such markets and the extent to which they realize their potential has been scant. Representative data from China's nine most important agricultural provinces illustrate the impact of rental markets on households' economic strategies and welfare, and the productivity of land use at the plot level. Although there are positive impacts in each of these dimensions, transaction costs constrain participation by many producers, thus preventing rental markets from attaining their full potential. The paper identifies factors that increase transaction costs and provides a rough estimate of the productivity and equity impacts of removing them
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Foreign Bank Acquisitions And Outreach
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities
    Abstract: Between 1995 and 2005, foreign bank participation in Mexico rose from 2 percent of bank assets to 83 percent, as the top five largest banks were acquired by foreigners. This paper examines the link between foreign bank acquisitions and banking outreach. Using quarterly country, bank, and bank-municipality-level data, the authors find some contrasting patterns. As foreign bank participation rose due to foreign acquisitions, the number of municipalities with bank presence increased but the number of loan and deposit accounts fell for the country as a whole and for banks after they became foreign. The drop in the number of loans, however, was partially off-set by an increase in domestic bank loans. Further, the decline in loan and deposit accounts was more pronounced in more rural and poorer areas. Finally, only very rich and urban areas experienced an increase in branches after foreign acquisition
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ashraf, Nava Finding Missing Markets (And A Disturbing Epilogue)
    Keywords: Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In much of the developing world, many farmers grow crops for local or personal consumption despite export options that appear to be more profitable. Thus many conjecture that one or several markets are missing. This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial conducted by DrumNet in Kenya that attempts to help farmers adopt and market export crops. DrumNet provides smallholder farmers with information about how to switch to export crops, makes in-kind loans for the purchase of the agricultural inputs, and provides marketing services by facilitating the transaction with exporters. The experimental evaluation design randomly assigns pre-existing farmer self-help groups to one of three groups: (1) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services, (2) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services except credit, or (3) a control group. After one year, DrumNet services led to an increase in production of export oriented crops and lower marketing costs; this translated into household income gains for new adopters. However, one year after the study ended, the exporter refused to continue buying the cash crops from the farmers because the conditions of the farms did not satisfy European export requirements. DrumNet collapsed in this region as farmers were forced to sell to middlemen and defaulted on their loans. The risk of such events may explain, at least partly, why many seemingly more profitable export crops are not adopted
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andres, Luis Regulatory Governance And Sector Performance
    Keywords: Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance indicators ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Institutional development ; Judiciary ; Legal framework ; National Governance ; Private Sector Development ; Regulatory agency ; Regulatory instruments ; Regulatory policy ; Transparency
    Abstract: This paper contributes to the literature that explores the link between regulatory governance and sector performance. The paper develops an index of regulatory governance and estimates its impact on sector performance, showing that indeed regulation and its governance matter. The authors use two unique databases: (i) the World Bank Performance Database, which contains detailed annual data for 250 private and public electricity companies in Latin America and the Caribbean; and (ii) the Electricity Regulatory Governance Database, which contains data on several aspects of the governance of electricity agencies in the region. The authors run different models to explain the impacts of change in ownership and different characteristics of the regulatory agency on the performance of the utilities. The results suggest that the mere existence of a regulatory agency, regardless of the utilities' ownership, has a significant impact on performance. Furthermore, after controlling for the existence of a regulatory agency, the ownership dummies are still significant and with the expected signs. The authors propose an experience measure in order to identify the gradual impact of the regulatory agency on utility performance. The results confirm this hypothesis. In addition, the paper explores two different measures of governance, an aggregate measure of regulatory governance, and an index based on principal components, including autonomy, transparency, and accountability. The findings show that the governance of regulatory agencies matters and has significant effects on performance
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brownbridge, Martin Fiscal Policy For Growth And Development In Tajikistan
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending
    Abstract: Tajikistan's economy has recovered strongly after the collapse of the 1990s, but sustaining rapid economic growth over the long term and reducing poverty present major challenges for policymakers. This paper contributes to the debate over the strategic role for fiscal policy to play in meeting these challenges, utilizing the "fiscal space" approach to assess the long-term potential for expanding public provision of growth-promoting goods and services and evaluating the priorities for public spending. It also analyzes the long-term risks to fiscal sustainability, from external public debt and the quasi fiscal deficit of the electricity sector. The paper contends that institutional reforms in key areas, notably public financial management, tax administration, and the energy sector, are crucial for generating fiscal space and for ensuring that higher levels of public spending are translated into stronger economic growth and poverty reduction. The priorities for government spending should be education, health, and the maintenance of the core networks of the existing infrastructure for energy and transport, rather than new public investment projects
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (75 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: de la Torre, Augusto Bank Involvement With SMES
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Foreign banks ; Governments ; Lending ; Risk ; Risk management ; Services ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Foreign banks ; Governments ; Lending ; Risk ; Risk management ; Services ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Foreign banks ; Governments ; Lending ; Risk ; Risk management ; Services
    Abstract: The "conventional wisdom" in academic and policy circles argues that, while large and foreign banks are generally not interested in serving SMEs, small and niche banks have an advantage in doing so because they can overcome SME opaqueness through relationship lending. This paper shows that there is a gap between this view and what banks actually do. Banks perceive SMEs as a core and strategic business and seem well positioned to expand their links with SMEs. The recent intensification of bank involvement with SMEs in various emerging markets documented in this paper is neither led by small or niche banks nor highly dependent on relationship lending. Rather, all types of banks are catering to SMEs and larger, multiple-service banks have in fact a comparative advantage in offering a wide range of products and services on a large scale, through the use of new technologies, business models, and risk management systems
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Acs, Zoltan J What Does "Entrepreneurship" Data Really Show?
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance ; Governments ; Information Security and Privacy ; Interest ; Labor ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Statistical and Mathemati ; Taxation ; Taxes ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance ; Governments ; Information Security and Privacy ; Interest ; Labor ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Statistical and Mathemati ; Taxation ; Taxes ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance ; Governments ; Information Security and Privacy ; Interest ; Labor ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Statistical and Mathemati ; Taxation ; Taxes
    Abstract: This paper compares two datasets designed to measure entrepreneurship. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor dataset captures early-stage entrepreneurial activity; the World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey dataset captures formal business registration. There are a number of important differences when the data are compared. First, GEM data tend to report significantly greater levels of early-stage entrepreneurship in developing economies than do the World Bank data. The World Bank data tend to be greater than GEM data for developed countries. Second, the magnitude of the difference between the datasets across countries is related to the local institutional and environmental conditions for entrepreneurs, after controlling for levels of economic development. A possible explanation for this is that the World Bank data measure rates of entry in the formal economy, whereas GEM data are reflective of entrepreneurial intent and capture informality of entrepreneurship. This is particularly true for developing countries. Therefore, this discrepancy can be interpreted as the spread between individuals who could potentially operate businesses in the formal sector - and those that actually do so: In other words, GEM data may represent the potential supply of entrepreneurs, whereas the World Bank data may represent the actual rate of entrepreneurship. The findings suggest that entrepreneurs in developed countries have greater ease and incentives to incorporate, both for the benefits of greater access to formal financing and labor contracts, as well as for tax and other purposes not directly related to business activities
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank Financing For SMEs Around The World
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Employment ; Factoring ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Interest rates ; Nonperforming loans ; Profitability ; Prudential regulations ; Risk management ; Small banks ; Access to Finance ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Employment ; Factoring ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Interest rates ; Nonperforming loans ; Profitability ; Prudential regulations ; Risk management ; Small banks ; Access to Finance ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Employment ; Factoring ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial institutions ; Interest rates ; Nonperforming loans ; Profitability ; Prudential regulations ; Risk management ; Small banks
    Abstract: Using data from a survey of 91 banks in 45 countries, the authors characterize bank financing to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) around the world. They find that banks perceive the SME segment to be highly profitable, but perceive macroeconomic instability in developing countries and competition in developed countries as the main obstacles. To serve SMEs banks have set up dedicated departments and decentralized the sale of products to the branches. However, loan approval, risk management, and loan recovery functions remain centralized. Compared with large firms, banks are less exposed to small enterprises, charge them higher interest rates and fees, and experience more non-performing loans from lending to them. Although there are some differences in SMEs financing across government, private, and foreign-owned banks - with the latter being more likely to engage in arms-length lending - the most significant differences are found between banks in developed and developing countries. Banks in developing countries tend to be less exposed to SMEs, provide a lower share of investment loans, and charge higher fees and interest rates. Overall, the evidence suggests that the lending environment is more important than firm size or bank ownership type in shaping bank financing to SMEs
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Services Trade And Growth
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Comparative Advantage ; Competitiveness ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Open Economies ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Structural Change ; Telecommunications ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: The competitiveness of firms in open economies is increasingly determined by access to low-cost and high-quality producer services - telecommunications, transport and distribution services, financial intermediation, etc. This paper discusses the role of services in economic growth, focusing in particular on channels through which openness to trade in services may increase productivity at the level of the economy as a whole, industries and the firm. The authors explore what recent empirical work suggests could be done to enhance comparative advantage in the production and export of services and how to design policy reforms to open services markets to greater foreign participation in a way that ensures not just greater efficiency but also greater equity in terms of access to services
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (77 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ayyagari, Meghana Formal Versus Informal Finance
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Alternative Financing ; Banking System ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Bank ; Formal Financial Institutions ; Informal Finance ; International Bank ; Access to Finance ; Alternative Financing ; Banking System ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Bank ; Formal Financial Institutions ; Informal Finance ; International Bank ; Access to Finance ; Alternative Financing ; Banking System ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corruption ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Development ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Bank ; Formal Financial Institutions ; Informal Finance ; International Bank
    Abstract: China is often mentioned as a counterexample to the findings in the finance and growth literature since, despite the weaknesses in its banking system, it is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. The fast growth of Chinese private sector firms is taken as evidence that it is alternative financing and governance mechanisms that support China's growth. This paper takes a closer look at firm financing patterns and growth using a database of 2,400 Chinese firms. The authors find that a relatively small percentage of firms in the sample utilize formal bank finance with a much greater reliance on informal sources. However, the results suggest that despite its weaknesses, financing from the formal financial system is associated with faster firm growth, whereas fund raising from alternative channels is not. Using a selection model, the authors find no evidence that these results arise because of the selection of firms that have access to the formal financial system. Although firms report bank corruption, there is no evidence that it significantly affects the allocation of credit or the performance of firms that receive the credit. The findings suggest that the role of reputation and relationship based financing and governance mechanisms in financing the fastest growing firms in China is likely to be overestimated
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Finance And Economic Opportunity
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Opportunity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Financial Sector ; Households ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Opportunity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Financial Sector ; Households ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Opportunity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Financial Sector ; Households ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises
    Abstract: An influential body of theoretical research and an emerging line of empirical work suggest that the operation of the formal financial system affects the degree to which economic opportunities are defined by talent and initiative rather than by parental wealth and social connections. This paper discusses the theory of how financial markets influence economic opportunity and reviews recent empirical work on the relation between formal financial systems and poverty, income inequality, and economic opportunity. The authors consider recent efforts to measure the ability of households and small enterprises to access financial services, the impact of this access, and the mechanisms through which finance affects poverty and inequality. The authors argue that considerably more research is needed to identify which formal financial sector policies enhance the operation of the financial system in ways that expand the economic horizons of the economically disenfranchised
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stephanou, Constantinos Bank Financing To Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises (Smes) In Colombia
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank Financing ; Bank Lending ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Finance Companies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Private Credit ; Public Policy ; Risk Management ; Access to Finance ; Bank Financing ; Bank Lending ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Finance Companies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Private Credit ; Public Policy ; Risk Management ; Access to Finance ; Bank Financing ; Bank Lending ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Finance Companies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Private Credit ; Public Policy ; Risk Management
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to shed light on current trends and policy challenges in the financing of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) by banks in Colombia. The paper is motivated by the well-documented financing gap for SMEs, whose causes are complex and multi-dimensional. Based on data collection and interviews with the authorities, a representative sample of banks, and other relevant entities, the authors analyze the evolution and characteristics of this market in recent years. Bank financing to SMEs is becoming a strategic segment for Colombian credit institutions. The current business and risk management models for SME lending are still relatively underdeveloped, but greater sophistication is expected as the market matures. Important institutional and policy constraints to SME lending remain, but are not yet binding. In order to address these constraints before they "begin to bite", the authors identify and describe a potential policy reform agenda
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Goldberg, Mike Chile
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web
    Abstract: With its strong export orientation and emphasis on competitiveness, the Chilean economic model has been the envy of its neighbors for more than a decade. However, there are underlying vulnerabilities. Historically, exports have been concentrated in mining and agriculture, sectors dominated by large firms that do not generate a large share of employment. Small and medium enterprises play a key role in employment generation and economic decentralization in Chile, yet their employment was stagnant between 2000 and 2004. Based on work completed in 2003, this study provides a review of the Chilean government's substantial investment in programs that support small and medium enterprises. This review of government programs confirms the importance of coordination and an overarching strategy, in the form of a National Innovation System, led by a single institution. The review also finds that demand-driven programs were more likely to be sustainable. Finally, the study demonstrates that Chile (and other countries with many support programs for small and medium enterprises in place) needs an integrated management information system to analyze, assess, coordinate, and streamline the program portfolio for small and medium enterprises in the future
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Balistreri, Edward J Modeling Services Liberalization
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Kleine offene Volkswirtschaft ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; CGE-Modell ; Kenia ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services
    Abstract: This paper employs a 55 sector small open economy computable general equilibrium model of the Kenyan economy to assess the impact of the liberalization of regulatory barriers against foreign and domestic business service providers in Kenya. The model incorporates productivity effects in both goods and services markets endogenously, through a Dixit-Stiglitz framework. It estimates the ad valorem equivalent of barriers to foreign direct investment based on detailed questionnaires completed by specialists in Kenya. The authors estimate that Kenya will gain about 11 percent of the value of Kenyan consumption in the medium run (or about 10 percent of gross domestic product) from a full reform package that also includes uniform tariffs. The estimated gains increase to 77 percent of consumption in the long-run steady-state model, where the impact on the accumulation of capital from an improvement in the productivity of capital is taken into account. Decomposition exercises reveal that the largest gains to Kenya will derive from liberalization of costly regulatory barriers that are non-discriminatory in their impacts between Kenyan and multinational service providers
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Straub, Stephane Infrastructure And Development
    Keywords: Airports ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Railroads ; Roads ; Traffic ; Traffic congestion ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle manufacturers ; Airports ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Railroads ; Roads ; Traffic ; Traffic congestion ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle manufacturers ; Airports ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Railroads ; Roads ; Traffic ; Traffic congestion ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Vehicle ; Vehicle manufacturers
    Abstract: This survey reviews the existing macro-level empirical literature on the link between infrastructure and development outcomes in a critical light. After providing a general framework that casts the relevant terms of the controversy on the real effect of infrastructure on growth in the context of an aggregate production function, it signals what are the relevant empirical questions to be addressed. This guides the systematic review of a number of empirical studies and the discussion of the main econometric challenges to the identification of the effect of infrastructure on output and productivity. Finally, building on related research, in particular in contract theory and political economy, the paper spells out several promising research avenues
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Toto Same, Achille Windfall Management For Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget Execution ; Cash Flow ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Expenditure ; Expenditure Framework ; Expenditure Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Access to Finance ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget Execution ; Cash Flow ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Expenditure ; Expenditure Framework ; Expenditure Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Access to Finance ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget Execution ; Cash Flow ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Expenditure ; Expenditure Framework ; Expenditure Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Abstract: This paper aims at providing a guide to ensure efficiency in the management of Chad's windfall to support the development process and poverty reduction. The analysis is based on the lessons and experience of countries that have successfully used natural-resource-generated windfalls to launch their development process while avoiding the natural resource curse. The paper also discusses the petroleum management arrangements in place in Chad for poverty reduction. The author argues that the successful management of Chad's windfall for poverty reduction will depend on the effectiveness of oil revenue management arrangements in place in Chad and the government's willingness to improve public finance management (PFM)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ratha, Dilip Beyond Aid
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating
    Abstract: Given Sub-Saharan Africa's enormous resource needs for growth, poverty reduction, and other Millennium Development Goals, the development community has little choice but to continue to explore new sources of financing, innovative private-to-private sector solutions, and public-private partnerships to mobilize additional international financing. The paper suggests several new instruments for improving access to capital. An analysis of country creditworthiness suggests that many countries in the region may be more creditworthy than previously believed. Establishing sovereign rating benchmarks and credit enhancement through guarantee instruments provided by multilateral aid agencies would facilitate market access. Creative financial structuring, such as the International Financing Facility for Immunization, would help front-load aid commitments, although these may not result in additional financing in the long run. Preliminary estimates suggest that Sub-Saharan African countries can potentially raise USD 1-3 billion by reducing the cost of international migrant remittances, USD 5-10 billion by issuing diaspora bonds, and USD 17 billion by securitizing future remittances and other future receivables. African countries that have recently received debt relief however need to be cautious when resorting to market-based borrowing
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Barth, James R Bank Regulations Are Changing
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bank regulation ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Croatian national bank ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial institutions ; Financial systems ; Governments ; Supervisory agencies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bank regulation ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Croatian national bank ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial institutions ; Financial systems ; Governments ; Supervisory agencies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bank regulation ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Croatian national bank ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial institutions ; Financial systems ; Governments ; Supervisory agencies
    Abstract: This paper presents new and official survey information on bank regulations in 142 countries and makes comparisons with two earlier surveys. The data do not suggest that countries have primarily reformed their bank regulations for the better over the last decade. Following Basel guidelines many countries strengthened capital regulations and official supervisory agencies, but existing evidence suggests that these reforms will not improve bank stability or efficiency. While some countries have empowered private monitoring of banks, consistent with the third pillar of Basel II, there are many exceptions and reversals along this dimension
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Osgood, Daniel E Integrating Seasonal Forecasts And Insurance For Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Climate variability poses a severe threat to subsistence farmers in southern Africa. Two different approaches have emerged in recent years to address these threats: the use of seasonal precipitation forecasts for risk reduction (for example, choosing seed varieties that can perform well for expected rainfall conditions), and the use of innovative financial instruments for risk sharing (for example, index-based weather insurance bundled to microcredit for agricultural inputs). So far these two approaches have remained entirely separated. This paper explores the integration of seasonal forecasts into an ongoing pilot insurance scheme for smallholder farmers in Malawi. The authors propose a model that adjusts the amount of high-yield agricultural inputs given to farmers to favorable or unfavorable rainfall conditions expected for the season. Simulation results - combining climatic, agricultural, and financial models - indicate that this approach substantially increases production in La Niña years (when droughts are very unlikely for the study area), and reduces losses in El Niño years (when insufficient rainfall often damages crops). Cumulative gross revenues are more than twice as large for the proposed scheme, given modeling assumptions. The resulting accumulation of wealth can reduce long-term vulnerability to drought for participating farmers. Conclusions highlight the potential of this approach for adaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Tosun, Mehmet Serkan Centralization, Decentralization, And Conflict In The Middle East And North Africa
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; D ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal decentralization ; Inflation ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental relations ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Reorganization ; Tax administration ; Tax assignment ; Tax collection ; Taxation ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; D ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal decentralization ; Inflation ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental relations ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Reorganization ; Tax administration ; Tax assignment ; Tax collection ; Taxation ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; D ; Decentralization ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal decentralization ; Inflation ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Intergovernmental relations ; Municipal Financial Management ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Reorganization ; Tax administration ; Tax assignment ; Tax collection ; Taxation ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This paper examines broadly the intergovernmental structure in the Middle East and North Africa region, which has one of the most centralized government structures in the world. The authors address the reasons behind this centralized structure by looking first at the history behind the tax systems of the region. They review the Ottoman taxation system, which has been predominantly influential as a model, and discuss its impact on current government structure. They also discuss the current intergovernmental structure by examining the type and degree of decentralization in five countries representative of the region: Egypt, Iran, West Bank/Gaza, Tunisia, and Yemen. Cross-country regression analysis using panel data for a broader set of countries leads to better understanding of the factors behind heavy centralization in the region. The findings show that external conflicts constitute a major roadblock to decentralization in the region
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Alacevich, Michele Early Development Economics Debates Revisited
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Classical Economists ; Conflict and Development ; Development Economics ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economists ; Growth Theory ; Industrial Economy ; Industrialization ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: Development economics in its early years created the image of a fierce fight between advocates of contrasting theories or approaches- "balanced growth" vs. "unbalanced growth" or "program loans" vs. "project loans." This view has the merit to highlight such conflicts in great detail; yet it fails to take into account the reality of development economics as it was practiced in the field. This paper reassesses these old conflicts by complementing the traditional focus on theoretical debates with an emphasis on the practice of development economics.A particularly interesting example is the debate between Albert Hirschman, one of the fathers of the "unbalanced growth" approach, and Lauchlin Currie, among the advocates of "balanced growth" on how to foster iron production in Colombia in the 1950s. An analysis of the positions held by these two economists shows that they were in fact much less antithetical than is usually held and, indeed, were in some fundamental aspects surprisingly similar. Debates among development economists during the 1950s thus must be explained-at least partially-as the natural dynamics of an emerging discipline that took shape when different groups tried to achieve supremacy-or at least legitimacy-through the creation of mutually delegitimizing systemic theories
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade
    Abstract: This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the World Trade Organization. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the regulatory preconditions for benefiting from market opening. The authors argue that prospects for multilateral services liberalization would be enhanced by making national treatment the objective of World Trade Organization services negotiations, thereby clarifying the scope of World Trade Organization commitments for regulators. Moreover, liberalization by smaller and poorer members of the World Trade Organization would be facilitated by complementary actions to strengthen regulatory capacity. If pursued as part of the operationalization of the World Trade Organization's 2006 Aid for Trade taskforce report, the World Trade Organization could become more relevant in promoting not just services liberalization but, more importantly, domestic reforms of services policies
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gatti, Roberta Informality Among Formal Firms
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To External Finance ; Access to Finance ; Balance Sheets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exclusion ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Market ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Security ; Access To Credit ; Access To External Finance ; Access to Finance ; Balance Sheets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exclusion ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Market ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Security ; Access To Credit ; Access To External Finance ; Access to Finance ; Balance Sheets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exclusion ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Market ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Security
    Abstract: The authors use firm-level, cross-county data from Investment Climate surveys in 49 developing countries to investigate an important channel through which informality can affect productivity: access to credit and external finance. Informality is measured as self-reported lack of tax compliance in a sample of registered firms that also answered questions on a large set of other characteristics. The authors find that more tax compliance is significantly associated with more access to credit both in OLS and in country fixed effects estimates. In particular, the link between credit and formality is stronger in high-formality countries. This suggests that firms' balance sheets are relatively more informative for financial institutions in environments where signal extraction is a less noisy process. The authors' results are robust to the inclusion of a wide array of correlates and to two-stage estimation
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Liu, Lili Subnational Insolvency
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt restructuring ; Defaults ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial distress ; Insolvency ; Insolvency law ; Insolvency mechanisms ; Insolvency procedures ; Public Disclosure ; Strategic Debt Management ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt restructuring ; Defaults ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial distress ; Insolvency ; Insolvency law ; Insolvency mechanisms ; Insolvency procedures ; Public Disclosure ; Strategic Debt Management ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit markets ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt restructuring ; Defaults ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial distress ; Insolvency ; Insolvency law ; Insolvency mechanisms ; Insolvency procedures ; Public Disclosure ; Strategic Debt Management
    Abstract: Subnational insolvency is a reoccurring event in development, as demonstrated by historical and modern episodes of subnational defaults in both developed and developing countries. Insolvency procedures become more important as countries decentralize expenditure, taxation, and borrowing, and broaden subnational credit markets. As the first cross-country survey of procedures to resolve subnational financial distress, this paper has particular relevance for decentralizing countries. The authors explain central features and variations of subnational insolvency mechanisms across countries. They identify judicial, administrative, and hybrid procedures, and show how entry point and political factors drive their design. Like private insolvency law, subnational insolvency procedures predictably allocate default risk, while providing breathing space for orderly debt restructuring and fiscal adjustment. Policymakers' desire to mitigate the tension between creditor rights and the need to maintain essential public services, to strengthen ex ante fiscal rules, and to harden subnational budget constraints are motivations specific to the public sector
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kim, Aehyung Decentralization And The Provision of Public Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Federalism ; Income distribution ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Local government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Privatization ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Services ; Public service provision ; Revenue sources ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Federalism ; Income distribution ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Local government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Privatization ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Services ; Public service provision ; Revenue sources ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Federalism ; Income distribution ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Local government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Privatization ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Services ; Public service provision ; Revenue sources
    Abstract: This paper discusses decentralization (administrative, fiscal and political) of government in public service provision. It aims to facilitate understanding among practitioners, policy makers, and scholars about what decentralization entails in practice compared to theory. A review of the empirical literature and experience of decentralization is presented. The paper highlights issues that policy makers in developing and transitional countries should be aware of when reforming government, considering their unique political and economic environment. The author argues that decentralization produces efficiency gains stemming from inter-jurisdictional competition, enhanced checks and balances over the government through voting at the subnational level, and informational advantages due to proximity to citizens. By contrast, arguments against decentralization include the risk of an increased level of corruption, coordination problems stemming from multiple layers of government, low capacity of subnational government, and unproductive inter-jurisdictional competition. Decentralization itself does not render increased government effectiveness in public service provision. Instead, the effectiveness of government largely depends on the quality of human capital and institutions
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francisco, Manuela Measuring The Performance And Achievement of Social Objectives of Development Finance Institutions
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Demand for credit ; Development Finance ; Development Finance Institutions ; Development finance institution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial intermediaries ; Financial sector development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social welfare ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Demand for credit ; Development Finance ; Development Finance Institutions ; Development finance institution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial intermediaries ; Financial sector development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social welfare ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Demand for credit ; Development Finance ; Development Finance Institutions ; Development finance institution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial intermediaries ; Financial sector development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social welfare
    Abstract: This paper develops and tests a proposed methodology that puts forward a new integrated method for evaluating the performance of development finance institutions. This methodology applies assessment criteria that take into account both the social objective that the development finance institution addresses and the subsidies it received in order to achieve such an objective. This methodology is applied to two pilot case studies-Banadesa (Honduras) and Banrural (Guatemala). The authors calculate the previously tested subsidy dependence index, which measures the degree of an institution's subsidy dependence. The paper develops and estimates a new measure-the output index- which indicates the level to which the institution fulfills the social objectives of the state. The analysis integrates the subsidy dependence index and the output index to assess the effectiveness associated with meeting the social objective. The findings suggest that the integration of the two indexes can constitute the basis of a meaningful evaluation framework for the performance of development finance institutions. This new methodology can also be a useful metric for policy makers who are seeking to decide on an optimal allocation of scarce funds for development finance institutions that pursue social goals and for management that seeks improved performance outcomes
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Lessons From China For Africa
    Keywords: Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip ; Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip ; Auto industry ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Driving ; Emerging Markets ; Environmental regulations ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Infrastructure finance ; Infrastructure investment ; Pollution ; Population Policies ; Private Sector Development ; Rail ; Roads ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Trip
    Abstract: China has been the most successful developing country in this modern era of globalization. Since initiating economic reform after 1978, its economy has expanded at a steady rate over 8 percent per capita, fueling historically unprecedented poverty reduction (the poverty rate declined from over 60 percent to 7 percent in 2007). Other developing countries struggling to grow and reduce poverty are naturally interested in what has been the source of this impressive growth and what, if any, lessons they can take from China. This paper focuses on four features of modern China that have changed significantly between the pre-reform period and today. The Chinese themselves call their reform program Gai Ge Kai Feng, "change the system, open the door." "Change the system" means altering incentives and ownership, that is, shifting the economy from near total state ownership to one in which private enterprise is dominant. "Open the door" means exactly what it says, liberalizing trade and direct investment. A third lesson is the development of high-quality infrastructure: China's good roads, reliable power, world-class ports, and excellent cell phone coverage throughout the country are apparent to any visitor. What is less well known is that most of this infrastructure has been developed through a policy of "cost recovery" that prices infrastructure services at levels sufficient to finance the capital cost as well as operations and maintenance. A fourth important lesson is China's careful attention to agriculture and rural development, complemented by rural-urban migration
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: van Dam, Rein Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Institutions In Denmark
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Investment restrictions ; Market discipline ; Pension ; Pension funds ; Portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Risk control ; Solvency ; Valuation
    Abstract: This paper examines the move towards risk-based supervision of pension institutions in Denmark. Although Denmark has not adopted a comprehensive model to assess risk it has developed a number of building blocks which it uses for risk-based assessment. The motivations for improving risk assessment include a desire to identify emerging problems, and concerns about the solvency of pension institutions. In Denmark there is extensive use of guaranteed minimum returns in both the accumulation and payout phases which create substantial obligations on pension institutions, and focus attention on the integrity and solvency of the institutions which provide them. In conjunction with freeing up investment restrictions and moving towards market valuation of assets, the supervisor has introduced a 'traffic light' stress test model which calculates the effect of several market scenarios - the red test which is the more plausible and the yellow test which is possible but less likely. In addition to the use of the traffic light system, there has been a growing emphasis on the adequacy of internal risk control systems and greater reliance on market discipline. Pension institutions have sought to reduce their exposure to market volatility by better matching of assets and liabilities. There is a much better understanding of the risks inherent in the pension institutions' portfolios, and there has been a substantial increase in the use of hedging instruments
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vagliasindi, Maria Governance Arrangements For State Owned Enterprises
    Keywords: Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial institutions ; Governance ; National Governance ; Private ownership ; Private sector participation ; Public Private Partnerships ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public sector ; State ownership ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial institutions ; Governance ; National Governance ; Private ownership ; Private sector participation ; Public Private Partnerships ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public sector ; State ownership ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial institutions ; Governance ; National Governance ; Private ownership ; Private sector participation ; Public Private Partnerships ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public sector ; State ownership ; Transparency
    Abstract: The aim of this paper is to shed new light on key challenges in governance arrangements for state owned enterprises in infrastructure sectors. The paper provides guidelines on how to classify the fuzzy and sometimes conflicting development goals of infrastructure and the governance arrangements needed to reach such goals. Three policy recommendations emerge. First, some of the structures implied by internationally adopted principles of corporate governance for state owned enterprises favoring a centralized ownership function versus a decentralized or dual structure have not yet been sufficiently "tested" in practice and may not suit all developing countries. Second, general corporate governance guidelines (and policy recommendations) need to be carefully adapted to infrastructure sectors, particularly in the natural monopoly segments. Because the market structure and regulatory arrangements in which state owned enterprises operate matters, governments may want to distinguish the state owned enterprises operating in potentially competitive sectors from the ones under a natural monopoly structure. Competition provides not only formidable benefits, but also unique opportunities for benchmarking, increasing transparency and accountability. Third, governments may want to avoid partial fixes, by tackling both the internal and external governance factors. Focusing only on one of the governance dimensions is unlikely to improve SOE performance in a sustainable way
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seethepalli, Kalpana How Relevant Is Infrastructure To Growth In East Asia?
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Externalities ; Finance infrastructure ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Infrastructure development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Tax ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Externalities ; Finance infrastructure ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Infrastructure development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Tax ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Externalities ; Finance infrastructure ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Infrastructure development ; Road ; Road infrastructure ; Roads ; Sanitation ; Tax ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading
    Abstract: This paper seeks to shed some light on the extent to which infrastructure sub-sectors - energy, telecommunications, water supply, sanitation, and transport - contributed to growth in East Asia during 1985-2004. It also attempts to provide additional insights on whether the relationship between infrastructure and growth depends on five additional variables: the degree of private participation in infrastructure, the quality of governance, the extent of rural-urban inequality in access to infrastructure services, country income levels, as well as geography. The findings show that greater stocks of infrastructure were indeed associated with higher growth. However, a more nuanced look at the sensitivity of infrastructure impacts on the five additional variables yields different results, with some sectors supporting conventional expectations and others yielding mixed or counter-intuitive results. In particular, the telecom and sanitation sectors yield statistically significant results supporting the a priori hypotheses; electricity and water infrastructure provide mixed results; and road infrastructure consistently contradicts a priori expectations. The results are consistent with the widely-accepted idea in policy research that infrastructure plays an important role in promoting growth, as well as with the viewpoint that certain countries' endowments influence the growth-related impacts of infrastructure
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten The Typology of Partial Credit Guarantee Funds Around The World
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Credit guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Financing obstacles ; Guarantee schemes ; International bank ; Microfinance ; Partial credit ; Risk management ; Risk-based pricing ; Transaction costs ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Credit guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Financing obstacles ; Guarantee schemes ; International bank ; Microfinance ; Partial credit ; Risk management ; Risk-based pricing ; Transaction costs ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Credit guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial support ; Financing obstacles ; Guarantee schemes ; International bank ; Microfinance ; Partial credit ; Risk management ; Risk-based pricing ; Transaction costs
    Abstract: This paper presents data on 76 partial credit guarantee schemes across 46 developed and developing countries. Based on theory, the authors discuss different organizational features of credit guarantee schemes and their variation across countries. They focus on the respective role of government and the private sector and different pricing and risk reduction tools and how they are correlated across countries. The findings show that government has an important role to play in funding and management, but less so in risk assessment and recovery. There is a surprisingly low use of risk-based pricing and limited use of risk management mechanisms
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhu, Tian Formal Finance And Trade Credit During China's Transition
    Keywords: Access To Cred Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business School ; Buyers ; Cred Customers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Activity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediaries ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Support ; Information ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Loans ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Cred Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business School ; Buyers ; Cred Customers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Activity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediaries ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Support ; Information ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Loans ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Access To Cred Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business School ; Buyers ; Cred Customers ; Debt Markets ; Economic Activity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediaries ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Support ; Information ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Loans ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Using a large panel dataset of Chinese industrial firms, the authors examine the determinants of access to loans from formal financial intermediaries and extension of trade credit. Poorly performing state-owned enterprises were more likely to redistribute credit to firms with less privileged access to loans through trade credit, a pattern consistent with some of the extension of trade credit being involuntary. By contrast, profitable private domestic firms were more likely to extend trade credit than unprofitable ones. Trade credit likely provided a substitute for loans for these private firms' customers that were shut out of formal credit markets. As biases in lending became less severe, the amount of trade credit extended by private firms declined
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Islam, Roumeen Economic Information And Finance
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Bank lending ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial health ; Financial sector development ; Insurance ; Labor markets ; Non-performing loans ; Private credit ; Transparency ; Access to Finance ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Bank lending ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial health ; Financial sector development ; Insurance ; Labor markets ; Non-performing loans ; Private credit ; Transparency ; Access to Finance ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Bank lending ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial health ; Financial sector development ; Insurance ; Labor markets ; Non-performing loans ; Private credit ; Transparency
    Abstract: This paper builds on recent work that shows how financial sector outcomes are affected by the provision of information by financial and other entities. In particular, it shows that an indicator of economic transparency is positively related to higher levels of private credit and a lower share of nonperforming loans even after accounting for factors commonly believed to influence financial sector development in cross-country empirical estimation. Timely access to economic data allows investors to make better decisions on investments and to better monitor banks' financial health. Greater economic transparency raises accountability and lowers corruption in bank lending
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Munoz, Emanuel Salinas Financing of The Private Sector In Mexico, 2000-05
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Accessibility ; Affordability ; Bank loan ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial banks ; Consumer credit ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial system ; Loan portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Private sector financing ; Supply of financing ; Access to Finance ; Accessibility ; Affordability ; Bank loan ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial banks ; Consumer credit ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial system ; Loan portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Private sector financing ; Supply of financing ; Access to Finance ; Accessibility ; Affordability ; Bank loan ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial banks ; Consumer credit ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial system ; Loan portfolios ; Private Sector Development ; Private sector financing ; Supply of financing
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to describe the evolution, composition, and determinants of financing to the nonfinancial private sector in Mexico between 2000 and 2005. Supported by the macroeconomic environment and financial system reforms, total financing to the private sector (particularly consumer credit) increased relative to GDP, while accessibility and affordability generally improved. Equity issuance did not play an important role during the period under consideration. Although the supply of financing shifted toward domestic nonbank providers, commercial banks remain the primary source of funding. Significant progress was made in cleaning up bank loan portfolios and in strengthening financial system soundness and infrastructure. The prospects for continued private sector financing growth remain very positive, but financing is not spread out evenly across all market segments. The authors conclude with some policy implications to further facilitate deeper and broader financing of the private sector
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Clarke, George R.G Bank Privatization In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank Privatization ; Banking Sector ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Financial Systems ; Income Statements ; Private Banks ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Profitability ; Access to Finance ; Bank Privatization ; Banking Sector ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Financial Systems ; Income Statements ; Private Banks ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Profitability ; Access to Finance ; Bank Privatization ; Banking Sector ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Financial Systems ; Income Statements ; Private Banks ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Profitability
    Abstract: Previous empirical analyses have found that bank privatizations are more successful when the government fully relinquishes control, when the bank is privatized to a strategic investor, and when foreign-owned banks are allowed to participate in the bidding. The privatization of Uganda Commercial Bank (UCB) to the South African bank Stanbic met all these criteria, suggesting that it is a likely candidate for success. But other features suggest reasons for caution: UCB dominated the Ugandan banking sector prior to privatization and the institutional environment in Uganda was less favorable than in many of the middle-income countries looked at in earlier empirical studies. Despite these concerns, the privatization appears to have been relatively successful. The portfolio of the privatized bank, which was cleaned prior to sale, remains relatively strong and profitability and credit growth are now on par with other Ugandan banks. Though market segmentation remains a concern since Stanbic faces little or no direct competition in many remote areas, some early results suggest that access to credit has improved for some hard-to-serve groups
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Stephanou, Constantinos Financial Services And Trade Agreements In Latin America And The Caribbean
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Barriers ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Market ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Foreign Bank ; Free Trad ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Barriers ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Market ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Foreign Bank ; Free Trad ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Barriers ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Market ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Foreign Bank ; Free Trad ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trade Law ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: The authors review the international framework governing trade in financial services, describe the treatment of financial services in recent trade agreements involving Latin America and Caribbean countries, and analyze the liberalization commitments made in three selected country case studies-Chile, Colombia, and Costa Rica. They give emphasis to free trade agreements because of the generally deeper level of liberalization and rule-making achieved to-date. The authors discuss some of the causes and potential implications of their findings
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hesse, Heiko Financial Intermediation In The Pre-Consolidated Banking Sector In Nigeria
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Bank balance sheet ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Holdings ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomic environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overhead costs ; Private Sector Development ; Productive investments ; Access to Finance ; Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Bank balance sheet ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Holdings ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomic environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overhead costs ; Private Sector Development ; Productive investments ; Access to Finance ; Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Bank balance sheet ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Holdings ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomic environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overhead costs ; Private Sector Development ; Productive investments
    Abstract: This paper uses unique bank-by-bank balance sheet and income statement information to investigate the intermediation efficiency in the Nigerian pre-consolidated banking sector during 2000-05. The author analyzes whether the Central Bank of Nigeria's policy of recent banking consolidation can be justified and rationalized by looking at the determinants of spreads. A spread decomposition and panel estimations show that the reform of the banking sector could be the first step to raise the intermediation efficiency of the Nigerian banking sector. The author finds that larger banks have enjoyed lower overhead costs, increased concentration in the banking sector has not been detrimental to the spreads, both increased holdings of liquidity and capital might have led to lower spreads in 2005, and a stable macroeconomic environment is conducive to a more efficient channeling of savings to productive investments
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Scott, David H Strengthening The Governance And Performance of State-Owned Financial Institutions
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Systems ; Financial institution ; Financial management ; Governance ; Institutional foundations ; Law and Development ; Legislation ; National Governance ; Presidency ; Private Sector Development ; Public policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Systems ; Financial institution ; Financial management ; Governance ; Institutional foundations ; Law and Development ; Legislation ; National Governance ; Presidency ; Private Sector Development ; Public policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Corporate governance ; Debt Markets ; Disclosure ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Systems ; Financial institution ; Financial management ; Governance ; Institutional foundations ; Law and Development ; Legislation ; National Governance ; Presidency ; Private Sector Development ; Public policy
    Abstract: Corporate governance arrangements define the responsibilities, authorities and accountabilities of owners, boards of directors, and executive managers of a company. Good corporate governance is as important for state financial institutions as for private sector companies. Many of the problems that commonly afflict state financial institutions can be associated with, if not attributed directly to, weaknesses in corporate governance. This note draws on guidelines recently published by the OECD and the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision to compile a comprehensive corporate governance evaluation framework relevant to state-owned commercial and development finance institutions. It highlights aspects of this framework that are considered to be of particular importance to state financial institutions by citing innovative practices in a number of countries. Finally, it presents a detailed case study of the governance arrangements in place at the Development Bank of Southern Africa
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hanson, James A The Growth In Government Domestic Debt
    Keywords: Bank debt ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital market ; Central bank ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Domestic Debt ; Emerging Markets ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial crises ; Financial systems ; Foreign debt ; Government debt ; International Economics & Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Private capital ; Bank debt ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital market ; Central bank ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Domestic Debt ; Emerging Markets ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial crises ; Financial systems ; Foreign debt ; Government debt ; International Economics & Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Private capital ; Bank debt ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital market ; Central bank ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Domestic Debt ; Emerging Markets ; External Debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial crises ; Financial systems ; Foreign debt ; Government debt ; International Economics & Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Private capital
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the recent growth of government domestic debt, including central bank debt, using a new data base on government domestic debt in developing countries with large, open financial systems. On average, government domestic debt grew much faster than GDP between 1994 and 2004 and became larger than foreign debt. The rapid growth of domestic debt reflects financial crises, the growth of central bank debt and the greater attractiveness to governments of issuing domestic debt as well as the recent increase in demands for it. Both its attractiveness and the increased demands for it reflect the current benign international environment to some degree. The main risk of government debt, domestic or foreign, remains its overall size relative to a country's fiscal, financial, and political institutions. While government domestic debt can help the domestic private capital market, large domestic debt, like large external debt, has risks. For example, there can be "sudden stops" in the demand for domestic debt as well as in foreign lending. Governments need to be aware of the risks and burdens in domestic debt issue-crowding out small borrowers, transferring risks to banks when issuing longer maturity, fixed-interest domestic debt and reducing returns, and imposing risks on holders of pensions, annuities, and life insurance policies. Growth of central bank debt can divert central banks from pursuit of the objective of price stability
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (82 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: de la Torre, Augusto Innovative Experiences In Access To Finance
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial markets ; International Bank ; Investment projects ; Market Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public banks ; Return ; Transaction ; Transaction Cost ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial markets ; International Bank ; Investment projects ; Market Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public banks ; Return ; Transaction ; Transaction Cost ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Guarantee ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial markets ; International Bank ; Investment projects ; Market Infrastructure ; Private Sector Development ; Public banks ; Return ; Transaction ; Transaction Cost
    Abstract: Interest in access to finance has increased significantly in recent years, as growing evidence suggests that lack of access to credit prevents lower-income households and small firms from financing high return investment projects, having an adverse effect on growth and poverty alleviation. This study describes some recent innovative experiences to broaden access to credit. These experiences are consistent with an emerging new view that recognizes a limited role for the public sector in financial markets, but contends that there might be room for well-designed, restricted interventions in collaboration with the private sector to foster financial development and broaden access. The authors illustrate this view with several recent experiences in Latin America and then discuss some open policy questions about the role of the public and private sectors in driving these financial innovations
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Determinants And Consequences of Land Sales Market Participation
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital market ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Economic effects ; Expenditure ; Financial market ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Sector Development ; Purchasing ; Real Estate Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Substitutes ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital market ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Economic effects ; Expenditure ; Financial market ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Sector Development ; Purchasing ; Real Estate Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Substitutes ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital market ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Economic effects ; Expenditure ; Financial market ; Land and Real Estate Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Private Sector Development ; Purchasing ; Real Estate Development ; Sale ; Sales ; Substitutes
    Abstract: Although opinions on impacts of land market transfers are sharply divided, few studies explore the welfare and productivity effects of land markets on a larger scale. This paper uses a large Indian panel spanning almost 20 years, together with a climatic shock (rainfall) indicator, to assess the productivity and equity effects of market-mediated land transfers (sale and purchase) compared with non-market ones (inheritance). The analysis shows that frequent shocks increase land market activity, an effect that is mitigated by the presence of safety nets and banks. Land sales markets improved productivity and helped purchasers, many of whom were formerly landless, to accumulate non-land assets and significantly enhance their welfare
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kenny, Charles Infrastructure Governance And Corruption
    Keywords: Assets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bribes ; Collusion ; Corrupt ; Corrupt acts ; Corruption ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Monopoly ; National Governance ; Privatization ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; White elephants ; Assets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bribes ; Collusion ; Corrupt ; Corrupt acts ; Corruption ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Monopoly ; National Governance ; Privatization ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; White elephants ; Assets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bribes ; Collusion ; Corrupt ; Corrupt acts ; Corruption ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Monopoly ; National Governance ; Privatization ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; White elephants
    Abstract: Governance is central to development outcomes in infrastructure, not least because corruption (a symptom of failed governance) can have significantly negative impact on returns to infrastructure investment. This conclusion holds whether infrastructure is in private or public hands. This paper looks at what has been learned about the role of governance in infrastructure, provides some recent examples of reform efforts and project approaches, and suggests an agenda for greater engagement - primarily at the sector level - to improve governance and reduce the development impact of corruption. The discussion covers market structure, regulation, state-owned enterprise reform, planning and budgeting, and project design
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gutierrez, Catalina Does Employment Generation Really Matter For Poverty Reduction ?
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes how the employment/productivity profile of growth and its sectoral pattern are correlated with poverty reduction. The authors use a sample of 104 short-run growth spells in developing countries, between 1980 and 2001. They also identify some conditions of the labor market and the economic environment that are associated with employment-intensive growth or specific sectoral growth. The results show that, in the short run, although the aggregate employment-rate intensity of growth does not matter for poverty reduction any more than the aggregate productivity intensity of growth, the sectoral pattern of employment growth and productivity growth is important. Employment-intensive growth in the secondary sector is associated with decreases in poverty, while employment-intensive growth in agriculture is correlated with poverty increases. Similarly, productivity-intensive growth in agriculture is associated with decreases in poverty. Although the study does not address causality, coincidence of these phenomena in this large sample of heterogeneous countries and periods suggests that, in the short run, the sectoral productivity and employment pattern of growth may have important implications for poverty alleviation. Therefore, policies for reducing poverty should not overlook the sectoral productivity and employment implications of different growth policies
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Easterly, William Walking Up The Down Escalator
    Keywords: Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Cash Flow ; Cash Flows ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Defic Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Discipline ; Future ; Investment Spending ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Cash Flow ; Cash Flows ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Defic Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Discipline ; Future ; Investment Spending ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Accounting ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Cash Flow ; Cash Flows ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Defic Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Discipline ; Future ; Investment Spending ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investments ; Liquidity ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Abstract: Fiscal adjustment becomes like walking up the down escalator when growth-promoting spending is cut so much as to lower growth and thus the present value of future tax revenues to a degree that more than offsets the improvement in the cash deficit. Although short-term cash flows matter, a preponderant focus on them encourages governments to invest too little. Cash flow targets also encourage governments to shift investment spending off budget, by seeking private investment in public projects-irrespective of its real fiscal or economic benefits. To evade the action of cash flow targets, some have suggested excluding from their scope certain investments (such as those undertaken by public enterprises deemed commercial or financed by multilaterals). These stopgap remedies might sometimes help protect investment, but they do not provide a satisfactory solution to the underlying problem. Governments can more effectively reduce the biases created by the focus on short-term cash flows by developing indicators of the long-term fiscal effects of their decisions, including accounting and economic measures of net worth, and where appropriate including such measures in fiscal targets or even fiscal rules, replacing the exclusive focus on liquidity and debt
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Sharma, Siddharth When do creditor rights work?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank loans ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contract enforcement ; Creditor ; Creditor Rights ; Creditors ; Debt Markets ; Finance Corporation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Legal protections ; Legal systems ; Public Disclosure ; Access to Finance ; Bank loans ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contract enforcement ; Creditor ; Creditor Rights ; Creditors ; Debt Markets ; Finance Corporation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Legal protections ; Legal systems ; Public Disclosure ; Access to Finance ; Bank loans ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contract enforcement ; Creditor ; Creditor Rights ; Creditors ; Debt Markets ; Finance Corporation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Legal protections ; Legal systems ; Public Disclosure
    Abstract: Creditor-friendly laws are generally associated with more credit to the private sector and deeper financial markets. But laws mean little if they are not upheld in the courts. The authors hypothesize that the effectiveness of creditor rights is strongly linked to the efficiency of contract enforcement. This hypothesis is tested using firm level data on 27 European countries in 2002 and 2005. The analysis finds that firms have more access to bank credit in countries with better creditor rights, but the association between creditor rights and bank credit is much weaker in countries with inefficient courts. Exploiting the panel dimension of the data and the fact that creditor rights change over time, the authors show that the effect of a change in creditor rights on change in bank credit increases with court enforcement. In particular, a unit increase in the creditor rights index will increase the share of bank loans in firm investment by 27 percent in a country at the 10th percentile of the enforcement time distribution (Lithuania). However, the increase will be only 7 percent in a country at the 80th percentile of this distribution (Kyrgyzstan). Legal protections of creditors and efficient courts are strong complements
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wes, Marina India Rising
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget constraints ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Entry barriers ; Expenditure ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government debt ; Government indebtedness ; Indebtedness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Private investment ; Public finances ; Tax ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget constraints ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Entry barriers ; Expenditure ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government debt ; Government indebtedness ; Indebtedness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Private investment ; Public finances ; Tax ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget constraints ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Entry barriers ; Expenditure ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government debt ; Government indebtedness ; Indebtedness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Private investment ; Public finances ; Tax
    Abstract: Over the past 25 years, India's economy grew at an average real rate of close to 6 percent, with growth rates in recent years accelerating to 9 percent. Yet by 2005-06, the general government debt-to-GDP ratio was 34 percentage points higher than in the 1980s. The authors examine the links between public finances and growth in the post-1991 period. They argue that the main factor in the deterioration of government debt dynamics after the mid-1990s was a reform-induced loss in trade, customs, and financial repression taxes. Over time, these very factors plus lower entry barriers have contributed to stronger microfoundations for growth by increasing competition and hardening budget constraints for firms and financial sector institutions. The authors suggest that the impressive growth acceleration of the past few years, which is now lowering government indebtedness, can be attributed to the lagged effects of these factors, which have taken time to attain a critical mass in view of India's gradual reforms. Similarly, the worsening of public finances during the late 1990s can be attributed to the cumulative effects of tax losses, the negative growth effects of cuts in capital expenditure that were made to offset the tax losses, and a pullback in private investment (hence, growth and taxes), a situation which is now turning around. Insufficient capital expenditures have contributed to the infrastructure gap, which is seen as a constraint especially for rapid growth in manufacturing. The authors discuss ongoing reforms in revenue mobilization and fiscal adjustment at the state level, which if successfully implemented, will result in a better alignment of public finances with growth by generating further fiscal space for infrastructure and other development spending
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Skamnelos, Ilias Credit growth in emerging Europe
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banking Sector ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Growth ; Credit Rating ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial contagion ; Financial crises ; Financial crisis ; Financial stability ; International Bank ; International financial institutions ; Market economy ; Access to Finance ; Banking Sector ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Growth ; Credit Rating ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial contagion ; Financial crises ; Financial crisis ; Financial stability ; International Bank ; International financial institutions ; Market economy ; Access to Finance ; Banking Sector ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Growth ; Credit Rating ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial contagion ; Financial crises ; Financial crisis ; Financial stability ; International Bank ; International financial institutions ; Market economy
    Abstract: High credit growth in Emerging Europe, generally considered a sign of catching-up with the "old" Europe, has begun receiving considerable attention among investors and policymakers alike. Given heightened global risks and the demands under the European Union accession process, the need to better understand this high credit growth's drivers, riskiness, and the possible macroeconomic and financial stability consequences is strong. The authors adopt a holistic approach in reviewing the rapid credit growth experienced in the region, examining macroeconomic, financial sector, corporate sector, and asset market consequences and possible vulnerabilities. They consider three possible scenarios-a catching-up with older European countries, a soft landing as experienced by Portugal in the early 2000s, and a hard landing as experienced by Asia in 1997
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mahul, Olivier Managing Agricultural Risk At The Country Level
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Excess of loss reinsurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Insurance companies ; Insurance industry ; Insurance law ; Insured losses ; Interest rates ; Law and Development ; Private insurance ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Excess of loss reinsurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Insurance companies ; Insurance industry ; Insurance law ; Insured losses ; Interest rates ; Law and Development ; Private insurance ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Excess of loss reinsurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Insurance companies ; Insurance industry ; Insurance law ; Insured losses ; Interest rates ; Law and Development ; Private insurance ; Risk assessment ; Risk management ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This paper describes the index-based livestock insurance program in Mongolia designed in the context of a World Bank lending operation with Government of Mongolia and implemented on a pilot basis in 2005. This program involves a combination of self-insurance by herders, market-based insurance, and social insurance. Herders retain small losses, larger losses are transferred to the private insurance industry, and extreme or catastrophic losses are transferred to the government using a public safety net program. A syndicate pooling arrangement protects participating insurance companies against excessive insured losses, with excess of loss reinsurance provided by the government. The fiscal exposure of Government of Mongolia toward the most extreme losses is protected with a contingent credit facility. The insurance program relies on a mortality rate index by species in each local region. The index provides strong incentives to individual herders to continue to manage their herds so as to minimize the impacts of major livestock mortality events; individual herders receive an insurance payout based on the local mortality, irrespective of their individual losses. This project offered the first opportunity to design and implement an agriculture insurance program using a country-wide agricultural risk management approach. During the first sales season, 7 percent of the herders in the three pilot regions purchased the insurance product
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ghesquiere, Francis Sovereign Natural Disaster Insurance For Developing Countries
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Environment ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Environment ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Environment ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Long-term resource ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Private investors ; Public investment ; Risk Management ; Safety Net ; Tax ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Economic theory suggests that countries should ignore uncertainty for public investment and behave as if indifferent to risk because they can pool risks to a much greater extent than private investors can. This paper discusses the general economic theory in the case of developing countries. The analysis identifies several cases where the government's risk-neutral assumption does not hold, thus making rational the use of ex ante risk financing instruments, including sovereign insurance. The paper discusses the optimal level of sovereign insurance. It argues that, because sovereign insurance is usually more expensive than post-disaster financing, it should mainly cover immediate needs, while long-term expenditures should be financed through post-disaster financing (including ex post borrowing and tax increases). In other words, sovereign insurance should not aim at financing the long-term resource gap, but only the short-term liquidity need
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Patterns of Rainfall Insurance Participation In Rural India
    Keywords: Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance ; Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance ; Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance
    Abstract: This paper describes the contract design and institutional features of an innovative rainfall insurance policy offered to smallholder farmers in rural India, and presents preliminary evidence on the determinants of insurance participation. Insurance takeup is found to be decreasing in basis risk between insurance payouts and income fluctuations, increasing in household wealth and decreasing in the extent to which credit constraints bind. These results match with predictions of a simple neoclassical model appended with borrowing constraints. Other patterns are less consistent with the "benchmark" model; namely, participation in village networks and measures of familiarity with the insurance vendor are strongly correlated with insurance takeup decisions, and risk-averse households are found to be less, not more, likely to purchase insurance. We suggest that these results reflect household uncertainty about the product itself, given their limited experience with it
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: David, Antonio C Are Price-Based Capital Account Regulations Effective In Developing Countries ?
    Keywords: Asset Price ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Boom-Bust Cycle ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Liberal ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Asset Price ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Boom-Bust Cycle ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Liberal ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Asset Price ; Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Boom-Bust Cycle ; Capital Account ; Capital Flows ; Capital Flows ; Capital Inflows ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Economies ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Liberal ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The author evaluates the effectiveness of policy measures adopted by Chile and Colombia, aiming to mitigate the deleterious effects of pro-cyclical capital flows. In the case of Chile, according to his Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis, capital controls succeeded in reducing net short-term capital flows but did not affect long-term flows. As far as Colombia is concerned, the regulations were capable of affecting total flows and also long-term ones. In addition, the co-integration models indicate that the regulations did not have a direct effect on the real exchange rate in the Chilean case. Nonetheless, the model used for Colombia did detect a direct impact of the capital controls on the real exchange rate. Therefore, the results do not seem to support the idea that those regulations were easily evaded
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lunde, Trine Indigenous Peoples In Latin America
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Despite significant changes in poverty overall in Latin America, the proportion of indigenous peoples living in poverty did not change much from the early 1990s to the present. While earlier work focused on human development, much less has been done on the distribution and returns to income-generating assets and the effect these have on income generation strategies. The authors show that low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. For instance, low education levels translate into low income, resulting in poor health and reduced schooling for future generations. Social networks affect the economic opportunities of individuals through two important channels-information and norms. However, the analysis shows that the networks available to indigenous peoples do not facilitate employment in nontraditional sectors
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhang, Chendi Credit Information Quality And Corporate Debt Maturity
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Bond markets ; Corporate Debt ; Credit Information ; Debt Markets ; Debt Maturity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Illiquidity ; International Finance ; Long-term loan ; Maturities ; Short-term borrowing ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Bond markets ; Corporate Debt ; Credit Information ; Debt Markets ; Debt Maturity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Illiquidity ; International Finance ; Long-term loan ; Maturities ; Short-term borrowing ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Bond markets ; Corporate Debt ; Credit Information ; Debt Markets ; Debt Maturity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Illiquidity ; International Finance ; Long-term loan ; Maturities ; Short-term borrowing
    Abstract: This paper provides new theoretical and empirical evidence suggesting that the quality of credit information may be a key element in explaining the maturity structure of corporate debt around the world. In markets with poor credit information and hence a high degree of uncertainty about borrower quality, the authors find suboptimal equilibria in which short-term contracts are preferred either as a hedge against uncertainty to limit losses in bad states (in the symmetric information case) or as a screening device to learn about borrower credit quality in the course of a repeated lending relationship (in the asymmetric information case). The results of the model are supported by the econometric analysis of panel data from both industrial and developing economies. The authors find that countries with better quality of credit information (for example, as a result of improvements in credit reporting systems or accounting standards) are characterized by a higher share of long-term debt as a proportion of total corporate debt ceteris paribus. The findings suggest that promoting institutions and policies to improve the quality of credit information is an important prerequisite for increasing access of firms to long-term finance
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Geginat, Carolin Does IDA Engage In Defensive Lending ?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Creditors ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt issues ; Debts ; Disbursements ; Economic Theory and Research ; External debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; International Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-performing loans ; Repayments ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Creditors ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt issues ; Debts ; Disbursements ; Economic Theory and Research ; External debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; International Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-performing loans ; Repayments ; Access to Finance ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Creditors ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt issues ; Debts ; Disbursements ; Economic Theory and Research ; External debt ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; International Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-performing loans ; Repayments
    Abstract: Multilateral development banks are frequently accused of "defensive lending," the practice of extending new loans purely in order to ensure that existing loans are repaid. This paper empirically examine this hypothesis using data on lending by and repayments to the International Development Association (IDA), which is the largest provider of concessional development loans to low-income countries. The authors argue that key institutional features of IDA both (i) potentially create incentives for defensive lending, and (ii) enable particularly sharp tests of the defensive lending hypothesis. The authors find that there is a surprisingly robust partial correlation between disbursements on new IDA loans and repayments on existing loans. However, a closer look at the evidence suggests that defensive lending is unlikely to be a major explanation for this partial correlation
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Labor Regulation And Employment In India's Retail Stores
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Employment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Regulation ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor laws ; Labor regulations ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Workers ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Employment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Regulation ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor laws ; Labor regulations ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Workers ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Employment ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor Regulation ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Labor laws ; Labor regulations ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: A new dataset of 1,948 retail stores in India compiled by the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys shows that 27 percent of the stores report labor regulations as a problem for their business. Using these data we analyze the effect of labor regulation on employment at the store level. We find that stricter labor regulation has a strong negative effect on employment. Our estimates show that labor reforms are likely to increase employment by 22 percent of the current level for an average store
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andres, Luis Assessing The Governance of Electricity Regulatory Agencies In The Latin American And The Caribbean Region
    Keywords: Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Disclosure ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional Arrangements ; Institutional Development ; Judiciary ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory Policies ; Regulatory Policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Disclosure ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional Arrangements ; Institutional Development ; Judiciary ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory Policies ; Regulatory Policy ; Transparency ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Disclosure ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Governance Indicators ; Institutional Arrangements ; Institutional Development ; Judiciary ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Governance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Regulatory Policies ; Regulatory Policy ; Transparency
    Abstract: This paper focuses on an evaluation and benchmarking of the governance of regulatory agencies in the electricity sector in Latin American Countries (LAC). Using a unique database, we develop an index of regulatory governance and rank all the agencies in the LAC countries. The index is an aggregate number of the evaluation of four key governance characteristics: autonomy, transparency, accountability, and regulatory tools, including not only formal aspects of regulation but also indicators related to actual implementation. Based on 18 different indexes, we analyze the positions of agencies with regard to different aspects of their regulatory governance, considering not only performance in each variable but also scores in the different components of each category. This evaluation allows for the identification of particular country shortcomings regarding governance, and indicates needed improvements. Although the region shows an overall good governance design of their regulatory agencies, the implementation of the independent regulator model still faces several challenges. This is particularly evident in political autonomy and in the informal aspects of governance, where the region shows the largest number of countries with the lowest scores. Trinidad and Tobago and Brazil show the best results and Ecuador, Honduras, and Chile the poorest performances. The rest of the countries vary according to the different indexes. We give each governance variable equal weights and positively test the robustness of our approach using Principal Component Analysis
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bolzico, Javier Practical Guidelines For Effective Bank Resolution
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank Capitalization ; Bank Failure ; Bank Failures ; Banking Crises ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Deposits ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Services ; Financial Systems ; Net Losses ; Access to Finance ; Bank Capitalization ; Bank Failure ; Bank Failures ; Banking Crises ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Deposits ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Services ; Financial Systems ; Net Losses ; Access to Finance ; Bank Capitalization ; Bank Failure ; Bank Failures ; Banking Crises ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Insurance ; Deposits ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Services ; Financial Systems ; Net Losses
    Abstract: This study adopts a practical approach in developing a set of guidelines on designing a bank resolution framework and implementing efficient bank resolution methods in Latin America. It identifies six pillars that are useful for establishing a bank resolution framework. The study aims to guide policymakers choose from a set of bank resolution methods, by outlining their advantages and disadvantages and establishing efficiency requirements. The focus is on the good-bank/bad-bank approach, which is a type of purchase and assumption mechanism that has increasingly become part of the newer legal frameworks in Latin America. The good-bank/bad-bank approach is an effective bank resolution method because it can be very successful in meeting certain efficiency criteria, including the minimization of contagion costs and preservation of business
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bogetic, Zeljko Cote d'Ivoire
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Growth ; Economic History ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overvaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity ; Real GDP ; Total Factor Productivity ; Total Factor Productivity Analysis ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Growth ; Economic History ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overvaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity ; Real GDP ; Total Factor Productivity ; Total Factor Productivity Analysis ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Growth ; Economic History ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overvaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity ; Real GDP ; Total Factor Productivity ; Total Factor Productivity Analysis
    Abstract: Real GDP per capita and capital stock in Cote d'Ivoire grew strongly from 1960 to 1979, but have declined ever since, for twenty-five years. As a result, the country has traveled a full circle from economic success to failure in little more than a generation. What are the long-term factors behind this dismal growth story? Are the Ivorian development problems mostly of recent origin? Or there are more fundamental, economic factors that explain its long term performance? Four principal conclusions are as follows: First, Cote d'Ivoire's long-term growth performance is not fully explained by temporary factors (e.g., CFA overvaluation or recent conflict). Longer term factors such as capital accumulation, productivity, and terms of trade are key to understanding the country's performance as is the policy of specialization in a single commodity--cocoa. Second, the long-term decline in per capita output started well before the currency overvaluation, and at a time of political stability, and is related to a major, secular deterioration in terms of trade that started after 1976. Third, total factor productivity estimates indicate that TFP per capita also grew until it hit a plateau in 1976-78, and then shrank thereafter, despite gains in human capital accumulation. Fourth, Cote d'Ivoire has pursued a policy of specialization in cocoa beans but this bet on a single commodity has ultimately failed. The strategy that brought prosperity during the 1970s resulted in a growth failure when cocoa prices began declining since 1976
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Current Challenges In Financial Regulation
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Basle Core Principles ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Consolidation ; Debt Markets ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Basle Core Principles ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Consolidation ; Debt Markets ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Basle Core Principles ; Capital ; Capital Markets ; Consolidation ; Debt Markets ; E-Finance and E-Security ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Regulation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Financial intermediation and financial services industries have undergone many changes in the past two decades due to deregulation, globalization, and technological advances. The framework for regulating finance has seen many changes as well, with approaches adapting to new issues arising in specific groups of countries or globally. The objectives of this paper are twofold: to review current international thinking on what regulatory framework is needed to develop a financial sector that is stable, yet efficient, and provides proper access to households and firms; and to review the key experiences regarding international financial architecture initiatives, with a special focus on issues arising for developing countries. The paper outlines a number of areas of current debate: the special role of banks, competition policy, consumer protection, harmonization of rules-across products, within markets, and globally-and the adaptation and legitimacy of international standards to the circumstances facing developing countries. It concludes with some areas where more research would be useful
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arnold, Jens Does Services Liberalization Benefit Manufacturing Firms ?
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank ; Banking ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Enterprises ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Education for the Knowledge ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium Models ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Foreign Entry ; Governments ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Insurance ; Knowledge Economy ; Labor ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets ; Operations ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While there is considerable empirical evidence on the impact of liberalizing trade in goods, the effects of services liberalization have not been empirically established. Using firm-level data from the Czech Republic for the period 1998-2003, this study examines the link between services sector reforms and the productivity of domestic firms in downstream manufacturing. Several aspects of services reform are considered and measured, namely, the increased presence of foreign providers, privatization, and enhanced competition. The manufacturing-services linkage is measured using information on the degree to which manufacturing firms in a particular industry rely on intermediate inputs from specific services sectors. The econometric results lead to two conclusions. First, the study finds that services policy matters for the productivity of manufacturing firms relying on services inputs. This finding is robust to several econometric specifications, including controlling for unobservable firm heterogeneity and for other aspects of openness. Second, it finds evidence that opening services sectors to foreign providers is a key channel through which services liberalization contributes to improved performance of downstream manufacturing sectors. This finding is robust to instrumenting for the extent of foreign presence in services industries. As most barriers to foreign investment today are not in goods but in services sectors, the findings may strengthen the argument for reform in this area
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Location Decisions of Foreign Banks And Competitive Advantage
    Keywords: Affiliates ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Entry ; Internation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Affiliates ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Entry ; Internation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Affiliates ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consolidation ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Entry ; Internation ; International Economics & Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: While institutional differences have been found to affect country growth patterns, much has remained unexplained, including how economic actors "overcome" institutional weaknesses and how internationalization helps or hinders development. Banking is an institutionally-intensive activity and the location decision of foreign banks provides a good test of how institutional differences are dealt with and how they may affect economic choices. Specifically, the authors examine whether banks seek out those markets where institutional familiarity provides them with a competitive advantage over other foreign competitor banks. Using bilateral data on banking sector foreign direct investment in all developing countries and controlling for other factors, they find that competitive advantage is an important factor in driving foreign banks' location decisions. The findings suggest that high institutional quality is not necessarily a prerequisite to attract foreign direct investment in banking and that there are specific benefits, as well as risks, to international financial integration between developing countries
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fink, Carsten Rules of Origin In Services
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Freihandelsabkommen ; Herkunftsbezeichnung ; ASEAN-Staaten ; Agreement On Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Border Trade ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exporters ; Exports ; External Tariffs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Preferential ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade and Services ; Agreement On Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Border Trade ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exporters ; Exports ; External Tariffs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Preferential ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade and Services ; Agreement On Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Border Trade ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exporters ; Exports ; External Tariffs ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Free Trade Agreements ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Liberalization of Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Preferential ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Trade ; Trade Law ; Trade and Services
    Abstract: An important question in the design of bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) covering services is to what extent nonmembers benefit from the trade preferences that are negotiated among members. This question is resolved through services rules of origin. The restrictiveness of rules of origin determines the degree of preferences entailed in market opening commitments, shaping the bargaining incentives of FTAs and their eventual economic effects. Even though the number of FTAs in services has increased rapidly in recent years, hardly any research is available that can guide policymakers on the economic implications of different rules of origin. After outlining the key economic tradeoffs and options for rules of origin in services, the paper summarizes the main findings of a research project that has assessed the rules of origin question for five countries in the ASEAN region. For selected service subsectors and a number of criteria for rules or origin, simulation exercises evaluated which service providers would or would not be eligible for preferences negotiated under a FTA. Among other findings, the simulation results point to the binding nature of a domestic ownership or control requirement and, for the specific case of financial services, a requirement of incorporation
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cull, Robert Foreign Bank Participation And Crises In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Bank ; Bank Acquisitions ; Bank For International Settlements ; Bank Mergers ; Bank of Greece ; Banking ; Banking Crises ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Distressed Banks ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Interest ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; International Economics & Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Acquisitions ; Bank For International Settlements ; Bank Mergers ; Bank of Greece ; Banking ; Banking Crises ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Distressed Banks ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Interest ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; International Economics & Trade ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Acquisitions ; Bank For International Settlements ; Bank Mergers ; Bank of Greece ; Banking ; Banking Crises ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cred Distressed Banks ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Interest ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Direct Investment ; International Economics & Trade ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This paper describes the recent trends in foreign bank ownership in developing countries, summarizes the existing evidence on the causes and implications of foreign bank presence, and reexamines the link between banking crises and foreign bank participation. Using data on the share of banking sector assets held by foreign banks in over 100 developing countries during 1995-2002, the results show that countries that experienced a banking crisis tended to have higher levels of foreign bank participation than those that did not. Furthermore, panel regressions indicate that foreign participation increased as a result of crises rather than prior to them. However, post-crisis increases in foreign participation did not coincide with increased credit to the private sector, perhaps because in many cases foreign banks acquired distressed banks
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Subramanian, Uma Can Sub-Saharan Africa Leap Into Global Network Trade ?
    Keywords: Access to Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Markets ; Goods ; Incentives ; Inputs ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Natural Resources ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transpor ; Transport ; Access to Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Markets ; Goods ; Incentives ; Inputs ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Natural Resources ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transpor ; Transport ; Access to Markets ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Trade ; Debt Markets ; Development ; E-Business ; Economic Cooperation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Markets ; Goods ; Incentives ; Inputs ; Interest ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Natural Resources ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Transpor ; Transport
    Abstract: This paper examines opportunities for Sub-Saharan African countries to effectively participate in globalization, particularly given the increasing interest of China and India in Sub-Saharan Africa. How can Sub-Saharan Africa fully engage and gain benefits from global network trade? Over the past 15 years Asia has become Africa's fastest growing export market. Asian countries are much more open to trade than Europe or America. There seems to be no evidence to suggest that this trend will not continue in the near future. The authors acknowledge the numerous caveats in Asia's growing interest in the African continent, not least the "resource curse" of exports that are heavily concentrated on oil, minerals, and raw materials, as well as the fierce competition from Asia's cheap manufactured exports. However, they believe that there is strong evidence to suggest a clear potential for South-South cooperation in trade and investment. Drawing on evidence from their extensive research into international value chains, the authors identify five critical factors for effective participation in global network trade: price, speed-to-market, labor productivity, flexibility, and product quality. Underlying competitive performance of these critical factors are a country's policies and institutions. Effective policies, efficient institutions, and the necessary infrastructure will ensure the best outcome for trading countries. To improve the depth and sustainability of these five critical factors, it is important that developing countries create a supportive policy and institutional framework from the outset
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (58 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten The Basic Analytics of Access To Financial Services
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Deposit Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Income ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Deposit Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Income ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Deposit Economic Development ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Income ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Access to financial services, or rather the lack thereof, is often indiscriminately decried as a problem in many developing countries. The authors argue that the "problem of access" should rather be analyzed by identifying different demand and supply constraints. They use the concept of an access possibilities frontier, drawn for a given set of state variables, to distinguish between cases where a financial system settles below the constrained optimum, cases where this constrained optimum is too low, and-in credit services-cases where the observed outcome is excessively high. They distinguish between payment and savings services and fixed intermediation costs, on the one hand, and lending services and different sources of credit risk, on the other hand. The authors include both supply and demand side frictions that can lead to lower access. The analysis helps identify bankable and banked population, the binding constraint to close the gap between the two, and policies to prudently expand the bankable population. This new conceptual framework can inform the debate on adequate policies to expand access to financial services and can serve as the basis for an informed measurement of access
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ming Su The Fiscal Framework And Urban Infrastructure Finance In China
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budget Constraint ; Capacity Constraints ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Degree of Risk ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economic ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Capacity ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Policy ; Municipal Financial Management ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budget Constraint ; Capacity Constraints ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Degree of Risk ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economic ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Capacity ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Policy ; Municipal Financial Management ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget ; Budget Constraint ; Capacity Constraints ; Capital Stock ; Debt Markets ; Degree of Risk ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Environmental Economic ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Fiscal Capacity ; Fiscal Decentralization ; Fiscal Policy ; Municipal Financial Management ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Urban Development ; Urban Economics
    Abstract: China has experienced more than 25 years of extraordinary economic growth. Underlying this growth has been a decentralized fiscal system, in which provinces and large cities are given the freedom to make infrastructure investments to stimulate local development, and are allowed to retain a large part of the fiscal revenues that are generated from economic activity. Although successful as a growth strategy, this policy created two problems for national fiscal management. First, it significantly reduced the central government's share of fiscal revenues, which fell from 34.8 percent in 1980 to 22 percent in 1992. Second, it widened economic and fiscal disparities between the rapidly growing urban coastal region and the rest of the country. Rapid growth in subnational debt (which rose 23-fold in a decade) and subnational nonperforming loans (estimated by the authors to range between US
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance And Shariah Compliance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Keywords: Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; External Auditors ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Service ; Islamic Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; External Auditors ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Service ; Islamic Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Supervision ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital Markets ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Emerging Markets ; Energy ; External Auditors ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Service ; Islamic Finance ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures
    Abstract: The structures and processes established within an institution offering Islamic financial Services (IIFS) for monitoring and evaluating Shariah compliance rely essentially on arrangements internal to the firm. By being incorporated in the institutional structure, a Shariah supervisory board (SSB) has the advantage of being close to the market. Competent, independent, and empowered to approve new Shariah-conforming instruments, an SSB can enable innovation likely to emerge within the institution. The paper reviews the issues and options facing current arrangements for ensuring Shariah compliance by IIFS. It suggests a framework that draws on internal and external arrangements to the firm and emphasizes market discipline. In issuing its fatwas, an SSB could be guided by standardized contracts and practices that could be harmonized by a self-regulatory professionals' association. A framework with the suggested internal and external features could ensure adequate consistency of interpretation and enhance the enforceability of contracts before civil courts. The review of transactions would mainly be entrusted to internal review units, which would collaborate with external auditors responsible for issuing an annual opinion on whether the institution's activities has met its Shariah requirements. This process would be sustained by reputable entities such as rating agencies, stock markets, financial media, and researchers who would channel signals to market players. This framework would enhance public understanding of the requirements of Shariah and lead to more effective options available to stakeholders to achieve improvements in Islamic financial services
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Claessens, Stijn Finance And Hunger
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Consumption ; Consumption Levels ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Sector ; GDP ; GDP Per Capital ; Income ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per Capita Income ; Poverty Reduction ; Prices ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Using cross-country and panel regressions, the authors show that financial sector development significantly reduces undernourishment (hunger), largely through gaining farmers and others access to productivity-enhancing equipment, translating into beneficial income and general effects. They show specifically that a deeper financial sector leads to higher agricultural productivity, including higher cereal yields, through increased fertilizer and tractor use. Higher productivity in turn leads to lower undernourishment. The results are robust to various specifications and econometric tests and imply that a 1 percentage point increase in private credit to GDP reduces undernourishment by 0.22-2.45 percentage points, or about one-quarter the impact of GDP per capita
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Banking Services For Everyone ?
    Keywords: Bank ; Bank Accounts ; Banking Services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Checking Account ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Depos Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Financial Transaction ; Housing ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Accounts ; Banking Services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Checking Account ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Depos Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Financial Transaction ; Housing ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Accounts ; Banking Services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Checking Account ; Customers ; Debt Markets ; Demand ; Depos Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Financial Transaction ; Housing ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Using information from 193 banks in 58 countries, the authors develop and analyze indicators of physical access, affordability, and eligibility barriers to deposit, loan, and payment services. They find substantial cross-country variation in barriers to banking and show that in many countries these barriers can potentially exclude a significant share of the population from using banking services. Correlations with bank- and country-level variables show that bank size and the availability of physical infrastructure are the most robust predictors of barriers. Further, the authors find evidence that in more competitive, open, and transparent economies, and in countries with better contractual and informational frameworks, banks impose lower barriers. Finally, though foreign banks seem to charge higher fees than other banks, in foreign dominated banking systems fees are lower and it is easier to open bank accounts and to apply for loans. On the other hand, in systems that are predominantly government-owned, customers pay lower fees but also face greater restrictions in terms of where to apply for loans and how long it takes to have applications processed. These findings have important implications for policy reforms to broaden access
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bayraktar, Nihal Banking Sector Openness And Economic Growth
    Keywords: Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banking Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowing ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Labor Pollution ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banking Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowing ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Labor Pollution ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Accounting ; Auditing ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Sector ; Banking Services ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrowing ; Capital ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Integration ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Labor Pollution ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Banking sector openness may directly affect growth by improving the access to financial services and indirectly by improving the efficiency of financial intermediaries, both of which reduce the cost of financing, and in turn, stimulate capital accumulation and economic growth. The objective of the paper is to empirically reinvestigate these direct and indirect links using a more advanced econometric technique (GMM dynamic panel estimators). An illustrative model is presented to link financial market development with investment. The empirical results confirm the presence of direct and indirect links, and thus provide support for countries planning to open their banking sector for international competition
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Guillaumont, Patrick When Instability Increases The Effectiveness of Aid Projects
    Keywords: Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Issues ; Development Objectives ; Development Projects ; Development Research ; Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Issues ; Development Objectives ; Development Projects ; Development Research ; Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Issues ; Development Objectives ; Development Projects ; Development Research ; Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The authors assess the effect of economic instability on the success of projects funded by the World Bank using the outcome of the projects, which is a notation of their overall success determined by the Bank's Independent Evaluation Group. It has been argued in macroeconomic studies that aid effectiveness is higher in vulnerable countries because it dampens the negative effects of shocks. The authors show that this finding is not inconsistent with the observation that the success of the projects is lower in an unstable environment. Instability, in particular the instability of exports, harms aid projects as it harms the rest of the economy, while the success of projects decreases when the total amount of aid received increases, due to absorptive capacity limitations. But this decrease is slower when instability is higher, showing a positive effect of aid through its stabilizing impact. The authors find the same results keeping only the projects funded by nonconcessionary loans, which suggests that the cushioning effect of aid extends not only to aid funded projects but to whole sets of projects. Corroborating macroeconomic findings, their results lead to the same conclusion that more aid should be allocated to more vulnerable countries, in spite of the lower success of the projects in an unstable environment: project evaluations cannot include the macrostabilizing effect of the aid delivered through projects
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance And Stakeholders' Financial Interests In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Keywords: Account Holders ; Accounting ; Accounting Standards ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Conflict of Interest ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Accounting Standards ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Conflict of Interest ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Accounting Standards ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Conflict of Interest ; Corporate Governance ; Debt Markets ; Deposit Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This paper focuses on the corporate governance arrangements of institutions offering Islamic financial services (IIFS) aimed at protecting stakeholders' financial interests. Many IIFS corporate governance issues are common with those of their conventional counterparts. Others are distinctive. In particular they offer unrestricted investment accounts that share risks with shareholders but without a voting right. This paper first reviews internal and external arrangements put in place by IIFS to protect stakeholders' financial interests. It discusses shortcomings notably in terms of potential conflict of interest between shareholders and holders of unrestricted investment accounts. It then suggests a corporate governance framework that combines internal and external arrangements to provide safeguards to unrestricted investment account holders without overburdening IIFS' financial performance. The paper uses a review of 13 IIFS and regulatory information from countries where IIFS have developed the most
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Camara, Modibo K Deposit Insurance And Banking Reform In Russia
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking ; Banking Reform ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Cred Deposit Insurance ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Legal Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Reform ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Cred Deposit Insurance ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Legal Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking ; Banking Reform ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Cred Deposit Insurance ; Debt Markets ; Deposits ; Emerging Markets ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Financial Deepening ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Industry ; Legal Finance ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is not to review the pros and cons of deposit insurance systems, but to focus, rather narrowly, on the recent adoption of a deposit insurance system (DIS) in Russia, the rationale offered, and the potential impact it might have on the stability and development of the Russian banking system. An attempt is made to draw some lessons from the implementation experience in Russia. The paper starts with a brief description of the Russian DIS, followed by an overview of the banking system's structure and some observations on the sequencing followed for adopting the DIS and the political economy of its adoption. It concludes with a discussion of areas requiring attention
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mahul, Olivier The Macro Financing of Natural Hazards In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contingent Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Risk ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Penetration ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contingent Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Risk ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Penetration ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Contingent Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Risk ; Emerging Markets ; Environment ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Instruments ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Penetration ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Private Sector Development ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The authors propose a financial model to address the design of efficient risk financing strategies against natural disasters at the country level. It is simple enough to shed analytical light on some of the key issues but flexible and realistic enough to provide some quantitative guidance on the ex ante financing of catastrophic losses. The risk financing problem is decomposed into two steps. First, the resource gap, defined as the difference between losses and available ex-post resources (such as post-disaster aid), is identified. It determines the losses to be financed by ex ante financial instruments (reserves, catastrophe insurance, and contingent debt). Second, the cost-minimizing financial arrangements are derived from the marginal costs of the financial instruments. The model is solved through a series of graphical analyses that make this complex financial problem easier to apprehend. This model captures and explains the main impacts of financial parameters (such as insurance premium, cost of capital) on efficient risk financing structures
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (22 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arena, Marco Does Insurance Market Activity Promote Economic Growth ?
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance Market ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Premiums ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance Market ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Premiums ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banking Sector ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance Law ; Insurance Market ; Insurance Markets ; Insurance Premiums ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Insurance market activity, both as a financial intermediary and a provider of risk transfer and indemnification, may contribute to economic growth by allowing different risks to be managed more efficiently and by mobilizing domestic savings. During the past decade, there has been faster growth in insurance market activity, particularly in emerging markets given the process of liberalization and financial integration, which raises questions about its impact on economic growth. The author tests whether there is a causal relationship between insurance market activity (life and nonlife insurance) and economic growth. Using the generalized method of moments for dynamic models of panel data for 56 countries and for the 1976-2004 period, he finds robust evidence of a causal relationship between insurance market activity and economic growth. Both life and nonlife insurance have a positive and significant causal effect on economic growth. High-income countries drive the results in the case of life insurance. On the other hand, both high-income and developing countries drive the results in the case of nonlife insurance
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kenny, Charles What Is Effective Aid?
    Keywords: Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor ; Aid ; Aid Allocation ; Aid Dependency ; Aid Flows ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bilateral Aid ; Debt Markets ; Development ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Goals ; Development Impact ; Development Issues ; Development Policy ; Disability ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; School ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: There are significant weaknesses in some of the traditional justifications for assuming that aid will foster development. This paper looks at what the cross-country aid effectiveness literature and World Bank Operations Evaluation Department reviews have suggested about effective aid, first in terms of promoting income growth, and then for promoting other goals. This review forms the basis for a discussion of recommendations to improve aid effectiveness and a discussion of effective aid allocation. Given the multiple potential objectives for aid, there is no one right answer. However, it appears that there are a number of reforms to aid practices and distribution that might help to deliver a more significant return to aid resources. We should provide aid where institutions are already strong, where they can be strengthened with the help of donor resources, or where they can be bypassed with limited damage to existing institutional capacity. The importance of institutions to aid outcomes, as well as the fungibility of aid flows, suggests that programmatic aid should be expanded in countries with strong institutions, while project aid should be supported based on its ability to transfer knowledge and test new practices and support global public good provision rather than (merely) as a tool of financial resource transfer. The importance of institutions also suggests that we should be cautious in our expectations regarding the results of increased aid flows
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Bank Efficiency, Ownership, And Market Structure
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Bank ; Foreign Bank Entry ; Foreign Banks ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rate System ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Bank ; Foreign Bank Entry ; Foreign Banks ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rate System ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Bank Spreads ; Banking System ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bond ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Foreign Bank ; Foreign Bank Entry ; Foreign Banks ; Interest ; Interest Rate ; Interest Rate System ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Using a unique bank-level data set on the Ugandan banking system during 1999-2005, the authors explore the factors behind consistently high interest rate spreads and margins. While foreign banks charge lower interest rate spreads, they do not find a robust and economically significant relationship between privatization, foreign bank entry, market structure, and banking efficiency. Similarly, macroeconomic variables can explain little of the over-time variation in bank spreads. Bank-level characteristics, on the other hand, such as bank size, operating costs, and composition of loan portfolio explain a large proportion of cross-bank, cross-time variation in spreads and margins. However, time-invariant bank-level fixed effects explain the largest part of bank variation in spreads and margins. Further, the authors find tentative evidence that banks targeting the low end of the market incur higher costs and therefore higher margins
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Grais, Wafik Corporate Governance In Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services
    Keywords: Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Account Holders ; Accounting ; Agency Problem ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Central Bank ; Corporate Governance ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Depos Depositors ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Federal Deposit Insurance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Holding ; Interests ; Islamic Finance ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper reviews institutions offering Islamic financial services (IIFS) corporate governance challenges and suggests options to address them. It first points out the importance of corporate governance for IIFS, where it would require a distinct treatment from conventional corporate governance and highlights three cases of distress of IIFS. It then dwells on prevailing corporate governance arrangements addressing IIFS' needs to ensure the consistency of their operations with Islamic finance principles and the protection of the financial interests of a stakeholders' category, namely depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. It raises the issues of independence, confidentiality, competence, consistency, and disclosure that may bear on pronouncements of consistency with Islamic finance principles. It also discusses the agency problem of depositors holding unrestricted investment accounts. The paper argues for a governance framework that combines internal and external arrangements and relies significantly on transparency and disclosure of market relevant information
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: De la Cruz, Javier Financial System Structure In Colombia
    Keywords: Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collective Investment ; Conflicts of Interest ; Corporate Law ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Depos Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Performance ; Financial Structure ; Financial System ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collective Investment ; Conflicts of Interest ; Corporate Law ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Depos Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Performance ; Financial Structure ; Financial System ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development ; Bank Policy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collective Investment ; Conflicts of Interest ; Corporate Law ; Credit Institutions ; Debt Markets ; Depos Exchange ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Performance ; Financial Structure ; Financial System ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non-Bank Financial Institutions ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: The objective of this policy paper is to identify and propose high-level legal and regulatory reforms to Colombia's financial system structure that would enhance efficiency and/or mitigate risks. Five specific and four general reforms are proposed and evaluated based on their compatibility with the aforementioned objectives, ease of implementation, impact, and consistency with international practice. Potential implications for supervision and competition, as well as likely criteria for developing a carefully sequenced reform roadmap, are also highlighted
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (62 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Liberalizing Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Competitiveness ; Development ; Development Assistance ; Distribution ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; GDP ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Incentives ; Income ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Inputs ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Income ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public Sector Development ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Since the mid 1980s a substantial amount of research has been undertaken on trade in services. Much of this is inspired by the World Trade Organization or regional trade agreements, especially the European Union, but an increasing number of papers focus on the impacts of services sector liberalization. This paper surveys the literature, focusing on contributions that investigate the determinants of international trade and investment in services, the potential gains from greater trade (and liberalization), and efforts to cooperate to achieve such liberalization through trade agreements. It concludes that there is increasing evidence that services liberalization is an important source of potential welfare gains, but relatively little research has been done that can inform the design of international cooperation-both trade agreements and development assistance-so as to more effectively promote development objectives
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Annez, Patricia Clarke Urban Infrastructure Finance From Private Operators
    Keywords: Automobile ; Automobile Production ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Highways ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Infrastructure Projects ; Investments ; Non Bank ; Peak Period ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Automobile ; Automobile Production ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Highways ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Infrastructure Projects ; Investments ; Non Bank ; Peak Period ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading ; Automobile ; Automobile Production ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Highways ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Infrastructure Projects ; Investments ; Non Bank ; Peak Period ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Urban Development ; Urban Services to the Poor ; Urban Slums Upgrading
    Abstract: The author examines the role of private participation in infrastructure (PPI) in mobilizing finance for key urban services, that is, urban roads, municipal solid waste management, and water and sanitation since the early 1990s when private participation came to be seen as a key element in infrastructure development. Her review indicates that for financing urban services, PPI has disappointed-playing a far less significant role than was hoped for, and which might be expected given the attention it has received and continues to receive in strategies to mobilize financing for infrastructure. Looking beyond the number, the author examines transactions and finds that there are good reasons-practical, political, economic and institutional-for these disappointments. Recommending that cities in developing countries try harder is not likely to relieve all these constraints. Experience shows that there are a number of features that raise the risk profile of urban infrastructure for private investors, which has meant that the bulk of the transactions that have taken place have been exceptions rather than harbingers of a growing trend. Many of the measures that could reduce the risk profile are outside the control of many cities, others unlikely to change, and yet another group of steps to be taken that would improve prospects for urban service provision, whether in the hands of public or private operators. These findings suggest a more pragmatic and selective approach to the focus on PPI as a source of finance, and more focus on the array of some of the fundamental steps, among them strengthening the public finances of cities to improve both the capacity to deliver services and to reduce the risks that private investors must take when they invest in urban infrastructure
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (98 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lindbeck, Assar An Essay On Economic Reforms And Social Change In China
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Capital ; Cred Development ; Debt Markets ; Economic Performance ; Economic Reforms ; Economic Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; GDP ; Growth Rate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Industrial Economics ; Influence ; Interest ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The author applies a systems-oriented "holistic" approach to China's radical economic reforms during the past quarter of a century. He characterizes China's economic reforms in terms of a multidimensional classification of economic systems. When looking at the economic consequences of China's change of economic system, he deals with both the impressive growth performance and its economic costs. The author also studies the consequences of the economic reforms for the previous social arrangements in the country, which were tied to individual work units-agriculture communes, collective firms, and state-owned enterprises. He continues with the social development during the reform period, reflecting a complex mix of social advances, mainly in terms of poverty reduction, and regresses for large population groups in terms of income security and human services, such as education and, in particular, health care. Next, the author discusses China's future policy options in the social field, whereby he draws heavily on relevant experiences in industrial countries over the years. The future options are classified into three broad categories: policies influencing the level and distribution of factor income, income transfers including social insurance, and the provision of human services
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: de Luna Martinez, Jose Access To Financial Services In Zambia
    Keywords: Bank ; Bank Branches ; Banking ; Banking Services ; Banking System ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Credit Deposits ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Branches ; Banking ; Banking Services ; Banking System ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Credit Deposits ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Bank Branches ; Banking ; Banking Services ; Banking System ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Commercial Banks ; Credit Deposits ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Services ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Despite the deep financial sector reforms undertaken in Zambia in the early 1990s, the expected benefits of establishing a market-based banking system has not materialized. In 2005 the banking system continued to be small and underdeveloped. Credit to the private sector by banks represented only 8 percent of GDP in 2005, which is slightly lower than the level registered in 1990. As in the early 1990s, only large corporations and a few small- and medium-size enterprises have access to credit in 2006. Moreover, less than 8 percent of Zambia's adult population had a bank account in 2005. And despite the open door policy to foreign financial institutions, which has been in place since Zambia's independence, only a few new banking products have been introduced by foreign banks to serve the needs of households and firms. This paper analyzes the factors that have prevented the development of a large and inclusive banking system in Zambia and highlights possible actions that may help improve access to finance in Zambia in both the short and long terms
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821357492 , 9780821364345 , 9780821357491
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (189 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Doing Business
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Doing Business in 2006 is the third in a series of annual reports investigating regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. This edition provides analysis on those regulations that help create jobs and those that deter it. New quantitative indicators on business regulations and their enforcement can be compared across 150 countries - from Albania to Zimbabwe - and over time. Doing Business in 2006 updates the indicators presented in previous reports: on starting a business, hiring and firing workers, getting licenses, getting credit, protecting investors, enforcing contracts, and closing a business. Two news sets of measures are added, on paying taxes and trading across borders. The indicators are used to analyze economic and social outcomes, such as productivity, investment, informality, corruption, unemployment and poverty, and identify what reforms have worked, where and why
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Klapper, Leora The Role of Factoring For Financing Small And Medium Enterprises
    Keywords: Bank ; Banking Law ; Bankruptcy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collateralization ; Collection Services ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Factoring ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Interest ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking Law ; Bankruptcy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collateralization ; Collection Services ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Factoring ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Interest ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Private Sector Development ; Bank ; Banking Law ; Bankruptcy ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collateralization ; Collection Services ; Credit Risk ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Enterprises ; Factoring ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Systems ; Interest ; Law and Development ; Laws ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: Around the world, factoring is a growing source of external financing for corporations and small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs). What is unique about factoring is that the credit provided by a lender is explicitly linked to the value of a supplier's accounts receivable and not the supplier's overall creditworthiness. Therefore, factoring allows high-risk suppliers to transfer their credit risk to their high-quality buyers. Factoring may be particularly useful in countries with weak judicial enforcement and imperfect records of upholding seniority claims because receivables are sold, rather than collateralized, and factored receivables are not part of the estate of a bankrupt SME. Empirical tests find that factoring is larger in countries with greater economic development and growth and developed credit information bureaus. In addition, the author finds that creditor rights are not related to factoring. The author also discusses reverse factoring, which is a technology that can mitigate the problem of borrowers' informational opacity in business environments with weak information infrastructures if only receivables from high-quality buyers are factored. She illustrates the case of the Nafin reverse factoring program in Mexico and highlights how the use of electronic channels and a supportive legal and regulatory environment can cut costs and provide greater SME services in emerging markets
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lall, Somik V Business Environment, Clustering, And Industry Location
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Employment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governments ; Idle Capacity ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Laws ; Legislation ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Employment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governments ; Idle Capacity ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Laws ; Legislation ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Employment ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Governance ; Governments ; Idle Capacity ; Industry ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Labor ; Labor Policies ; Land ; Laws ; Legislation ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Water Resources ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: How do differences in the local business environment influence location of industry within countries? How do the benefits of a good business environment compare with those from good market access and agglomeration economies from industry clustering? The authors examine these questions by analyzing location decisions of individual firms. Using data from a recently completed survey of manufacturing firms in India, they find that both the local business environment and agglomeration economies significantly influence business location choices across cities. In particular, excessive regulation of labor and of other industrial activities reduces the probability of a business locating in a city. The authors ' findings imply that in order to attract industrial activity, smaller or remoter cities need to offer even more attractive policy concessions or reforms to offset the effects of their relatively adverse (economic) geography. Their methodology pays special attention to the identification of agglomeration economies in the presence of unobserved sources of natural advantage
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zeng, Douglas Zhihua China's Employment Challenges and Strategies after the WTO Accession
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Employment Generation ; Employment Growth ; Employment Situation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Laid-Off Workers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Private Sector ; Producing Goods ; Return ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Employment Generation ; Employment Growth ; Employment Situation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Laid-Off Workers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Private Sector ; Producing Goods ; Return ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Employment Generation ; Employment Growth ; Employment Situation ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Force ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Laid-Off Workers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microfinance ; Population Policies ; Private Sector ; Producing Goods ; Return ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Although China has made impressive progress in economic development and improving social well-being, it is facing many daunting challenges while transforming toward a knowledge and service-based economy and further opening up to international competition after its WTO accession in the context of knowledge revolution. One of the biggest challenges is how to create 100–300 million new jobs in the coming decade to absorb the millions of laid-offs, rural emigrants, and newly added labor force. China has been successful in building high-technology parks and information and communications technology (ICT) industries, but they are limited in terms of employment generation, while most of the traditional labor-intensive industries are losing competitiveness due to low productivity. To combat the unprecedented employment challenge, China must implement a systemic and sustained strategy, which may consist of the following policy thrusts: encouraging the private sector; promoting small and medium enterprises; expanding the service sector; reforming the state-owned enterprises; strengthening the social security system; improving labor market flexibility; and establishing mass retraining programs. This paper—a product of the Knowledge for Development Division, World Bank Institute—is part of a larger effort in the institute to provide country-focused knowledge services for client countries
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cull, Robert World Bank Lending and Financial Sector Development
    Keywords: Adjustment ; Adjustment Loan ; Adjustment Loans ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Borrowers ; Borrowing ; Borrowing Countries ; Conditionality ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Funds ; Grants ; Lending Programs ; Lending Rate ; Lending Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Structural Adjustment Loans ; Technical Assistance Loans ; World Bank ; World Bank Lending ; World Bank Loans ; Adjustment ; Adjustment Loan ; Adjustment Loans ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Borrowers ; Borrowing ; Borrowing Countries ; Conditionality ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Funds ; Grants ; Lending Programs ; Lending Rate ; Lending Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Structural Adjustment Loans ; Technical Assistance Loans ; World Bank ; World Bank Lending ; World Bank Loans ; Adjustment ; Adjustment Loan ; Adjustment Loans ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Borrower ; Borrowers ; Borrowing ; Borrowing Countries ; Conditionality ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Adjustment and Lending ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Literacy ; Funds ; Grants ; Lending Programs ; Lending Rate ; Lending Services ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Structural Adjustment Loans ; Technical Assistance Loans ; World Bank ; World Bank Lending ; World Bank Loans
    Abstract: Using a new database of World Bank loans to support financial sector development, the authors investigate whether countries that received such loans experienced more rapid growth on standard indicators of financial development than countries that did not. They account for self-selection with treatment effects regressions, and also use propensity score matching techniques. The authors ' results indicate that borrowing countries had significantly more rapid growth in M2/GDP than non-borrowers, and swifter reductions in interest rate spreads and cash holdings (as a share of M2). Borrowers also had higher private credit growth rates than non-borrowers in treatment effects regressions, but not in standard panel regressions with fixed country effects. On the whole, however, the results indicate significant advantages for borrowers over non-borrowers in terms of financial development
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...