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  • 2015-2019  (1,803)
  • 1970-1974
  • 2016  (1,136)
  • 2015  (667)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (1,803)
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  • 2015-2019  (1,803)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464803499 , 9781464803505
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (p.)) , cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Disease control priorities volume 3
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Uniform Title: Cancer
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 362.19699400681
    Keywords: Neoplasms ; economics ; Neoplasms ; prevention & control ; Health Services Research ; economics ; Cost of Illness ; Developing Countries ; Neoplasms prevention & control ; Neoplasms economics ; Health Services Research economics
    Abstract: Summary and recommendations -- The changing global burden of cancer : transitions in human development and implications for cancer prevention and control -- Breast cancer -- Cervical cancer -- Oral cancer : prevention, early detection, and treatment -- Colorectal cancer -- Treating childhood cancer in low- and middle-income countries -- Liver cancer -- Cancer pain relief -- Global hazards of tobacco and the benefits of smoking cessation and tobacco taxes -- Cancer services and the comprehensive cancer center -- Screening for cancer : considerations for low- and middle-income countries -- Surgical services for cancer care -- Radiation therapy for cancer -- Need for national commitments to cancer research to guide public health investment and practice -- Cancer in low- and middle-income countries : an economic overview -- Financing cancer care in low-resource settings -- An extended cost-effectiveness analysis of publicly financed HPV vaccination to prevent cervical cancer in China
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Description based on print version record
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9781464804762
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (264 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Earth observation for water resources management
    DDC: 333.9/115
    RVK:
    Keywords: Wasser ; Wasserversorgung ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Wissenschaftliche Methode ; Welt
    Abstract: Water systems are building blocks for poverty alleviation, shared growth, sustainable development, and green growth strategies. They require data from in-situ observation networks. Budgetary and other constraints have taken a toll on their operation and there are many regions in the world where the data are scarce or unreliable. Increasingly, remote sensing satellite-based earth observation is becoming an alternative. This book briefly describes some key global water challenges, perspectives for remote sensing approaches, and their importance for water resources-related activities. It describes eight key types of water resources management variables, a list of sensors that can produce such information, and a description of existing data products with examples. Earth Observation for Water Resources Management provides a series of practical guidelines that can be used by project leaders to decide whether remote sensing may be useful for the problem at hand and suitable data sources to consider if so. The book concludes with a review of the literature on reliability statistics of remote-sensed estimations
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464808357
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (244 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Currency ; Currency Composition ; Debt Disbursements ; Debt Ratios ; Debt Service ; External Debt
    Abstract: The Little Data Book 2016 is a pocket edition of World Development Indicators 2015. It is intended as a quick reference for users of the World Development Indicators database, book, and mobile app. The database covers more than 1,200 indicators and spans more than 50 years. The 214 country tables present the latest available data for World Bank member countries and other economies with populations of more than 30,000. The 14 summary tables cover regional and income group aggregates
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9781464807695
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (248 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development; Directions in Development - Public Sector Governance
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Public Sector Governance
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Institutional Reforms ; Public Sector Management ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Affairs ; Budget Transparency ; Tax Administration ; Monitoring and Evaluation ; Africa ; South Africa
    Abstract: South Africa has achieved a lot on its path of socio-economic transformation since the end of Apartheid in 1994. While many challenges remain to foster inclusive growth to address the triple challenges of unemployment, poverty, and inequality, some innovative approaches have been used to build more inclusive public institutions. These have helped to expand service delivery, strengthen quality, and improve the lives of millions of South Africans. Although much is known about the motivation and nature of the policies and institutional changes that drove this transformation, very little is known of the manner in which they were executed. With this book, Making It Happen, From Policies to Implementation, we offer a selection of twelve case studies to illustrate how policies and institutions were developed and implemented to improve specific public services. Done through interviews with senior policy makers, the book captures the how to of executing these policies in a variety of areas including increasing budget transparency, developing an intergovernmental fiscal system, strengthening tax administration, developing a modern performance monitoring and evaluation system, expanding HIV/AIDS treatment, reforming the social transfer system, strengthening statistics, creating a modern national identity system, developing a system for the management of biodiversity, modernizing the national road network management, developing the framework for renewable energy, and the formulation of the country's much lauded constitution. Tracing a twenty year journey of transformation, this book places particular emphasis on recording the design of these reforms and endeavors to shed some light on the decision-making processes. In particular, it attempts to provide insight on the trade-offs policy makers faced, and the sequencing and complementarities among the various reforms. It finds leadership at different levels, adoption of pragmatic and innovative solutions, and the focus on results as among the key drivers in implementing these changes. This book is primarily intended to enhance knowledge exchange by exporting South Africa's development experience to the world. It is a product of the country's Knowledge Hub, developed in partnership with the World Bank Group, to provide evidence-based solutions for enhancing service delivery
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9781464807947
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ravishankar, V.J., author Primary education in Malawi
    DDC: 372.96897
    Keywords: Education and state Malawi ; Education Finance ; Malawi ; Education, Primary Malawi ; Education Finance ; Education and state ; Education, Primary
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on print version record
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9781464808791 , 9781464808807
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Right to information series
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Lemieux, Victoria L., 1963 - Public access to information for development
    DDC: 342.0853
    Keywords: Informationsfreiheit ; Politische Kommunikation ; Welt ; Disclosure of information Law and legislation ; Government information Law and legislation ; Public records Access control ; Public records Law and legislation ; Freedom of information ; Public records Law and legislation ; Public records Access control ; Disclosure of information Law and legislation ; Government information Law and legislation ; Informationsfreiheit ; Informationsrecht ; Sicherheitspolitik ; Demokratisierung ; Regierung
    Abstract: Introduction to the guide -- Legal frameworks for RTI -- Considering the domains of RTI implementation -- Operating right to information systems -- Monitoring implementation and evaluating impact -- Conclusion
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on print version record
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Migration and Development Brief
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Development ; Diaspora ; High skilled migration ; Innovative financing ; Low skilled migration ; Migration ; Refugees ; Remittances ; Sustainable development goals
    Abstract: This brief aims to provide an update on key developments in the area of migration and remittance flows and related policies over the past six months. It also provides medium-term (three year) projections of remittance flows to developing countries
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464808753
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (157 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Asset management company ; Asset quality review (AQR) ; Bank resolution ; Corporate restructuring ; Distressed asset ; Financial crises ; Market value ; Negative equity ; Nonperforming loan (NPLs) ; NPL ; Structured financial products ; Vesting
    Abstract: This toolkit is designed for policy makers and stakeholders who are considering the establishment of a publicly funded asset management company (AMC). An AMC is a statutory body or corporation, fully or partially owned by the government, usually established in times of financial sector stress, to assume the management of distressed assets and recoup the public cost of resolving the crisis. AMCs were first used in the early 1990s in Sweden (Securum) and the United States (the RTC), and again during the Asian crisis (for instance, Danaharta in Malaysia, KAMCO in the Republic of Korea). The 2008 financial crisis marked a renewal of the use of this tool to support the resolution of financial crises (for instance, NAMA in Ireland, SAREB in Spain). The toolkit does not address broader bank resolution issues. It has a narrow focus on the specific tool of a public AMC established to support bank resolution, and with the objective of providing insight on the design and operational issues surrounding the creation of such AMCs. It seeks to inform policy makers on issues to consider if and when planning to establish a public AMC through: An analysis of recent public AMCs established as a result of the global financial crisis; Detailed case studies in developed and emerging markets over three generations; A toolkit approach with questions and answers, including questions on design and operations that are critical for authorities confronted with the issue of whether to establish an AMC; An emphasis on "how to?" that is, a practical versus a principled approach. The toolkit is structured as followed: Part I summarizes the findings on the preconditions, the design, and the operationalization of public AMCs. Part II provides case studies on three generations of AMCs, whose lessons are embedded in Part I. The case studies cover emerging and developed markets, and have been selected based on the lessons they offer
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9781464809231
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (96 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Competitiveness ; Intellectual property rights ; Business indicators ; Open innovation spaces ; Start-up companies ; Innovation policy
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9781464809323
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (286 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Health Workers ; Human Resources for Health ; Health Labor Markets ; Labor Market Economics ; Universal Health Coverage ; Health Systems ; Health Workforce
    Abstract: This book, produced jointly by the World Bank, the University of California, Berkeley, and the WHO, aims to provide decision-makers at sub-national, national, regional and global levels with additional insights into how to address their workforce challenges rather than describe them. In order to optimize and align HRH investments and develop targeted policy responses, a thorough understanding of unique, country-specific labor market dynamics and determinants of these dynamics is critical. Policies need to take into account the fact that workers are economic actors, responsive to different levels of compensation and opportunities to generate revenue found in different sub-labor markets. Policies need to take into account the behavioral characteristics of the individuals who provide health care, but also the individuals who consume health care services and the institutions that employ health personnel. In other words, it is necessary to understand the determinants of both the supply (numbers of health workers willing to work in the health sector) and the demand for health workers (resources available to hire health workers), how these interact, and how this interaction varies in different contexts. This interaction will determine the availability of health personnel, their distribution as well as their performance levels, thus ensuring stronger health systems capable to deliver universal health coverage. The book is structured to be of use to researchers, planners, and economists who are tasked with analyzing key areas of health labor markets, including overall labor market assessments as well as and more narrow and targeted analyses of demand and supply (including production and migration), performance, and remuneration of health workers. The chapters, written by a number of internationally renowned experts on Human Resources for Health, discuss data sources and empirical tools that can be used to assess health labor markets across high-, middle- or low-income countries, but draws primarily from examples and case-studies in LMICs
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464808715
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (206 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Countries and Regions
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Countries and Regions
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Urbanisation ; Transport ; Habitat ; French Translation ; Climate Change ; Infrastructure ; Connecting ; Urban Policy
    Abstract: La Cote d'Ivoire est en quete d'une strategie de developpement qui lui permettra d'atteindre le statut de pays a revenu intermediaire, ce qui represente un defi qui necessiterait un taux de croissance annuel de 10 % pendant plus de 13 ans. L'experience des economies developpees et emergentes demontre que le produit interieur brut (PIB) par habitant augmente avec la progression de l'urbanisation. Neanmoins, l'economie de la Cote d'Ivoire affiche des performances insuffisantes sur le plan de l'urbanisation. L'urbanisation et le revenu par habitant ont une correlation negative depuis la fin des annees 1970, et la pauvrete augmente. Au lieu d'envisager le developpement des villes individuellement, un plan d'urbanisation reussie devrait considerer les villes de la Cote d'Ivoire comme un portefeuille d'actifs qui se distinguent les uns des autres par leur taille, leur emplacement et la densite de leur population. Les auteurs de L'Urbanisation diversifiee : Le cas de la Cote d'Ivoire identifient trois types de villes, fondees sur leurs contributions a la croissance et a la creation d'emplois : les connecteurs globaux ; les connecteurs regionaux, situees le long des corridors d'echanges et des transports regionaux ; et les connecteurs locaux, qui generent les economies de localisation necessaires a l'agro-industrie. Les parties prenantes des administrations nationales et infranationales et du secteur prive ont formule une vision commune de l'urbanisation en Cote d'Ivoire : villes planifiees, structurees, competitives, attractives, inclusives et organisees autour de poles de developpement. Afin de realiser cette vision et d'atteindre le statut de pays a revenu intermediaire, les decideurs politique ivoiriens doivent agir de toute urgence pour promouvoir une urbanisation diversifiee pour tous les types de villes. Cette presente etude identifie des contraintes principales et des enjeux dans quatre domaines : la planification, les connexions, l'ecologisation, et le financement des villes
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  • 12
    ISBN: 9781464809095
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (160 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Education mismatch ; Skill mismatch ; Skills for development ; Skills for employment ; Job-relevant skills ; Skill surveys
    Abstract: To stimulate economic advancement, low- and middle-income countries need well-educated and trained workforces to fill the types of skilled jobs that drive economic growth. Improving educational quality and attainment and providing better training are all rightly put forth as policy recommendations to leverage economic growth and job creation. However, new findings based on large scale surveys of adult skills from the World Bank Group's STEP (Skills toward Employment and Productivity) Skills Measurement Program suggest that many workers are overqualified for their current jobs (based on the education those jobs require). The results of this study suggest that countries may not reap as much benefit from their investments in quality education and training if weak job creation leaves workers' skills underutilized. Most of the literature on mismatch focuses on higher-income countries and rates of over-education among college graduates. Accounting for Mismatch in Low- and Middle-Income Countries uses new STEP Skills Survey data from 12 low- and middle-income countries, representing a range of economic and educational and training climates, to better understand the scope and patterns of education and skills mismatch. STEP collects information not only on workers' level of education and employment status, but also on the types, frequency, and durations of tasks they carry out at their jobs as well as some of the cognitive skills they use. The study also explores additional factors such as gender, health, career stage, and participation in the informal labor sector that may help explain the degree of mismatch rates. The study's findings indicate that over-education is common in low and middle income countries with both lower and higher rates of educational attainment. There is also evidence that over-educated tertiary workers do not use all of their skills, potentially wasting valuable human capital and educational resources. Aimed at policy makers, business and education leaders, and employers, Accounting for Mismatch in Low- and Middle-Income Countries suggests that job growth must go hand-in-hand with investments in education and training. Ce premier volume, Le secteur des industries extractives, dresse une synthese des aspects fondamentaux de l'economie des IE, analyse les principales composantes des cadres strategiques, institutionnels et de gouvernance du secteur, et definit les obligations de financement du secteur public dans ce domaine. Son analyse des aspects economiques des IE couvre l'evaluation des gisements de sous-sol, l'interpretation economique donnee au minerai, et la structure des marches de l'energie et des produits mineraux. Il definit les responsabilites des entites publiques competentes, et presente les caracteristiques des cadres juridique et reglementaire du secteur. Il analyse brievement ses fonctions essentielles et particulieres, ainsi que les structures financieres qui soutiennent les mesures de sauvegarde environnementale et sociale, l'investissement des recettes publiques provenant de l'exploitation des ressources petrolieres, gazieres ou minieres, et la diversification economique a partir des industries extractives. Les auteurs esperent que les economistes et les specialistes des finances publiques qui travaillent dans les pays riches en ressources naturelles - y compris les decideurs au sein des ministeres des finances, des organisations internationales, et autres entites competentes - jugeront cet ouvrage utile a leur comprehension et a leur analyse du secteur des IE
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource)
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: South Asia Economic Focus
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: South Asia ; Macroeconomic Development and Outlook ; India ; Inflation and Prices ; Investment ; Trade ; External Vulnerability ; Fiscal Policy ; Economic Growth ; Economic Policy ; Economic Risks
    Abstract: South Asia by now has consolidated its position as fastest growing developing region in the world. Against the backdrop of relative external stability and some monetary policy space, growth is expected to continue a gradual acceleration on the back of strong investment performance and a return to solid contributions from export growth. India remains the motor of the region and on its way closer to 8 percent real GDP growth, though on a relatively more gradual path than previously anticipated. At the same time, economies across the region will have to tackle fading tailwinds and face ever more binding domestic constraints in the form of persistently high fiscal deficits together with high debt levels as well as some vulnerabilities in the financial sector. The focus section of this report will delve deeper into evaluating the quality of fiscal consolidation and policy, trying to assess short and longer term impact across major South Asian economies
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Serial Unassigned
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Growth ; Diversification ; Daesh ; Inclusion ; Violent Extremism ; Conflict
    Abstract: The year 2016 appears to be one of the toughest for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region as their governments face serious policy challenges. The biggest challenge for oil exporters is managing their finances and diversification strategies with oil below
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9781464810008
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (96 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: EHCI ; ECD ; Early childhood development ; Skills ; Health ; Parent ; Maternal
    Abstract: Early Childhood Development in Tonga offers a comprehensive assessment of early child development across Tonga using the Tongan Early Human Capability Index instrument. The data has information on more than 6,600 children, ages three to five, living across 36 inhabited islands, and reported for 129 communities. On the basis of population figures from the Tongan census data collection provided by the Tonga Department of Statistics, 81 percent of three- to five-year-olds participated in the Tongan Early Human Capability Index. The report details the development of the instrument used to collect the child development data to ensure cultural validity and local relevance, while still capturing the fundamental aspects of child development that are consistent across countries and cultures. As well as the development of the instrument, other countries will also be interested in learning about h the method of data collection across a country with remote and isolated islands using an innovative partnership between health and education. Using existing systems and community governance structures, the data was not only collected but also disseminated back to communities to raise awareness and prompt community and government mobilization to support early child development. The process of developing and implementing the Tongan Early Human Capability Index across Tonga helped build national and district capacity, and is encouraging the establishment of community-based supports for children. Researchers, policy makers, and practitioners as well as advocates for the development and enhancement of systems to monitor early child development worldwide will find this publication highly significant
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464808678
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank Annual Report
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Banking Sector ; Capital Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Equity Investments ; Health Services
    Abstract: En el Informe anual 2016, que abarca el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2015 y el 30 de junio de 2016, se describe como el Banco Mundial se asocia con los paises con el objeto de poner fin a la pobreza extrema para 2030, promover la prosperidad compartida y respaldar el programa mundial de desarrollo sostenible. Este informe anual, que abarca el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de julio de 2015 y el 30 de junio de 2016, ha sido preparado por los directores ejecutivos del Banco Internacional de Reconstruccion y Fomento (BIRF) y la Asociacion Internacional de Fomento (AIF) -denominados colectivamente "Banco Mundial", segun lo dispuesto en los reglamentos de ambas organizaciones. El Dr. Jim Yong Kim, presidente del Grupo Banco Mundial (GBM) y de los Directorios Ejecutivos y las Juntas de Directores de las instituciones que lo integran, ha presentado este informe, junto con los presupuestos administrativos y los estados financieros auditados, a la Junta de Gobernadores
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islam, Asif Does Mobile Money Use Increase Firms' Investment? Evidence from Enterprise Surveys in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania
    Abstract: Private investment can be an important engine of economic growth in East African countries, which, despite recent growth rates, are still plagued with adverse economic conditions. Against this backdrop, there has been substantial penetration of mobile money, moving beyond simple person-to-person exchanges toward adoption by private firms. This study explores whether there is a relationship between firm adoption of mobile money and firm investment. Using firm-level data that are nationally representative of the private sector in three East African countries-Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda-a positive relationship is found between mobile money use and the probability of a firm's purchase of fixed assets. This relationship is attributed to reduced transaction costs, increased liquidity, and increased credit worthiness associated with the use of mobile phone financial services
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gonzalez, Alvaro Enforcement Capacity and the Impact of Labor Regulation: Evidence from the Russian Federation
    Abstract: The impact of business regulations on firms could depend on how the regulations are enforced in practice. Exploiting variation in enforcement capacity across the Russian Federation's administrative regions, this paper examines whether the enforcement of restrictive regulations on hiring and firing workers affects how firms adjust employment during industry upswings and downswings. The analysis finds that the extent to which firms adjust employment upward during industry upswings and downward during downswings is smaller in regions with stronger enforcement capacity (or stricter de facto employment protection). The effect of enforcement is sizable: for example, increasing enforcement capacity from the 25th to the 75th percentile dampens employment adjustment in a downswing by 34 percent. Thus, although restrictive regulation on hiring and firing reduces the ability of firms to adjust employment, the extent to which it does so depends on enforcement
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bas, Maria Does Input-Trade Liberalization Affect Firms' Foreign Technology Choice?
    Abstract: This paper studies the impact of input-trade liberalization on firms' decision to upgrade foreign technology embodied in imported capital goods. The empirical analysis is motivated by a simple theoretical framework of endogenous technology adoption, heterogeneous firms and imported inputs. The model predicts a positive effect of input tariff reductions on firms' technology choice to source capital goods from abroad. This effect is heterogeneous across firms depending on their initial productivity level. Relying on India's trade liberalization episode in the early 1990s, this paper demonstrates that the probability of importing capital goods is higher for firms producing in industries that have experienced greater cuts on tariffs on intermediate goods. Only those firms in the middle range of the initial productivity distribution have benefited from input-trade liberalization to upgrade their technology
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iimi, Atsushi New Rural Access Index: Main Determinants and Correlation to Poverty
    Abstract: Transport connectivity is essential to sustain inclusive growth in developing countries, where many rural populations and businesses are still considered to be unconnected to the domestic, regional, or global market. The Rural Access Index is among the most important global indicators for measuring people's transport accessibility in rural areas where the majority of the poor live. A new method to calculate the Rural Access Index was recently developed using spatial data and techniques. The characteristics of subnational Rural Access Index estimates were investigated in eight countries: Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. It was found that for the countries in Africa, road density and road condition are important determinants of the Rural Access Index. For the South Asian countries, improvement of road condition is particularly relevant. The evidence suggests that significant resources are likely to be required to achieve universal access through rehabilitating the existing road network and expanding the road network
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cull, Robert Social Capital, Finance, and Consumption: Evidence from a Representative Sample of Chinese Households
    Abstract: Using a new, nationally representative sample of Chinese households, this paper studies how social capital affects access to credit and its implications for consumption levels. The paper focuses on two specific forms of social capital: private social networks and membership in the Communist Party. Although party affiliation is linked to higher consumption in rural areas, those benefits are direct and thus do not work through credit markets. The main finding is a strong link between private social networks, use of informal credit, and household consumption. Instrumental variable regressions indicate that the link is causal. However, the study finds no evidence that social capital has facilitated formal credit market development in China, as it has in countries with higher levels of private sector development
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mukim, Megha How Do Cities in Ethiopia Create Jobs?
    Abstract: This paper reviews city-based industrialization across Ethiopia to understand (a) its importance in driving net job creation, and (b) the factors that determine the success of high-growth industries and cities. The focus of the analysis is on firms, industries, and cities in Ethiopia that create and sustain jobs. The analysis finds that much of new job creation is found in emerging cities, although capital intensity in production is also increasing. As in other countries, 97 percent of new jobs are created by large firms, and it is incumbents and not new entrants that contribute to initial and sustained increases in employment. Agglomeration economies, better business environment, and access to better infrastructure are factors that matter, albeit differently, depending on firms' size, life-cycle, and rate of growth
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hevia, Constantino Assessing the Degree of International Consumption Risk Sharing
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent of consumption risk sharing for a group of 50 high-income and developing countries. The analysis is based on the empirical implementation of a model of partial consumption insurance whose parameters have the natural interpretation of coefficients of partial risk sharing even when the 0 hypothesis of perfect risk sharing is rejected. The estimation results show that high-income countries exhibit higher degrees of risk sharing than developing countries, and that the gap between the two country groups appears to have widened over the period of financial globalization. Moreover, the pattern of consumption risk sharing is related to the degree of financial openness: countries with more open capital accounts, and larger stocks of foreign assets and liabilities exhibit larger degrees of risk sharing. Yet, larger countries in terms of gross domestic product show lower degrees of consumption risk sharing
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cirera, Xavier ICT Use, Innovation, and Productivity: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: This paper examines empirically the links between adoption of information and communications technology (ICT), defined as usage by firms, innovation, and productivity using firm-level data for a sample of six Sub-Saharan African countries: the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. Although adoption of information and communications technology in these countries is still lagging behind OECD countries, there is significant heterogeneity on adoption rates across the countries. Kenya has the largest adoption rate of computer, software, and Internet usage. The Democratic Republic of Congo and Tanzania experience lower adoption rates. The degree of internationalization of the firm, use of technology, and extent of competition are important factors explaining firm-level use of ICT. The results of the estimates suggest that ICT use is an important and robust enabler of product, process, and organization innovation across all six countries. However, the final impact on productivity depends on the degree of novelty of the innovation introduced by the firm
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hyland, Marie Capital Adjustment and the Optimal Fuel Choice
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the important, yet often ignored, link between capital adjustment and the choice of fuels used by manufacturing firms. A novel econometric framework, which explicitly incorporates heterogeneous fuel-using capital stocks in the estimation of optimal fuel choice, is applied to a large panel of Irish manufacturing firms. The econometric estimates show a significant variation in the optimal response of capital to changing fuel prices across different fuel-using technologies. For all the technologies, significant costs to capital adjustment are found. The costs are much larger compared with earlier estimates of adjustment costs based on lagged values of output and fuel prices. The findings imply that the path to full adjustment of capital stocks in response to changing fuel prices may be much longer than was previously thought
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Malm, Arvid The Effect of the Swedish Payroll Tax Cut for Youths on Firm Profitability
    Abstract: Payroll taxes in Sweden were reduced substantially for people ages 26 years or younger on July 1, 2007. The objective of this tax cut was to lower youth unemployment. The question of how gains from payroll taxes are distributed between workers and owners of firms has been the focus of considerable theoretical and empirical attention. This paper examines the impact of the Swedish reform on firm profits using individual-level and firm-level microdata. Previous investigations into the effects of this particular reform have focused entirely on the effects on employment and wages, or have been limited to the retail sector. This paper finds that the reform was not associated with a general increase in firm profitability, but that there is some evidence of a positive effect on profits in the retail and wholesale sector
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McBride, Linden Retooling Poverty Targeting Using Out-of-Sample Validation and Machine Learning
    Abstract: Proxy means test (PMT) poverty targeting tools have become common tools for beneficiary targeting and poverty assessment where full means tests are costly. Currently popular estimation procedures for generating these tools prioritize minimization of in-sample prediction errors; however, the objective in generating such tools is out-of-sample prediction. This paper presents evidence that prioritizing minimal out-of-sample error, identified through cross-validation and stochastic ensemble methods, in PMT tool development can substantially improve the out-of-sample performance of these targeting tools. The USAID poverty assessment tool and base data are used for demonstration of these methods; however, the methods applied in this paper should be considered for PMT and other poverty-targeting tool development more broadly
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Halland, Havard; Noel Strategic Investment Funds: Opportunities and Challenges
    Abstract: Over the past 15 years, the number of government-sponsored strategic investment funds has grown rapidly in countries at all income levels. This paper identifies some of the challenges that these funds face in their endeavor to achieve economic policy objectives while also securing commercial financial returns-the so-called double bottom line. Through the review of the objectives, investment strategies, and operations of a sample of strategic investment funds, this paper outlines ways in which these challenges have been addressed. The paper suggests that properly structured and managed strategic investment funds can be effective vehicles for crowding in private investors to priority investments, thus magnifying the impact of public capital. However, their success rests on the funds' ability to balance policy and commercial objectives, source investment opportunities, and secure the right fund management capacity
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rizzicas, Lucia When the Cat's Away: The Effects of Spousal Migration on Investments on Children
    Abstract: Household expenditures for children-related goods may change when one of the parent migrates and do so differently depending on whether it is the mother or the father that leaves. A sequential model that explains migration and budget allocation choices is proposed and its predictions are tested on data from Indonesia. Selection of households into female migration is accounted for using a set of instrumental variables derived from the model. Results show that when children are left with fathers, the household budget is significantly diverted toward the purchase of adult private goods, but the share of budget devoted to children remains unaffected because mothers compensate by giving up their own private consumption and sending home more remittances
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Popova, Anna Training Teachers on the Job: What Works and How to Measure It
    Abstract: A significant body of research demonstrates that teachers and the quality of their teaching are crucial components of student learning. Many teachers in resource-poor environments have limited knowledge, skills, or motivation. Some impact evaluations have shown promising results from interventions to improve the quality of teaching. This paper reviews the existing body of evidence on what kinds of in-service teacher training interventions are most effective, and highlights the knowledge gaps. It reveals the dearth of detail on the nature of teacher training interventions and proposes a standard set of indicators-the In-Service Teacher Training Survey Instrument-for reporting on such programs as a prerequisite for understanding which interventions lead to improved student learning. Across a set of 26 programs with impact evaluations and student learning results, programs that provide complementary materials, focus on a specific subject, and include follow-up visits tend to show higher gains. Programs that use non-education professionals as trainers tend to have worse outcomes. Statistical power to identify these effects is limited, and use of these standard indicators in future impact evaluations will facilitate more precise inference
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Uematsu, Hiroki Trends and Drivers of Poverty Reduction in Nepal: A Historical Perspective
    Abstract: Nepal made remarkable progress in poverty reduction between 1995 and 2010, a period coinciding with a decade-long violent conflict followed by tumultuous post-conflict recovery. Although improving agricultural productivity was long regarded as instrumental to lifting the living conditions of Nepal's impoverished rural areas, a bulk of the observed poverty reduction has come as a result of exogenous improvements in economic opportunities for poor Nepalis outside Nepal's borders. About 50 percent of the poverty reduction witnessed between 1995 and 2010 was associated with growth in labor incomes, particularly in nonagricultural activities. Private remittance receipts account for a little over a quarter of the total poverty reduction seen in Nepal. This is consistent with increased nonfarm diversification of rural households as well as the increase in nonfarm wages over the period. Household demographic changes, brought about by a sharp decline in fertility rates and the changing dependency structure as a result of migration, have also played an important role
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bravo-Ortega, Claudio Faraway or Nearby? Domestic and International Spillovers in Patenting and Product Innovation
    Abstract: The diffusion of knowledge plays a central role in endogenous growth theories. Simply put, in these models new knowledge can be generated from preexisting knowledge. In other words, existing knowledge is a pure public good, which can benefit any economic agent anywhere. More generally, endogenous growth theories rely on a broad set of assumptions that have not been tested sufficiently, especially for developing economies. The scope and nature of knowledge spillovers is, however, important for policy, because the presumed positive spillovers can justify government intervention (if the spillovers are localized) or laissez faire (if the spillovers are international). This paper empirically assesses the scope and direction of knowledge spillovers in national patenting and, separately, product innovation by firms. The first set of exercises tests whether the cumulative knowledge specifications of the knowledge production function can explain international patterns of patenting or whether own research and development is necessary to produce patents. The second set of exercises analyzes whether firm product-quality upgrading and the introduction of new products depend on product innovation within industries, within or across countries. The evidence supports the view that existing stocks of knowledge, domestic and foreign, enhance national innovation and entrepreneurship in the form of product innovation. More specifically, the evidence suggests that within-country and international knowledge spillovers are positive, but international spillovers can be negative for firms that are far from innovative firms in terms of productivity. The results depend on the concept of "distance" between countries and firms
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Basu, Kaushik The Globe and the Circle: Geometry and Economic Geography as Tribute to Thales and Nash
    Abstract: The geometry of the line and the circle has been used in economics for a long time to understand location choice and political positioning in democratic polity. This paper draws on some elementary ideas from geometry and game theory to extend some of the analysis to beyond lines and circles, to the globe or the sphere. In the spirit of recreational geometry, the paper is focused on demonstrating some abstract results concerning Nash equilibria on the globe. It is hoped that this will help us understand better the robustness of median voter theorems and why stores position themselves the way they do
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ozler, Berk Combining Preschool Teacher Training with Parenting Education: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
    Abstract: This paper evaluates a government program in Malawi, which aimed to improve quality at community-based childcare centers and complemented these efforts with a group-based parenting support program. Children in the integrated intervention arm (teacher training and parenting) had significantly higher scores in measures of language and socio-emotional development than children in centers receiving teacher training alone at the 18-month follow-up. However, the study finds no effects on child assessments at the 36-month follow-up. Significant improvements at the centers relating to classroom organization and teacher behavior in the teacher-training only arm did not translate into improvements in child outcomes at either follow-up. The findings suggest that, in resource-poor settings with informal preschools, programs that integrate parenting support within preschools may be more effective than programs that simply improve classroom quality
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cortina-Lorente, Juan Jose How Long Is the Maturity of Corporate Borrowing? Evidence from Bond and Loan Issuances across Markets
    Abstract: This paper studies the extent to which access to domestic and international bond markets and syndicated loan markets and switches across them impact corporate debt maturity. Using world issuance activity during 1991-2014, the paper shows that different markets provide financing at different terms and that the importance of each market varies over time. Thus, the type of debt issued and its composition affect corporate maturity. During the global financial crisis of 2008-09, firms issued more bonds and, in developing countries, also more domestic loans. Because these markets are of longer maturity, the substitution across them allowed the largest firms that switched markets to maintain their average borrowing maturity, even when the maturity within each market declined for switchers and non-switchers. This evidence suggests that firms use different debt markets as complements and substitutes, and that compositional effects across firms and markets have a material impact on firm-specific and aggregate maturity
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kosmowski, Frederic On the Ground or in the Air? A Methodological Experiment on Crop Residue Cover Measurement in Ethiopia
    Abstract: Maintaining permanent coverage of the soil using crop residues is an important and commonly recommended practice in conservation agriculture. Measuring this practice is an essential step in improving knowledge about the adoption and impact of conservation agriculture. Different data collection methods can be implemented to capture the field level crop residue coverage for a given plot, each with its own implications for the survey budget, implementation speed, and respondent and interviewer burden. This study tests six alternative methods of crop residue coverage measurement among the same sample of rural households in Ethiopia. The relative accuracy of these methods is compared against a benchmark, the line-transect method. The alternative methods compared against the benchmark include: (i) interviewee (respondent) estimation; (ii) enumerator estimation visiting the field; (iii) interviewee with visual-aid without visiting the field; (iv) enumerator with visual-aid visiting the field; (v) field picture collected with a drone and analyzed with image-processing methods; and (vi) satellite picture of the field analyzed with remote sensing methods. Results of the methodological experiment show that survey-based methods tend to underestimate field residue cover. When quantitative data on cover are needed, the best estimates are provided by visual-aid protocols. For categorical analysis (such as greater than 30 percent cover or not), visual-aid protocols and remote sensing methods perform equally well. Among survey-based methods, the strongest correlates of measurement errors are total farm size, field size, distance, and slope. The results deliver a ranking of measurement options that can inform survey practitioners and researchers
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kosmowski, Frederic Varietal Identification in Household Surveys: Results from an Experiment Using DNA Fingerprinting of Sweet Potato Leaves in Southern Ethiopia
    Abstract: Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) varieties have important nutritional differences and there is strong interest to identify nutritionally superior varieties for dissemination. In agricultural household surveys, this information is often collected based on the farmer's self-report. However, recent evidence has demonstrated the inherent difficulties in correctly identifying varieties from self-report information. This study examines the accuracy of self-report information on varietal identification from a data capture experiment on sweet potato varieties in southern Ethiopia. Three household-based methods of identifying varietal adoption are tested against the benchmark of DNA fingerprinting: (A) elicitation from farmers with basic questions for the most widely planted variety; (B) farmer elicitation on five sweet potato phenotypic attributes by showing a visual-aid protocol; and (C) enumerator recording observations on five sweet potato phenotypic attributes using a visual-aid protocol and visiting the field. The reference being the DNA fingerprinting, about 30 percent of improved varieties were identified as local or non-improved, and 20 percent of farmers identified a variety as local when it was in fact improved. The variety names given by farmers delivered inconsistent and fuzzy varietal identities. The visual-aid protocols employed in methods B and C were better than method A, but still way below the adoption estimates given by the DNA fingerprinting method. The findings suggest that estimating the adoption of improved varieties with methods based on farmer self-reports is questionable, and point toward a wider use of DNA fingerprinting, likely to become the gold standard for crop varietal identification
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pathikonda, Vilas The Capabilities Driving Participation in Global Value Chains
    Abstract: Global value chains have altered the nature of global trade and offer significant opportunities for developing countries to expand exports, access technology, and raise productivity. Policy makers rightly seek to understand what it takes to participate in global value chains. In practice, this means understanding what it takes to attract lead firms and upgrade to higher value-added activities. Recent literature has pointed to a range of underlying characteristics that may drive participation in global value chains. Using a modified factor-content methodology, this paper shows that proximity to markets, efficient logistics, and strength of institutions are among the most important capabilities. However, the paper also shows that each sector has a unique mix of capability requirements. Fixed structural characteristics limit the range of sectoral possibilities for a given country, but, by reducing policy-related gaps, a country may be able to increase its competitiveness for participating in global value chains. The paper applies the methodology to Southern African Customs Union countries, and demonstrates that, by filling gaps in underlying capabilities, these countries could increase participation in certain global value chain sectors
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Do, Quy-Toan Can Environmental Policy Reduce Infant Mortality? Evidence from the Ganga Pollution Cases
    Abstract: In many developing countries, environmental quality remains low and policies to improve it have been inconsistently effective. This paper conducts a case study of environmental policy, focusing on an unprecedented ruling by the Supreme Court of India, which targeted industrial pollution in the Ganga River. Difference-in-difference estimations indicate that the ruling led to reductions in river pollution and one-month infant mortality. To look at the mechanisms of impact, the paper tests whether the identified health impact is fully explained by changes in pollution induced by the policy, and fails to reject that it indeed is. In so doing, the analysis also quantifies the adverse impact of water pollution on infant health and documents the persistence of such impacts in downstream communities
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Skoufias, Emmanuel Synergies in Child Nutrition: Interactions of Food Security, Health and Environment, and Child Care
    Abstract: This paper examines the extent to which the three key underlying determinants of nutrition-food security; adequate caregiving resources at the maternal, household, and community levels; and access to health services and a safe and hygienic environment-on their own and interactively are correlated with nutrition outcomes, such as height-for-age z-scores. Based on data from different years in eight countries in four regions where malnutrition is high, an indicator is constructed for each component of the three underlying drivers of nutrition. In spite of the limitations inherent in the available data, the analysis (i) reveals that progress toward improved access to adequate food security and adequate environment and health has been quite limited; and (ii) provides evidence of significant synergies among adequate food, child care, and environment and health
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Diamond, Alexis Estimating Poverty Rates in Target Populations: An Assessment of the Simple Poverty Scorecard and Alternative Approaches
    Abstract: The performance of the Simple Poverty Scorecard is compared against the performance of established regression-based estimators. All estimates are benchmarked against observed poverty status based on household expenditure (or income) data from household socioeconomic surveys that span nearly a decade and are representative of subnational populations. When the models all adopt the same "one-size-fits-all" training approach, there is no meaningful difference in performance and the Simple Poverty Scorecard is as good as any of the regression-based estimators. The findings change, however, when the regression-based estimators are "trained" on "training sets" that more closely resemble potential subpopulation test sets. In this case, regression-based models outperform the nationally calculated Simple Poverty Scorecard in terms of bias and variance. These findings highlight the fundamental trade-off between simplicity of use and accuracy
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Marcelo Gordillo, Darwin Effects of Multilateral Support on Infrastructure PPP Contract Cancellation
    Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between multilateral support and contract cancellation in long-term infrastructure public-private partnerships. The analysis draws on a large data set and employs a multi-level econometric model to define propensity scores and matching estimators to compare rates of cancellation between projects with multilateral support and a comparison group of public-private partnership projects without multilateral support. The results suggest that multilateral support has a positive effect on the survival of long-term public-private partnership infrastructure contracts. Whereas observed the data suggest that multilateral support has no effect on cancellation rates, a quasi-experimental approach shows that the cancellation rate for projects with multilateral (6 percent) would have been about 48 percent higher without support from multilateral development organizations
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Morsink, Karlijn How to Measure Whether Index Insurance Provides Reliable Protection
    Abstract: Agricultural index insurance offers the promise of an affordable and sustainable insurance product for farmers that can help reduce their vulnerability to aggregate agricultural shocks such as large-scale drought or flooding. However, index insurance provides claim payments based on a trigger that is only imperfectly correlated with losses. This implies that it carries basis risk: it may provide claim payments in years when there are no losses, and no claim payments in years when there are losses. The impact of index insurance on poverty outcomes is highly sensitive to the degree to which the product offers reliable protection. Offering unreliable index insurance may lead to high reputation risk for donors, governments, and the private sector. This study proposes to measure the reliability of index insurance in terms of two policy objectives that stakeholders may have when offering index insurance: the extent to which the insurance captures losses caused by the peril covered by the contract (insured peril basis risk) and the extent to which the insurance covers losses from agricultural production (production smoothing basis risk). For both types of basis risk two indicators are proposed: the probability of catastrophic basis risk and the catastrophic performance ratio. Donors, governments, and insurers can use the proposed monitoring indicators without much prior technical knowledge. Although the indicators specifically focus on agricultural index insurance for low-income farmers, they can be applied to any context where payments are provided based on indices that are correlated with losses
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dasgupta, Susmita Impact of Climate Change and Aquatic Salinization on Mangrove Species and Poor Communities in the Bangladesh Sundarbans
    Abstract: This paper investigates possible impacts of climate change on the poor communities of the Bangladesh Sundarbans via changes in aquatic salinity and mangrove species. The implications for poor communities are assessed by computing changes in high-value mangrove species for the five sub-districts in the Sundarbans. The results of the impact analysis indicate highly varied patterns of gain and loss across the five sub-districts. Overall, however, the results indicate that salinity-induced mangrove migration will have a strongly regressive impact on the value of timber stocks because of the loss of the highest value timber of Heretiera fomes. In addition, augmented potential for honey production is likely to increase conflicts between humans and wildlife in the region
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (108 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cao, Jing Impacts of Carbon Pricing in Reducing the Carbon Intensity of China's GDP
    Abstract: In contributing to global climate change mitigation efforts as agreed in Paris in 2015, China has set a target of reducing the carbon dioxide intensity of gross domestic product by 60-65 percent in 2030 compared with 2005 levels. Using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model of China, this study analyzes the economic and greenhouse gas impacts of meeting those targets through carbon pricing. The study finds that the trajectory of carbon prices to achieve the target depends on several factors, including how the carbon price changes over time and how carbon revenue is recycled to the economy. The study finds that carbon pricing that starts at a lower rate and gradually rises until it achieves the intensity target would be more efficient than a carbon price that remains constant over time. Using carbon revenue to cut existing distortionary taxes reduces the impact on the growth of gross domestic product relative to lump-sum redistribution. Recycling carbon revenue through subsidies to renewables and other low-carbon energy sources also can meet the targets, but the impact on the growth of gross domestic product is larger than with the other policies considered
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Akresh, Richard Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation of the Household Welfare Impacts of Conditional and Unconditional Cash Transfers Given to Mothers or Fathesr
    Abstract: This study conducted a randomized control trial in rural Burkina Faso to estimate the impact of alternative cash transfer delivery mechanisms on education, health, and household welfare outcomes. The two-year pilot program randomly distributed cash transfers that were either conditional or unconditional and were given to either mothers or fathers. Conditionality was linked to older children enrolling in school and attending regularly and younger children receiving preventive health check-ups. Compared with the control group, cash transfers improve children's education and health and household socioeconomic conditions. For school enrollment and most child health outcomes, conditional cash transfers outperform unconditional cash transfers. Giving cash to mothers does not lead to significantly better child health or education outcomes, and there is evidence that money given to fathers improves young children's health, particularly during years of poor rainfall. Cash transfers to fathers also yield relatively more household investment in livestock, cash crops, and improved housing
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Raimondo, Estelle What Difference Does Good Monitoring & Evaluation Make to World Bank Project Performance?
    Abstract: For more than 20 years, the development community has claimed that monitoring and evaluation helps projects achieve their objectives. This study uses data from 1,300 World Bank projects evaluated between 2008 and 2014 to investigate this suggested link between the quality of monitoring and evaluation and project performance. The propensity score matching results indicate that the quality of monitoring and evaluation is significantly and positively associated with project outcome as institutionally measured at the World Bank. This positive relationship holds when controlling for project manager identity, and is robust to various specification choices. Through a systematic text analysis of the narrative produced by the Independent Evaluation Group to justify its monitoring and evaluation quality rating, the study shows that there are common markers of good quality monitoring and evaluation, such as: clear institutional setup and division of labor around monitoring and evaluation activities; simple monitoring and evaluation framework that is well aligned with clients' existing monitoring and evaluation systems; good integration with operational tasks; and a system that can generate regular and timely reporting, and that is used during and after lending
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Clarke, Daniel J Solving Commitment Problems in Disaster Risk Finance
    Abstract: Those at risk from natural disasters are typically under-protected, possibly because they expect benefactors such as governments and donors to come to their aid. Yet when relief comes, it is often insufficient, delayed or misallocated. Benefactors may wish to commit to provide an efficient amount of fast well-targeted relief, and leave the rest up to recipients, but such commitments are difficult. This article analyses how transferring risk to third-parties such as private insurers may help resolve these commitment problems. Using a simple model of disaster risk finance is used to identify three distinct commitment problems and then show how various properties of risk transfer schemes can help to resolve these problems. The paper illustrates how these commitment problems play out using examples from around the world, and demonstrates where risk transfer schemes seem to have helped in practice. Overall, the findings show that the benefits of such schemes depend on the relative severity of the different commitment problems
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Clarke, Daniel A Methodology to Assess Indicative Costs of Risk Financing Strategies for Scaling Up Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme
    Abstract: This paper proposes and illustrates a methodology to assess the economic cost of the sovereign risk finance instruments available to the Government of Ethiopia and its development partners for financing the shock-responsive scalability component of the Productive Safety Net Programme. The methodology involves: (i) specifying rules for when additional expenditures would be triggered in each woreda; (ii) specifying alternative risk finance strategies; and (iii) analyzing the costs of each risk financing strategy, including sensitivity and scenario testing of the results. The methodology is applied to a hypothetical set of rules for drought-responsive scalability, and a range of potential risk finance strategies
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als de Janvry, Alain Insuring Growth : The Impact of Disaster Funds on Economic Reconstruction in Mexico
    Abstract: Climate change has considerably increased the likelihood of experiencing extreme weather events. Governments in developing countries have a limited capacity to smooth the losses created by extreme weather, and could potentially benefit from the introduction of disaster funds, that is, ex-ante budgeting allocations for post-disaster reconstruction. So far the implementation of disaster funds has been limited, in part because it is still unclear whether disaster funds provide a cost-effective way of coping with these losses. By taking advantage of the sharp rules that govern the municipal-level eligibility for reconstruction funds in Mexico, this paper provides some of the first estimates of the impact of disaster funds on local economic activity. The main finding is that access to disaster funding boosts local economic activity between 2 and 4 percent in the year following the disaster. Another finding is that the positive impact of disaster funds on local economic recovery can persist for as long as a year and a half after the disaster. Consistent with these findings, we additionally show that access to disaster funding leads to a large and sustained 76 percent increase in the growth of local construction employment. This labor market impact slightly precedes the overall increase in local economic activity
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hamilton, Kirk Social Capital, Trust, and Well-being in the Evaluation of Wealth
    Abstract: This paper combines theory with data from different domains to provide an empirical analysis of the scale and variability of social capital as wealth. The analysis is used to argue, given what has been learned from the literature on social capital, that the welfare returns to investing in trust could be substantial. Using data from 132 nations covered by the Gallup World Poll, the paper presents a range of estimates of the wealth-equivalent values of social trust. Such values are usually not included in national or global accounts of income and wealth. In the light of the estimated importance of social trust as a component of wealth and well-being, the paper concludes with some policy options for how social trust might be better built and sustained
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Barrot Araya, Luis-Diego Openness, Specialization, and the External Vulnerability of Developing Countries
    Abstract: Deepening real and financial integration of developing countries into the world economy has prompted renewed interest in the contribution of external shocks to their macroeconomic fluctuations. This paper revisits the issue using four decades of annual data for a large sample of developing countries. The paper implements a conditionally-homogeneous panel vector autoregression with exogenous variables to model GDP fluctuations in these countries. It uses sign restrictions to identify four external structural shocks-demand, supply, monetary, and commodity shocks-and analyzes how their impact on growth is shaped by countries' policy and structural framework. External shocks are found to account for a small share of the forecast error variance of GDP, especially at short horizons. However, their contribution has been on the rise in recent decades. Further, global monetary shocks have become the leading external source of GDP volatility in developing countries. The paper presents a quantitative assessment of the effects of real and financial opening up, as well as those of commodity specialization, on the impact of external shocks on GDP. The results suggest that increasing openness can account for the increasing trend in the volatility attributable to external shocks, as well as the changing roles of different shocks. Moreover, commodity-intensive developing countries are found to be more vulnerable than the rest to all types of external shocks, not just commodity shocks
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Trimble, Chris Financial Viability of Electricity Sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa: Quasi-Fiscal Deficits and Hidden Costs
    Abstract: This paper studies the financial viability of electricity sectors in 39 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa using an approach similar to that in an earlier study, the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic. The quasi-fiscal deficit in each country is calculated under two scenarios: existing utility performance and benchmark utility performance. In the first scenario, only two countries have a financially viable electricity sector (the Seychelles and Uganda). Only 19 countries cover operating expenditures, while several countries lose in excess of US
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Anderson, Stephen J Pathways to Profits: Identifying Separate Channels of Small Firm Growth through Business Training
    Abstract: This paper identifies separate and unique pathways to profits among small businesses in South Africa that are exposed to marketing or finance training in a randomized control study. The marketing group achieves greater profits by adopting a growth focus on higher sales, greater investments in stock and materials, and hiring more employees. The finance group achieves similar profit gains but through an efficiency focus on lower costs. Both groups show significantly higher adoption of business practices related to their respective training program. Consistent with a growth focus, marketing/sales skills are significantly more beneficial to firm owners who ex ante have less exposure to different business contexts. In contrast and in line with an efficiency focus, entrepreneurs who have been running more established businesses prior to training benefit significantly more from finance/accounting skills
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arthi, Vellore Not Your Average Job: Measuring Farm Labor in Tanzania
    Abstract: A good understanding of the constraints on agricultural growth in Africa relies on the accurate measurement of smallholder labor. Yet, serious weaknesses in these statistics persist. The extent of bias in smallholder labor data is examined by conducting a randomized survey experiment among farming households in rural Tanzania. Agricultural labor estimates obtained through weekly surveys are compared with the results of reporting in a single end-of-season recall survey. The findings show strong evidence of recall bias: people in traditional recall-style modules report working up to four times as many hours per person-plot relative to those reporting labor on a weekly basis. If hours are aggregated to the household level, however, this discrepancy disappears, a factor driven by the underreporting by recall households of people and plots active in agricultural work. The evidence suggests that these competing forms of recall bias are driven not only by failures in memory, but also by the mental burdens of reporting on highly variable agricultural work patterns to provide a typical estimate. All things equal, studies suffering from this bias would understate agricultural labor productivity
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McCarthy, Nancy Vulnerability to Poverty in Rural Malawi
    Abstract: Considerations of risk and vulnerability are key to understanding the dynamics of poverty in rural Malawi. This study measures vulnerability to consumption shortfalls and analyzes its sources using a two-period panel of 2,789 households, drawn from the 2010 Third Integrated Household Survey and the 2013 Integrated Household Panel Survey. The results show that in 2010 two-fifths of all households had a chance of at least 40 percent of falling below the poverty line in the future. The results show that many households in rural Malawi are vulnerable to poverty, although, as with many other studies of rural areas in other countries, much of the vulnerability is caused by chronic poverty. Nonetheless, risks, particularly rainfall and loss of off-farm employment, are also important in explaining why poor households remain poor, and why some non-poor households are more likely to fall into poverty in the next period. Household wealth and agricultural assets can protect households from falling into poverty and reduce the severity of the fall when shocks occur. However, there is little evidence to suggest that other strategies to reduce vulnerability are effective
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Narloch, Ulf The Varying Income Effects of Weather Variation: Initial Insights from Rural Vietnam
    Abstract: To estimate the impact of weather on rural income changes over time, this study combines data from the panel subsample of the latest Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys 2010, 2012, and 2014 and gridded weather data from the Climate Research Unit. The analyses show: (i) crop cultivation, livestock management, forestry and fishing activities, and agricultural wages remain important income sources in rural Vietnam-especially for poorer households; (ii) rural communes are exposed to substantial inter- and intra-annual weather variation, as measured by annual, seasonal, abnormal, and extreme weather conditions and weather events; and (iii) these types of weather variation are indeed related to income variation. In particular, warmer temperatures and heat extremes can have negative income effects in all climate contexts and for all socioeconomic groups and most income activities. Only staple crops, forestry, and fishing seem to be less sensitive to hotter conditions. The effects of rainfall are more difficult to generalize. Some findings indicate that more rainfall is beneficial in drier places but harmful in wetter places. Interestingly, the incomes of poorer households seem to be negatively affected by wetter conditions, while those of wealthier households are more impacted by drier conditions. An increase in rainfall levels and flood conditions between 2012 and 2014, which were relatively wet years, is related to reduced income growth between these two years. Altogether these findings suggests that greater attention has to be paid to making rural livelihoods more resilient to weather variation which, is very likely to increase because of climate change
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Sedlmayr, Richard If It Pays, It Stays: Can Agribusiness Internalize the Benefits of Malaria Control?
    Abstract: Might a malaria control intervention entail agricultural effects that allow a commercial agribusiness to offset its costs? The randomized allocation of 39,936 insecticide-treated mosquito nets among 81,597 smallholder cotton farming households in 1,507 clusters helps evaluate this in the context of Zambia's cotton outgrowing industry. But despite large health impacts on treated households, no impact on cotton deliveries to the agribusiness is detected. With some caveats, the results tend to strike a discord with recent evidence on the agricultural productivity effects of malaria control
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Booysen, Frederik A Randomized Control Trial of a Peer Adherence and Nutritional Support Program for Public Sector Antiretroviral Patients
    Abstract: Access to antiretroviral treatment has expanded rapidly in South Africa, making it the country in the world with the largest treatment program. As antiretroviral treatment coverage continues to rise in resource-constrained settings, effective community-based adherence support interventions are of central importance in ensuring the long-term sustainability of treatment. This paper reports the findings from a randomized control trial of a peer adherence and nutritional support program implemented in a public health care setting in South Africa's antiretroviral treatment program. The analysis assesses the impact of these peer adherence and nutritional support interventions on self-reported adherence, timeliness of clinic and hospital visits, and immunologic response to antiretroviral treatment. Peer adherence and nutritional support improved the timeliness of adults' clinic and hospital visits for routine follow-up while on antiretroviral treatment. Peer adherence support impacted positively on immunologic response to antiretroviral treatment. Scale-up of effective and sustainable community-based, peer-driven adherence and nutritional support interventions should form part of the United Nations AIDS Treatment 2.0 strategy's community mobilization and health system strengthening pillar
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Calice, Pietro Assessing Implementation of the Principles for Public Credit Guarantees for SMEs: A Global Survey
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence on implementation of the World Bank Group and Financial Sector Reform and Strengthening Initiative "Principles for Public Credit Guarantee Schemes for Small and Medium Enterprises". The evidence is based on a self-assessment of 60 schemes in 54 countries. Overall, the results show a fairly decent level of implementation of the Principles, especially in the areas of legal and regulatory framework, mandate and eligibility rules, and claim management process. The results also show several gaps where reform and actions may be warranted, namely identification and accountability of funding sources, corporate governance and risk management, prudential regulatory recognition of guarantees, program/product calibration, and reporting and disclosure
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Martinez-Cruz, Adan L Crime and Persistent Punishment : A Long-Run Perspective on the Links between Violence and Chronic Poverty in Mexico
    Abstract: The relationship between violence and chronic poverty has been studied mostly in the context of war or long-term episodes of conflict. In contrast to previous studies, this paper explores whether violence that does not include the shattering of infrastructure impacts the chance that poverty may remain chronic. A long-run perspective is gained by analyzing unique, recently gathered panel data at the municipality level in the Mexican context, covering the period from 1990 to 2010. Violence is measured as the number of non-drug-related homicides per 100,000 inhabitants. A municipality is classified as chronically poor if the percentage of people in food poverty remains above the national average during two consecutive periods. Econometric analysis is carried out through discrete choice models. Putting the results in context, consider of a chronically poor municipality in 2005 in which average household income is below the 25th percentile in 2000. If this municipality had a 10.47 non-drug-related homicide rate, the 75th percentile in 2000, its chance of remaining chronically poor into 2005 was almost double the corresponding chance of a municipality with the same mean household income but at the national median of violence in 2000 (zero non-drug-related homicides)
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Balabushko, Oleksii State Secretaries Reform in Ukraine : Attempt to Delineate Responsibilities between Ministers and Senior Civil Servants
    Abstract: The relationship between politicians and senior officials has been on the reform agenda in many countries, often on the premise that balance between technical, nonpartisan appointments and ensuring the responsiveness of public servants to the policies of the current government could be improved (Matheson et al. 2007). This paper examines an attempt to de-politicize senior civil service in Ukraine through the introduction of state secretaries, to understand whether the diagnosis of imbalance in this political/administrative interface was correct, and why the reform failed. The paper draws on a survey of government officials and experts as well as legal acts, available documents, articles, and personal interviews. The paper concludes that politicized civil service was a problem of form rather than function—the immediate problem was the undefined political role of the executive. It led to compression of the roles of policy makers and senior civil servants, making the reform ultimately irrelevant
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Timilsina, Govinda Development of Low-Carbon Energy Supply System in Romania
    Abstract: Despite the declining trends in total energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, energy intensity, and emission intensity over the past two decades, Romania still emits more greenhouse gas per unit of output than many other members of the European Union. The country is looking for further greening of its energy supply system to achieve the clean energy and climate change mitigation goals included in the European Unions 2030 target and 2050 Roadmap. Using an energy supply optimization model, TIMES, this study develops energy supply mixes for Romania under a baseline scenario that satisfies the European Unions current energy and climate targets for 2020, a green scenario that satisfies the European Unions 2030 energy and climate targets, and a super green scenario that satisfies the European Unions prospective 2050 energy road map. The study finds that although Romania could achieve the green scenario at a moderate cost, it would be challenging and costly to achieve the super green scenario
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Basu, Kaushik Nash on a Rotary : Two Theorems with Implications for Electoral Politics
    Abstract: The paper provides a complete characterization of Nash equilibria for games in which n candidates choose a strategy in the form of a platform, each from a circle of feasible platforms, with the aim of maximizing the stretch of the circle from where the candidate's platform will receive support from the voters. Using this characterization, it is shown that if the sum of all players' payoffs is 1, the Nash equilibrium payoff of each player in an arbitrary Nash equilibrium must be restricted to the interval [1/2(n - 1), 2/(n + 1)]. This implies that in an election with four candidates, a candidate who is attracting less than one-sixth of the voters can do better by changing his or her strategy
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Malla, Sunil Long-Term Energy Demand Forecasting in Romania : An End-Use Demand
    Abstract: This study develops an end-use energy demand analysis model for Romania to project energy demand by sector and end-use for 2015–50. The study finds that Romania's energy demand in 2050 would be 34 percent higher than the level in 2013. The industry sector would be the largest final energy-consuming sector, surpassing the residential sector from 2025 onward. The services sector would exhibit the fastest growth of energy consumption in line with the expected structural change from manufacturing to services. Although population in the country is projected to drop by 7 percent in 2050 from the 2013 level, electricity demand would increase by 46 percent over the same period, because of increased household income and the expanded service sector, which is relatively electricity intensive. Still, per capita electricity consumption in Romania will be about half the European Union 28 average. At the end-use level, thermal processes in the industry sector, space heating in the residential and services sectors, and road transportation in the transport sector would be dominant throughout the study period. The study also shows that improvement of energy efficiency in the heating system would be the main channel to cut energy demand in the country
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cirera, Xavier Measuring Firm-Level Innovation Using Short Questionnaires : Evidence from an Experiment
    Abstract: Little is known about innovation in developing countries, partly because of the lack of comparable and reliable data. Collecting data on firm-level innovation is challenging because of the subjective definition of what determines an innovation, a problem that is exacerbated in developing countries where innovation is likely to be more incremental and less radical. This paper contributes to the literature by presenting the results of an experiment aiming to identify the survey instrument that better captures firm-level innovation in developing countries. The paper shows that a small set of questions included in a multi-topic, firm-level survey does not provide an accurate picture of firm-level innovation and tends to overestimate innovation rates. Issues related to framing explain some of the unreliability of innovation responses, while cognitive problems do not appear to play a significant role
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ishizawa, Oscar A Weathering Storms : Understanding the Impact of Natural Disasters on the Poor in Central America
    Abstract: In the past decades, natural disasters have caused substantial human and economic losses in Central America, with strong adverse impacts on gross domestic product per capita, income, and poverty reduction. This study provides a regional perspective on the impact of hurricane windstorms on socioeconomic measures in the short term. Apart from modeling the socioeconomic impact at the macro and micro levels, the study incorporates and juxtaposes data from a hurricane windstorm model categorizing three hurricane damage indexes, which lends a higher level of detail, nuance, and therefore accuracy and comprehensiveness to the study. One standard deviation in the intensity of a hurricane windstorm leads to a decrease in growth of total per capita gross domestic product of between 0.9 and 1.6 percent, and a decrease in total income and labor income by 3 percent, which in turn increases moderate and extreme poverty by 1.5 percentage points. These results demonstrate the causal relationship between hurricane windstorm impacts and poverty in Central America, producing regional evidence that could improve targeting of disaster risk management policies toward those most impacted and thus whose needs are greatest
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brambilla, Irene Exporters, Engineers, and Blue-Collar Workers
    Abstract: This paper investigates differences in the composition of employment between exporting and non-exporting firms. In particular, it asks whether exporting firms hire more engineers relative to blue-collar workers than non-exporting firms. In a stylized partial-equilibrium model, firms produce goods of varying quality and exporters tend to produce higher quality goods, which are intensive in engineers relative to blue-collar workers. Firms are heterogeneous and more productive firms become exporters and have a higher demand for engineers. The paper provides causal evidence in support of these theories using the Chilean Encuesta Nacional Industrial Anual, an annual census of manufacturing firms. The results from an instrumental variable estimator suggest that Chilean exporters indeed utilize a higher share of engineers over blue-collar workers
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Singh, Raju Jan Guns, Books, or Doctors? Conflict and Public Spending in Haiti
    Abstract: Haiti's economic development has been held back by a history of civil conflict and violence. With donor assistance declining from its exceptional levels following the 2010 earthquake, and concessional financing growing scarce, Haiti must learn to live with tighter budget constraints. At the same time, the United Nations forces that have provided security in the past decade are scaling down. Against this backdrop, this paper explores the conditions under which public spending can minimize violent conflict, and draws possible lessons for Haiti. Drawing on an empirical analysis of 148 countries over the period 1960–2009, simulations for Haiti suggest that increases in military spending would be associated with a higher risk of conflict, an observation in line with Haiti's own history. Greater welfare expenditure (education, health, and social assistance), by contrast, would be associated with lower risk of conflict
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464806735
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 362.5
    Keywords: Climatic changes Economic aspects ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Poverty ; Climatic changes Economic aspects
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index. - Description based on print version record
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9781464806674 , 1464806675
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (vi, 338 p.)) , col. maps, graphs , 27 cm
    Edition: 13th ed (Online-Ausg.)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 338.8
    Keywords: New business enterprises Statistics ; Commercial law Statistics ; Trade regulation Statistics ; Business enterprises Government policy ; Statistics ; Industrial laws and legislation ; Commercial law Statistics ; Trade regulation Statistics ; New business enterprises Statistics ; Business enterprises Government policy ; Commercial law ; Business enterprises ; Government policy ; Industrial laws and legislation ; New business enterprises ; Trade regulation ; Regulierung ; Unternehmensgrundung
    Abstract: Doing Business 2016 is the 13th publication in a series of annual reports comparing business regulation in 189 economies. This year the publication addresses regulations affecting 11 areas of everyday business activity including: Starting a business Dealing with construction permits Getting electricity Registering property Getting credit Protecting minority investors Paying taxes Trading across borders Enforcing contracts Resolving insolvency Labor market regulations Doing Business 2016 updates all indicators as of June 1, 2015, ranks economies on their overall ease of doing business, and analyzes reforms to business regulation identifying which economies are strengthening their business environment the most. This report illustrates how reforms in business regulations are being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. It is a flagship product produced by the World Bank Group that garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. More than 60 economies have used the Doing Business indicators to shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on the ground. In addition, the Doing Business data has generated over 2,000 articles in peer-reviewed academic journals since its inception
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-118). - Description based on print version record
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464807978
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (74 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Health Financing ; Public Finance ; Fiscal Policy ; Univesal Health Coverage
    Abstract: The global movement toward universal health coverage (UHC) is accompanied by requests for large increases in government health spending in some countries. This combined with the global economic situation and stagnant economic growth across many low- and middle-income countries make it more critical than ever to place health financing discussions firmly in the context of macroeconomic and fiscal realities. Unfortunately, there is often a disconnect in decision making, with key fiscal decisions made in the absence of a clear understanding on the one hand of the potential consequences for the health sector, and on the other, the consequences for the country's macroeconomic and fiscal position of increasing or reallocating government spending. Constructive health financing policy dialogue aims to reach a common understanding between health sector leaders and central budget authorities about policy objectives for the health sector and the resources needed to achieve those objectives, how much priority will be given to health in the government budget, and how the health sector will be held accountable for using funds effectively. This common understanding should be built on a realistic picture of the country's macroeconomic and fiscal context, the constraints and competing priorities in the budget-setting process. When ministries of health and ministries of finance have a common understanding of macroeconomic and fiscal constraints, discussions can focus productively on using funds within the potential health resource envelope in the most effective way to achieve health system objectives. This guidance note outlines the key components of the macroeconomic, fiscal, and public financial management context that need to be considered for an informed health financing discussion at the country level. The guidance note is organized around four sets of questions that are key to placing the health financing dialogue in the context of a country's macroeconomic and fiscal context. Each section points to measures, resources, and analytical tools that are available to assist in answering these questions for a specific country. The guidance note draws on case studies from 11 countries moving toward or sustaining universal health coverage conducted as part of the Japan - World Bank Partnership Program on UHC as well as from other country examples
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (49 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Africa's Pulse
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Economies ; GDP ; Growth ; Macroeconomic analysis
    Abstract: Africa's Pulse is a biannual publication containing an analysis of the near-term macro-economic outlook for the region. It also includes a section focusing on a topic that represents a particular development challenges for the continent. It is produced by the Office of the Chief Economist for the Africa Region.This issue is an analysis of issues shaping Africa's economic future. Growth remains stable in Sub-Saharan Africa. Some countries are seeing a slowdown, but the region's economic prospects remain broadly favorable. External risks of higher global financial market volatility and lower growth in emerging market economies weigh on the downside. In several Sub-Saharan African countries, large budgetary imbalances are a source of vulnerability to exogenous shocks and underscore the need for rebuilding fiscal buffers in these countries. The Ebola outbreak is exacting a heavy human and economic toll on affected countries and, if not rapidly contained, the risk of wider contagion grows. Without a scale-up of effective interventions, growth would slow markedly not only in the core countries (Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone), but also in the sub region as transportation, cross-border trade, and supply chains are severely disrupted. In Sub-Saharan Africa, growth in agriculture and services is more effective at reducing poverty than growth in industry. Structural transformation has a role to play in accelerating poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Increasing agricultural productivity will be critical to fostering structural transformation. Boosting rural income diversification can facilitate this transformation, as well. Investments in rural public goods and services (for example, education, health, rural roads, electricity and ICT), including in small towns, will be conducive to lifting productivity in the rural economy. Although Sub-Saharan Africa's pattern of growth has largely bypassed manufacturing, growing the region's manufacturing base, especially by improving its fundamentals, lower transport cost, cheaper and more reliable power, and a more educated labor force, will benefit all sectors
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Middle East and North Africa Economic Monitor
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Abstract: The short term economic outlook for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region remains "cautiously pessimistic". A combination of civil wars and refugee inflows, terrorist attacks, cheap oil, and subdued global economic recovery is expected to keep average growth in the MENA region around 3 percent in 2016, for the fourth year in a row. Furthermore, the humanitarian and economic situation in the war torn countries keep deteriorating. In this report we will explore ways in which a strategy of reconstruction of Syria-the most war-ravaged country in the region-could help foster a sustainable peace. This report argues that the impact of the civil war on the Syrian society will be persistent, and the challenges facing the country need to be addressed now. The report calls for the international community to be the guarantor of an inclusive reconstruction strategy that not only makes peace sustainable tomorrow, but makes it happen today: peace and reconstruction are two sides of the same coin
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464806841
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (176 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Abstract: World Development Indicators 2016 provides a compilation of relevant, high-quality, and internationally comparable statistics about global development and the fight against poverty. It is intended to help policymakers, students, analysts, professors, program managers, and citizens find and use data related to all aspects of development, including those that help monitor progress toward the World Bank Group's two goals of ending poverty and promoting shared prosperity. Six themes are used to organize indicators-world view, people, environment, economy, states and markets, and global links. WDI 2016 includes: A selection of the most popular indicators across 214 economies and 14 country groups organized into six WDI themes. A new section on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has replaced the one on Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The SDG section covers all 17 goals, and important targets to achieve these goals. Each goal has been presented in a maximum 2-page spread with selected indicators to explain the targets. Each of the remaining sections includes an introduction, a map, a table of the most relevant and popular indicators for that theme together with a discussion of indicator compilation methodology. A user guide describing resources available online and on mobile apps. Download the WDI DataFinder Mobile App and other Data Apps at data.worldbank.org/apps. WDI DataFinder is a mobile app for browsing the current WDI database on smartphones and tablets, using iOS and Android, available in four languages: English, French, Spanish, and Chinese. Use the app to: Browse data using the structure of the WDI. Visually compare countries and indicators. Create, edit, and save customized tables, charts, and maps. Share what you create on Twitter, Facebook, and via email
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464809293
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (246 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Air pollution ; Biodiversity ; Census ; Developing countries ; Energy use ; Food production
    Abstract: The Little Green Data Book 2016 is a pocket-sized ready reference on key environmental data for over 200 countries. Key indicators are organized under the headings of agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, oceans, energy, emission and pollution, and water and sanitation. For the third year, The Little Green Data Book presents a new set of ocean-related indicators, highlighting the role of oceans in economic development
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  • 77
    ISBN: 9781464808517
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 331.2592091724
    Keywords: Employees Training of ; Developing countries ; Occupational training Developing countries ; Employees Training of ; Occupational training
    Abstract: Introduction -- Education and skills for growth in emerging economies -- A framework and tool for dialogue on workforce development -- Data and highlights from the application of the SABER-WFD tool -- Underpinnings of the dimension-level SABER-WFD scores -- SABER-WFD and the agenda for systems development -- Annex A. Market and government roles in workforce development -- References -- Figures
    Note: "Front matter, November 3, 2015. - Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on print version record
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9781464808999
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (300 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Trade
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Trade
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Competitiveness ; Integration ; Investment ; Openness ; Trade ; Trade Facilitation
    Abstract: This is volume 2 of a three-volume publication on Bangladesh's trade prospects. Bangladesh's ambition is to build on its very solid growth and poverty reduction achievements, and accelerate growth to become a middle income country by 2021, and share prosperity more widely amongst its citizens. This includes one of its greatest development challenges: to provide gainful employment to the over 2 million people that will join the labor force each year over the next decade. Moreover, only 54.1 million of its 94 million working age people are employed. Bangladesh needs to use its labor endowment even more intensively to increase growth and, in turn, to absorb the incoming labor. The Diagnostic Trade Integration Study identifies the following actions centered around four pillars to sustain and accelerate export growth: (1) breaking into new markets through a) better trade logistics to reduce delivery lags ; as world markets become more competitive and newer products demand shorter lead times, to generate new sources of competitiveness and thereby enable market diversification; and b) better exploitation of regional trading opportunities in nearby growing and dynamic markets, especially East and South Asia; (2) breaking into new products through a) more neutral and rational trade policy and taxation and bonded warehouse schemes; b) concerted efforts to spur domestic investment and attract foreign direct investment, to contribute to export promotion and diversification, including by easing the energy and land constraints; and c) strategic development and promotion of services trade; (3) improving worker and consumer welfare by a) improving skills and literacy; b) implementing labor and work safety guidelines; and c) making safety nets more effective in dealing with trade shocks; and (4) building a supportive environment, including a) sustaining sound macroeconomic fundamentals; and b) strengthening the institutional capacity for strategic policy making aimed at the objective of international competitiveness to help bring focus and coherence to the government's reform efforts. This second volume provides in-depth analysis across seven cross-cutting themes that underpin most of the findings of pillars 1 and 2 above
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  • 79
    ISBN: 9781464809019
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (184 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Human Development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Social assistance ; Last resort social assistance ; Transfers ; Adult equivalent ; Proxy means testing
    Abstract: Targeted Social Assistance of Georgia is a last-resort social program that is considered a best practice among programs based on proxy means testing (PMT). It achieves high targeting accuracy for a relatively high level of poverty incidence. In 2013, the government of Georgia embarked on the revision of this program to ensure its continued effectiveness and to revise some of the parameters of the eligibility formula that could be subject to manipulation. In particular, the government was concerned about the subjective evaluation of social agents and about concealable goods giving room to abuses in terms of program eligibility. Continuous Improvement: Strengthening Georgia's Targeted Social Assistance Program assesses the technical work and the policy actions taken by the Georgian government during 2014 and 2015. It covers the full cycle of the reform of a social assistance program, from establishing the objectives to the design of compensation measures that minimize the number of newly ineligible beneficiaries. In particular, it describes the revision of the PMT formula, the introduction of a scheme of benefits that decreases with the score and an associated assistance program for children, the pretesting of the new formula, and the design of compensation measures. The report also includes a chapter with specific recommendations for Georgia to consider in its efforts to improve its system of social protection and labor
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464807749
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (278 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Policy Research Reports
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Civil Society ; Institutions ; Local Governance ; Mass Media ; Political Economy ; Transparency
    Abstract: Governments fail to provide the public goods needed for development when its leaders knowingly and deliberately ignore sound technical advice or are unable to follow it, despite the best of intentions, because of political constraints. This report focuses on two forces-citizen engagement and transparency-that hold the key to solving government failures by shaping how political markets function. Citizens are not only queueing at voting booths, but are also taking to the streets and using diverse media to pressure, sanction and select the leaders who wield power within government, including by entering as contenders for leadership. This political engagement can function in highly nuanced ways within the same formal institutional context and across the political spectrum, from autocracies to democracies. Unhealthy political engagement, when leaders are selected and sanctioned on the basis of their provision of private benefits rather than public goods, gives rise to government failures. The solutions to these failures lie in fostering healthy political engagement within any institutional context, and not in circumventing or suppressing it. Transparency, which is citizen access to publicly available information about the actions of those in government, and the consequences of these actions, can play a crucial role by nourishing political engagement
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  • 81
    ISBN: 9781464808319
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (p.)) , cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 331.13602461073
    Keywords: Chronic Disease ; prevention & control ; Nursing ; manpower ; West Indies ; Chronic Disease prevention & control ; Nursing manpower
    Abstract: Overview of the eastern caribbean health sector -- The noncommunicable disease landscape in the Eastern Caribbean -- NCD service delivery -- Implications of a changing burden of disease -- Strategies to address NCDs -- Needs based analysis of the Eastern Caribbean nurse workforce -- Density level -- Lack of primary-health-care and specialized skills -- Assessing the Eastern Caribbean nurse workforce through a health labor market approach -- Supply -- Demand -- Productivity -- Performance -- The nurse education and training in the Eastern Caribbean -- Dominica -- Grenada -- St. Lucia -- St. Vincent and the Grenadines -- Legislation to support HRH planning and management -- HRH planning to address NCDs -- The role of HRH planning in combatting NCDs -- Analysis of core HRH planning functions in the Eastern Caribbean -- Analysis of enhanced HRH planning functions in the Eastern Caribbean -- Managing HRH to address NCDs -- The role of HRH management in addressing NCDs -- Analysis of core HRH management functions in the Eastern Caribbean -- Analysis of enhanced HRH management functions in the Eastern Caribbean -- Toolkit of resources to strengthen HRH planning and management -- Conclusions and recommendations -- Education -- Management and planning
    Note: Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on print version record
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9781464806131
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (162 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Economics ; Extractive Industry ; Extractives ; Governance ; Minerals ; Mining
    Abstract: El sector de las industrias extractivas (IE) ocupa un lugar considerable en las economias de muchos paises en desarrollo. Los economistas y los profesionales de las finanzas publicas que trabajan en estos paises suelen enfrentarse a problemas que exigen un entendimiento profundo del sector, su economia, su buen gobierno y los desafios en materia de politicas, asi como a las consecuencias de la abundancia de recursos naturales para la gestion fiscal y de las finanzas publicas. El objetivo del estudio de tres volumenes denominado Essentials for Economists and Public Finance Professionals, publicado en la serie de estudios realizados por el Banco Mundial, es presentar un panorama general conciso de los temas relacionados con las IE que estos profesionales probablemente deban encarar. En el primer volumen, "The Extractive Industries Sector", se ofrece una resena general de las cuestiones fundamentales para la economia de las IE; se analizan los componentes principales del buen gobierno, las politicas y los marcos institucionales del sector, y se identifican las obligaciones de financiamiento del sector publico relacionadas con las IE. El analisis de la economia de las IE abarca la valuacion de los activos subterraneos, la interpretacion economica del mineral y la estructura de los mercados de la energia y los minerales. En este volumen se determinan las responsabilidades de las entidades gubernamentales correspondientes y se describen las caracteristicas de los marcos juridicos y normativos del sector de las IE. Se analizan brevemente las funciones clave y especificas del sector, ademas de las estructuras financieras que sustentan las salvaguardas ambientales y sociales; la inversion de los ingresos publicos provenientes del petroleo, el gas o los minerales, asi como la diversificacion economica basada en las industrias extractivas. Los autores esperan que este volumen resulte de utilidad a los economistas y los profesionales de las finanzas publicas que trabajan en paises ricos en recursos (incluidos los encargados de la toma de decisiones en ministerios de finanzas, organizaciones internacionales y otras entidades relevantes) para la comprension y el analisis del sector de las IE
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9781464806940
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (518 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Asset Management ; Expenditure Management ; Municipal Finance ; Performance Measurement ; Revenue Management ; Urban Finance
    Abstract: De Detroit a Lahore, la plupart des villes du monde sont confrontees a des difficultes financieres, alors meme qu'elles doivent assumer des responsabilites de plus en plus complexes. Le present ouvrage, Finances municipales : manuel a l'usage des collectivites locales, prend parti - le parti des maires et des gestionnaires municipaux. Rares sont les publications consacrees a cette question qui ciblent de facon aussi directe et pragmatique les responsables de l'action publique et le personnel financier a l'echelon local. Le contenu et les principaux messages de ce manuel ont ete concus de maniere a repondre aux questions et preoccupations auxquelles les villes et les municipalites sont quotidiennement confrontees dans le cadre de la gestion de leurs finances. Le manuel Finances municipales prend position. Les auteurs de ses huit chapitres examinent les enseignements observes dans divers domaines : relations entre administrations, finances des metropoles, gestion financiere, gestion des recettes, des depenses et du patrimoine public, financements exterieurs et evaluation de la performance des finances municipales. L'ouvrage traite de sujets allant de la decentralisation a la transparence et a l'obligation de rendre compte. Il explore aussi des domaines moins balises tels que la gestion du patrimoine, la solvabilite, la reponse aux crises financieres. Le manuel Finances municipales appelle a l' action. En plus de partager avec le lecteur un savoir tres pointu sur de nombreux sujets techniques, il guide les autorites locales dans le labyrinthe des instruments existants. L'outil d'auto-evaluation des finances municipales (MFSA), decrit au chapitre 8, devrait tout particulierement aider les municipalites a evaluer leur situation et a progresser sur la voie des reformes
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9781464807855
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (218 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Streamlined Analysis with ADePT Software
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Labor Market Indicators ; Labor Market Analysis ; Labor Market Information and Analysis ; LMIA ; Labor Supply and Demand ; International Labour Organization
    Abstract: Key Labor Market Indicators: Analysis with Household Survey Data is an introduction to labor market indicator analysis and a guide for analyzing household survey data using the ADePT ILO (International Labour Organization) Labor Market Indicators Module. The analytical framework and approach taken up in this book are based on the ILO's Key Indicators of the Labour Market (KILM). KILM indicators provide a strong basis on which to address key questions related to productive employment and decent work. The ADePT ILO Labor Market Indicators Module is a powerful tool for producing and analyzing KILM indicators using household survey data. The software allows researchers and practitioners to automate data production, to minimize data production errors, and to quickly produce a wide range of labor market data from labor force surveys or other household surveys that contain labor market information. ABOUT ADePT Streamlined Analysis with ADePT Software is a series that provides academics, students, and policy practitioners with a theoretical foundation, practical guidelines, and software tools for applied analysis in various areas of economic research. ADePT Platform is a software package developed in the research department of the World Bank (see www.worldbank.org/adept). The series examines such topics as sector performance and inequality in education, the effectiveness of social transfers, labor market conditions, the effects of macroeconomic shocks on income distribution and labor market outcomes, child anthropometrics, and gender inequalities
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9781464806070
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (162 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank Studies
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Extractive industry ; Sector policy ; Oil ; Mining ; Petroleum
    Abstract: Le secteur des industries extractives (IE) occupe une place demesuree dans les economies de nombreux pays en developpement. Les economistes et les specialistes des finances publiques qui y travaillent sont frequemment confrontes a des problemes qui requierent une connaissance approfondie du secteur, de son economie, de sa gouvernance, de ses enjeux strategiques, et une idee precise de ce que la richesse en ressources naturelles suppose en termes de gestion du budget et des finances publiques. L'ouvrage en trois volumes Points essentiels a l'intention des economistes et des specialistes des finances publiques, publie dans la serie des Etudes de la Banque mondiale, a pour objet de donner un bref apercu des problemes associes aux IE que ces specialistes sont susceptibles de rencontrer. Ce premier volume, Le secteur des industries extractives, dresse une synthese des aspects fondamentaux de l'economie des IE, analyse les principales composantes des cadres strategiques, institutionnels et de gouvernance du secteur, et definit les obligations de financement du secteur public dans ce domaine. Son analyse des aspects economiques des IE couvre l'evaluation des gisements de sous-sol, l'interpretation economique donnee au minerai, et la structure des marches de l'energie et des produits mineraux. Il definit les responsabilites des entites publiques competentes, et presente les caracteristiques des cadres juridique et reglementaire du secteur. Il analyse brievement ses fonctions essentielles et particulieres, ainsi que les structures financieres qui soutiennent les mesures de sauvegarde environnementale et sociale, l'investissement des recettes publiques provenant de l'exploitation des ressources petrolieres, gazieres ou minieres, et la diversification economique a partir des industries extractives. Les auteurs esperent que les economistes et les specialistes des finances publiques qui travaillent dans les pays riches en ressources naturelles - y compris les decideurs au sein des ministeres des finances, des organisations internationales, et autres entites competentes - jugeront cet ouvrage utile a leur comprehension et a leur analyse du secteur des IE
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9781464808371
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 627.8
    Keywords: Hydroelectric power plants Protection ; Water-supply Management ; Reservoir sedimentation ; Hydroelectric power plants Protection ; Water-supply Management
    Note: Selected works of George Annandale and Gregory Morris. - "February 16, 2016.". - Includes bibliographical references. - Description based on print version record
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9781464808234
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (220 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Africa Development Forum
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Child Mortality ; Economic Growth ; Fertility ; Health ; Investment ; Population
    Abstract: Resume : L'Afrique est sur le bord d'un lancement potentiel de croissance economique soutenue. Cette ascension peut etre acceleree par un dividende demographique du aux changements dans la structure par age de la population. Les baisses de la mortalite infantile, suivies par la baisse de la fecondite, produisent une generation renflement et un grand nombre de personnes d'age actif, donnant un coup de pouce a l'economie. Dans le court terme, une fecondite plus faible engendre une baisse des taux de dependance des jeunes et une plus grande participation de la population active feminine en dehors de la maison. La reduction de la taille de la famille signifie egalement qu'il reste davantage de ressources a investir dans la sante et l'education par enfant, augmentant ainsi la productivite future des travailleurs. Au long terme, une duree de vie accrue resultant de l'amelioration dans le domaine de la sante signifie que cette vaste cohorte aux gains eleves sera egalement desireuse d'epargner pour la retraite ainsi que pour la creation de l'epargne et des investissements plus consequents, conduisant ainsi a d'autres gains de productivite. Deux choses sont necessaires pour que le dividende demographique genere un decollage economique de l'Afrique. La premiere consiste a accelerer la baisse de la fecondite qui est actuellement au point mort ou lente dans de nombreux pays. La seconde est les politiques economiques qui profitent de l'occasion offerte par le changement de la demographie. Alors que l'evolution demographique peut produire plus, et des travailleurs de meilleure qualite, cette main-d'cuvre potentielle doit etre employee si l'Afrique se doit de recolter le dividende. Cependant, une fois en route, la relation entre l'evolution demographique et le developpement humain fonctionne dans les deux sens, c'est-a-dire qu'elle cree un cercle vertueux susceptible d'accelerer la baisse de la fecondite, le developpement social et la croissance economique. Les recherches scientifiques montrent trois facteurs cles pour accelerer la transition de la fecondite: la sante des enfants, l'education des femmes et l'autonomisation des femmes, notamment par l'acces a la planification familiale. Exploiter le dividende demographique necessite la creation d'emplois pour les grandes cohortes de jeunes qui entrent en age de travailler et qui stimulent les investissements etrangers jusqu'a faire augmenter l'epargne interieure et l'investissement. La combinaison appropriee de politiques dans chaque pays depend de leur stade de transition demographique. Etant la derniere region a subir la transition demographique, l'Afrique peut tirer les lecons des reussites et des echecs des autres regions dans l'exploitation d'un dividende demographique. Le succes exige (i) l'acceleration de la transition demographique; (ii) une economie dynamique produisant des revenus et des investissements plus eleves pour une jeunesse mieux eduquee et en meilleure sante
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464809477
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (pages cm.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Environment and sustainable development
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 333.956
    Keywords: Fisheries Economic aspects ; Overfishing Economic aspects ; Fishery management ; Fishery policy ; Intergovernmental cooperation ; Fisheries Economic aspects ; Overfishing Economic aspects
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Carranza, Eliana Shedding Light: Understanding Energy Efficiency and Electricity Reliability
    Abstract: Overloaded electrical systems are a major source of unreliable power (outages) in developing countries. Using a randomized saturation design, we estimate the impact of energy efficient lightbulbs on household electricity consumption and local electricity reliability in the Kyrgyz Republic. Receiving compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) significantly reduced household electricity consumption. Estimates not controlling for spillovers in take-up underestimate the impacts of the CFLs, as control households near the treated are likely to take-up CFLs themselves. Greater saturation of CFLs within a transformer leads to aggregate reliability impacts of two fewer days per month without electricity due to unplanned outages relative to pure controls. Increased electricity reliability permits households to consume more electricity services, suggesting that CFL treatment results in technological externalities. The spillovers in take-up and technological externalities may provide an additional explanation for the gap between empirical and engineering estimates of the impacts of energy efficient technologies
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gill, Indermit S Grow, Invest, Insure: A Game Plan to End Extreme Poverty by 2030
    Abstract: As global extreme poverty has fallen-by one measure, from close to 2 billion people in 1990 to about 700 million today-the world has learned about antipoverty strategies that work. These experiences should inform the final push to end extreme poverty. In the 1960s and 1970s, when close to half of the world was living in extreme poverty, the approach that worked best consisted of two sets of complementary measures: encouraging broad-based growth that is labor using, and investing in education, health, and family planning. When extreme poverty rates came down-first in East Asia and then in other parts of the developing world-it became clear that the two-point strategy to make economies grow and enable people to invest in human capital needed a social assistance supplement to help people with disadvantages so severe that they could not benefit from economic opportunities and better social services. This two-and-a-half-point strategy has been working well over the past quarter century, and the end of extreme poverty is in sight. But more people are now at risk of slipping back into poverty because of economic, natural, and health-related hazards. To end extreme poverty by 2030, the approach now needs three complementary components: economic growth, investments in people, and measures to insure against setbacks to families, nations, and regions due to disabilities, recessions, disasters, and disease. In countries that have reduced poverty a lot and those that could do a lot better, a winning game plan for putting a quick end to extreme poverty should be based on a three-point strategy: grow, invest, and insure
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 Seiten)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hallegatte, Stephane Socioeconomic Resilience: Multi-Hazard Estimates in 117 Countries
    Abstract: This paper presents a model to assess the socioeconomic resilience to natural disasters of an economy, defined as its capacity to mitigate the impact of disaster-related asset losses on welfare. The paper proposes a tool to help decision makers identify the most promising policy options to reduce welfare losses from natural disasters. Applied to riverine and storm surge floods, earthquakes, windstorms, and tsunamis in 117 countries, the model provides estimates of country-level socioeconomic resilience. Because hazards disproportionally affect poor people, each
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Evans, David K Cash Transfers and Health: Evidence from Tanzania
    Abstract: How do conditional cash transfers impact health-related outcomes? This paper examines the 2010 randomized introduction of a program in Tanzania and finds nuanced impacts. An initial surge in clinic visits after 1.5 years-due to more visits by those already complying with program health conditions and by non-compliers-disappeared after 2.5 years, largely due to compliers reducing above-minimal visits. The study finds significant increases in take-up of health insurance and the likelihood of seeking treatment when ill. Health improvements were concentrated among children ages 0-5 years rather than the elderly, and took time to materialize; the study finds no improvements after 1.5 years, but 0.76 fewer sick days per month after 2.5 years, suggesting the importance of looking beyond short-term impacts. Reductions in sick days were largest in villages with more baseline health workers per capita, consistent with improvements being sensitive to capacity constraints. These results are robust to adjustments for multiple hypothesis testing
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Artuc, Erhan Transit Migration: All Roads Lead to America
    Abstract: The paths of many migrants include multiple destinations and transit routes, yet this pattern is almost never reflected in empirical analyses. For example, 9 percent of recent immigrants to the United States arrived from a transit country as opposed to the country where they were born. Among those arriving from many high-income countries, the transit migration ratio exceeds 30 percent. To explain these patterns, this paper constructs a dynamic model of global migration that allows transit migration opportunities to impact the attractiveness of locations. After estimating the structural parameters of the model, the paper simulates various counterfactual scenarios to highlight the spillovers of transit migration paths
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Valerio, Alexandria Are There Skills Payoffs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? Empirical Evidence Using STEP Data
    Abstract: Most research on the economic payoffs of skills has used individuals' level of schooling attained-typically years or level of education or training received-as a key proxy for skills. Such research has consistently found that individual returns to schooling are positive and that returns tend to be higher in low- and middle-income countries than in higher-income countries. However, years in school is only one proxy for skills-are these returns still observed using other measures as proxies? This study uses data from the STEP Skills Measurement Survey to examine the extent to which there is an independent association between cognitive and noncognitive skills and earnings in low- and middle-income countries. The study uses measures of reading proficiency and complexity of on-the-job computer tasks to proxy cognitive skills, and personality and behavioral measures to proxy noncognitive skills. The results demonstrate that even when controlling for schooling and background factors, these skills pay off in the labor market. This is particularly the case for the measures of cognitive skills, while noncognitive skills show some significant, but small, effects on earnings. The findings also suggest that there is significant heterogeneity across countries in how skills are valued in the labor market
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Welander, Anna Does Debt Relief Improve Child Health? Evidence from Cross-Country Micro Data
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the effects of a multilateral debt relief program on child health. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank launched the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative in the late 1990s to reduce the debt burdens of poor countries, and explicitly linked the initiative to the aim of poverty reduction and social targets. As a result, debt-servicing costs have gone down by an average 1.8 percentage points of gross domestic product in Heavily Indebted Poor Countries. However, the social effects of debt relief are not well known. The paper employs micro data on infant mortality from 56 country-specific Demographic and Health Surveys to investigate the effects of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative on child health. The retrospective fertility structure of the data allows for analysis using the within-mother variation in the probability of survival of babies before and after different stages of the initiative. The results suggest that after a debt-ridden country enters the program, which is conditional on reform and pro-development policies, and receives interim debt relief, the probability of infant mortality goes down by about 0.5 percentage point. This translates into about 3,000 fewer infant deaths in an average Heavily Indebted Poor Country. The findings are particularly strong for infants born to poor mothers and mothers living in rural areas, and are driven by access to vaccines early in life and during pregnancy. There are no child health effects from graduating from the program and receiving full debt relief
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrens, Kristian The World is not Yet Flat: Transport Costs Matter!
    Abstract: The paper provides evidence of the effects of changes in transport costs on the geographic concentration of industries. The analysis uses micro-level commodity flow data and micro-geographic plant-level data to construct industry-specific ad valorem trucking rates and continuous measures of geographic concentration. The findings show that, controlling for international trade exposure and input-output links, increasing trucking rates are significantly associated with declining geographic concentration. The effect is large: changes in trucking rates explain around 20 percent of the observed decline in geographic concentration of Canadian manufacturing industries between 1992 and 2008
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ratha, Dilip Does Governing Law Affect Bond Spreads?
    Abstract: Controlling for bond and issuer characteristics, bond spreads are expected to be equal across different legal jurisdictions, and differences are expected to disappear through arbitrage. However, an analysis of 435 U.S. dollar-denominated bonds issued by 53 emerging market sovereigns during 1990-2015 reveals that after the financial crisis of 2008, the launch spread of sovereign bonds issued under U.K. law has been higher than those issued under U.S. law, by 130 basis points for BB+ bonds and 175 basis points for B- bonds. This effect was not significant for investment grade bonds. On average, bonds issued under U.K. law had weaker ratings and shorter tenors post-crisis. The post-crisis impact of governing law on sovereign bond spreads is not explained by collective action clauses, or first-time bond issuances. Instead, the difference seems to be related to the perception that U.S. law offers stronger investor protection, and that the investor base for bonds issued under U.S. law is larger than that for bonds issued under U.K. law. The difference in spreads persists in the secondary market even after 180 days, perhaps because of the lack of liquidity, as investors tend to buy and hold these more attractive bonds on a longer term basis
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Boltz, Marie The Risk of Polygamy and Wives' Saving Behavior
    Abstract: In a polygamous society, all monogamous women are potentially at risk of polygamy. However, the anthropological and economic literatures are silent on the potential impact of the risk of polygamy on the economic decisions of monogamous wives. This paper explores this issue in Senegal, using individual panel data. The paper first estimates a Cox model for the probability of transition to polygamy. Second, it estimates the impact of the predicted risk of polygamy on monogamous wives' savings. The findings show a positive impact of the risk of polygamy on female savings entrusted to formal or informal institutions, which is suggestive of self-protective strategies. The increase in savings comes at the cost of reduced consumption of household food expenditures and wives' private nonfood expenses
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brockmeyer, Anne Casting the Tax Net Wider: Experimental Evidence from Costa Rica
    Abstract: The majority of firms in developing countries are informal, and encouraging them to register with the tax authority has proven challenging and costly. This paper argues that incomplete tax filing among registered firms constitutes an important intermediate form of informality, which can be tackled with much higher cost-effectiveness. Using a nationwide randomized experiment in Costa Rica, The paper shows that credible enforcement emails tripled the income tax filing rate and doubled the payment rate among previously non-filing firms. The treatment effect was even higher when the email listed examples of third-party reports of a firm's transactions, with the return on an email reaching US
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bonilla, Jorge A The More Stringent, the Better? Rationing Car Use in Bogota with Moderate and Drastic Restrictions
    Abstract: Rationing car use based on license plate number has become a popular policy in several cities around the world to address traffic congestion and air pollution. This paper studies the effects of the moderate and drastic driving restrictions imposed as part of the Pico y Placa program on car use and air pollution in Bogota. Using data on ambient carbon monoxide, gasoline consumption, and vehicle sales and registrations, no evidence of an improvement in air quality or a reduction in car use is found in either phase of the program. On the contrary, there is some indication that, relative to the moderate phase, gasoline consumption, vehicle ownership, and carbon monoxide in the morning peak tended to increase slightly when drastic restrictions were implemented
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