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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Implications of Moving Toward Global Convergence on Emission Intensities (2012)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Govinda R. Timilsina Economic Implications of Moving Toward Global Convergence on Emission Intensities
    Abstract: One key contentious issue in climate change negotiations is the huge difference in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita between more advanced industrialized countries and other nations. This paper analyzes the costs of reducing this gap. Simulations using a global computable general equilibrium model show that the average the carbon dioxide intensity of advanced industrialized countries would remain almost twice as high as the average for other countries in 2030, even if the former group adopted a heavy uniform carbon tax of
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6115
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Policy Instruments For Reducing Congestion And Atmospheric Emissions In The Transport Sector : A Review (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Fiscal Policy Instruments For Reducing Congestion And Atmospheric Emissions In The Transport Sector
    Keywords: Atmospheric emissions ; Congestion ; Congestion charges ; Externalities ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport sector ; Vehicle ; Vehicle taxes ; Vehicle traffic ; Atmospheric emissions ; Congestion ; Congestion charges ; Externalities ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport sector ; Vehicle ; Vehicle taxes ; Vehicle traffic ; Atmospheric emissions ; Congestion ; Congestion charges ; Externalities ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport sector ; Vehicle ; Vehicle taxes ; Vehicle traffic
    Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The impacts of biofuel targets on land-use change and food supply : A global CGE assessment (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (71 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R The impacts of biofuel targets on land-use change and food supply
    Abstract: This study analyzes the long-term impacts of large-scale expansion of biofuels on land-use change, food supply and prices, and the overall economy in various countries or regions using a global computable general equilibrium model, augmented by a land-use module and detailed representation of biofuel sectors. The study finds that an expansion of global biofuel production to meet currently articulated or even higher national targets in various countries for biofuel use would reduce gross domestic product at the global level; however, the gross domestic product impacts are mixed across countries or regions. The expansion of biofuels would cause significant land re-allocation with notable decreases in forest and pasture lands in a few countries. The results also suggest that the expansion of biofuels would cause a reduction in food supply. Although the magnitude of the impact on food supply at the global level is not as large as perceived earlier, it would be significant in developing countries like India and those in Sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural commodities such as sugar, corn, and oil seeds, which serve as the main biofuel feedstocks, would experience significant increases in their prices in 2020 compared with the prices at baseline due to the expansion of biofuels to meet the existing targets
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5513
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World Oil Price and Biofuels : A General Equilibrium Analysis (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R World Oil Price and Biofuels
    Abstract: The price of oil could play a significant role in influencing the expansion of biofuels. However, this issue has not been fully investigated yet in the literature. Using a global computable general equilibrium model, this study analyzes the impact of oil price on biofuel expansion, and subsequently, on food supply. The study shows that a 65 percent increase in oil price in 2020 from the 2009 level would increase the global biofuel penetration to 5.4 percent in 2020 from 2.4 percent in 2009. A doubling of oil price in 2020 from its baseline level, or a 230 percent increase from the 2009 level, would increase the global biofuel penetration in 2020 to 12.6 percent. The penetration of biofuels is highly sensitive to the substitution possibility between biofuels and their fossil fuel counterparts. The study also shows that aggregate agricultural output drops due to an oil price increase, but the drop is small in major biofuel producing countries as the expansion of biofuels would partially offset the negative impacts of the oil price increase on agricultural outputs. An increase in oil price would reduce global food supply through direct impacts as well as through diversion of food commodities and cropland toward the production of biofuels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5673
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Role of Revenue Recycling Schemes In Environmental Tax Selection : A General Equilibrium Analysis (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R The Role of Revenue Recycling Schemes In Environmental Tax Selection
    Keywords: Carbon Tax ; Carbon Taxes ; Debt Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Tax ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Tax ; Environmental Taxes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Income Tax ; Levies ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tax Rates ; Tax Revenue ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Carbon Tax ; Carbon Taxes ; Debt Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Tax ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Tax ; Environmental Taxes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Income Tax ; Levies ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tax Rates ; Tax Revenue ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Carbon Tax ; Carbon Taxes ; Debt Markets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy Tax ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Environmental Tax ; Environmental Taxes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Income Tax ; Levies ; Levy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Tax Rates ; Tax Revenue ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This study examines the roles of revenue recycling schemes for the selection of alternative tax instruments (i.e., carbon-, sulphur-, energy- and output-tax) to reduce CO2 emissions to a specified level in Thailand. A static, single period, multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Thai economy has been developed for this purpose. This study finds that the selection of a tax instrument to reduce CO2 emissions would be significantly influenced by the scheme to recycle the tax revenue to the economy. If the tax revenue is recycled to finance cuts in the existing labour or indirect tax rates, carbon tax would be more efficient than the sulphur-, energy- and output-taxes to reduce CO2 emissions. On the other hand, if the tax revenue is recycled to households through a lump-sum transfer, sulphur and carbon taxes would be more efficient than energy and output taxes. The ranking between the sulphur and carbon taxes under the lump sum transfer scheme depends on substitution possibility of fossil fuels. Sulphur tax is found superior over carbon tax at the higher substitution possibility between fossil fuels; the reverse is found true at the lower substitution possibility. In all schemes of revenue recycling considered, the output tax is found to be the most costly (i.e., in welfare terms) despite the fact that it generates two to three times higher revenue than the other tax instruments
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Why Have CO2 Emissions Increased in the Transport Sector in Asia ? : Underlying Factors and Policy Options (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Why Have CO2 Emissions Increased in the Transport Sector in Asia ?
    Abstract: Rapidly increasing emissions of carbon dioxide from the transport sector, particularly in urban areas, is a major challenge to sustainable development in developing countries. This study analyzes the factors responsible for transport sector CO2 emissions growth in selected developing Asian countries during 1980-2005. The analysis splits the annual emissions growth into components representing economic development; population growth; shifts in transportation modes; and changes in fuel mix, emission coefficients, and transportation energy intensity. The study also reviews existing government policies to limit CO2 emissions growth, particularly various fiscal and regulatory policy instruments. The study finds that of the six factors considered, three - economic development, population growth, and transportation energy intensity - are responsible for driving up transport sector CO2 emissions in Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Vietnam. In contrast, only economic development and population growth are responsible in the case of China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. CO2 emissions exhibit a downward trend in Mongolia due to decreasing transportation energy intensity. The study also finds that some existing policy instruments help reduce transport sector CO2 emissions, although they were not necessarily targeted for this purpose when introduced
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5098
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biofuels : Markets, Targets and Impacts (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Biofuels
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent developments in biofuel markets and their economic, social and environmental impacts. Several countries have introduced mandates and targets for biofuel expansion. Production, international trade and investment have increased sharply in the past few years. However, several existing studies have blamed biofuels as one of the key factors behind the 2007-2008 global food crisis, although the magnitudes of impacts in these studies vary widely depending on the underlying assumptions and structure of the models. Existing studies also have huge disparities in the magnitude of long-term impacts of biofuels on food prices and supply; studies that model only the agricultural sector show higher impacts, whereas studies that model the entire economy show relatively lower impacts. In terms of climate change mitigation impacts, there exists a consensus that current biofuels lead to greenhouse gas mitigation only when greenhouse gas emissions related to land-use change are not counted. If conversion of carbon rich forest land to crop land is not avoided, the resulting greenhouse gas release would mean that biofuels would not reduce cumulative greenhouse gas emissions until several years had passed. Overall, results from most of the existing literature do not favor diversion of food for large-scale production of biofuels, although regulated production of biofuels in countries with surplus land and a strong biofuel industry are not ruled out. Developments in second generation biofuels offer some hope, yet they still compete with food supply through land use and are currently constrained by a number of technical and economic barriers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5364
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Atmospheric Stabilization of CO2 Emissions : Near-Term Reductions And Intensity-Based Targets (2007)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Atmospheric Stabilization of CO2 Emissions
    Keywords: CO2 ; CO2 Emissions ; Clean energy ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Emissions reduction ; Emissions reduction targets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Framework Convention on Climate Change ; GHGs ; Greenhouse gases ; Transport ; Transport and Environment ; CO2 ; CO2 Emissions ; Clean energy ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Emissions reduction ; Emissions reduction targets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Framework Convention on Climate Change ; GHGs ; Greenhouse gases ; Transport ; Transport and Environment ; CO2 ; CO2 Emissions ; Clean energy ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Emissions reduction ; Emissions reduction targets ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Energy and Environment ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Framework Convention on Climate Change ; GHGs ; Greenhouse gases ; Transport ; Transport and Environment
    Abstract: This study analyzes CO2 emissions reduction targets for various countries and geopolitical regions by the year 2030 in order to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at the level of 450 ppm (550 ppm including non CO2 greenhouse gases). It also determines CO2 intensity cuts that would be needed in those countries and regions if the emission reductions were achieved through intensity-based targets while assuming no effect on forecasted economic growth. Considering that the stabilization of CO2 concentrations at 450 ppm requires the global trend of CO2 emissions to reverse before 2030, this study develops two scenarios: reversing the global CO2 trend in (i) 2020 and (ii) 2025. The study shows that global CO2 emissions would be 42 percent above the 1990 level in 2030 if the increasing trend of global CO2 emissions is reversed by 2020. If reversing the trend is delayed by 5 years, the 2030 global CO2 emissions would be 52 percent higher than the 1990 level. The study also finds that to achieve these targets while maintaining assumed economic growth, the global average CO2 intensity would require a 68 percent drop from the 1990 level or a 60 percent drop from the 2004 level by 2030
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Advanced biofuel technologies : status and barriers (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Advanced biofuel technologies
    Abstract: Large-scale production of crop based (first generation) biofuels may not be feasible without adversely affecting global food supply or encroaching on other important land uses. Because alternatives to liquid fossil fuels are important to develop in order to address greenhouse gas mitigation and other energy policy objectives, the potential for increased use of advanced (non-crop, second generation) biofuel production technologies has significant policy relevance. This study reviews the current status of several advanced biofuel technologies. Technically, it would be possible to produce a large portion of transportation fuels using advanced biofuel technologies, specifically those that can be grown using a small portion of the world's land area (for example, microalgae), or those grown on arable lands without affecting food supply (for example, agricultural residues). However, serious technical barriers limit the near-term commercial application of advanced biofuels technologies. Key technical barriers include low conversion efficiency from biomass to fuel, limits on supply of key enzymes used in conversion, large energy requirements for operation, and dependence in many cases on commercially unproven technology. Despite a large future potential, large-scale expansion of advanced biofuels technologies is unlikely unless and until further research and development lead to lowering these barriers
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5411
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Under What Conditions Does a Carbon Tax on Fossil Fuels Stimulate Biofuels? (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Under What Conditions Does a Carbon Tax on Fossil Fuels Stimulate Biofuels?
    Abstract: A carbon tax is an efficient economic instrument to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide released from fossil fuel burning. Its impacts on production of renewable energy depend on how it is designed-particularly in the context of the penetration of biofuels into the energy supply mix for road transportation. Using a multi-sector, multi-country computable general equilibrium model, this study shows first that a carbon tax with the entire tax revenue recycled to households through a lump-sum transfer does not stimulate biofuel production significantly, even at relatively high tax rates. This reflects the high cost of carbon dioxide abatement through biofuels substitution, relative to other energy substitution alternatives; in addition, the carbon tax will have negative economy-wide consequences that reduce total demand for all fuels. A combined carbon tax and biofuel subsidy policy, where part of the carbon tax revenue is used to finance a biofuel subsidy, would significantly stimulate market penetration of biofuels. Although the carbon tax and biofuel subsidy policy would cause higher loss in global economic output compared with the carbon tax with lump sum revenue redistribution, the incremental output loss is relatively small
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5678
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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