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  • 2005-2009  (3,979)
  • 1990-1994  (282)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1930-1934
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (4,261)
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Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Panorama de la santé 2009: Les indicateurs de l'OCDE (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075573
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009
    URL: Volltext
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Améliorer la direction des établissements scolaires : Volume 1 : Politiques et pratiques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044722
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (219 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1: Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mejorar el liderazgo escolar, Volumen 1 : política y práctica
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1 (Estonian version): Policy and Practice
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1: Policy and Practice (Lithuanian version)
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Schulverwaltung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Avant-propos""; ""Table des mati�res""; ""Résumé""; ""Chapitre 1 L�importance de la direction dans les établissements scolaires""; ""Chapitre 2 ( Re) définir les responsabilités de direction des établissements scolaires""; ""Chapitre 3 La répartition des fonctions de direction dans les établissements scolaires""; ""Chapitre 4 Développer les compétences pour une direction efficace des établissements scolaires""; ""Chapitre 5 Faire de la direction des établissements scolaires un choix professionnel attrayant""; ""À propos des auteurs""
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264044739-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    ICTs for development : improving policy coherence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077409
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 207 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: The development dimension
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. ICTs for development
    RVK:
    MK 9220
    Keywords: Information technology Congresses Economic aspects ; Information technology Congresses Technological innovations ; Information technology Congresses Social aspects ; Entwicklungsländer ; Telekommunikation ; Internet ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Informationstechnik
    Note: Literaturangaben , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077409-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Focus on Citizens : Public Engagement for Better Policy and Services (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264048874
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (322 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Studies on Public Engagement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Focus on citizens
    DDC: 323.042
    RVK:
    MD 6500
    RVK:
    MF 7040
    Keywords: Bürgerbeteiligung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Bürgerbeteiligung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: Complex policy issues cannot be solved by government alone. Delivering high-quality public services at the least cost and achieving shared public policy goals requires innovative approaches and greater involvement of citizens. This book is a valuable source of information on government performance in fostering open and inclusive policy making in 25 countries. It offers rich insights into current practice through 14 in-depth country case studies and 18 opinion pieces from leading civil society and government practitioners. It includes 10 guiding principles to support open and inclusive policy making and service delivery in practice. “Including more people, earlier and more creatively, in public policy issues is vital not just to secure legitimacy for policy decisions, but also to unlock a mass of creativity and commitment. Innovation is increasingly going to become an open, social and networked activity. That is true in politics and policy as much as in business. This timely, thoughtful book will help make open innovation in public policy a practical reality.” -Charles Leadbeater, author We-think: Mass innovation not mass production “We cannot engage the public only on issues of service delivery, but need also to seek their views, energy and resources when shaping public policy. To do otherwise is to create a false distinction between design and delivery, when in the citizens’ eyes it is all connected.” -Irma Pavliniè Krebs, Minister of Public Administration, the Republic of Slovenia “Focus on Citizens shines a light on the practical difficulties and significant benefits of open and inclusive policy making – not only for OECD member country governments but equally for non-member countries.” -Bart W. Édes, Head, NGO and Civil Society Center, Asian Development Bank
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264048874-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Overcoming Border Bottlenecks : The Costs and Benefits of Trade Facilitation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056954
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (238 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière ; Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière : Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Overcoming border bottlenecks
    DDC: 382
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Keywords: Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Trade ; Außenhandel ; Handelshemmnis ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse
    Abstract: International trade has grown rapidly in recent years, thanks in part to the progressive reduction of tariffs and quotas through successive rounds of multilateral trade liberalisation. However, this progress brings to light one of the remaining weak links of international trade, which prevents countries from drawing full benefits from the advantages of open global markets: border bottlenecks generated by inefficient, outdated and complex trade procedures and formalities. This book brings together six studies that examine to what extent and in which ways the costs of inefficient border processes influence trade and investment flows, how institutional and political factors affect the design and implementation of efficiency-enhancing measures, whether the expected benefits of these measures enough to justify the expenses of putting them in place, and whether the expenses involved are within the reach of developing and least developed countries, especially in light of other development priorities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056954-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Higher Education to 2030, Volume 2, Globalisation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075375
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (356 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Educational Research and Innovation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'enseignement supérieur à l'horizon 2030 -- Volume 2 ; Mondialisation
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Higher education to 2030 ; Vol. 2: Globalisation
    DDC: 378.00112
    RVK:
    AL 19900
    RVK:
    AL 43900
    RVK:
    QX 850
    Keywords: Hochschule ; Globalisierung ; Studium ; Auslandsaufenthalt ; Forschungskooperation ; Hochschulpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Hochschule ; Globalisierung ; Studium ; Auslandsaufenthalt ; OECD
    Abstract: Growing flows of knowledge, people and financing cross national borders and feed both worldwide collaboration and competition. These effects of globalisation increasingly impact higher education. How then might the future higher education scene look at the global level? What are the challenges and opportunities brought by globalisation? How can countries and institutions best cope with and benefit from future changes? Through both quantitative and qualitative analysis, this book provides a comprehensive and structured look at these essential questions. It explores the topic of cross-border higher education in terms of student, faculty and institutional mobility, providing a specific focus on academic research. Other issues addressed include higher education provision, financing, governance and quality assurance, with an emphasis on the use of market-like mechanisms. The book covers most OECD countries as well as many non-OECD countries and offers the reader specific reflections on China, India and European co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075375-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gérer les ressources pour le développement : L'utilisation des systèmes nationaux de gestion des finances publiques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056183
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Pour une meilleure aide au développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Managing Development Resources; The Use of Country Systems in Public Financial Management
    Keywords: Development ; Electronic books
    Abstract: La réussite du processus de développement dépend pour beaucoup de l’efficience, de l’intégrité et de l’efficacité avec lesquelles l’État collecte, gère et dépense les deniers publics. L’amélioration des règles et institutions qui encadrent ces activités devrait donc être une composante essentielle de toute démarche en faveur du développement. La consolidation de la gestion des finances publiques, et de la bonne gouvernance de façon plus générale, étant au cœur des Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement, la Déclaration de Paris (adoptée en 2005) vise à encourager les donneurs et les pays partenaires à déployer des efforts conjoints pour renforcer leurs systèmes de gestion des finances publiques. Ce rapport a pour objet de faire le point sur les progrès accomplis concernant la consolidation de la gestion des finances publiques et de formuler des recommandations sur la voie à suivre pour atteindre les objectifs 2010 fixés dans la Déclaration de Paris. Il examine les avantages et le bien-fondé de l’utilisation des systèmes nationaux, evalue les progrès réalisés en direction des objectifs énoncés dans la Déclaration de Paris, passe en en revue toute la palette de réformes intéressant la gestion des finances publiques engagées dans les pays partenaires, étudie les facteurs de réussite des réformes entreprises dans le domaine de la gestion des finances publiques, examine les paramètres qui influent sur les décisions qui sont prises d’utiliser, ou non, les systèmes nationaux de gestion des finances publiques, en mettant l’accent sur les risques perçus et sur la manière dont ils sont évalués et gérés, et reprend les conclusions du Programme d’examen des dépenses publiques et d’évaluation de la responsabilité financière (PEFA) qui contient des informations sur la qualité des systèmes nationaux de gestion des finances publiques.Il ressort de cette étude que désormais, et peut-être plus que jamais auparavant, pays partenaires et donneurs doivent absolument s’employer à bâtir une confiance mutuelle et à œuvrer ensemble à la construction de véritables partenariats au service de résultats.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056183-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regional Atlas on West Africa (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056763
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (288 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: West African Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Atlas régional de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Regional atlas on West Africa
    DDC: 911.66
    RVK:
    RS 39229
    Keywords: Länderbericht ; Wirtschaftsgeographie ; Humangeographie ; Westafrika ; Development ; Westafrika ; Landeskunde ; Atlas ; Africa, West Economic conditions ; 1960- ; Africa, West Economic integration ; Africa, West Emigration and immigration ; Africa, West Population ; Africa, West Social conditions ; Africa, West Statistics, Vital ; Atlas ; Atlas ; Westafrika ; Landeskunde ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Migration ; Bevölkerung ; Soziale Situation ; Lebensbedingungen ; Statistik ; Atlas
    Abstract: Recent global changes have placed regional integration at the centre of Africa’s political and economic agenda. This Atlas is both a driver and the result of strategic thinking on regional integration in West Africa. Containing maps, statistics and analyses, it describes the West African region, its population, settlement, territories, its economy and its vulnerabilities. It analyses the developments and the ways in which West Africa is conforming to a constantly changing global environment. The Atlas also identifies the medium- and long-term trends and provides elements for strategic thinking on the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056763-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Perspectives de lOCDE sur les pensions privées 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044401
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Private Pensions Outlook 2008
    Keywords: Electronic books ; Private Altersversorgung ; Pensionskasse
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Avant-propos ""; ""Remerciements ""; ""Table des mati�res ""; ""Dossier spécial : les pensions privées et les turbulences observées en 2008 sur les marchés financiers""; ""Graphique S.1. Performances des grandes places boursi�res""; ""Graphique S.2. Rendements nominaux et réels des fonds de pension dans certains pays de l�OCDE, de janvier à octobre 2008""; ""Graphique S.3. Rendement nominal annuel moyen des fonds de pension dans certains pays de l�OCDE, au cours des 5, 10 et 15 derni�res années""; ""Conséquences de la crise financi�re pour l�épargne-retraite""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Réactions aux turbulences sur les marchés financiers""""Vers un nouvel ordre du jour réglementaire""; ""Note""; ""Introduction""; ""Guide du lecteur""; ""Le projet sur les statistiques de pensions de l�OCDE au niveau mondial""; ""La classification de l�OCDE""; ""Graphique R.1. Plans de retraite privés : Perspective fonctionnelle""; ""Graphique R.2. Plans de retraite privés : Perspective institutionnelle""; ""Sources""; ""Couverture statistique""; ""Texte, graphiques et tableaux""; ""Limitations des données""; ""Glossaire""; ""StatLink""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Acronymes, symboles et signes conventionnels """"Chapitre 1. R�le et typologie des syst�mes de pension privés""; ""1.1. Le r�le croissant de la capitalisation et des pensions privées dans le financement des retraites""; ""Tableau 1.1. Typologie des plans de retraite privés dans les pays de l�OCDE""; ""Graphique 1.1. Dépenses publiques et privées au titre des retraites dans certains pays de l�OCDE, 2006""; ""Encadré 1.1. Définitions""; ""Graphique 1.2. Total des actifs détenus par les plans de retraite privés, 2007""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Tableau 1.2. Total des actifs détenus par les plans de retraite privés dans les grands pays de l�OCDE, 2007""""Graphique 1.3. Actifs détenus par les plans de retraite privés et taux de remplacement brut assuré par le syst�me de retraite public, 2007""; ""Graphique 1.4. Actifs de pension privés en pourcentage du PIB en 2007 et différence entre le taux de croissance moyen de ces actifs et le taux de croissance du PIB, dans certains pays de l�OCDE, sur la période 2001-07""; ""Graphique 1.5. Rapport de la population inactive âgée de 65 ans et plus à la population active""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Graphique 1.6. Ratio des fonds de réserve pour les retraites des régimes publics aux dépenses de retraite publiques dans certains pays de l�OCDE, 2006""""1.2. Le r�le des investisseurs institutionnels dans les syst�mes de retraite""; ""Graphique 1.7. Total des actifs sous gestion dans différents types d�entités financi�res, 2007""; ""Graphique 1.8. Part relative et total des actifs selon le type d�investisseur institutionnel, 1995-2007""; ""1.3. Typologie des syst�mes de pension privés dans les pays de l�OCDE""; ""1.3.1. Typologie des supports de financement""
    Description / Table of Contents: ""Graphique 1.9. Actifs de pension privés selon le support de financement, 2007""
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056916-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Technology Transitions for Industry : Strategies for the Next Industrial Revolution (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068612
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (324 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Energy technology transitions for industry
    DDC: 333.7965
    RVK:
    ZP 4500
    Keywords: Energietechnik ; Industrie ; Energiekonsum ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Energy ; Energiewirtschaft ; Energieverbrauch ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Abstract: Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. What are the likely future trends in energy use and CO2 emissions from industry? What impact could the application of best available technologies have on these trends? Which new technologies are needed if these sectors are to fully play their role in a more secure and sustainable energy future? Energy Technology Transitions for Industry addresses these questions through detailed sectoral and regional analyses, building on the insights of crucial IEA findings, such as Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. It contains new indicators and methodologies as well as scenario results for the following sectors: iron and steel, cement, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminium sectors. The report discusses the prospects for new low-carbon technologies and outlines potential technology transition paths for the most important industrial sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068612-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Prévenir la violence, la guerre et l'effondrement des États : L'avenir des systèmes d'alerte précoce et de réponse rapide (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060524
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Series Statement: Conflits et fragilité
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Preventing Violence, War and State Collapse; The Future of Conflict Early Warning and Response
    Keywords: Development ; Electronic books
    Abstract: La communauté internationale n’est guère en mesure aujourd’hui d’éviter un génocide tel que celui qui s’est produit au Rwanda en 1994 en dépit de l’évolution notable des systèmes d’alerte précoce observée depuis quelques années. L'ouvrage Prévenir la violence, la guerre et l’effondrement des États s’appuie sur une étude des publications existantes consacrées aux systèmes d’alerte précoce et de réponse rapide ainsi que sur des éléments fournis par les organismes consultés. Il vise à évaluer l’intérêt et le rôle des systèmes d’alerte précoce pour la prévention des conflits violents et à recenser les systèmes les plus efficaces en la matière.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060524-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière : Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056978
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p.)
    Series Statement: Etudes de l'OCDE sur la politique commerciale
    Series Statement: Études de l'OCDE sur la politique commerciale
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Overcoming Border Bottlenecks; The Costs and Benefits of Trade Facilitation
    Keywords: Trade ; Electronic books
    Abstract: Les échanges internationaux se sont considérablement développés ces dernières années, grâce en partie à la réduction progressive des droits de douane et des contingents tarifaires dans le cadre des cycles successifs de libéralisation multilatérale des échanges. Toutefois, ce développement met en avant une des faiblesses persistantes du commerce international: les obstacles à la frontière que produisent les procédures et formalités commerciales inefficaces, obsolètes et compliquées empêchent les pays de profiter pleinement des avantages de marchés mondiaux ouverts. Les six études rassemblées dans cette publication examinent dans quel mesure des procédures inefficaces à la frontière ont un impact sur les flux des échanges et des investissements, comment les facteurs institutionnels et politiques affectent la conception et la mise en œuvre de mesures visant à améliorer l’efficacité accompagnés de bénéfices escomptés de ces mesures pour justifier les dépenses nécessaires pour les mettre en place et si ces dépenses sont à la portée des pays en voie de développement et des pays les moins avancés, étant donné leurs autres priorités de développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056978-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Designing Local Skills Strategies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264066649
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (278 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Designing local skills strategies
    DDC: 338.9
    RVK:
    QV 240
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsförderung ; Qualifikation ; Humankapital ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Fallstudiensammlung ; Electronic books ; Fallstudiensammlung ; Ungelernter Arbeiter ; Berufliche Qualifikation ; Weiterbildung ; Angelernter Arbeiter ; Berufliche Qualifikation ; Berufliche Fortbildung
    Abstract: Higher-level skills are increasingly demanded by the knowledge-based economy. But with rising mobility and demographic change, it is no longer so simple to invest in a skilled workforce for the future. Actions are needed on a variety of fronts, including attracting and retaining talent, better integrating disadvantaged groups into the labour force, and upgrading the skills of low-paid workers. Much of the responsibility for these actions falls squarely on the shoulders of local policy makers. Drawing from a wide array of case studies, this book analyses best-practice local strategies for increasing workforce skills. And it also takes a close look at the opportunities and challenges presented by international migration. The in-depth case studies in this report range from Shanghai’s “Highland of Talent Strategy” to new “career ladders” which help immigrants escape low-skilled, low-paid employment in New York. National and local-level recommendations on local skills development are provided, for both OECD and non-OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264066649-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lobbyists, Governments and Public Trust, Volume 1 : Increasing Transparency through Legislation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073371
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lobbying, pouvoirs publics et confiance, Volume 1 ; Quel cadre législatif pour plus de transparence ?
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lobbyists, governments and public trust ; Vol. 1: Increasing transparency through legislation
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Lobbying can improve policy making by providing valuable insights and data, but it can also result in unfair advantages for vested interests if the process is opaque and standards are lax. Lobbying is resource intensive. The financial services sector in the United States spent USD 3.4 billion lobbying the federal government between 1998 and 2008, principally promoting the deregulation of the financial sector. Legions of lobbyists provide “guns for hire” worldwide. In 2008, there were over 5 000 registered lobbyists in Canada at the national level, while the European Commission in Brussels had over 2 000 registered as of August 2009. This report reviews the experiences of Australia, Canada, Hungary, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States with government regulations designed to increase scrutiny for lobbying and lobbyists. Current approaches, models, trends and state-of-the-art solutions are examined to support a deeper understanding of the potential and limitations of existing norms. The report also presents building blocks for developing a framework for lobbying that meets public expectations for transparency, accountability and integrity
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073371-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intermodal Transport : National Peer Review: Turkey (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102237
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Transport ; Turkey
    Abstract: Turkey’s continuing economic expansion depends on the diversification of its transport modes and especially on the development of efficient multimodal services. Its role as a hub for Europe, Asia, and the Middle East and as a facilitator of global exchange will be enhanced with a strategy and measures to support a range of intermodal logistic and transport services. This work analyses the current situation and sets forth some of the actions and policies needed to stimulate the development of a truly multimodal transport system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102237-en
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  • 16
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    Online Resource
    West African perspectives : resources for development (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059764
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 115 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Edition: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Series Statement: West African studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Verdière, Michel Colin de West African perspectives
    DDC: 305.40966
    Keywords: Economic development ; Africa, West Economic policy ; Africa, West Social policy ; Africa, West Social conditions 21st century ; Africa, West Economic conditions 21st century ; Westafrika ; Entwicklungsökonomie
    Abstract: This publication conducts a cross-cutting analysis of the main development challenges in the region and offers suggestions on how to meet them. It provides an overview of West Africa's abundant resources, examining not only economic and natural resources but also human, social and cultural capital. Finally, it presents the perspectives of six prominent West Africans involved in the development of their region.--Publisher's description
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Perspectives ouest-africaines : les ressources pour le développement , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059764-en
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    Péréquation financière (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Fiscal equalisation
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: La péréquation financière constitue un transfert de ressources budgétaires entre les autorités infranationales visant à compenser les disparités territoriales en termes de capacité fiscale ou de coût des services publics. Ce transfert représente 2.5 % du PIB ou 5 % de l’ensemble des dépenses publiques en moyenne pour l’ensemble des pays de l’OCDE. La péréquation permet de réduire de deux tiers en moyenne les disparités financières voire de virtuellement les combler entièrement dans certains pays. Cependant la péréquation ne va pas sans coût : en moyenne près de 70 % du revenu fiscal additionnel d’une autorité infranationale se trouve dédié à un fonds national de péréquation. Le taux de péréquation est en général plus élevé pour les collectivités territoriales disposant d’une faible capacité fiscale, ce qui limite leur effort fiscal et risque de ralentir la convergence économique entre les régions. La péréquation selon les coûts représente un pourcentage de PIB plus important que celle qui repose sur les revenus, et ce bien que les disparités soient moins élevées en termes de coût qu’en termes de revenus. Ce constat souligne les inefficacités des formules de péréquation. En particulier, la péréquation financière peut s’avérer pro-cyclique même si la plupart des pays parviennent à contenir les variations des engagements de dépense des collectivités territoriales, parfois même au prix de leurs besoins budgétaires. Les systèmes de péréquation financière sont en fait très marqués par les spécificités nationales, aussi les données comme les conclusions de l’analyse comparative doivent être prises avec précaution. Par Hansjörg Blöchliger et Claire Charbit
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-8-fr
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    Les effets d'une taxe carbone sur la Norvège, la Russie et le Moyen-Orient (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe The incidence of carbon pricing: Norway, Russia and the Middle East
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: La Russie, la Norvège et les pays du Moyen-Orient sont trois régions du monde caractérisées par des héritages différents en matière de politiques énergétiques. Ces caractéristiques sont telles qu’elles rendent plus problématiques la mise en place de politiques de réduction des gaz à effet de serre en Russie, et dans les pays du Moyen-Orient, qu’en Norvège. Et ce, même si toutes trois sont des économies largement productrices d’énergie primaire. Par rapport au coût économique moyen d’une telle politique pour l’ensemble des pays du monde, la Russie sera durement touchée, le Moyen-Orient aussi, quoique dans une proportion moindre, la Norvège, en revanche, ne le sera guère plus que le reste du monde. Cette asymétrie souligne que si ces différences en termes d’impact sont mal appréhendées, alors des négociations internationales seraient sujettes à des marchandages sous informations asymétriques. Ces derniers pourraient alors empêcher d’aboutir à un accord global. Ce résultat n’est qu’une première illustration des efforts à fournir afin de surmonter de tels problèmes d’asymétries. Néanmoins certaines conclusions de cet article sont clairement explicites : en ce qui concerne le rythme des réformes des marchés de l’énergie en Russie, ou quant à la diversification des économies du Moyen Orient.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264053656-7-fr
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    ICT in Initial Teacher Training: Research Review (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.38
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This research review reports on articles presenting empirical research in the area of how teacher-training institutions work on preparing future teachers for the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) in their future classrooms. It was conducted mainly in English and French and covers research in 11 OECD-countries during the years 2002–2009. The research is unanimous, even if it is not comprehensive, and it shows that ICT is not used regularly or systematically in the countries reviewed. There are good examples, carried out by enthusiastic teacher trainers, but only a minority of the student teachers benefit from this. Very few articles report innovative use of recent technology. Most of the research reports on the use of computers and traditional computer software. Overall, student teachers do not integrate technology into their teaching. A number of reasons for this are identified. The overall picture is that implementation is necessary at all levels (macro, meso, micro) for a successful outcome, but research also gives examples of how problems can be overcome at a micro-level, which is the level of the actors' pedagogical practice. Enthusiasts do seem to have room for maneuver, but the lack of incentives makes it difficult to involve everyone.
    DOI: 10.1787/220502872611
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    The Final Financial Investment of French Households (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2009/02
    DOI: 10.1787/224158323118
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    Essai n 230 : Essai de 21 jours sur les poissons : un dépistage à court terme de l'activité oestrogénique, et androgénique et de l'inhibition de l'aromatase (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076235
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230; 21-day Fish Assay; A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 230: 21-day Fish Assay: A Short-Term Screening for Oestrogenic and Androgenic Activity, and Aromatase Inhibition
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: La présente Ligne directrice décrit un essai de dépistage in vivo de certaines substances actives sur le système endocrinien sur des groupes de poissons (composés de mâles sexuellement matures et de femelles reproductrices) exposés à une substance pendant une durée limitée de leur cycle biologique (21 jours). Cet essai couvre le dépistage de l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique, et l’inhibition de l’aromatase. L’essai a été validé sur le tête-de-boule (Pimephales promelas), le médaka japonnais (Oryzias latipes) et le poisson-zèbre (Danio rerio); cependant le poisson-zèbre ne permet pas de détecter l’activité androgénique. A l’issue de la période d’exposition de 21 jours, en fonction de l’espèce testée, un ou deux biomarqueur(s) sont mesurés chez les mâles et les femelles pour servir d’indicateurs des effets de la substance d’essai sur l’activité oestrogénique, androgénique ou sur l’inhibition de l’aromatase. Ces biomarqueurs sont la vitellogénine et les caractères sexuels secondaires. La vitellogénine est dosée chez le tête-de-boule, le medaka japonais et le poisson-zèbre tandis que les caractères sexuels secondaires sont mesurés chez le tête-de-boule et le medaka japonais uniquement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076235-fr
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    Infrastructure Investment : Links to Growth and the Role of Public Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.686
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Investment in network infrastructure – the energy, water, transport and telecommunication networks – which performs a vital role for the functioning of the economy, can contribute to raising growth and social welfare. But more is not always better. While the paper shows that investment in the network industries has had a positive effect over and above the addition to the capital stock, there is evidence that investment in the past has sometimes been misallocated. This paper identifies the policy framework that promotes investment that is conducive to growth and ensures the appropriate use of infrastructure. Central aspects of this framework are identified as a robust decision making process, improving the selection of investment projects, the introduction of competitive pressures through the reduction of barriers to entry and vertical separation when this is appropriate. In addition, efficient investment can be promoted by the combination of regulator independence and the application of incentive regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/225678178357
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    Informal Cross-Border Trade and Trade Facilitation Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.86
    DOI: 10.1787/225770164564
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    Intégration régionale en Asie du Sud-Est : le renforcement de la coopération macroéconomique permet d'atténuer les risques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.90
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regional Integration in Southeast Asia: Better Macroeconomic Co-operation Can Mitigate Risks
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Les dix membres de l’Association des nations du Sud-Est asiatique (Asean) ont créé l’une des régions les plus dynamiques du monde et ont dévoilé en 2003 leur projet de communauté économique de l’Asean (CEA) visant à donner naissance à un marché unique d’ici à 2015. En décembre 2008, la ratification complète de la charte de l’association a permis d’établir un cadre institutionnel pour une intégration régionale qui se déroule, de facto, depuis les années 80. Cet objectif, qui est énoncé dans le projet et dans la charte, est particulièrement difficile à atteindre dans le contexte actuel. Ce Repères propose quelques pistes pour l’avenir.
    DOI: 10.1787/220214603427
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    Framework for the Development of Financial Literacy Baseline Surveys : A First International Comparative Analysis (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions no.1
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmddpz7m9zq-en
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    The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation : How to Build the Necessary Global Action in a Cost-Effective Manner (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 128 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.701
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the cost of a range of national, regional and global mitigation policies and the corresponding incentives for countries to participate in ambitious international mitigation actions. The paper illustrates the scope for available instruments to strengthen these incentives and discusses ways to overcome barriers to the development of an international carbon price, based on the quantitative assessment from two global and sectorially-disaggregated CGE models. Key step towards the emergence of a single international carbon price will most likely involve the phasing out of subsidies of fossil fuel consumption and various forms of linking between regional carbon markets, ranging from direct linking of existing emission trading systems to more indirect forms through the use of sectoral crediting mechanisms. The paper discusses regulatory issues raised by the expansion of emission trading and crediting schemes as well as the complementary contribution of non-market based instruments such as the imposition of technical standards and R&D policies. Finally, the paper emphasises the important role of international transfers, not least to overcome the relatively strong economic incentives in some countries to free ride on other regions mitigation actions. While they can take various explicit or implicit forms, transfers made primarily through market mechanisms, for instance via the allocation of binding emission reduction commitments across countries, would be most cost-effective.
    DOI: 10.1787/224074334782
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    Ten Years of Product Market Reform in OECD Countries : Insights from a Revised PMR Indicator (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.695
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper describes patterns and developments of regulation that potentially affect product market competition in OECD countries over the past decade. It uses the 2008 update and revision of the OECD indicators of product market regulation (PMR) that integrate to a larger extent than in the past information on sector-specific regulation and adapt a simpler and more transparent aggregation technique. The results show that OECD countries have extensively liberalised product markets over the past ten years and – as a consequence - convergence of regulation across OECD countries can be observed. However, reforms appear to have slowed in the most recent period (2003-2008) as compared with the earlier period (1998- 2003). Easing of product market regulation appears to have been driven to a considerable extent by reforms in sector-specific regulation, notably as regards the gas, electricity and telecommunications markets. Countries appear also to have followed consistent reform approaches. However, scope for further reform remains, especially as regards controls of governments over businesses, and as regards certain sectors such as professional services and retail trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/224255001640
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    Long-Distance Passenger Rail Services in Europe : Market Access Models and Implications for Germany (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/22
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmmr3bjk3tf-en
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    An Evaluation of the Tax-Transfer Treatment of Married Couples in European Countries (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.76
    DOI: 10.1787/227200406151
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    Structural Reforms and the Benefits of the Enlarged EU Internal Market : Much Achieved and Much to Do (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.694
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: High expectations surrounded the two waves of eastward EU enlargement in 2004 and 2007, with the extension of the EU Internal Market being expected to deliver a substantial boost to economic growth in new and old member States alike. Indeed, considerable progress has been made, with existing evidence pointing to increased trade and FDI flows, enhanced east-west migration and a more stable macroeconomic environment. However, completion of the internal market is progressing at an uneven pace, and comparatively less progress can be seen in services industries, which provide over two-thirds of jobs and value added in the economy. Empirical estimates suggest that competition and trade-enhancing reforms in services industries could generate substantial productivity improvements across EU member economies. Over a period of 10 years, the predicted increase in labour productivity resulting from a bold reform package is around 10% for the average EU country, and new member States stand to gain even more. In addition to service-sector reform, priorities towards a more integrated EU internal market should include removing remaining barriers to labour mobility, improving transport infrastructure, mutual recognition of qualifications, and enhanced market integration of network industries. Finally, a more explicit use of benchmarking may help to enhance the momentum of future internal market reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/224350486867
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    Literature Review of Recent Trends and Future Prospects for Innovation in Climate Change Mitigation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.9
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The international discussion about global climate change now revolves around what the necessary set of policies and technologies will be needed to realize reduction goals. Stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations at 450 to 550 parts per million will require policy changes along with innovation and large-scale adoption of GHG-reducing technologies throughout the global energy system. Innovations will need to be supported by international cooperation and behavioral changes to further realize the benefits of technological advances. Much discussion has therefore focused on policies that target technology directly, including research and development (R&D) activities and technology-specific incentives, as well as policies and agreements that increase diffusion and adoption. This paper reviews the recent literature on trends and prospects for innovation in climate change mitigation, to identify the most important international and domestic actions necessary to technologically alter energy systems in a direction that can achieve GHG stabilization targets while also meeting other societal goals. It provides an overview of key technical issues associated with the development, diffusion, and adoption of technologies that mitigate climate change. It examines the role of environment and innovation policy measures to encourage innovation, and it outlines the conditions that trigger these advances. The review highlights that establishing a GHG emission price is essential from a technology perspective. Such a price should be coupled with public R&D support. The review discusses policy features that impact on environmentally oriented R&D, the diffusion of environmental innovations, their deployment in developing countries. In particular, the paper outlines the positive role of international technology-oriented agreements as part of the architecture of an international climate change policy.
    DOI: 10.1787/218688342302
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    Crises de la dette souveraine et indicateurs d'alerte : le rôle du marché obligataire primaire (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 2 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.89
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sovereign Debt Crises and Early Warning Indicators: The Role of the Primary Bond Market
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Au cours des années 90 et 2000, plusieurs crises ont mis à mal la stabilité des marchés de capitaux internationaux, depuis la crise du Système monétaire européen de 1992-93 à la crise financière actuelle, en passant par celles qui ont frappé les marchés émergents.
    DOI: 10.1787/220235167841
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    Enhancing Educational Performance in Australia (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.678
    Keywords: Economics ; Australia
    Abstract: The Australian education system fares well in international comparison with regards to PISA test scores and the higher education system attracts an increasing number of foreign students. Vocational education and training (VET) is an important part of the post–secondary education system, equipping individuals with the skills to enter or re–enter the labour force and offering a pathway to further education. However, a number of challenges need to be addressed. Reducing complexity and fragmentation and tackling issues of under–supply and under–representation of children from disadvantaged groups in the early childhood education and care system is of major importance, given the beneficial impact of early education on outcomes later in life. A key challenge for the school sector is to reduce the achievement gaps of the lowest performing students, while improving overall literacy and numeracy outcomes. Greater autonomy at the school level and improvements in teaching quality would help in this regard. Enhancing the capacity of the VET system to address skill shortages is another key priority. The low rate of completion of training courses is an additional policy issue facing the sector. Finally, moving towards a less rigid policy framework for higher education would enhance flexibility and diversity, making the system more responsive to labour market needs and globalisation challenges. The promotion of a highquality education system that responds swiftly to changing skill needs is a top priority of the new government. The “Education Revolution”, backed by the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), pursues reforms across all sectors of the education system, an important objective being the closing of the gap for the indigenous population.
    DOI: 10.1787/226361423610
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    Improving the Performance of the Public Health Care System in Greece (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.722
    Keywords: Economics ; Greece
    Abstract: Greek health outcomes compare favourably with the OECD average. However, the health care system is seen as not working well by the population. One source of dissatisfaction is the high proportion of private household spending on health, including informal payments, while public health spending relative to GDP is one of the lowest in the OECD. This situation leads to inequities in access to certain medical services. Also, there is a weakening of efficiency of the system, which should be addressed sooner than later in view of a rising demand for medical services, which is going to intensify in the coming decades, and the need to keep government health care spending in check. This calls for reforms in four areas: (i) reviewing the excessively fragmented structure of the health care system and its governance; (ii) enhancing the quality of public primary health care services; (iii) modernising hospital administration; and (iv) further tightening control over pharmaceutical expenditure.
    DOI: 10.1787/221250170007
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    Evaluating Quality in Educational Spaces : OECD/CELE Pilot Project (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 8 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: CELE Exchange, Centre for Effective Learning Environments no.2009/09
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Évaluer la qualité des espaces éducatifs : Etude pilote du CELE/OCDE
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: CELE’s International Pilot Project on Evaluating Quality in Educational Spaces aims to assist education authorities, schools and others to maximise the use of and investment in learning environments. This article provides an update on the pilot project, which is currently being implemented in Brazil, Mexico, New Zealand, Portugal and the United Kingdom.
    DOI: 10.1787/220802117283
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    Facilitating Trade in Selected Climate Change Mitigation Technologies in the Energy Supply, Buildings, and Industry Sectors (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2009/02
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: It is in every country's interest that the deployment of carbon-change-mitigation technologies (CCMTs) be accomplished at the lowest possible cost to society and that their diffusion be rapid. Reducing barriers to trade is one way to accomplish that, especially given that it is unlikely that every country will become proficient in the production of every CCMT. This study provides a preliminary assessment of the significance of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in a representative selection of CCMTs chosen from among those that have been identified by the IPCC and the IEA as having a large economic potential for mitigation, are globally traded, and can be easily adapted to national circumstances. Those examined in the report include: (a) technologies, such as gas-fired reciprocating engines, used in the co-production of both process (or district) heat and electric power (CHP); (b) technologies, such as pipes and meters, used in the production and delivery of heating and cooling at the scale of a city district (DHC); (c) technologies that harness solar energy to heat water or heat or cool the air in buildings (SHC); and (d) relatively energyefficient electric motors and related systems. The study finds that trade in CCMTs faces higher tariffs in some non-OECD countries than in OECD countries. Judging from information provided by exporters in response to a questionnaire, non-tariff measures are common, and in some countries are acting as barriers to trade. Overcoming some of the general measures that impede trade will take time. However, the problems that lax enforcement of intellectual property rights, cumbersome customs-clearance procedures and non-transparent government procurement create for trade in CCTMs should be regarded as providing additional reasons for importing countries to address these issues urgently. Finally, importers may need, at the same time, to examine their domestic policies in order to address behind-the-border impediments to the diffusion of CCMT technologies.
    DOI: 10.1787/224036730873
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    Nuclear Fuel Cycle Transition Scenario Studies : Status Report (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107083
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Future nuclear fuel cycles could effectively address radioactive waste issues with the implementation of partitioning and transmutation (P&T). Previous studies have defined the infrastructure requirements for several key technical approaches. While these studies have proven extremely valuable, several countries have also recognised the complex, dynamic nature of the infrastructure problem: severe new issues arise when attempting to transit from current open or partially closed cycles to a final equilibrium or burn-down mode. While the issues are country-specific when addressed in detail, it is believed that there exists a series of generic issues related only to the current situation and to the desired end point. These issues are critical to implementing a sustainable nuclear energy infrastructure. The present report focuses on the definition of key issues, the assessment of technologies and national scenario assessments.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107083-en
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    Farmland Conversion : The Spatial Dimension of Agricultural and Land Use Policies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264679542 , 9789264340008 , 9789264415522
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (64 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment
    Abstract: Land is a key input into agricultural production and the agricultural sector remains the main user of rural land in most OECD countries. How land is managed in agriculture, and the conversion of farmland to non-agricultural uses, are likely to have implications not only for the provision of food, but also for the supply of public goods such as rural amenities, as well as for the quantity and quality of water. Changes in agricultural, agri-environmental, land-use, and regional policies – together with factors such as climate and demographic changes – increasingly affect land use and management choices. This report examines the impact of several policies on farmland conversion using a combination of economic analysis and empirical case studies.
    DOI: 10.1787/ae50672e-en
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    Research on Human Factors in New Nuclear Plant Technology (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p.)
    Series Statement: CSNI Technical Opinion Papers no.12
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: It is a dynamic time for the nuclear power sector. Existing reactor control rooms are undergoing various forms of modernisation. New reactors are being built in many countries and advanced reactors are being designed through international co-operation to support power generation for decades to come. The new technologies and concepts that are being considered in this context could impact upon the roles of the plant operators and thus plant safety. It is therefore important that the potential implications – both positive and negative – are evaluated and understood. Through this technical opinion paper, the NEA Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI) has sought to identify a set of research topics that should be explored in order to enhance knowledge of the human and organisational factors concerned. Research to address the topics described in this paper will provide the technical basis to help ensure that the benefits of new technology are realised and that the potential negative effects are minimised. This paper should be of particular interest to research organisations and other stakeholders (including regulatory agencies, international organisations and industry organisations) that could support this research and benefit from its results.
    DOI: 10.1787/a6af51db-en
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    Finding the Dividing Line Between Tax Sharing and Grants : A Statistical Investigation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.10
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Tax sharing and intergovernmental grants are two sub-central funding arrangements that are often difficult to disentangle. The dividing line is not drawn uniformly across OECD countries or across time, and rules established in National Accounts, Revenue Statistics and others give incomplete guidance. Moreover, tax sharing arrangements may differ according to how tax revenue is distributed across individual jurisdictions. In order to ensure that fiscal arrangements are recorded properly and on a comparable basis, a set of clear criteria to delineate them is required. This section presents the results of a test that was applied in order to find the dividing line a) between tax sharing and intergovernmental grants and b) between different categories of tax sharing. The test was performed using questionnaire responses and builds on earlier documents on the same topic presented to Fiscal Network Delegates in 2006 and 2008.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k97b10vvbnw-en
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    Sectoral Market Mechanisms : Issues for Negotiation and Domestic Implementation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/05
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: This paper reviews proposals for the design of sectoral and related market mechanisms that are being debated both in the UNFCCC negotiations and in different domestic legislative contexts. Decisions on the design and scope of the mechanisms in the UNFCCC negotiations would affect the future supply of credits, while developed countries’ legislations could influence demand. National actions to establish carbon markets may also constrain or enable international developments and options, as domestic policies may establish conditions or restrictions on the import of “international” offset credits or linkages with other national or regional carbon markets. The paper also addresses the possible principles and technical requirements that Parties may wish to consider, as the foundations for further elaboration of the mechanisms. Beyond principles, a number of elements of a more technical nature need to be sorted out to set up new market mechanisms, such as: eligibility for participation by developed countries, as buyers; technical definition of baselines, including guidance on a process to agree to baseline levels, and possible revisions; length of the crediting period and frequency of issuance of credits; new trading units and registries; and national authorities for the new mechanisms. In the case of trading, a compliance reserve and liability rules may be topics for discussion as well. The third issue explored by this paper is domestic implementation of sectoral market mechanisms by host countries, and how the transition between current and future mechanisms could be managed. Transition issues including the situation of existing CDM projects vis-à-vis broader crediting mechanisms and also sectoral trading must be clarified. Domestic policy implementation in developing countries is of paramount importance to ensure the effectiveness of possible new international market mechanisms. Several illustrations are offered to show how a mix of policies could be used to outperform a baseline to generate credits, and how credit revenues could be used to further support domestic policy implementation. Among the options discussed are subsidies to low-carbon technologies (e.g. feed-in tariffs), mandated performance standards, and an entity level baseline-and-crediting system.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k454d2srld2-en
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    Explorations in OEEC History (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264067974
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (281 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Fifty years after it was launched, the Marshall Plan remains a major event of post World War II history. But what did it actually do for European reconstruction? To commemorate the opening of its historical archives to the public and their deposit at the European University Institute (EUI), the OECD invited a group of EUI historians to analyse the role played by the Marshall Plan and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) in the economic recovery of Europe. This book examines the major moments punctuating OEEC history from the original offer of Marshall Aid in 1947 to the decision to create the OECD in 1960. It offers a history of the European economic reconstruction and contributes to discussions on models of co-operation favouring economic development, trade liberalisation and world economic integration.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264067974-en
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    Guidance Document on Overview of Residue Chemistry Studies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264614574
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (93 p.)
    Series Statement: Series on Pesticides and Biocides no.32
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Overview Guidance Document summarises the major guidance aspects provided in the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 5. This document also develops an approach for a Global Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) process to achieve use of a single globally acceptable feeding study for MRL setting and risk assessment for livestock food commodities that involves four key components: 1) Harmonised Guidance for the Definition of Residue; 2) Reasonable Worst Case Animal Diets/Maximum Reasonably Balanced Diet; 3) Harmonised Table of Livestock Feed Commodities; and 4) Definition of Reasonable Worst Case Livestock Feeding Levels. Each of these components is described and supported by the following resources: (i) a table of raw agricultural commodities; (ii) national and regional tables of livestock feedstuffs; (iii) a glossary of Terms; (iv) comprehensive submission criteria for supervised field trials in support of registration in all OECD countries; and (v) instructions for calculating the 1x (lowest dose) pesticide oral administration level for livestock feeding studies, taking into account the various livestock diets around the world.
    DOI: 10.1787/226617da-en
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    How to Reform the Belgian Tax System to Enhance Economic Growth (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.741
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment réformer le système fiscal belge afin de renforcer l'expansion économique
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Individual elements in Belgian tax system affect the growth process through different channels and to a varying degree. Consumption taxes are among the least distortive for growth, and there is considerable scope to increase the reliance on this tax source in Belgium. The Belgian differential taxation of saving vehicles distorts investment decisions, hampering the reallocation of capital towards its most productive use. However, the most distortive Belgian taxes are on labour through their effects on workers’ labour market decisions. Recognising the latter, the authorities have aimed at reducing taxation on labour. However, its level remains internationally high, reflecting numerous exemptions, which reduce tax bases and thus require higher tax rates than otherwise. To promote labour market prospects for individual groups on the labour market, wage subsidies and social security contribution reductions have been used extensively, leading to a complex system, often poorly targeted and at times subject to conflicting objectives. The end result is that the interaction between the personal income tax, the social security contributions, and the generous benefit systems has created a multitude of labour market traps which hold back employment. New tax reforms are constrained by the large and growing fiscal sustainability problem, implying that, unless substantial expenditure cuts are implemented, new tax reforms must be self-financed. This can be achieved by shifting the reliance of the tax system towards the least distortive sources and by broadening tax bases to allow lower tax rates. This Working Paper relates to the 2009 OECD Economic Survey of Belgium (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/belgium).
    DOI: 10.1787/218662261017
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    Infrastructure and Growth : Empirical Evidence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.685
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Investment in network infrastructure can boost long-term economic growth in OECD countries. Moreover, infrastructure investment can have a positive effect on growth that goes beyond the effect of the capital stock because of economies of scale, the existence of network externalities and competition enhancing effects. This paper, which is part of a project examining the links between infrastructure and growth and the role of public policies, reports the results on the links with growth from a variety of econometric approaches. Time-series results reveal a positive impact of infrastructure investment on growth. They also show that this effect varies across countries and sectors and over time. In some cases, these results reveal evidence of possible over-investment, which may be related to inefficient use of infrastructure. Bayesian model averaging of cross-section growth regressions confirm that infrastructure investment in telecommunications and the electricity sectors has a robust positive effect on long-term growth (but not in railways and road networks). Furthermore, this effect is highly nonlinear as the impact is stronger if the physical stock is lower.
    DOI: 10.1787/225682848268
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    ENUM: Converging Telephone Numbers and Addresses in Next Generation Networks (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.156
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The OECD Document “Convergence and Next Generation Networks” analysed developments in Next Generation Networks (NGN), and the convergence of core and access networks. The aim of that paper was to review areas where policy changes may be required and to put forward recommendations for considerations in areas where change may be necessary to support new developments and to ensure that telecommunication policy goals can be met. The paper depicted areas of regulatory interest, arising from the deployment of NGN. The objective was to identify policy and regulatory issues that government and national regulatory authorities may have to confront in the framework of the development of core next generation networks. It noted that the issue of ‘Numbering, naming and addressing” was a policy area that would need further analysis and that ENUM was one of the potentially significant developments in the converging world of telephone numbering, naming and addressing.
    DOI: 10.1787/222425783407
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    Russia's Long and Winding Road to a more Efficient and Resilient Banking Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.731
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: In the decade following the 1998 financial crisis Russia’s banking system grew much larger and stronger – indeed, growth rates were dangerously high – but even before the onset of the current global crisis it continued to play a limited role in intermediating savings and investment, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises. Moreover, despite important improvements, some weaknesses in prudential supervision remained, and the Russian banking sector continued to have too many very small banks doing little if any banking business. This paper discusses the policy imperatives in the short term, in the face of the ongoing economic crisis, and reforms that could be implemented over the longer term to improve the efficiency and resilience of the financial system and raise Russia’s potential growth rate. While the current crisis is painful for the banking sector as well as the broader economy, it may facilitate a restructuring of the system that will be positive in the long run, as well as new approaches to regulation that will make banking less crisis-prone.
    DOI: 10.1787/220756044067
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    Towards Green ICT Strategies : Assessing Policies and Programmes on ICT and the Environment (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.155
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This survey analyses 92 government programmes and business initiatives across 22 OECD countries plus the European Commission. Fifty of these have been introduced by governments and the remaining 42 have been developed by business associations, mostly international. Over two-thirds of these focus on improving performance in the ICT industry. Only one third focus on using ICTs across the economy and society in areas where there is major potential to dramatically improve performance, for example in “smart” urban, transport and power distribution systems, despite the fact that this is where ICT have the greatest potential to improve environmental performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/222431651031
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    The Long-Term Care Workforce: Overview and Strategies to Adapt Supply to a Growing Demand (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.44
    DOI: 10.1787/225350638472
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  • 50
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    Economic Growth and the Role of Taxation-Theory (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.713
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economic growth is the basis of increased prosperity. This makes the attainment of growth a key objective for governments across the world. The rate of growth can be affected by policy choices through the effect that taxation has upon economic decisions and through productive public expenditures. This paper provides a self-contained introduction to the economic modelling of growth and reviews the theoretical evidence on the extent of the link between taxation and growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/222800633678
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    International Adult Literacy and Basic Skills Surveys in the OECD Region (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.26
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Both within and beyond the OECD region, governments and other stakeholders are increasingly interested in the assessments of the skills of their adult populations in order to monitor how well prepared they are for the challenges of the knowledge based society. The current paper provides an overview of the two international assessments of adult literacy which have already taken place in the OECD region – the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) and the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey (ALL) as well as of the forthcoming OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). The conceptual framework for the assessments is described with a focus on the links between the different assessments. In addition, the paper provides a survey of the outputs of IALS and ALL including a review of the major themes addressed in the literature which has used data from these surveys as well as a brief discussion of their policy impact.
    DOI: 10.1787/221351213600
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    When Should We Provide Separate Auto and Truck Roadways? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/24
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmmncchk1zv-en
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    Effets de certains accords commerciaux régionaux sur les échanges agricoles (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Trade Impacts of Selected Regional Trade Agreements in Agriculture
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Ce document de travail procède à une étude approfondie des effets sur le commerce dans le secteur de l'agriculture de trois accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) — la Zone de Libre Echange de l'ANASE (AFTA), le Marché Commun de l'Afrique de l'Est et de l'Afrique australe (COMESA) et le Marché Commun du Sud (MERCOSUR). Les résultats du modèle de gravité suggèrent que la création de l'AFTA, du COMESA et du MERCOSUR a accru le commerce des produits agricoles entre leurs pays membres. Il n'y a pas d'indication solide du détournement des échanges concernant les importations provenant de pays extérieurs à ces régions. Ces accords sont donc créateurs de nouveaux échanges commerciaux. Il n'y a cependant pas d'indication solide de la création d'échanges avec des pays n'appartenant pas aux ACR étudiés. Dans certains cas, le manque d'infrastructures de transport et de communication qui s'ajoute aux contraintes sur l'offre atténue l'effet des ACR sur les flux commerciaux. Les coûts associés au transport et à la logistique semblent demeurer des facteurs importants dans la détermination des flux commerciaux agricoles. Dans certains ACR, les pays ont un avantage comparatif dans l'exportation de nombreux produits agricoles similaires diminuant ainsi l'effet de l'accès préférentiel au marché. Plusieurs implications pour les ACR Sud-Sud peuvent être tirées de l’examen de ces différents accords.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmk0bj78q31-fr
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    An Australian Approach to School Design (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 8 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: CELE Exchange, Centre for Effective Learning Environments no.2009/03
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Architecture scolaire : des exemples à suivre en Australie
    Keywords: Education ; Australia
    Abstract: Contemporary education design strongly emphasises stimulating, adaptable learning environments, with spaces able to support various styles of teaching and learning. Delivering successful school buildings requires a close collaborative relationship between the architect and all key stakeholders from initial briefing through to project handover. The brief should identify the opportunities and challenges to create an exciting architectural solution which is functional, aspirational and contextually responsible. The design should demonstrate adaptability and flexibility, maintainability, attention to siting, a culture of community, and sustainability. The building programme and budget also require special attention. The photographs throughout this article show a variety of examples of educational facilities in Perth, Australia, across both the primary and secondary levels. They demonstrate the role architecture can play in creating stimulating learning environments and communities of excellence.
    DOI: 10.1787/224575265838
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    The Role of Communication Infrastructure Investment in Economic Recovery (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.154
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Broadband networks are increasingly recognised as fundamental for economic and social development. They serve as a communication and transaction platform for the entire economy and can improve productivity across all sectors. Advanced communication networks are a key component of innovative ecosystems and support economic growth. Broadband networks also increase the impact and efficiency of public and private investments which depend on high-speed communications. Broadband is needed as a complementary investment to other infrastructure such as buildings, roads, transportation systems, health and electricity grids, allowing them to be “smart” and save energy, assist the aging, improve safety and adapt to new ideas.
    DOI: 10.1787/222432403368
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    South Africa's Trade and Growth (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 83 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.91
    DOI: 10.1787/220164708061
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    Realising South Africa's Employment Potential (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.662
    Keywords: Economics ; South Africa
    Abstract: Unemployment in South Africa is extremely high and unevenly distributed, being concentrated among young less-skilled blacks. The legacies of apartheid can explain part of the increase in labour supply and inability of the economy to absorb it which produced the extreme levels of unemployment, but more could have been done to unwind those legacies and other policies and institutions have contributed to the dysfunction of the labour market. Notably, improvements in product market regulation to strengthen competition could help expand formal sector employment. Changes in municipal laws and regulations to ease migration and facilitate informal employment are also likely to be particularly important. Improving the implementation of employment protection legislation could also help reduce unemployment. Efforts to tackle crime could help reduce the brain drain and attract skilled immigrants, which would likely boost demand for less-skilled workers via complementarities. Over the longer term, improvements in basic education will be key to reducing the excess supply of less-skilled workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/227318203215
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    Happiness and Age Cycles - Return to Start...? : On the Functional Relationship between Subjective Well-Being and Age (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.99
    DOI: 10.1787/220573570724
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    Coherence of Development Policies : Ecuador's Economic Ties with Spain and their Development Impact (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.280
    DOI: 10.1787/221388758133
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    The Contribution of Strategic Environmental Assessment to Transport Policy Governance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/30
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmmnc69gt23-en
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    Revisiting Political Budget Cycles in Latin America (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.281
    DOI: 10.1787/221383354183
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    Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Pologne (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264049611
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (250 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Poland 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews; Poland 2008; (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews: Poland 2008
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Territorial Reviews: Poland 2008: (Polish version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Poland
    Abstract: Bien que la Pologne ait réussi à maintenir depuis le milieu des années 90 une forte croissance, la deuxième plus élevée des pays de l’OCDE en 2006-2007, les disparités territoriales persistent et se creusent, surtout entre les grandes agglomérations et les zones rurales. Comme de nombreux pays de l’OCDE, la Pologne doit s’employer à trouver un juste équilibre entre l’aide aux pôles de croissance et le développement des régions en retard, en particulier les régions périphériques de l’Est -- les plus pauvres de l'Union européenne. Ce rapport étudie les multiples défis pour la politique de développement régional en Pologne, et formule des recommandations, en s’attachant en particulier aux problèmes de gouvernance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264049611-fr
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    Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement : Égypte (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264034648
    Language: French
    Edition: 2007
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE des politiques de l'investissement
    Keywords: Ägypten ; Investitionsförderung
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    Modèle de convention fiscale concernant le revenu et la fortune 2008 : Version abrégée -- Juillet (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264048218
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2008
    Keywords: Doppelbesteuerung ; Einkommensteuer ; Kapitalertragsteuer ; Richtlinie ; OECD OECD-Musterabkommen zur Vermeidung der Doppelbesteuerung
    DOI: 10.1787/mtc_cond-2008-fr
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    Research and Test Facilities Required in Nuclear Science and Technology (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264106840
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Experimental facilities are essential research tools both for the development of nuclear science and technology and for testing systems and materials which are currently being used or will be used in the future. As a result of economic pressures and the closure of older facilities, there are concerns that the ability to undertake the research necessary to maintain and to develop nuclear science and technology may be in jeopardy. An NEA expert group with representation from ten member countries, the International Atomic Energy Agency and the European Commission has reviewed the status of those research and test facilities of interest to the NEA Nuclear Science Committee. They include facilities relating to nuclear data measurement, reactor development, neutron scattering, neutron radiography, accelerator-driven systems, transmutation, nuclear fuel, materials, safety, radiochemistry, partitioning and nuclear process heat for hydrogen production. This report contains the expert group’s detailed assessment of the current status of these nuclear research facilities and makes recommendations on how future developments in the field can be secured through the provision of high-quality, modern facilities. It also describes the online database which has been established by the expert group which includes more than 700 facilities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264106840-en
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    DAC Guiding Principles for Aid Effectiveness, Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (7 p.)
    Series Statement: Best Practices in Development Co-operation
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Endorsed in December 2008, these Guiding Principles suggest concrete ways policy advisors and programme managers, in both donor and partner countries, can achieve better development results by improving gender equality and supporting women’s empowerment.
    DOI: 10.1787/487955dc-en
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    GHG Mitigation Actions : MRV Issues and Options (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/01
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: The Bali Action Plan (BAP) language on “measurable, reportable and verifiable” (MRV) greenhouse gas mitigation actions and commitments for a post-2012 climate framework was introduced to apply both to developed countries’ greenhouse gas (GHG) commitments and actions (paragraph 1(b)(i) of the BAP), as well as to “nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building” (paragraph 1(b)(ii)). This paper provides an overview of current efforts to assess if GHG mitigation actions underway in different countries and regions are “measurable, reportable and verifiable”. The paper also assesses how such efforts could be improved, explores MRV options for different types of GHG mitigation actions, and highlights decision points needed to establish a post-2012 framework.Several different types of GHG mitigation actions and commitments have been proposed for the post-2012 period. Some of these - such as national-level GHG emission limits - are already being used, with countries therefore already gaining experience with implementing, monitoring, reporting (and potentially reviewing or verifying the effects of) such actions/commitments. The extent of this experience varies both by type of action/commitment, as well as by country and sector. In general, Annex I countries have significant experience with monitoring and reporting national emission levels (reflecting their reporting commitments under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol). However, official reporting on other GHG-mitigation actions occurs every few years in Annex I countries and only irregularly in non-Annex I countries. Thus, significant new guidance would be needed if post-2012 MRV provisions were to focus on GHG mitigation actions rather than GHG emission levels. In deciding a MRV framework, it will be important to consider measurement, reporting and verification issues separately (as for example some non-supported actions may be reported but not verified). A transition process may also be needed for some countries, in terms of what is to be subject to MRV provisions, and how M, R and V are to be carried out.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4695890xd6-en
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    Taking Stock of Existing Structural Policy and Outcome Indicators (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 74 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.676
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews and assesses in terms of availability, reliability and transparency existing policy and outcome indicators that have been found to be linked both directly and indirectly to economic growth and living standards. Indicators aiming at capturing the political and social situation of countries, as well as governance-related issues, are examined (e.g. political system, political stability, corruption, crime and violence). Topics also include product and labour markets, infrastructure, trade, financial indicators and composite indices of reform.
    DOI: 10.1787/226415705182
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    Cities, Climate Change and Multilevel Governance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 125 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.14
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cities represent a challenge and an opportunity for climate change policy. As the hubs of economic activity, cities generate the bulk of GHG emissions and are thus important to mitigation strategies. Urban planning will shape future trends and the concentration of population, socio-economic activity, poverty and infrastructure in urban areas translates into particular vulnerability to increased climate hazards. City governments and urban stakeholders will therefore be essential in the design and delivery of cost-effective adaptation policies. Further, by empowering local governments, national policies could leverage existing local experiments, accelerate policy responses, foster resource mobilization and engage local stakeholders. This paper presents a framework for multilevel governance, showing that advancing governance of climate change across all levels of government and relevant stakeholders is crucial to avoid policy gaps between local action plans and national policy frameworks (vertical integration) and to encourage cross-scale learning between relevant departments or institutions in local and regional governments (horizontal dimension). Vertical and horizontal integration allows two-way benefits: locally-led or bottom-up where local initiatives influence national action and nationally-led or top-down where enabling frameworks empower local players. The most promising frameworks combine the two into hybrid models of policy dialogue where the lessons learnt are used to modify and fine-tune enabling frameworks and disseminated horizontally, achieving more efficient local implementation of climate strategies.
    DOI: 10.1787/220062444715
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    Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions : Review of Models (Russian version) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264062238
    Language: Russian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (143 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions; Review of Models (Ukrainian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Specialised Anti-Corruption Institutions: Review of Models (Ukrainian version)
    Keywords: Governance
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264062238-ru
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    Essai n 453 : Études combinées de toxicité chronique et de cancérogénèse (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071230
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 453; Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 453: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Studies
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'objectif d'une étude combinée de toxicité chronique/cancérogénèse est l’identification des effets cancérigènes et chroniques dans des espèces mammifères, et la détermination des relations dose-effets à la suite d’une exposition prolongée et répétée. Le rat est typiquement utilisé dans cette étude. Pour les rongeurs, chaque groupe de dose et groupe témoin de la phase « cancérogénèse » contient au moins 50 animaux de chaque sexe, tandis que pour la phase « toxicité chronique », chaque groupe contient 10 animaux de chaque sexe. Au moins trois niveaux de dose et un témoin sont utilisés pour chacune des phases « cancérogénèse » et « Toxicité chronique ». Les trois voies d'administration principales sont les voies orales, cutanées, et l’inhalation. La Ligne directrice traite plus particulièrement de la voie orale. La durée de l'étude est normalement de 12 mois pour la phase « toxicité chronique » et de 24 mois pour la phase « cancérogénèse ». Le rapport d’étude inclut des mesures (pesée) et observations détaillées régulières (examen hématologique, analyse d'urine, chimie clinique), tout comme des procédures d'autopsie et l'histopathologie. Toutes ces observations permettent la détection des effets néoplasiques et la détermination du potentiel cancérigène, ainsi que la détermination de la toxicité générale.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071230-fr
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    Economic Impacts of the Phase-Out in 2005 of Quantitative Restrictions under the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.90
    DOI: 10.1787/220185234525
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    Competitive Interaction between Airports, Airlines and High-Speed Rail (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/07
    DOI: 10.1787/223853273815
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    Essai n 452 : Études de toxicité chronique (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071216
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 452; Chronic Toxicity Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 452: Chronic Toxicity Studies
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L’objectif des études de toxicité chronique est de caractériser le profil d’une substance dans des espèces mammifères (essentiellement rongeurs) à la suite d’une exposition prolongée et répétée. La Ligne directrice porte particulièrement sur les rongeurs et l’administration orale. Les deux sexes doivent être employés. Pour des rongeurs, chaque groupe de traitement contient au moins 20 animaux de chaque sexe, tandis que pour des non-rongeurs, un minimum de 4 animaux de chaque sexe par groupe est recommandé. Au moins trois niveaux de dose doivent être employés en plus du groupe témoin. Normalement, la fréquence de l’exposition est quotidienne, mais elle peut varier selon la voie choisie (orale, cutanée ou inhalation) et elle est ajustée selon le profil toxicocinétique de la substance d’essai. La durée de la période d’exposition est d’au moins 12 mois. Les résultats de ces études incluent des mesures (pesée), des observations détaillées régulières (examen hématologique, analyse d’urine, chimie clinique), ainsi que des procédures d’autopsie et l’histopathologie.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071216-fr
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    Jobs for Immigrants : Labour Market Integration in Norway (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 89 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.94
    DOI: 10.1787/221336486778
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    Smart Sensor Networks : Technologies and Applications for Green Growth (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.167
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report gives an overview of sensor technology and fields of application of sensors and sensor networks. It discusses in detail selected fields of application that have high potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reviews studies quantifying the environmental impact. The review of the studies assessing the impact of sensor technology in reducing greenhouse gas emissions reveals that the technology has a high potential to contribute to a reduction of emissions across various fields of application. Whereas studies clearly estimate an overall strong positive effect in smart grids, smart buildings, smart industrial applications as well as precision agriculture and farming, results for the field of smart transportation are mixed due to rebound effects. In particular intelligent transport systems render transport more efficient, faster and cheaper. As a consequence, demand for transportation and thus the consumption of resources both increase which can lead to an overall negative effect.
    DOI: 10.1787/5kml6x0m5vkh-en
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    The Spending Power of Sub-Central Governments : A Pilot Study (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.705
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This pilot study presents indicators that assess sub-central government (SCG) spending power by policy area. Traditional indicators – such as the share of SCG in total government spending – are often misleading as they underestimate the impact of central government regulation on sub-central spending patterns. In order to gauge true spending power, a set of institutional indicators is established, based on a detailed assessment of institutional, regulatory and administrative control central government exerts over various SCG policy areas. Results tend to confirm the limited discretion of SCGs over their own budget. Education in particular – the main SCG budget item in most countries – is strongly shaped by central government regulation. Federal countries tend to grant more spending power to SCGs than unitary countries. With a few amendments, the framework of this study could be applied to all OECD countries, although it is advisable to restrict the analysis to the main sub-central spending areas.
    DOI: 10.1787/223123781022
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    Current Account Sustainability in Brazil : A Non-Linear Approach (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.703
    Keywords: Economics ; Brazil
    Abstract: The possibility that a country’s external current account may adjust nonlinearly to shocks is attracting increasing attention in the empirical literature. To shed further light on this issue in the context of emerging-market economies, this paper uses Brazilian data to estimate the determinants of the current account in a smooth-transition vector-autoregressive (ST-VAR) setting. We allow for the transition parameters and the model coefficients to be estimated simultaneously by non-linear constrained maximum likelihood. We find strong evidence of non-linearity in the VAR when (lagged) government consumption and investment are used as the variables governing transition across regimes. The computation of non-linear impulse response functions suggests that the system’s history, as well as the sign and magnitude of shocks, affect the current account’s responses to exogenous changes in income, government consumption and investment. In particular, responses to fiscal shocks depend on whether they are positive or negative and whether they follow periods of fiscal expansions or contractions. Current account responses to a positive fiscal impulse are much stronger when conditioned on periods of fiscal expansion (rising government consumption) than retrenchment. The importance of conditioning history and the magnitude of shocks in the current account’s response to shocks is confirmed by forecast error variance decomposition analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/223518424256
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    Teacher Evaluation: Current Practices in OECD Countries and a Literature Review (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Education Working Papers no.23
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper discusses the most relevant issues concerning teacher evaluation in primary and secondary education by reviewing the recent literature and analysing current practices within the OECD countries. First, it provides a conceptual framework highlighting key features of teacher evaluation schemes. In particular, it emphasises the importance of clarifying the purposes of teacher appraisal, whether summative when designed to assure that the practices enhancing student learning are undertaken or formative when conducted for further professional development objectives. It also encompasses the diverse criteria and instruments commonly used to assess teachers as well as the actors generally involved in the process and potential consequences for teachers’ professional life. Second, it deals with a number of contentious points, including the question of the use of student outcomes to measure teaching performance, the advantages and drawbacks of different approaches given the purpose emphasised and resource restrictions, the implementation difficulties resulting from different stakeholders’ interests and possible ways to overcome these obstacles. Finally, it provides an account of current empirical evidence, pointing out mixed results stemming from difficulties in assessing the effects of such evaluation schemes on teaching quality, teachers’ motivation and student learning. It concludes by considering the circumstances under which teacher evaluation systems seem to be more effective, fair and reliable. Developing a comprehensive approach to evaluate teachers is critical to make demands for educational best practice compatible with teachers’ appropriation of the process as well as to enhance the decisive attractiveness and recognition of the teaching profession.
    DOI: 10.1787/223283631428
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    Taxes or Grants : What Revenue Source for Sub-Central Governments? (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.706
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses trends in and driving forces of the revenue composition of sub-central governments (SCG). Between 1995 and 2005 the share of SCG in total government spending increased from 31 to 33%, while the SCG tax share remained stable at around 17%, increasing SCG’s dependence on intergovernmental grants. While equal access to public services is the most common justification for such grants, the grant systems of most countries are much larger than required by equalization. Moreover, rather than smoothing out SCG revenue fluctuations over the cycle, grants often tend to exacerbate them. Finally, there is some evidence that grants reduce SCG tax raising effort, inflate SCG spending and increase SCG deficits and debt. The economic crisis will both sharply reduce SCG’s own tax revenues and – via budget constraints at the central level – increase pressure on the grant system. The crisis could hence help rethink the SCG revenue mix, their tax structure and the size and design of intergovernmental transfers.
    DOI: 10.1787/223111363085
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    Assessing Barriers to Trade in Services in the MENA Region (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.84
    DOI: 10.1787/225883022037
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    Panorama de l'aide au développement 2008 : Statistiques par région (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059672
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (159 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Aid at a Glance 2008; Statistics by Region
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Aid at a Glance 2008: Statistics by Region
    DOI: 10.1787/dev_glance-2008-fr
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    Reforms to Open Sheltered Sectors to Competition in Switzerland (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.667
    Keywords: Economics ; Switzerland
    Abstract: Measures to make the regulation of product markets more conducive to competition play a prominent role in the governments “growth package” of measures to stimulate economic growth which are in the process of being implemented. This paper discusses these measures and suggests further improvements. Notwithstanding significant reforms in recent years, competition law and its enforcement are still weaker than in other OECD countries. Scope for making regulation of product markets more competition-friendly is large in the network industries. While sector-specific regulators have been introduced, their independence needs to be strengthened. The reform of the electricity supply law provides the main building block opening the industry to competition, but vertical separation requirements of the electricity grid from electricity generation and trading activities need to be strengthened. In telecommunications, restrictions in access of competitors to the local loop limit the scope for lowering prices and improving quality of service in broadband connections. Measures still need to be taken to prevent discrimination against market entrants in the railway passenger services market and much scope exists to widen competition in postal services. Progress in lowering the degree of protection in the proposed legislation on agricultural policy 2007-11 is modest. Trade barriers can also be lowered for manufactured goods through the adoption of the Cassis de Dijon principle.
    DOI: 10.1787/226785745104
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    Managing Water for All : An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing - Key Messages for Policy Makers (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060548
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous ; Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. De l'eau pour tous : Perspectives de l'OCDE sur la tarification et le financement - Messages clés pour les décideurs
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Water is vital for human and economic development, and for maintaining ecosystems. However, billions of people lack access to water and sanitation services, mainly due to poor governance and inadequate investment and maintenance. The situation is becoming more urgent due to increasing pressure, competition and even conflict over the use of water resources. The OECD has been working for many years to address these challenges. The results of recent work are summarised in Managing Water for All: An OECD Perspective on Pricing and Financing, which emphasises the economic and financial aspects of water resources management and water service provision, the need for an integrated approach (including governance considerations) to address these complex policy challenges, and the importance of establishing a firm evidence base to support policy development and implementation. The report examines: strategic financial planning for water supply and sanitation that balances the key sources of revenues for the water sector – the“3Ts” of taxes, tariffs and transfers; the design and implementation of water pricing strategies that balance financial sustainability with other policy objectives; recent developments in private sector participation in the water sector; and trends and the future outlook of water use in agriculture. It considers both developing and OECD countries and offers concrete recommendations and checklists for action. The report is an invaluable resource for policy makers, academics, NGOs and all others interested in the challenges facing the water sector today. The key messages for policy makers are summarised in this volume.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060548-en
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    Towards a Framework for Assessing Family Policies in the EU (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.88
    DOI: 10.1787/223883627348
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    Policies for Healthy Ageing : An Overview (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Working Papers no.42
    DOI: 10.1787/226757488706
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    Achieving Fiscal Flexibility and Safeguarding Sustainability : The Case of Slovakia (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.681
    Keywords: Economics ; Slovak Republic
    Abstract: Euro area entry calls for more fiscal flexibility to absorb cyclical shocks that cannot be dealt with by the common monetary policy. At the same time fiscal consolidation must not be put at risk, especially given rising ageing related costs. The current fiscal framework could be improved by introducing multi-year expenditure ceilings and by removing pro-cyclical elements in fiscal rules. An adjustment account that serves to register breaches of fiscal rules and eliminates them over time could help in coping with projection errors. To ensure long-term sustainability of public finances it is essential not to dilute the substantial improvements in the long-term balance of the definedbenefit pillar associated with past pension reforms. The government should consider making participation in the defined contribution pillar mandatory for new labour market entrants or, at the very least, make it the default option. For current workers the pillars should remain closed. Moreover, further parametric changes such as increasing the retirement age in line with life expectancy gains and reducing unsustainable elements in the pension formula would improve the balance of the defined benefit pillar.
    DOI: 10.1787/226231818862
    URL: Volltext
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  • 88
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    Towards a Flexible Exchange Rate Policy in Russia (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.744
    DOI: 10.1787/218428024413
    URL: Volltext
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  • 89
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    Interurban Passenger Transport : Economic Assessment of Major Infrastructure Projects (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD/ITF Joint Transport Research Centre Discussion Papers no.2009/18
    DOI: 10.1787/5kmmr3d2878v-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 90
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    Creating Effective Teaching and Learning Environments: First Results from TALIS (Executive Summary) (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264072992
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264072992-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 91
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    Activation Policies in Norway (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 112 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers no.78
    DOI: 10.1787/226388712174
    URL: Volltext
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  • 92
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    The Measurement of CO2 Embodiments in International Trade : Evidence from the Harmonised Input-Output and Bilateral Trade Database (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2009/03
    DOI: 10.1787/227026518048
    URL: Volltext
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  • 93
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    Régions et gouvernement central : Des contrats pour le développement régional (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264007680
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linking Regions and Central Governments; Contracts for Regional Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linking Regions and Central Governments: Contracts for Regional Development
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Canada ; France ; Germany ; Italy ; Spain
    Abstract: La décentralisation s’est accrue et cela a renforcé la responsabilité des niveaux de gouvernement infranationaux dans la fourniture d’un ensemble de biens et services publics. Cependant, il est très rare qu’ils agissent de manière indépendante. Cet ouvrage fournit un cadre analytique unique permettant d’évaluer les accords pluriniveaux, qui est ensuite appliqué à cinq cas nationaux de politique de développement régional : l’Allemagne, le Canada, l’Espagne, la France et l’Italie. Cette étude souligne l’importance des arrangements contractuels pour adapter localement les interdépendances entre acteurs publics, pour clarifier leurs responsabilités, établir un dialogue entre les parties et permettre l’apprentissage.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264007680-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 94
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    Work Management to Optimise Occupational Radiological Protection at Nuclear Power Plants (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264106857
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Radiological Protection
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Since 1992, the Information System on Occupational Exposure (ISOE) has provided a forum for radiological protection professionals from nuclear power utilities and national regulatory authorities worldwide to discuss, promote and co-ordinate international co-operative undertakings for the radiological protection of workers at nuclear power plants. The ISOE objective is to improve occupational exposure management at nuclear power plants by exchanging relevant information, data and experience on methods to optimise occupational radiological protection. This report on work management provides practical guidance on the application of work management principles as a contribution to the optimisation of occupational radiological protection. It recognises that while work management is no longer a new concept, continued efforts are needed to ensure that good performance, outcomes and trends are maintained in the face of current and future challenges. The focus of this report is therefore on presenting the key aspects of work management that should be considered by management and workers to save time, doses and money, supported by updated practical examples from within the ISOE community.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264106857-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 95
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    Durabilité des réformes de la fonction publique en Europe centrale et orientale cinq ans après l'accession à l'UE (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: Documents SIGMA no.44
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe Sustainability of Civil Service Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe Five Years After EU Accession
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Cette étude examine l'évolution des réformes de la fonction publique que les pays d'Europe centrale et orientale se sont engagés à préparer eux-mêmes pour l'adhésion à l'UE qui a eu lieu en mai 2004 (5e élargissement de l'UE). Nous nous sommes intéressés à la situation actuelle dans les huit pays de l'ECO (PECO) qui ont adhéré à l'Union européenne (EU) en 2004. La recherche qui appuie cette étude a été effectuée avant que la crise économique actuelle n'éclate ; par conséquent, elle ne tient pas compte des effets prévisibles de la crise sur le développement de la fonction publique dans les pays concernés.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k40htrhpbtd-fr
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  • 96
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    Sectoral Approaches and the Carbon Market (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/03
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Sectoral approaches are proposed as a means to broaden the global scope of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation to developing countries. Market mechanisms are put forward in that context to create incentives for mitigation in developing countries beyond the existing Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and to encourage mitigation at least possible cost. The introduction of new, sector-based, market mechanisms is only one of many proposals discussed by UNFCCC Parties in the context of a post-2012 international climate policy framework, as a possible means to support mitigation actions in developing countries. This paper considers the carbon market aspects of sectoral approaches to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in developing countries. It discusses three general ways to link sectoral goals with the carbon market: (i) intensity goals, based on a GHG performance per unit of output; (ii) fixed emission goals, with an ex-post issuance of credits or trading with an ex-ante allocation of allowances; and (iii) technology-based sectoral objectives. This paper explores the domestic policy implications of moving from a single project approach (i.e., CDM), to a multi-plant, sector-wide carbon market mechanism implied by sectoral crediting and trading. It also touches on possible transition issues, especially from intensity-based emission goals to fixed ones. The paper concludes that sector-based market mechanisms, regardless of the design option chosen, will require some significant upfront effort both nationally and internationally to set appropriate baselines and ensure adequate measurement, reporting and verification in order to generate economically valuable and environmentally-credible credits. Technology diffusion goals may be supported by other means than the carbon market if developing GHG baselines for such activities were too difficult. Sectoral approaches also imply some significant policy effort in countries that adhere to them, to ensure that the baselines are exceeded so that carbon market revenues are generated, and that these revenues represent effective incentives for entities to pursue GHG mitigation, wherever it is most cost-effective to do so.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k4559g5snzq-en
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  • 97
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    Linking Mitigation Actions in Developing Countries with Mitigation Support : A Conceptual Framework (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD/IEA Climate Change Expert Group Papers no.2009/02
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment ; Development
    Abstract: The Bali Action Plan introduced the notion of linking GHG mitigation action in developing countries with support for such action, in a "measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV)" manner. However, it does not specify the relationship or link that may be made between nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) in developing countries and mitigation support. It also remains unclear whether the MRV requirements apply to the link between NAMAs in developing countries and mitigation support, or to one or both of the separate elements. This paper suggests a number of elements for a possible conceptual framework to "link" mitigation actions with mitigation support, including practical considerations for how one might measure, report and verify progress, with a view to understanding the role for such a framework in a post-2012 agreement. The design of a successful and effective linking framework might aim to achieve a number of specific goals. On the action side, a key goal may be to integrate NAMAs in developing countries into national development plans and to address a significant mitigation opportunities. On the support side, important goals are perhaps cost-effectiveness and how to prioritise spending. For a linking framework to successfully address these issues, both actions and support would need to be measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV). Building on existing systems, a framework for MRV based on both the actual, possible or planned mitigation actions in developing countries as well as on current (public) mitigation support from developed countries could be a good starting point for further development of a linking framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k455r1485q4-en
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  • 98
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    The Fiscal Autonomy of Sub-Central Governments : An Update (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.9
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: This paper describes the progress that has been made since 2006 in establishing statistical databases on tax autonomy and intergovernmental grants, aiming to better understand sub-central finance and intergovernmental fiscal relations. The paper is divided into two parts: a first part on taxing power of sub-central governments, and a second part on intergovernmental grants. Some of the work presented here is an update of earlier activities carried out in 1999 and again in 2005. By now the Fiscal Network has time series for both tax autonomy and intergovernmental grants indicators. Most data were obtained through a questionnaire sent to OECD member countries in spring 2008, and data were again revised after the Fiscal Network meeting in December 2008.
    DOI: 10.1787/5k97b111wb0t-en
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  • 99
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    The Role of Human and Organisational Factors in Nuclear Power Plant Modifications (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p.)
    Series Statement: CSNI Technical Opinion Papers no.10
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Nuclear power plant modifications may be needed for a number of different reasons. These include physical ageing of plant systems, structures and components; obsolescence in hardware and software; feedback from operating experience; and opportunities for improved plant safety, reliability or capability. However, experience has also shown that weaknesses in the design and/or implementation of modifications can present significant challenges to plant safety. They can also have a considerable impact on the commercial performance of the plant. It is therefore important that the plant modification process reflect a recognition of the potential impact of human errors and that it incorporate suitable measures to minimise the potential for such errors. In this context, the NEA Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI) and its Working Group on Human and Organisational Factors organised an international workshop in 2003 to discuss the role of human and organisational performance in the nuclear plant modification process. This technical opinion paper represents the consensus of specialists in human and organisational factors (HOF) in the NEA member countries on commendable practices and approaches to dealing with nuclear plant modifications. It considers factors that should be taken into account when developing a modification process and identifies some lessons learnt from application of the process. The paper should be of particular interest of nuclear safety regulators and nuclear power plant operators.
    DOI: 10.1787/d5e16496-en
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  • 100
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    Better Nuclear Plant Maintenance: Improving Human and Organisational Performance (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 p.)
    Series Statement: CSNI Technical Opinion Papers no.11
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Errors during maintenance and periodic testing are significant contributors to plant events. These errors may not always be revealed by post-maintenance tests and may remain undetected for extended periods until the affected system is called upon to function. It is therefore important that the plant maintenance process take into account the potential impact of human and organisational errors, and that it incorporate suitable measures to minimise the potential for such errors. The NEA Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI) and its Working Group on Human and Organisational Factors organised an international workshop to discuss the role of human and organisational performance on maintenance. This technical opinion paper represents the consensus of specialists on human and organisational factors in NEA member countries on commendable practices and approaches to dealing with nuclear power plant maintenance. It sets out a framework for including a systematic consideration of human and organisational factors in the plant maintenance process. The paper should be of particular interest to nuclear safety regulators and nuclear power plant operators.
    DOI: 10.1787/4a7d0a32-en
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