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  • 2010-2014  (3,182)
  • 1950-1954  (37)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (3,129)
  • Madrid
Datasource
Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Africana - noticias : y programa de actividades (from 2004-)
    Madrid ; 2004 nachgewiesen
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: 2004 nachgewiesen
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    HeBIS
  • 2
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Bienal de Cine y Video sobre el Patrimonio Cultural (from 1985-)
    Madrid ; 1.1985 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1985 -
    DDC: 792
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
  • 3
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Historia 16; Extraordinario (from 1977-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 1.1977 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0210-6353
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1977 -
    DDC: 900
    RVK:
    IM 1125
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    Weltkulturen Museum
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 4
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    La tarasca : revista de la Federación de Asociaciones de Coros y Danzas de España (FACYD) (from 2000-)
    Madrid ; Nachgewiesen Nr. 4.2000 -
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen Nr. 4.2000 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    GBV
  • 5
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    La tarasca : revista de la Federación de Asociaciones de Coros y Danzas de España (FACYD) (from 2000-)
    Madrid ; Nachgewiesen Nr. 4.2000 -
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen Nr. 4.2000 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    KOBV
  • 6
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Revista española de indigenismo (from 1964-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 1.1964 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0484-7571
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1964 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 7
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Revista española de indigenismo (from 1964-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 1.1964 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0484-7571
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1964 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 8
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Revista española de indigenismo (from 1964-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 1.1964 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0484-7571
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1964 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    KOBV
  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Migraciones : gaceta sindical (from 1988-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 1.1988 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    In:  Gaceta sindical
    Details
    ISSN: 1133-035X
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1988 -
    Titel der Quelle: Gaceta sindical
    Publ. der Quelle: Madrid, 1980
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
  • 10
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Cuadernos de antropología social y etnología (from 1970-)
    Madrid ; 1.1970 - ; auch mit durchgehender Nr.-Zählung
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1970 - ; auch mit durchgehender Nr.-Zählung
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    Weltkulturen Museum
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 11
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Economía, trabajo y sociedad : memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral ; España ... (from 1994-)
    Madrid ; Nachgewiesen 1994(1995) -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1994(1995) -
    Additional Information: 1994=2; 1995=3 usw. von Consejo Económico y Social Colección memorias Madrid : [Verlag nicht ermittelbar], 1994
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Memoria sobre la situación socioeconómica y laboral de España
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economy, labour and society
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Economía, trabajo y sociedad
    Former Title: Memoria
    DDC: 300
    RVK:
    IM 1125
    Keywords: Wirtschaftslage ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Soziale Lage ; Spanien ; Graue Literatur ; Zeitschrift ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Geschichte ; Spanien ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Soziale Situation
    Note: Ungezählte Beilage 2011: Edición resumida , Ungezählte Beilage: Resumen ejecutivo
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 12
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Cuadernos de arte; Serie Divulgación (from 1963-)
    Madrid ; Nachgewiesen 2.1963 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2.1963 -
    Series Statement: Publicaciones españolas
    Series Statement: Teils: Ciclo de arte español
    DDC: 700
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 13
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Destin : revista de cultura romaneasca (from 1951-)
    Madrid ; 1.1951 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1951 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 14
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Corona de estudios qué la Sociedad Española de Antropología, Etnografía y Prehistoria dedica a sus martires (from 1941-)
    Madrid ; 1.1941 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1941 -
    DDC: 930
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    GBV
  • 15
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Narria : estudios de artes y costumbres populares (from 1975-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 0.1975 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0210-9441
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 0.1975 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Narria
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    GBV
  • 16
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Cuadernos de antropología social y etnología (from 1970-)
    Madrid ; 1.1970 - ; auch mit durchgehender Nr.-Zählung
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1970 - ; auch mit durchgehender Nr.-Zählung
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    BSZ
    GBV
  • 17
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Mar (from 1987-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 249.1987 -
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    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 249.1987 -
    Former Title: Vorg. Hoja del mar
    DDC: 630
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
  • 18
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Cuadernos de antropología social y etnología (from 1970-)
    Madrid ; 1.1970 - ; auch mit durchgehender Nr.-Zählung
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1970 - ; auch mit durchgehender Nr.-Zählung
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    KOBV
  • 19
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Destin : revista de cultura romaneasca (from 1951-)
    Madrid ; 1.1951 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1951 -
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    KOBV
  • 20
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Narria : estudios de artes y costumbres populares (from 1975-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 0.1975 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0210-9441
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 0.1975 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Narria
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    KOBV
  • 21
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Revista de Indias (from 1940-)
    Madrid ; 1.1940 - 8.1947; 8.1948 - ; auch mit durchgehender Nr.-Zählung
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-8341 , 1988-3188
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1940 - 8.1947; 8.1948 - ; auch mit durchgehender Nr.-Zählung
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Revista de Indias
    Former Title: órgano del Instituto Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Lateinamerika ; Amerika
    Note: Repr , Urh. bis 11.1950: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Patronato Menéndez y Pelayo, Instituto Gonzales Fernández de Oviedo , Año 8 doppelt gez.
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 22
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Archivo español de arte (from 1940-)
    Madrid ; 14.1940/41=Nr. 40 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0004-0428 , 1988-8511
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: 14.1940/41=Nr. 40 -
    Additional Information: Index Indice onomástico de revistas de arte
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Archivo español de arte
    Former Title: Vorg. Archivo español de arte y arqueología
    DDC: 700
    RVK:
    LD 1000
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: Beteil. Körp. anfangs: Instituto Diego Velázquez , 16.1943 fälschlich als 15, 18.1945 fälschlich als 17 bez , Index 54.1981 in: 56.1983; 59.1986 in: 61.1988; 65.1992 in: 66.1993,261
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 23
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Gladius : études sur les armes anciennes, l'armement, l'art militaire et la vie culturelle en Orient et Occident; Tomo espec (from 1972-)
    Madrid ; 1971(1972) -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1971(1972) -
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 24
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Anuario / Real Academia de la Historia (from 1895-)
    Madrid ; Nachgewiesen 1895 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0213-1188
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 1895 -
    DDC: 000
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 25
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Narria : estudios de artes y costumbres populares (from 1975-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 0.1975 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0210-9441
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 0.1975 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Narria
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 26
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Numismática (from 1953-)
    Madrid ; 1.1953 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1953 -
    DDC: 730
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 27
    Book
    Book
    Los Quijos : historia de la transculturación de un grupo indigena en el oriente ecuatoriano (1538 - 1956) (1971-)
    Madrid
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    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Series Statement: Memorias del departamento de Antropologia y etnologia de America ...
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    Book
    MARKK
  • 28
    Book
    Book
    Orfebrería prehispánica de Colombia : estilos Tolima y Muisca (1958-)
    Madrid
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 32 cm
    RVK:
    NF 8585
    Keywords: Indian art ; Colombia ; Goldwork ; Colombia ; Colombia ; Antiquities ; Museo del Oro (Banco de la República)
    Note: Includes index
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    Book
    MARKK
  • 29
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Revista de filología española : RFE; Anejo (from 1920-)
    Madrid ; 1.1920 - 92.1975; 93.2003 -
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: 1.1920 - 92.1975; 93.2003 -
    Additional Information: 88=Index 1/45 von Revista de filología española Madrid, 1914 0210-9174
    Additional Information: 86=11 von International Congress of Romance Linguistics and Philology (ZDB) Actes du ... Congrès International de Linguistique et Philologie Romanes [Wechselnde Verlagsorte] , 1968
    Former Title: Anejos
    DDC: 840
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Spanisch
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 30
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares : antropología, etnografía, folklore (from 1944-)
    Madrid ; 1.1944/45 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 0034-7981
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1944/45 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg Revista de dialectología y tradiciones populares
    DDC: 390
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Beteil. Körp. anfangs: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Estudios de Etnología Peninsular
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    Journal/Serial
    OLC Ethnologie
  • 31
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Colección 13 {X {21 [trece por veintiuno] (from 1976-)
    Madrid ; Nachgewiesen 5.1976 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 5.1976 -
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 32
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Monografías arqueológicas (from 1976-)
    Madrid ; No. 2 [?]-
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: No. 2 [?]-
    DDC: 930
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 33
    Book
    Book
    La alternativa del juego : (juegos y dinámicas en educación para la paz) (1990-)
    Madrid
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    Details
    Language: Spanish
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    Book
    MARKK
  • 34
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Cuadernos de arte; Serie Divulgación (from 1963-)
    Madrid ; Nachgewiesen 2.1963 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nachgewiesen 2.1963 -
    Series Statement: Publicaciones españolas
    Series Statement: Teils: Ciclo de arte español
    DDC: 700
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    Journal/Serial
    MARKK
  • 35
    Book
    Book
    Derecho administrativo (1972-)
    Madrid
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    Details
    Language: Spanish
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    Book
  • 36
    Book
    Book
    Las literaturas del Pacífico (2000-)
    Madrid
    Details
    Language: Spanish , English
    Series Statement: Revista espan︣ola del Pacífico ...
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    Book
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
  • 37
    Book
    Book
    Orfebrería prehispánica de Colombia : estilos Tolima y Muisca (1958-)
    Madrid
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 32 cm
    RVK:
    NF 8585
    Keywords: Indian art ; Colombia ; Goldwork ; Colombia ; Colombia ; Antiquities ; Museo del Oro (Banco de la República)
    Note: Includes index
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    Book
    Ethn. Museum Berlin
  • 38
    Book
    Book
    Tapices de la corona de Espana (1903-)
    Madrid
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    Details
    Language: Spanish
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    Book
  • 39
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Revista española de indigenismo (from 1964-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 1.1964 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0484-7571
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1964 -
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    MFK München
  • 40
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Corona de estudios qué la Sociedad Española de Antropología, Etnografía y Prehistoria dedica a sus martires (from 1941-)
    Madrid ; 1.1941 -
    Details
    Language: Undetermined
    Dates of Publication: 1.1941 -
    DDC: 930
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    KOBV
  • 41
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina (from 1879-)
    Madrid ; 1.1879 -
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    Details
    ISSN: 0034-0634
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: 1.1879 -
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Real Academia Nacional de Medicina Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: 49.1930 - 52.1932 auch bezeichnet als 2.Epoca 1-4; 1937 - 1939 nicht ersch
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    Journal/Serial
  • 42
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Estudios Africanos : revista de la Asociación Española de Africanistas (A.E.A.) (from 1985-)
    Madrid ; 1.1985 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0214-2309
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: 1.1985 -
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
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    Journal/Serial
    HeBIS
  • 43
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Gaceta sindical : reflexión y debate (from 1980-)
    Madrid ; Nr. 1.1980 - 186.2000; [N.S.] Nr. 1.2001 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    Details
    ISSN: 1133-035X
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: Nr. 1.1980 - 186.2000; [N.S.] Nr. 1.2001 -
    Additional Information: Beil. Migraciones
    Parallel Title: Online-Ausg. Gaceta sindical
    DDC: 070
    Keywords: Zeitschrift
    Note: Periodizität: unregelmäßig
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  • 44
    Book
    Book
    Diccionario de la lengua española (1984-)
    Madrid
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    Details
    ISBN: 8423947777 , 8423947742
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: 2 Bde
    RVK:
    AH 21005
    Keywords: Spanisch ; Wörterbuch
    Note: Eerschienen: Bd. 1 (1984) bis Bd. 2 (1984)
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    Book
    MPI-MMG
  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Revista de Indias : órgano del Instituto Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (1940-)
    Madrid ; 1.1940 - 8.1947; 8.1948 -
    Details
    ISSN: 1988-3188 , 0034-8341
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Dates of Publication: 1.1940 - 8.1947; 8.1948 -
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Revista de Indias
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Gesehen am 21.09.2021 , Urh. bis 11.1950: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Patronato Menéndez y Pelayo, Instituto Gonzales Fernández de Oviedo , Año 8 doppelt gez.
    DOI: 10.3989/revindias
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3989/revindias
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2231400
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3989/revindias
    URL: http://www.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/ezeit/?2231400
    URL: kostenfrei
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    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3989/revindias
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2231400-3
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3989/revindias
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2231400-3
    URL: https://revistadeindias.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistadeindias
    URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqm&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=journal&req_dat=xri:pqil:&svc_dat=xri:pqil:context=title&rft_dat=xri:pqd:PMID=1817830
    URL: https://doi.org/10.3989/revindias
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2231400-3
    URL: kostenfrei
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    URL: https://doi.org/10.3989/revindias
    URL: https://ezb.ur.de/?2231400-3
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    Online Resource
    HU Berlin
    München BSB
    München UB
    Würzburg UB
    Regensburg UB
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    HeBIS
    BVB
    HBZ
    Bayreuth UB
    MFK München
  • 46
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Colección tesis doctorales / Universidad Complutense de Madrid (from 1966-)
    Madrid ; No 39/66 [?]-
    Details
    Language: Spanish
    Dates of Publication: No 39/66 [?]-
    DDC: 610
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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    BSZ
    GBV
    GRASSI Mus. Leipzig
  • 47
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    The Little Data Book 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464801662
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (246 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: The Little Data Book 2014 is a pocket edition of World Development Indicators 2014. It is intended as a quick reference for users of the World Development Indicators database, book, and mobile app. The database covers more than 1,200 indicators and spans more than 50 years. The 214 country tables present the latest available data for World Bank member countries and other economies with populations of more than 30,000. The 14 summary tables cover regional and income group aggregates
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0165-5
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  • 48
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    The Little Data Book on Information and Communication Technology 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464801785
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: This Little Data Book presents tables for over 213 economies showing the most recent national data on key indicators of information and communications technology (ICT), including access, quality, affordability, efficiency,sustainability, and applications
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0177-8
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  • 49
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    Great Teachers : How to Raise Student Learning in Latin America and the Caribbean (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464801525
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (372 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: Latin American Development Forum
    Abstract: The seven million teachers of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are the critical actors in the region's efforts to improve education quality and raise student learning levels, which lag far behind those of OECD countries and East Asian countries such as China. This book documents the high economic stakes around teacher quality, benchmarks the current performance of LAC's teachers, and delineates the key issues. These include low standards for entry into teacher training, poor quality training programs that are detached from the realities of the classroom, unattractive career incentives, and weak support for teachers once they are on the job. New research conducted for this report in close to 15,000 classrooms in seven different LAC countries - the largest cross-country study of this kind to date - provides a first-ever insight into how the region's teachers perform inside the classroom. It documents that the average teacher in LAC loses the equivalent of one day of instructional time per week because of inadequate preparation, excessive time on administration (taking attendance, passing out papers) and a surprisingly high share of time physically absent from the classrooms where they should be teaching. Teachers also make limited use of available learning materials, espcially those using information and communications technology (ICT), and are unable to keep the majority of their students engaged. The book sets out the three priority lines of reform needed to produce great teachers in LAC: policies to recruit better teachers; programs to groom teachers and improve their skills once they are in service; and stronger incentives to motivate teachers to perform their best throughout their career. In every area, the book distills the latest evidence from inside and outside the region to provide practical guidance to policymakers in the design of effective programs and sustainable reforms. A final chapter analyzes the politics of recent major teacher reforms in Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Mexico, chronicling the prominent role of teachers' unions and the political and communications strategies that have underpinned successful reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0151-8
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  • 50
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    The World Bank Annual Report 2014 (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464802539
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank Annual Report
    Abstract: The Annual Report is prepared by the Executive Directors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA)--collectively known as the World Bank--in accordance with the by-laws of the two institutions. The President of the IBRD and IDA and the Chairman of the Board of Executive Directors submits the Report, together with the accompanying administrative budgets and audited financial statements, to the Board of Governors
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0245-4
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  • 51
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    Urban China : Toward Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464803864
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (624 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Abstract: In the last 30 years, China’s record economic growth lifted half a billion people out of poverty, with rapid urbanization providing abundant labor, cheap land, and good infrastructure. While China has avoided some of the common ills of urbanization, strains are showing as inefficient land development leads to urban sprawl and ghost towns, pollution threatens people’s health, and farmland and water resources are becoming scarce. With China’s urban population projected to rise to about one billion - or close to 70 percent of the country’s population - by 2030, China’s leaders are seeking a more coordinated urbanization process. Urban China is a joint research report by a team from the World Bank and the Development Research Center of China’s State Council which was established to address the challenges and opportunities of urbanization in China and to help China forge a new model of urbanization. The report takes as its point of departure the conviction that China's urbanization can become more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable. However, it stresses that achieving this vision will require strong support from both government and the markets for policy reforms in a number of area. The report proposes six main areas for reform: first, amending land management institutions to foster more efficient land use, denser cities, modernized agriculture, and more equitable wealth distribution; second, adjusting the hukou household registration system to increase labor mobility and provide urban migrant workers equal access to a common standard of public services; third, placing urban finances on a more sustainable footing while fostering financial discipline among local governments; fourth, improving urban planning to enhance connectivity and encourage scale and agglomeration economies; fifth, reducing environmental pressures through more efficient resource management; and sixth, improving governance at the local level
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0206-5
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  • 52
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    Drivers of Corruption : A Brief Review (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464804021
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank Studies
    Abstract: This report provides an overview of arguments explaining the risk of corruption. Corrupt acts are subject to decision making authority and assets available for grabbing. These assets can be stolen, created by artificial shortage, or become available as the result of a market failure. Assets that are especially exposed to corruption include profits from the private sector, revenues from the export of natural resources, aid and loans, and the proceeds of crime. Whether or not opportunities for corruption are exploited depends on the individuals involved, the institution or society they are part of, and the law enforcement circumstances. Corruption usually persists in situations in which players are aware of the facts but nonetheless condone the practice. Absence of reaction can result from information asymmetries (in which the people who are supposed to act are not aware of the need to act), coordination failure, patronage-determined loyalty, and incentive problems at the political level. This review of results and insights from different parts of the scholarly literature on corruption focuses on areas where research can guide anticorruption policy. The report also describes a number of corruption-related challenges in need of more attention from researchers
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0401-4
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  • 53
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    Health Financing in the Republic of Gabon (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464802904
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank Studies
    Abstract: Gabon is an upper middle income country, with reasonable spending on health, however, its health outcomes resemble that of a country that is low / low-middle income. Where has Gabon gone wrong, and what are the challenges that Gabon is facing in improving health outcomes? Gabon is an emerging economy, while it has achieved high economic development it still has not achieved living standards and health outcomes seen in upper middle income countries. Gabon faces low life expectancy (63 years), levels as seen in other low income countries. It is in an early stage of an epidemiological transition. Fertility rates remain high, and mortality rates are starting to decline. It has a high burden from communicable diseases. While HIV incidence and tuberculosis incidence has started to show positive results, Malaria incidence continues to remain high. There are cost-effective interventions available to prevent many of the communicable diseases the country faces. These interventions require multi-sector approaches, behavioral change programs, outreach services, community development, and a primary health care focus
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0289-8
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  • 54
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    Triggers of Contract Breach : Contract Design, Shocks, or Institutions? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Nose, Manabu Triggers of Contract Breach
    Abstract: This paper constructs a large contract-level data set to examine factors that trigger breach of foreign investment contracts. Similar to the case of outright expropriation, political regime type is an important determinant of breach of contract. Furthermore, although investors' bargaining power becomes obsolete as contracts mature, contracts can be designed to mitigate the risk of breach of contract by involving multilateral organizations and creating buffers to absorb commodity price shocks. The paper examines the type of countries prone to contract breaches. After controlling for regional and sector fixed effects, less-democratic and resource-dependent governments are more likely to breach contracts, especially after large global shocks, notably natural disasters
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6738
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 55
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    Does Migration Foster Exports? : Evidence from Africa (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ehrhart, Hélène Does Migration Foster Exports?
    Abstract: This paper aims at assessing the impact of migration on export performance and more particularly the effect of African migrants on African trade. Relying on a new data set on international bilateral migration recently released by the World Bank spanning from 1980 to 2010, the authors estimate a gravity model that deals satisfactorily with endogeneity. The results first indicate that the pro-trade effect of migration is higher for African countries, a finding that can be partly explained by the substitution between migrants and institutions (the existence of migrant networks compensating for weak contract enforcement, for instance). This positive association is particularly important for the exports of differentiated products, suggesting that migrants also play an important role in reducing information costs. Moreover, focusing on intra-African trade, the pro-trade effect of African migrants is larger when migrants are established in a more geographically and ethnically distant country. All these findings highlight the ability of African migrants to help overcome some of the main barriers to African trade: the weakness of institutions, information costs, cultural differences, and lack of trust
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6739
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  • 56
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    Impact of Export Destinations on Firm Performance (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cebeci, Tolga Impact of Export Destinations on Firm Performance
    Abstract: This paper evaluates the role of export destinations on productivity, employment, and wages of Turkish firms by comparing the performance of firms that export to low-income destinations and high-income destinations with firms that do not export. A combination of propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods are employed on a rich set of firm observables, including sector, region, employment, total factor productivity (TFP), capital intensity, wages, support from government, ownership, and the research and development intensity of firms. Four sets of findings emerge from the analysis: i) Export entry has a positive causal effect on firm TFP and employment and this effect is strengthened as a firm continues to export. ii) In contrast, export entry has a moderate wage effect that emerges only with a lag. iii) Unlike exporting to high-income destinations, exporting to low-income destinations does not result in significantly higher firm TFP and wages. iv) The employment effect of exporting to low-income destinations is comparable to that of exporting to high-income destinations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6743
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  • 57
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    Tailoring Civil Service Pay Analysis and Advice to Context : Challenges, Approaches, and the Case of Lao PDR (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Barma, Naazneen H Tailoring Civil Service Pay Analysis and Advice to Context
    Abstract: The adequacy of compensation for government workers and the affordability of the public sector wage bill are important concerns for many developing countries. Suitable pay is considered a necessary-albeit far from sufficient-condition for attracting and retaining skilled public sector staff. This paper makes the case for conducting fine-grained analysis of pay and compensation issues in order to enable an accurate assessment of the challenges faced and thereby to generate good-fit reform recommendations that are both principled and feasible. The first part of the paper focuses on prevalent challenges in pay reform, both contextual and analytical. It builds on the experiences from three very different settings: Armenia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Mongolia. The study begins by surveying some of the common difficulties in conducting granular analysis on civil service compensation. It then outlines a series of methodological approaches that can prove useful in developing comprehensive, targeted, and nuanced pay analyses and discusses how it is possible to overcome potential limitations in practice. The second half of the paper presents a case study of pay and compensation analysis in Lao PDR. The study illuminates how a number of these approaches can be combined in assessing a specific set of pay challenges and generating robust recommendations tailored to context. A brief postscript, with the benefit of hindsight on what subsequently happened on the ground in Lao PDR, reflects on the limitations of technical analysis in motivating reform implementation in practice
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6744
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  • 58
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    An Alternative Estimate of School-Based Management Impacts on Students' Achievements : Evidence from the Philippines (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Yamauchi, Futoshi An Alternative Estimate of School-Based Management Impacts on Students' Achievements
    Abstract: This paper aims to estimate the impact of school-based management on students' test scores in the Philippines. Estimation results using double differencing combined with propensity score matching show that school-based management increases the average national achievement test score by 4.2 points over three years. The increase in mathematics reached 5.7 points. This is larger than the estimate previously reported from the Philippines, probably because the sample schools had learned about implementation of school-based management from experiences accumulated in other provinces that introduced it earlier. The empirical results also show that schools with experienced principals and teachers are eager to introduce school-based management
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6747
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  • 59
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    Ride the Wild Surf : An Investigation of the Drivers of Surges in Capital Inflows (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Calderón, César Ride the Wild Surf
    Abstract: Over the past 15 years, gross inflows to industrial and developing countries have enjoyed a wild ride. After reaching record highs in the run-up to the global financial crisis, they collapsed dramatically in 2008-09. As signs of global recovery reappeared, capital inflows resumed although at different speeds. The recovery in flows was faster and sharper in developing countries. This paper aims at understanding the (domestic and external) drivers of these surges in gross inflows using quarterly data for 67 countries from 1975 to 2010. It finds that domestic and external factors have significant explanatory power in driving surges of inflows. This finding holds for the sample of industrial countries whereas domestic factors play a significantly larger role in explaining surges to developing countries. Zooming into the findings shows that: (a) financial booms tend to attract massive capital inflows, (b) surges to either industrial or developing countries are driven by regional contagion, and (c) strong growth and natural resource abundance are keys to attract inflows of foreign capital into developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6753
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  • 60
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    Regulation and Noncompliance : Magnitudes and Patterns for India's Factories Act (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Chatterjee, Urmila Regulation and Noncompliance
    Keywords: Gesellschaftsrecht ; Arbeitsrecht ; Normbefolgung ; Informelle Wirtschaft ; Betriebsgröße ; Produktivität ; Rechtsdurchsetzung ; Indien
    Abstract: Noncompliance with regulations by enterprises is said to be rife in developing countries. Yet there is limited systematic evidence of the magnitude of noncompliance at the enterprise level. Making innovative use of two complementary data sources, this paper quantifies noncompliance for India's Factories Act without the question of illegality ever being raised directly with enterprises. The paper finds that more than twice as many firms are not complying as are complying. Further, the number of noncompliant firms is much larger than the number of firms adjusting out of the regulation. Thus noncompliance with the Factories Act is a key feature of the "missing middle" in India. The paper explores the main trends and patterns of noncompliance and highlights a number of key issues for further analytical and policy research
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6755
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  • 61
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    Imports of Intermediate Inputs and Country Size (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Imports of Intermediate Inputs and Country Size
    Abstract: The paper analyzes the relationship between country size and the use of imported intermediate inputs by firms in 76 developing countries. Recent evidence indicates that the use of imported inputs can have a large, positive effect on productivity and growth, thus motivating a better understanding of the determinants of foreign inputs. The results confirm that, as is the case with exports, use of imported intermediate inputs is much higher at the extensive and intensive margins in small relative to large countries. The results for imported inputs are comparable in magnitude with those for exports
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6758
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  • 62
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    Does Growth Generate Jobs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Richter, Kaspar Does Growth Generate Jobs in Eastern Europe and Central Asia?
    Abstract: In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the link from growth to jobs was tenuous in the first decade of the transition, giving rise to the notion of jobless growth. Yet, European countries suffered large job losses during the recent recession, suggesting that jobs and growth are closely entwined. This study takes a new look at this issue. It provides a cross-country analysis of the employment intensity of growth over the last decade and a half in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which includes the 11 Central and Eastern European countries that joined the EU since 2004, the countries of former Yugoslavia, the Countries of Independent States and Turkey. The authors compare these findings with other regions in the world. The paper shows that the responsiveness of employment to output increased in the second decade of the transition. It also finds that in some instances employment growth increases with reforms of labor and product markets, stronger macroeconomic policy frameworks, better governance, and more economic integration and diversification
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6759
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  • 63
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    Financial Development in Asia : Beyond Aggregate Indicators (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Didier, Tatiana Financial Development in Asia
    Abstract: This paper documents the major trends in financial development in Asia since the early 1990s and the spillovers to firms. It compares Asia with advanced and emerging countries and uses both aggregate and disaggregate indicators. Financial systems in Asia remain less developed than in advanced countries but more developed than in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Bond and stock markets play a larger role and institutional investors have gained importance. Nonetheless, capital-raising activity has not expanded. A few large companies capture most of the issuances. Many secondary markets remain illiquid. The public sector captures a significant share of bond markets. The largest advancements in Asia occurred in China and India. But still in these countries, few large companies use capital markets to expand and grow, becoming much larger than nonuser firms. In sum, Asia's financial systems remain less developed than aggregate measures suggest, with few spillovers to many firms
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6761
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  • 64
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    Individual Diversity and the Gini Decomposition (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ceriani, Lidia Individual Diversity and the Gini Decomposition
    Abstract: The paper defines the Gini index as the sum of individual contributions where individual contributions are interpreted as the degree of diversity of each individual from all other members of society. Among various possible forms of individual contributions to the Gini found in the literature, the paper shows that only one form satisfies a set of desirable properties. This form can be used for decomposing the Gini into population subgroups. An empirical illustration shows the use of this approach
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6763
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  • 65
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    Decomposition of Gender Differentials in Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Aguilar, Arturo Decomposition of Gender Differentials in Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia
    Abstract: This paper employs decomposition methods to analyze differences in agricultural productivity between male and female land managers in Ethiopia. It employs data from the 2011-2012 Ethiopian Rural Socioeconomic Survey. An overall 23.4 percent gender differential in agricultural productivity is estimated at the mean in favor of male land managers, of which 10.1 percentage points are explained by differences in land manager characteristics, land attributes, and unequal access to resources (the endowment effect). The remaining 13.4 percentage points are explained by unequal returns to productive components, but cannot be easily tied to specific covariates. These results are mainly driven by non-married female managers (mainly single and divorced). Married female managers do not display such disadvantages. Further analysis along the productivity distribution reveals that gender differentials are more pronounced at mid-levels of productivity and that the share of the gender gap explained by the endowment effect declines as productivity increases. Detailed decomposition of estimates at selected points of the agricultural productivity distribution provides valuable information for policy intervention purposes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6764
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  • 66
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    Measuring the Impact of Debt-Financed Public Investment (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cavalcanti, Carlos B Measuring the Impact of Debt-Financed Public Investment
    Abstract: While debt-financed productive public investment raises a country's debt ratios in the short run, it can also generate higher growth, revenues, and exports, leading over time to lower debt ratios. This paper develops a framework to assess whether countries meet the conditions for realizing the net benefits over the costs of public investment debt financing. While it is possible to achieve debt sustainability with an appropriate mix of concessional and non-concessional financing, this is a necessary but not sufficient condition. It is also important to ensure the operational viability of public investment projects by having in place adequate project management: (i) project screening and appraisal, (ii) a clear connection between capital and recurrent expenditures once the projects are launched, and (iii) safeguards for appropriate project implementation and facilities operations. To illustrate the strength of these results, the paper carries out three measurement exercises: (a) a simulation of the degree to which the ratio of optimal public investment responds to changes in key parameters related to project management in a general equilibrium model; (b) application of the public investment management (PIMa) index to benchmark a country's public investment management capacity; and (c) presentation of the results of the Investment, Savings, and Macroeconomic Vulnerabilities tool aimed at tracking country choices in public finance and the impact of public projects on private investments
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6766
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  • 67
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    Access to Finance, Product Innovation and Middle-Income Traps (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Agénor, Pierre-Richard Access to Finance, Product Innovation and Middle-Income Traps
    Abstract: This paper studies interactions between access to finance, product innovation, and labor supply in a two-period overlapping generations model with an endogenous skill distribution and credit market frictions. In the model lack of access to finance (induced by high monitoring costs) has an adverse effect on innovation activity not only directly but also indirectly, because too few individuals may choose to invest in skills. If monitoring costs fall with the number of successful projects, multiple equilibria may emerge, one of which, a middle-income trap, characterized by low wages in the design sector, a low share of the labor force engaged in innovation activity, and low growth. A sufficiently ambitious policy aimed at alleviating constraints on access to finance by innovators may allow a country to move away from such a trap by promoting the production of ideas and improving incentives to invest in skills
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6767
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  • 68
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    Surges and Stops in FDI Flows to Developing Countries : Does the Mode of Entry Make a Difference? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Burger, Martijn J Surges and Stops in FDI Flows to Developing Countries
    Abstract: This paper investigates the factors associated with foreign direct investment "surges" and "stops," defined as sharp increases and decreases, respectively, of gross foreign direct investment inflows to the developing world and differentiated based on whether these events are led by waves in greenfield investments or mergers and acquisitions. Greenfield-led surges and stops occur more frequently than mergers and acquisitions-led ones and different factors are associated with the onset of the two types of events. Global liquidity is the only factor significantly associated with a surge, regardless of its kind, while decline in global economic growth and a surge in the preceding year are the only predictors of a stop. Greenfield-led surges and stops are more likely in low-income and resource-rich countries than elsewhere. Global growth, financial openness, and domestic economic and financial instability enable mergers and acquisitions-led surges. These results differ from those in the literature on surges and stops and are particularly relevant in countries where foreign direct investments dominate capital flows
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6771
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  • 69
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    Wealth Gradients in Early Childhood Cognitive Development in Five Latin American Countries (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Schady, Norbert Wealth Gradients in Early Childhood Cognitive Development in Five Latin American Countries
    Keywords: 2003-2010 ; Frühkindliche Bildung ; Bildungsertrag ; Sozialer Status ; Sprache ; Robustes Verfahren ; Lateinamerika
    Abstract: Research from the United States shows that gaps in early cognitive and noncognitive abilities appear early in the life cycle. Little is known about this important question for developing countries. This paper provides new evidence of sharp differences in cognitive development by socioeconomic status in early childhood for five Latin American countries. To help with comparability, the paper uses the same measure of receptive language ability for all five countries. It finds important differences in development in early childhood across countries, and steep socioeconomic gradients within every country. For the three countries where panel data to follow children over time exists, there are few substantive changes in scores once children enter school. These results are robust to different ways of defining socioeconomic status, to different ways of standardizing outcomes, and to selective non-response on the measure of cognitive development
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6779
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  • 70
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    Does Energy Consumption Respond to Price Shocks? : Evidence from a Regression-Discontinuity Design (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bastos, Paulo Does Energy Consumption Respond to Price Shocks?
    Keywords: Energiekonsum ; Preiselastizität ; Versorgungswirtschaft ; Regulierung ; Regressionsanalyse ; Buenos Aires ; Argentinien
    Abstract: This paper exploits unique features of a recently introduced tariff schedule for natural gas in Buenos Aires to estimate the short-run impact of price shocks on residential energy utilization. The schedule induces a nonlinear and non-monotonic relationship between households' accumulated consumption and unit prices, thus generating exogenous price variation, which is exploited in a regression-discontinuity design. The results reveal that a price increase causes a prompt and significant decline in gas consumption. They also indicate that consumers respond more to recent past bills than to expected prices, which argues against the assumption that consumers have perfect awareness of complex price schedules
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6785
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  • 71
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    Customs, Brokers, and Informal Sectors : A Cameroon Case Study (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Cantens, Thomas Customs, Brokers, and Informal Sectors
    Abstract: Based on extensive interviews with informal importers and brokers in Cameroon, this paper explains why customs reform aimed at reducing fraud and corruption may be difficult to achieve. Informal traders and brokers (without licenses) follow various business models and practices, which are product-specific. Overall, what matters first are customs brokers' practices. Information asymmetries mark transactions between brokers and importers and are accompanied by misperceptions of the costs and risks of informal brokers working among informal importers. In a low-governance environment with widespread informal practices, blanket policies should be avoided in order to discourage activities of unprofessional and systematic bribe-taker brokers. It is also essential that customs officials disrupt information asymmetries and better disseminate information to informal importers on customs processes and official costs. Finally, customs should more strongly sanction some informal brokers in order to reduce collusion with some customs officers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6788
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  • 72
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    River Salinity and Climate Change : Evidence from Coastal Bangladesh (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita River Salinity and Climate Change
    Abstract: In a changing climate, saltwater intrusion is expected to worsen in low-lying coastal areas around the world. Understanding the physical and economic effects of salinity ingress, and planning adaptation, are key to the long-term development of countries for which sea level rise has been identified as a major risk from climate change. This paper presents a study conducted in Bangladesh, which quantifies the prospective relationship between climate-induced changes in sea level, temperature, rainfall, and altered riverine flows from the Himalayas, and the spread and intensity of salinization on river water in the coastal zone for 2050. The research takes into account the projected land subsidence of the Ganges Delta, as well as alternative scenarios of upstream withdrawal of freshwater. The findings indicate that climate change will cause significant changes in river salinity in the southwest coastal area of Bangladesh by 2050. These changes are likely to lead to significant shortages of drinking water in the coastal urban areas, scarcity of water for irrigation for dry-season agriculture, and significant changes in the coastal aquatic ecosystems. Changes in the availability of freshwater fish will likely affect the composition of capture fishery, although the increase in brackish water will enhance opportunities for brackish water aquaculture. Assessment of location-specific economic impacts of the changes in river salinity, identification of suitable adaptation alternatives, and costing of adaptation are high priorities for further analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6817
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  • 73
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    Tinker, Taper, QE, Bye? : The Effect of Quantitative Easing on Financial Flows to Developing Countries (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lim, Jamus Jerome Tinker, Taper, QE, Bye?
    Abstract: This paper examines gross financial inflows to developing countries between 2000 and 2013, with a particular focus on the potential effects of quantitative easing policies in the United States and other high-income countries. The paper finds evidence for potential transmission of quantitative easing along observable liquidity, portfolio balancing, and confidence channels. Moreover, quantitative easing had an additional effect over and above these observable channels, which the paper argues cannot be attributed to either market expectations or changes in the structural relationships between inflows and observable fundamentals. The baseline estimates place the lower bound of the effect of quantitative easing at around 5 percent of gross inflows (for the average developing economy), which suggests that of the 62 percent increase in inflows during 2009-13 related to changing global monetary conditions, at least 13 percent of this was attributable to quantitative easing. The paper also finds evidence of heterogeneity among different types of flows; portfolio (especially bond) flows tend to be more sensitive than foreign direct investment to our measured effects from quantitative easing. Finally, the paper performs simulations that explore the potential effects of the withdrawal of quantitative easing on financial flows to developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6820
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  • 74
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    Labor Market Regulations : What Do We Know about Their Impacts in Developing Countries? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Betcherman, Gordon Labor Market Regulations
    Abstract: Labor market regulation is a high-profile, and often contentious, area of public policy. Although these regulations have been studied most extensively in developed countries, there is a growing body of literature on their effects in developing countries. This paper reviews that literature and focuses on the impacts of two important types of labor market regulation, minimum wages and employment protection legislation (EPL), on employment, earnings, and productivity. Strong and opposing views exist regarding the costs and benefits of these regulations, but the results of this review suggest that their impacts are generally smaller than the heat of the debates would suggest. Efficiency effects are found sometimes, but not always, and the effects can be in either direction and are usually modest. The distributional impacts of both minimum wage and employment protection legislation are clearer, with two effects predominating: an equalizing effect among covered workers, but with groups such as youth, women, and the less skilled disproportionately outside the coverage and its benefits. Although the overall conclusion is one of modest effects in most cases, the policy implication is not that these regulations do not matter. On the one hand, both minimum wages and EPL can affect distributional objectives. On the other hand, these regulations can generate undesirable economic or social impacts if they are established or operate in ways that exacerbate the labor market imperfections that they were designed to address
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6819
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  • 75
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    Designing Experiments to Measure Spillover Effects (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Baird, Sarah Designing Experiments to Measure Spillover Effects
    Keywords: Öffentliche Sozialleistungen ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Experiment ; Malawi
    Abstract: This paper formalizes the design of experiments intended specifically to study spillover effects. By first randomizing the intensity of treatment within clusters and then randomly assigning individual treatment conditional on this cluster-level intensity, a novel set of treatment effects can be identified. The paper develops a formal framework for consistent estimation of these effects, provides explicit expressions for power calculations, and shows that the power to detect average treatment effects declines precisely with the quantity that identifies the novel treatment effects. A demonstration of the technique is provided using a cash transfer program in Malawi
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6824
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  • 76
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    The Impact of an Adolescent Girls Employment Program : The EPAG Project in Liberia (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Adoho, Franck The Impact of an Adolescent Girls Employment Program
    Abstract: This paper presents findings from the impact evaluation of the Economic Empowerment of Adolescent Girls and Young Women (EPAG) project in Liberia. The EPAG project was launched by the Liberian Ministry of Gender and Development in 2009 with the goal of increasing the employment and income of 2,500 young Liberian women by providing livelihood and life skills training and facilitating their transition to productive work. The analysis in this paper is based on data collected during two rounds of quantitative surveys in 2010 and 2011, the second of which was conducted six months after the classroom-based phase of the training program ended. Strong impacts are found on the employment and earnings outcomes of program participants, relative to a control group of non-participants. The EPAG program increased employment by 47 percent and earnings by 80 percent. In addition, the impact evaluation documents positive effects on a variety of empowerment measures, including access to money, self-confidence, and anxiety about circumstances and the future. The evaluation finds no net impact on fertility or sexual behavior. At the household level, there is evidence of improved food security and shifting attitudes toward gender norms. These results reinforce the highly positive feedback received from focus group discussions with program participants. Finally, preliminary cost-benefit analysis indicates that the budgetary cost of the EPAG business development training for young women is equivalent to the value of three years of the increase in income among program beneficiaries. These preliminary results provide strong evidence for further investment and research into young women's livelihood programs in Liberia
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6832
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  • 77
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    Post-Harvest Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa : What Do Farmers Say? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kaminski, Jonathan Post-Harvest Loss in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: The 2007-2008 global food crisis has renewed interest in post-harvest loss, but estimates remain scarce, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper uses self-reported measures from nationally representative household surveys in Malawi, Uganda, and Tanzania. Overall, on-farm post-harvest loss adds to 1.4-5.9 percent of the national maize harvest, substantially lower than the Food and Agriculture Organization's post-harvest handling and storage loss estimate for cereals, which is 8 percent. Post-harvest loss is concentrated among less than a fifth of households. It increases with humidity and temperature and declines with better market access, post-primary education, higher seasonal price differences, and possibly improved storage practices. Wider use of nationally representative surveys in studying post-harvest loss is called for
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6831
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  • 78
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    Are There More Female Managers in the Retail Sector? : Evidence from Survey Data in Developing Countries (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Are There More Female Managers in the Retail Sector?
    Abstract: This paper uses firm-level data for 87 developing countries to analyze how the likelihood of a firm having female vs. male top manager varies across sectors. The service sector is often considered to be more favorable toward women compared with men vis-à-vis the manufacturing sector. Although the exploration of the data confirms a significantly higher presence of female managers in services vs. manufacturing, the finding is entirely driven by retail firms, with little contribution from other service sectors, such as wholesale, construction, and other services. The analysis also finds that the higher presence of female managers in the retail sector vs. manufacturing is much higher among the relatively small firms and firms located in the relatively small cities. These findings could serve as useful inputs for the design of optimal policy measures aimed at promoting gender equality in a country
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6843
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  • 79
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    Risks and Opportunities of Participation in Global Value Chains (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Gereffi, Gary Risks and Opportunities of Participation in Global Value Chains
    Abstract: Risk is inherent to the pursuit of opportunity. This paper surveys the recent literature and looks at the risks and opportunities firms and their workers face in the global value chains. First, it examines the risk-sharing mechanisms that firms provide from the national and global perspectives; second, it takes a closer look at the new opportunities and challenges for firms and individuals in the global arena; third, it discusses the role of economic upgrading and social upgrading; and finally it sheds light on how the government can help people manage risks and reap the benefits in the participation of global value chains
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6847
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  • 80
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    Cohort Size and Youth Employment Outcomes (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Newhouse, David Cohort Size and Youth Employment Outcomes
    Abstract: This paper utilizes a cross-country panel of 83 developing countries to examine how changes in cohort size are correlated with subsequent employment outcomes for workers at different ages. The results depend on countries' level of development. In low-income countries, young adults that are born into smaller cohorts are less likely to work, but school attendance remains unchanged. In middle-income countries, young adults in smaller cohorts are less likely to be unemployed and more likely to work outside of agriculture. Neither pattern can be discerned among older adults, although the estimates are imprecise. In sum, reductions in cohort size are associated with moderate improvements in employment outcomes for youth in middle-income countries, but there is scant evidence that these improvements persist into adulthood
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6848
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  • 81
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    Economic Resilience : Definition and Measurement (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 Seiten)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Hallegatte, Stephane Economic Resilience
    Abstract: The welfare impact of a disaster does not only depend on the physical characteristics of the event or its direct impacts in terms of lost lives and assets. Welfare impacts also depend on the ability of the economy to cope, recover, and reconstruct and therefore to minimize aggregate consumption losses. This ability can be referred to as the macroeconomic resilience to natural disasters. Macroeconomic resilience has two components: instantaneous resilience, which is the ability to limit the magnitude of immediate production losses for a given amount of asset losses, and dynamic resilience, which is the ability to reconstruct and recover. Welfare impacts also depend on micro-economic resilience, which depends on the distribution of losses; on households' vulnerability, such as their pre-disaster income and ability to smooth shocks over time with savings, borrowing, and insurance, and on the social protection system, or the mechanisms for sharing risks across the population. The (economic) welfare disaster risk in a country can be reduced by reducing the exposure or vulnerability of people and assets (reducing asset losses), increasing macroeconomic resilience (reducing aggregate consumption losses for a given level of asset losses), or increasing microeconomic resilience (reducing welfare losses for a given level of aggregate consumption losses). The paper proposes rules of thumb to estimate macroeconomic and microeconomic resilience based on the relevant parameters in the economy. It also provides a toolbox of policies to increase macro- or micro-economic resilience and a list of indicators that can be used to build a resilience indicator
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6852
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  • 82
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    Why Don't Remittances Appear to Affect Growth? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Clemens, Michael A Why Don't Remittances Appear to Affect Growth?
    Abstract: Although measured remittances by migrant workers have soared in recent years, macroeconomic studies have difficulty detecting their effect on economic growth. This paper reviews existing explanations for this puzzle and proposes three new ones. First, it offers evidence that a large majority of the recent rise in measured remittances may be illusory-arising from changes in measurement, not changes in real financial flows. Second, it shows that even if these increases were correctly measured, cross-country regressions would have too little power to detect their effects on growth. Third, it points out that the greatest driver of rising remittances is rising migration, which has an opportunity cost to economic product at the origin. Net of that cost, there is little reason to expect large growth effects of remittances in the origin economy. Migration and remittances clearly have first-order effects on poverty at the origin, on the welfare of migrants and their families, and on global gross domestic product; but detecting their effects on growth of the origin economy is likely to remain elusive
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6856
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  • 83
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    Transition to Clean Capital, Irreversible Investment and Stranded Assets (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Rozenberg, Julie Transition to Clean Capital, Irreversible Investment and Stranded Assets
    Abstract: This paper uses a Ramsey model with two types of capital to analyze the optimal transition to clean capital when polluting investment is irreversible. The cost of climate mitigation decomposes as a technical cost of using clean instead of polluting capital and a transition cost from the irreversibility of pre-existing polluting capital. With a carbon price, the transition cost can be limited by underutilizing polluting capital, at the expense of a loss in the value of polluting assets (stranded assets) and a drop in income. In contrast, policy instruments that focus on redirecting investments-such as feebates or environmental standards-prevent underutilization of existing capital, avoid stranded assets, and reduce short-term losses; but they reduce emissions more slowly and increase the intertemporal cost of the transition. The paper investigates inter- and intra-generational distributional impacts and the political acceptability of climate change mitigation policy instruments
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6859
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  • 84
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    CATA Meets IMPOV : A Unified Approach to Measuring Financial Protection in Health (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam CATA Meets IMPOV
    Abstract: Up to now catastrophic and impoverishing payments have been seen as two alternative approaches to measuring financial protection in health. Building on the previous literature, the authors propose a unified methodology in which impoverishing and catastrophic payments are mutually exclusive outcomes. They achieve this by expressing out-of-pocket payments as a ratio of ‘discretionary’ consumption, defined as the amount by which total consumption (gross of out-of-pocket payments) exceeds the poverty line. This allows the authors to identify both households who are impoverished by out-of-pocket payments (their ratio exceeds one) and households who are pushed even further into poverty by out-of-pocket payments (their ratio is negative); the authors call such payments ‘immiserizing’. Households experiencing ‘catastrophic’ payments are a subset of those who incur out-of-pocket payments but who are neither impoverished nor immiserized by them. Two alternative definitions of catastrophic payments are offered: those that absorb more than a pre-specified fraction of discretionary consumption; and those that leave a household's nonmedical consumption (total consumption net of out-of-pocket spending) below a pre-specified multiple of the poverty line. The authors also offer a simple financial protection index that reflects the percentages of households incurring immiserizing, impoverishing, catastrophic, non-catastrophic, and zero out-of-pocket payments. They illustrate their unified approach with data from the World Health Survey, using international poverty lines and a catastrophic payment threshold of 40 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6861
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  • 85
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    A Global Assessment of Human Capital Mobility : The Role of Non-OECD Destinations (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (63 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Artuç, Erhan A Global Assessment of Human Capital Mobility
    Keywords: 1990 - 2000 ; Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte ; Internationale Migration ; Arbeitsmobilität ; Brain Drain ; Welt
    Abstract: Discussions of high-skilled mobility typically evoke migration patterns from poorer to wealthier countries, which ignore movements to and between developing countries. This paper presents, for the first time, a global overview of human capital mobility through bilateral migration stocks by gender and education in 1990 and 2000, and calculation of nuanced brain drain indicators. Building on newly collated data, the paper uses a novel estimation procedure based on a pseudo-gravity model, then identifies key determinants of international migration, and subsequently uses estimated parameters to impute missing data. Non-OECD destinations account for one-third of skilled-migration, while OECD destinations are declining in relative importance
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6863
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  • 86
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    Revenue Potential, Tax Space, and Tax Gap : A Comparative Analysis (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Khwaja, Munawer Sultan Revenue Potential, Tax Space, and Tax Gap
    Abstract: This paper contributes to the empirical literature on the key determinants of the revenue generating potential in 61 countries. The paper uses a broad set of data and econometric methods to conduct analyses that are of relevance to revenue potential. Earlier studies have not distinguished between the revenue potential based on economic fundamentals of countries and that based on what the legal framework prescribes. This study uses a dual approach to revenue potential to examine the issue. Two sets of variables are used, one related to the intrinsic economic structure and strength of countries that affect revenue potential and the other related to tax policy variables. Accordingly the analysis finds two sets of revenue potentials: one can be termed “revenue potential (economic),” and the other “revenue potential (legal).” The difference between the revenue potential (legal) and the actual revenue collected is commonly understood as the “tax gap.” The difference between the revenue potential (economic) and the actual revenue collected can be termed the “tax space,” the amount of revenue that a country can afford to collect, given its economic strength, not based on what the parliament has mandated. The results show that legally mandated revenue potentials in countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia are often higher than the revenue potential based on what the country's economic fundamentals can afford. The paper also makes use of a tax effort index and finds that although many countries are performing close to the revenue potential (economic), it is more difficult to match up to the revenue potential (legal). The relationship between the revenue potential and the shadow economy, value added tax productivity, and some other determinants are examined to test whether some countries are taxing beyond their means
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6868
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  • 87
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    Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bertaud, Alain Converting Land into Affordable Housing Floor Space
    Abstract: Cities emerge from the spatial concentration of people and economic activities. But spatial concentration is not enough; the economic viability of cities depends on people, ideas, and goods to move rapidly across the urban area. This constant movement within dense cities creates wealth but also various degrees of unpleasantness and misery that economists call negative externalities, such as congestion, pollution, and environmental degradation. In addition, the poorest inhabitants of many cities are often unable to afford a minimum-size dwelling with safe water and sanitation, as if the wealth created by cities was part of a zero-sum game where the poor will be at the losing end. The main challenge for urban planners and economists is reducing cities' negative externalities without destroying the wealth created by spatial concentration. To do that, they must plan and design infrastructure and regulations while leaving intact the self-organizing created by land and labor markets. The balance between letting markets work and correcting market externalities through infrastructure investment and regulation is difficult to achieve. Too often, planners play sorcerer's apprentice when dealing with markets whose functioning they poorly understand. The role of the urban planner is then, first, to better understand the complex interaction between market forces and government interventions, infrastructure investment and regulation, and second, to design these interventions based on precise quantitative objectives. Each city's priorities would depend on its history, circumstances, and political environment. But maintaining mobility and keeping land affordable remains the main urban planning objective common to all cities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6870
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  • 88
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    Analyzing Urban Systems : Have Megacities Become Too Large? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Desmet, Klaus Analyzing Urban Systems
    Abstract: The trend toward ever greater urbanization continues unabated across the globe. According to the United Nations, by 2025 closes to 5 billion people will live in urban areas. Many cities, especially in the developing world, are set to explode in size. Over the next decade and a half, Lagos is expected to increase its population 50 percent, to nearly 16 million. Naturally, there is an active debate on whether restricting the growth of megacities is desirable and whether doing so can make residents of those cities and their countries better off. When analyzing whether megacities have become too large, policy makers often analyze a single city in depth. But no city is an island: improving urban infrastructure in one city might attract migrants, and a negative shock in one location can be mitigated because people can move to another. Considering the general equilibrium effects of any such urban policy is thus key. That is, when deciding whether to make medium-size cities more attractive, policy makers need to understand how cities of all sizes will be affected. The second section briefly summarizes the theoretical framework and discusses which data are needed. The third section implements the methodology for the benchmark case of the United States. The fourth section does the same for China and Mexico and compares the findings. And the last section concludes. A technical online appendix guides the reader through a practical, step-by-step, discussion of how to do the analysis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6872
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  • 89
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    The Great Migration : Urban Aspirations (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Keith, Michael The Great Migration
    Abstract: The great 21st-century migration into cities will present both a great challenge for humanity and a significant opportunity for global economic growth. This paper describes the diverse patterns that define this metropolitan migration. It then lays out a framework for understanding the costs and benefits of new arrivals through migration's externalities and the challenges and policy tradeoffs that confront city stakeholders. The paper concludes by suggesting ways municipalities, by optimizing flexibility, can make migration more productive and less destructive in shaping the ‘good city’ and the ‘smart city.’ There are few paths to global economic growth that do not run through cities, and even fewer that do not depend on growing the city in population size, scale, and economic exchange. Historically, cities have grown by concentrating the economic advantages of number and density, the social potential of innovation, and the cultural possibilities of newness. By bringing together the factors of production, land, labor, capital, and enterprise, in ever more recombinant forms, cities offer the possibility of securing new economic advantages and scaling them up
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6879
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  • 90
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    Entrepreneurship, Public Policy, and Cities (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lerner, Josh Entrepreneurship, Public Policy, and Cities
    Abstract: Since the 2008-09 global financial crises, interest among policy makers in promoting innovative, ventures has exploded. The emerging great hubs of entrepreneurial activity, like Bangalore, Dubai, Shanghai, Silicon Valley, Singapore, and Tel Aviv, bear the unmistakable stamp of the public sector. Enlightened government intervention played a key role in each region's emergence. But for each effective government intervention, dozens, even hundreds, disappointed, with substantial public spending bearing no fruit. This paper sheds light on how governments can avoid mistakes in stimulating entrepreneurship. In recent decades, efforts have increased to provide the world's poorest with financing and other assistance to facilitate their entry into entrepreneurship or the growth of their small ventures. These are typically subsistence businesses offering services like snack preparation or clothing repair. Such businesses typically allow business owners and their families to get by, but little else. The public policy literature, along with academic studies of new ventures, often does not distinguish among the types of businesses being studied. The author will focus here exclusively on high-potential new ventures and the policies that enhance them. This choice, not intended to diminish the importance of efforts to boost microenterprises, reflects the complexity of the field: the dynamics and issues involving micro firms are quite different from those of their high-potential counterparts. A substantial literature suggests that promising entrepreneurial firms can have a powerful effect in transforming industries and promoting innovation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6880
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  • 91
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    Are Cities the New Growth Escalator? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Moretti, Enrico Are Cities the New Growth Escalator?
    Keywords: Wirtschaftswachstum ; Erwerbstätigkeit ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Kommunalverwaltung ; Stadt ; Entwicklung ; Agglomerationseffekt
    Abstract: Urban areas tend to have much more productive labor and higher salaries than rural areas, and there are vast differences across urban areas. Areas with high salaries and high productivity tend to have employers that invest in much more research and development than areas with low salaries and low productivity. This paper addresses two questions. First, it discusses the causes of these vast geographical differences in wages, human capital, and innovation. The second part of the paper discusses regional economic development policies. The European Union has an even more ambitious program transferring its development funds to regions with below average incomes. Asian countries, especially China, have a variety of special economic zones, designed to attract foreign investment to specific areas. Such regional development policies, often called place-based economic policies, are effectively a form of welfare, targeting cities or regions, not individuals. While such policies are widespread, the economic logic behind them is rarely discussed and even less frequently understood. This paper clarifies when these policies are wasteful, when they are efficient, and who the expected winners and losers are. Understanding when government intervention makes sense and when it does not is a crucial first step in setting sound economic development policies. Local governments can certainly lay a foundation for economic development and create all the conditions necessary for a city's rebirth, including a business climate friendly to job creation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6881
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  • 92
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    What a Difference a State Makes : Health Reform in Andhra Pradesh (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (59 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bergkvist, Sofi What a Difference a State Makes
    Abstract: In the mid-2000s, India began rolling out large-scale, publicly-financed health insurance schemes mostly targeting the poor. This paper describes and analyzes Andhra Pradesh's Aarogyasri scheme, which covers against the costs of around 900 high-cost procedures delivered in secondary and tertiary hospitals. Using a new household survey, the authors find that 80 percent of families are eligible, equal to about 68 million people, and 85 percent of these families know they are covered; only one-quarter, however, know that the benefit package is limited. The study finds that, contrary to the rules of the program, patients incur quite large out-of-pocket payments during inpatient episodes thought to be covered by Aarogyasri. In the absence of data and program design features that would allow for a rigorous impact evaluation, a comparison is made between Andhra Pradesh and neighboring Maharashtra over an eight-year period spanning the scheme's introduction. During this period, Maharashtra did not introduce any at-scale health initiative that was not also introduced in Andhra Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh other health initiatives were considerably less ambitious and costly than Aarogyasri. The paper finds that Andhra Pradesh recorded faster growth than Maharashtra (even after adjusting for confounders) in inpatient admissions per capita (for all income groups) and in surgery admissions (among the poor only), slower growth in out-of-pocket payments for inpatient care (in total and per admission, but only among the better off), and slower growth in transport and outpatient out-of-pocket costs. The paper argues that these results are consistent with Aarogyasri having the intended effects, but also with minor health initiatives in Andhra Pradesh (especially the ambulance program) playing a role
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6883
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 93
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    Informal Economy and the World Bank (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Benjamin, Nancy Informal Economy and the World Bank
    Abstract: Many countries have expressed an interest in the size, performance and motivation of the informal sector, especially where the informal sector provides the livelihood and employment for a critical segment of the population. This essay reviews recent literature, methodologies, and relevant Bank studies as a way to share information with country teams interested in expanding their knowledge of the informal sector and related policy debates. Research in a number of regions points to four main areas where development policy can be improved by taking the informal sector into account. First, improvements should be made along a continuum; the heterogeneity among informal firms points to different policy approaches for different types of firms. Second, there should be public-private collaboration on mutual reforms. Many efforts to improve firm performance focus on elements of the production function (labor skills, credit) while treating government mainly as a cost (taxes, cost of compliance with regulations). Yet research reveals that many characteristics of the public regime strongly influence the decisions of firms regarding informality. Third, research indicates a strong relation between basic skills and labor outcomes, particularly in the informal sector, despite the sector's lower average returns. Research also indicates the benefits of targeted training programs. Business services programs have a decidedly mixed record, yet ongoing research is refining results on what works best. Fourth, informal trade is pervasive in developing countries and the networks developed in informal trade-wholesalers, credit suppliers and money-changers, transporters-are a strong presence in the informal sector. Yet these kinds of complex and nontransparent trading systems can be discouraging to foreign investors and can otherwise undermine trade policy and the international competitiveness of developing countries. The paper concludes with recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6888
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  • 94
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    The Impact of a Pay-for-Performance Scheme on Prescription Quality in Rural China : An Impact Evaluation (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Sun, Xiaojie The Impact of a Pay-for-Performance Scheme on Prescription Quality in Rural China
    Abstract: In China, health care providers have traditionally been paid fee-for-service and overprescribing and high out-of-pocket spending are common. In this study, township health centers in two counties were assigned almost randomly to two groups: in one, fee-for-service was replaced by a global capitated budget; in the other, by a mix of global capitated budget and pay-for-performance. Performance captured inter alia "irrational" drug prescribing; 20 percent of the global capitated budget was withheld each quarter, points were deducted for failure to meet targets, and some of the withheld budget was returned in line with the points deducted. Outcomes included appropriate prescribing and prescription cost, data on which were obtained by digitizing prescriptions from a month just before the reform and from the same month a year later. Impacts were assessed via multivariate differences-in-differences with township health center fixed effects. To reduce bias from non-randomness in assignment, the sample was trimmed by coarsened exact matching. Pay-for-performance reduced inappropriate prescribing significantly and substantially in the county where the initial level was above the penalty threshold, but end-line rates were still appreciable; no effects were seen in the county where initial levels were around or below the threshold, or on out-of-pocket spending in either county
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6892
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  • 95
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    What Do We Know about Preferential Trade Agreements and Temporary Trade Barriers? (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Bown, Chad P What Do We Know about Preferential Trade Agreements and Temporary Trade Barriers?
    Abstract: Two of the most important trade policy developments to take place since the 1980s are the expansion of preferential trade agreements and temporary trade barriers, such as antidumping, safeguards, and countervailing duties. Despite the empirical importance of preferential trade agreements and temporary trade barriers and the common feature that each can independently have quite discriminatory elements, relatively little is known about the nature of any relationships between them. This paper surveys the literature on some of the political-economic issues that can arise at the intersection of preferential trade agreements and temporary trade barriers and uses four case studies to illustrate variation in how countries apply the World Trade Organization's global safeguards policy instrument. The four examples include recent policies applied by a variety of types of countries and under different agreements: large and small countries, high-income and emerging economies, and free trade areas and customs unions. The analysis reveals important measurement and identification challenges for research that seeks to find evidence of systematic relationships between the formation of preferential trade agreements, the political-economic implications of their implementation, and the use of subsequent temporary trade barriers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6898
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  • 96
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    Financial (Dis-)Information : Evidence from an Audit Study in Mexico (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Giné, Xavier Financial (Dis-)Information
    Abstract: An audit study was conducted in peri-urban Mexico to understand the quality of information and products offered to low-income potential customers. Trained auditors visited multiple financial institutions seeking credit and savings products. Consistent with Gabaix and Laibson (2006), staff voluntarily provides little information about avoidable fees, especially to auditors trained to reveal little knowledge about the market. In addition, clients are almost never offered the cheapest product, most likely because staff is incentivized to offer more expensive products that are thus more profitable to the institution. This suggests that disclosure and transparency policies may be ineffective if they undermine the commercial interest of financial institutions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6902
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  • 97
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    Who Will Feed China in the 21st Century? : Income Growth and Food Demand and Supply in China (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Fukase, Emiko Who Will Feed China in the 21st Century?
    Keywords: Ernährungssicherung ; China
    Abstract: This paper uses resource-based cereal equivalent measures to explore the evolution of China's demand and supply for food. Although demand for food calories is probably close to its peak level in China, the ongoing dietary shift to animal-based foods, induced by income growth, is likely to impose considerable pressure on agricultural resources. Estimating the relationship between income growth and food demand with data from a wide range of countries, China's demand growth appears to have been broadly similar to the global trend. On the supply side, output of food depends strongly on the productivity growth associated with income growth and on the country's agricultural land endowment, with China appearing to be an out-performer. The analyses of income-consumption-production dynamics suggest that China's current income level falls in the range where consumption growth outstrips production growth, but that the gap is likely to begin to decline as China's population growth and dietary transition slow down. Continued agricultural productivity growth through further investment in research and development, and expansion in farm size and increased mechanization, as well as sustainable management of agricultural resources, are vital for ensuring that it is primarily China that will feed China in the 21st century
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6926
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  • 98
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    World Bank Lending and the Quality of Economic Policy (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Smets, Lodewijk World Bank Lending and the Quality of Economic Policy
    Keywords: Weltbank ; Internationale Organisation ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Entwicklungsländer
    Abstract: This study investigates the impact of World Bank development policy lending on the quality of economic policy. It finds that the quality of policy increases, but at a diminishing rate, with the cumulative number of policy loans. Similar results hold for the cumulative number of conditions attached to policy loans, although quadratic specifications indicate that additional conditions may even reduce the quality of policy beyond some point. The paper measures the quality of economic policy using the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessments of macro, debt, fiscal and structural policies, and considers only policy loans targeted at improvements in those areas. Previous studies finding weaker effects of policy lending on macro stability have failed to distinguish loans primarily intended to improve economic policy from other loans targeted at improvements in sector policies or in public management. The paper also shows that investing in economic policy does not "crowd out" policy improvements in other areas such as public sector governance or human development. The results are robust to using alternative indicators of policy quality, and correcting for endogeneity with system generalized methods of moments and cross-sectional two-stage least squares. The more positive results in the study relative to some previous studies based on earlier loans are consistent with claims by the World Bank that it has learned from its mistakes with traditional adjustment lending
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6924
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  • 99
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    Confronting the Food-Energy-Environment Trilemma : Global Land Use in the Long Run (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (87 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Steinbuks, Jevgenijs Confronting the Food-Energy-Environment Trilemma
    Abstract: Economic, agronomic, and biophysical drivers affect global land use, so all three influences need to be considered in evaluating economically optimal allocations of the world's land resources. A dynamic, forward-looking optimization framework applied over the course of the coming century shows that although some deforestation is optimal in the near term, in the absence of climate change regulation, the desirability of further deforestation is eliminated by mid-century. Although adverse productivity shocks from climate change have a modest effect on global land use, such shocks combined with rapid growth in energy prices lead to significant deforestation and higher greenhouse gas emissions than in the baseline. Imposition of a global greenhouse gas emissions constraint further heightens the competition for land, as fertilizer use declines and land-based mitigation strategies expand. However, anticipation of the constraint largely dilutes its environmental effectiveness, as deforestation accelerates prior to imposition of the target
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6928
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  • 100
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    Radio's Impact on Preferences for Patronage Benefits (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Radio's Impact on Preferences for Patronage Benefits
    Abstract: Citizens in developing countries support politicians who provide patronage or clientelist benefits, such as government jobs and gifts at the time of elections. Can access to mass media that broadcasts public interest messages shift citizens' preferences for such benefits? This paper examines the impact of community radio on responses to novel survey vignettes that make an explicit trade-off between political promises of jobs for a few versus public services for all. The impact of community radio is identified through a natural experiment in the media market in northern Benin, which yields exogenous variation in access across villages. Respondents in villages with greater radio access are less likely to express support for patronage jobs that come at the expense of public health or education. Gift-giving is not necessarily traded off against public services; correspondingly, radio access does not reduce preferences for candidates who give gifts. The pattern of results is consistent with a particular mechanism for radio's impact: increasing citizens' demand for broadly delivered health and education and thereby shaping their preferences for clientelist candidates
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6932
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