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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 47 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 52 (June 2018)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.52
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper aims to inform policies facilitating job-to-job transitions triggered by changes in the task content of occupations and in job demand. It assesses the distances existing between occupations in terms of cognitive skills and of skills as they emerge from the tasks performed on the job, and the training needs that moving between occupations entails. Skill “shortages” and “excesses” calculated on data for 31 countries and aggregated over 127 occupations are used to estimate the training efforts required to meet the skills requirements of the destination job. Distances in cognitive skills are found to be higher among low-skilled or from mid- to high-skilled occupations than among higher-skilled occupations. Conversely, distances in task-related skills are higher within high-skilled than low-skilled occupations. These results call for policies aimed at developing general cognitive skills complemented by task-related skills for workers in low-skilled occupations, and on-the-job training options for workers in high-skilled occupations.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 80 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 61 (February 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.61
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This study proposes experimental estimates of the monetary cost of the training needed to move workers across occupations. Occupations of destination are held “acceptable” if they are close, in terms of skills requirements, and entail small wage cuts and skills excesses (if any) relative to the occupation of origin. The total estimated cost encompasses the direct cost of undertaking the training, and workers’ opportunity cost, in terms of foregone wages. The minimum cost of moving workers in occupations at high risk of automation (ROA) to occupations where they are not at such risk (so called “safe haven”) is estimated to range between 1-5% of one year GDP, on average across the countries considered. At the worker level, occupational transitions’ costs increase with the cognitive skills and the average age of the workers in the occupation of origin, and with the proportion of workers at high ROA in manufacturing.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 67 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: OECD science, technology and innovation policy papers no. 70 (April 2019)
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.70
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This work investigates how education and training policies may facilitate occupational transitions. It proposes a methodology to estimate cognitive and task-based skill distances across occupation. It identifies the occupational transitions that can occur upon small (of up to 6 months), moderate (up to 1 year) or important (up to 3 years) (re)training spells. “Possible” transitions, i.e. transitions implying reasonable upskilling needs and similar knowledge areas, are distinguished from “acceptable” occupations, i.e. possible transitions entailing limited loss of human capital and income, if any. Possible and acceptable transitions exist for the quasi-totality of occupations, when up to one year of training is considered. Low-skilled occupations display fewer acceptable transitions and generally require higher cognitive or task-based skills. Transitions for many high-skilled occupations entail important wage decreases or skills excesses. Acceptable transitions for occupations at high-risk of automation are harder to find, and tend to require cognitive and task-based skills-related training.
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.571
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Meeting the Challenges of Decentralisation in France
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: En dépit de la réputation de la France, autrefois bien méritée, d’être un État très centralisé, un nombre significatif de compétences ont été transférées aux collectivités territoriales au cours des deux dernières décennies. Le processus n’a pas été simple. Le nombre excessivement élevé de communes de très petite taille rend difficile la réalisation d’économie d’échelle dans la mise en place des politiques et les mesures qui doivent y remédier n’ont, au mieux, réussi que partiellement. Les compétences sont souvent partagées entre les différents niveaux de gouvernement, mettant à mal la responsabilisation et l’État a souvent conservé un degré sans aucun doute trop élevé et inutile de prérogatives. Les principaux et difficiles défis consistent à réorganiser le système pour éviter les chevauchements de compétence et à améliorer la transparence et la responsabilisation des finances publiques locales. Ce document de travail est en rapport avec l’Étude économique sur la France de l’OCDE de l’année 2007 (www.oecd.org/eco/survey/france), et est également disponible en anglais, avec le titre “Meeting the challenges of decentralisation in France”.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.569
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Combating Poverty and Social Exclusion in France
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Réduire la pauvreté et l’exclusion sociale est un objectif essentiel de tous les gouvernements français. Même si la pauvreté, telle que mesurée conventionnellement, est en fait moins répandue que dans beaucoup d’autres pays, son ampleur est plus importante que ce qui peut être facilement accepté. L’approche des politiques actuelles consiste en un grand nombre de mesures façonnées pour des circonstances particulières. Certaines politiques ont des effets pervers sur la performance du marché du travail ; leur efficacité/coût pourrait donc être améliorée pour obtenir de meilleurs résultats avec les mêmes ressources. La concentration géographique et ethnique de la pauvreté et de l’exclusion sociale constitue l’un des défis les plus importants, qui ne peut être relevé qu’avec la contribution de l’éducation, du marché du travail, du logement, des politiques d’urbanisation et de lutte contre les discriminations ainsi que des services sociaux. Ce document de travail est en rapport avec l’Étude économique sur la France de l’OCDE de l’année 2007 (www.oecd.org/eco/survey/france), et est également disponible en anglais, avec le titre “Combating poverty and social exclusion in France”.
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.841
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Environment Working Papers no.20
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Emissions trading systems (ETS) can play a major role in a cost-effective climate policy framework. Both direct linking of ETSs and indirect linking through a common crediting mechanism can reduce costs of action. We use a global recursive-dynamic computable general equilibrium model to assess the effects of direct and indirect linking of ETS systems across world regions. Linking of domestic Annex I ETSs leads to moderate aggregate cost savings, as differences in domestic permit prices are limited. However, the economy of the main seller, Russia, is negatively affected by the real exchange rate appreciation that is induced by the large export of permits. The cost-saving potential for developed countries of well-functioning crediting mechanisms appears to be very large. Even limited use of credits would nearly halve mitigation costs; cost savings would be largest for carbon-intensive economies. However, one open issue is whether these gains can be fully reaped in reality, given that direct linking and the use of crediting mechanisms both raise complex system design and implementation issues. The analysis in this paper shows, however, that the potential gains to be reaped are so large, that substantial efforts in this domain are warranted.
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: 128 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.701
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the cost of a range of national, regional and global mitigation policies and the corresponding incentives for countries to participate in ambitious international mitigation actions. The paper illustrates the scope for available instruments to strengthen these incentives and discusses ways to overcome barriers to the development of an international carbon price, based on the quantitative assessment from two global and sectorially-disaggregated CGE models. Key step towards the emergence of a single international carbon price will most likely involve the phasing out of subsidies of fossil fuel consumption and various forms of linking between regional carbon markets, ranging from direct linking of existing emission trading systems to more indirect forms through the use of sectoral crediting mechanisms. The paper discusses regulatory issues raised by the expansion of emission trading and crediting schemes as well as the complementary contribution of non-market based instruments such as the imposition of technical standards and R&D policies. Finally, the paper emphasises the important role of international transfers, not least to overcome the relatively strong economic incentives in some countries to free ride on other regions mitigation actions. While they can take various explicit or implicit forms, transfers made primarily through market mechanisms, for instance via the allocation of binding emission reduction commitments across countries, would be most cost-effective.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 841
    Keywords: Klimawandel ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Immissionsschutz ; Schweden ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 S.) , graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department working papers 1023
    Keywords: Arbeitsmarkt ; Arbeitsmarktsegmentation ; Arbeitskosten ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Sozialpolitik ; Schweden ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Sweden ; Amtsdruckschrift ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Sweden is a very egalitarian country but inequalities have risen and some groups are poorly integrated into the labour market. For growth to become more inclusive, the gap between the cost of labour and productivity for some groups needs to be reduced, transitions from education to work should be facilitated, incentives to take a job ought to be strengthened and the non-employed need to be protected against the risk of falling into unemployment or inactivity traps. This calls for lowering minimum wages relative to the average wage for groups at risk of becoming unemployed, improving vocational education and training, and extending the coverage of the unemployment insurance while strengthening obligations for the unemployed. To address labour market duality risks, the gap in job protection between temporary and permanent contracts needs to be reduced. Women’s employment is high but the gender wage gap could be narrowed further by enhancing their employment opportunities.
    Note: Zsfassung in franz. Sprache , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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