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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adapting Mobility-as-a-Service for Developing Cities : A Context-Sensitive Approach (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; ICT Applications ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: People living in cities have more mobility options than ever before. Making the most out of expanding travel choices for cities and their residents will require integration among different mobility services. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) can provide an organizing framework for integrating multiple mobility options and shaping how they can work together to provide a more seamless travel experience and support broader development outcomes in developing cities. This report contextualizes the concept of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) for cities in low- and middle-income countries, discussing how this powerful framework may advance sustainable mobility and development goals. To reap the greatest benefits, MaaS implementation requires government leadership, systematic thinking around societal goals, and new technical capabilities-all important capacities that may not be readily available in developing cities. To begin building these capacities, this publication discusses the critical issues involved in deploying MaaS from the perspectives of supply, demand, technology, business, and governance
    DOI: 10.1596/36787
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Balancing Financial Sustainability and Affordability in Public Transport : The Case of Bogotá, Colombia (2016)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Series Statement: International Transport Forum Discussion Papers no.2016/16
    Keywords: Transport ; Colombia
    Abstract: In order to meet the challenges of providing affordable public transit services for the urban poor and at a cost that doesn’t impinge on the system’s financial sustainability, cities can consider setting fares at “cost recovery” levels for the majority of the population and targeting subsidies to those who need them most. Bogotá is a case in point—the new public transport system was designed so fares are set close to “cost recovery” levels to aim for greater financial sustainability. To provide affordable services, the city leveraged the adoption of smartcards in its new public transit system and the country’s poverty targeting instruments to implement a pro-poor public transit subsidy. This paper presents a critical analysis of Bogotá’s experience with trying to balance financial sustainability and affordability. The paper describes some of the features of Bogota’s tariff policy, namely, the concept of tariff set at “cost recovery” levels and lessons learnt in trying to achieve financial sustainability. The paper also lays out the rationale, design and implementation of Bogota’s pro-poor public transit subsidy, and the subsidy’s impact on its beneficiaries.
    DOI: 10.1787/21b96177-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessing rural accessibility and rural roads investment needs using open source data : beyond the gap : how countries can afford the infrastructure they need while protecting the planet : background paper (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Sustainable Development Practice Group, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 29 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8746
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Mikou, Mehdi Assessing Rural Accessibility and Rural Roads Investment Needs Using Open Source Data
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: Rural accessibility is the only metric used in the Sustainable Development Goals to track progress toward better transport services in low- and middle-income countries. This paper estimates the rural accessibility index, defined as the proportion of the rural population who live within 2 kilometers of an all-season road, in 166 countries using open data. It then explores the cost of increasing the rural accessibility index in 19 countries, using an algorithm that prioritizes rural roads investments based on their impact on rural access and connectivity. Investment costs quickly balloon as the rural accessibility index increases, questioning the affordability of universal access to paved roads for many countries by 2030. If countries spent 1 percent of their gross domestic product annually on the upgrade of rural roads, even under optimistic assumptions on growth of gross domestic product, rural accessibility would only increase from 39 to 52 percent by 2030 across all developing countries. Alternative solutions to rural integration must thus be implemented in the short run until countries can afford to increase significantly access to all weather roads. For example, drones that supply regular food and medicine supply to remote communities are much more affordable than roads in the short term
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8746
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    New Rural Access Index : Main Determinants and Correlation to Poverty (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iimi, Atsushi New Rural Access Index: Main Determinants and Correlation to Poverty
    Abstract: Transport connectivity is essential to sustain inclusive growth in developing countries, where many rural populations and businesses are still considered to be unconnected to the domestic, regional, or global market. The Rural Access Index is among the most important global indicators for measuring people's transport accessibility in rural areas where the majority of the poor live. A new method to calculate the Rural Access Index was recently developed using spatial data and techniques. The characteristics of subnational Rural Access Index estimates were investigated in eight countries: Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. It was found that for the countries in Africa, road density and road condition are important determinants of the Rural Access Index. For the South Asian countries, improvement of road condition is particularly relevant. The evidence suggests that significant resources are likely to be required to achieve universal access through rehabilitating the existing road network and expanding the road network
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7876
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Meeting the sustainable development goal for electricity access : using a multi-scenario approach to understand the cost drivers of power infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa : beyond the gap : how countries can afford the infrastructure they need while protecting the planet : background paper (2019)
    Washington, DC, USA : World Bank Group, Sustainable Development Practice Group, Office of the Chief Economist
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 19 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8747
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nicolas, Claire Marion Meeting the Sustainable Development Goal for Electricity Access: Using a Multi-Scenario Approach to Understand the Cost Drivers of Power Infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper explores the investments needed to achieve universal access to electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa by 2030, and the additional operation and maintenance costs these investments entail. It also explores the drivers of these costs, by exploring hundreds of scenarios that combine alternative assumptions on the level of service targeted, population growth, urbanization, industrial demand, and technology cost. The main driver of electrification costs is found to be the tier of service offered to newly connected households. The annual investment required to reach universal access varies between USD 14.5 billion per year on average for the basic access scenarios (0.7 percent of the region's gross domestic product per year over the period) and USD 22.7 billion on average for the high-quality scenarios (1 percent of gross domestic product). In the basic access scenario, costs depend mostly on industrial demand, which takes a large share of total demand. In the high-quality scenarios, costs depend on urbanization rates, as it is cheaper to connect urban households to the grid. Investment costs are not sufficient to provide reliable service, and when operations and maintenance are accounted for, total costs increase to USD 39.7 billion on average for the basic scenarios and USD 61.5 billion on average for the high-quality scenarios
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8747
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Exploring accessibility to employment opportunities in African cities : a first benchmark (2019)
    [Washington, DC, USA] : World Bank Group
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (circa 42 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 8971
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Peralta-Quiros, Tatiana Exploring Accessibility to Employment Opportunities in African Cities: A First Benchmark
    Keywords: Graue Literatur
    Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of transit accessibility to employment for 11 African cities. The use of identical methodologies and similar data sets allows for the creation of the first benchmark to compare accessibility across urban areas in Africa through different metrics and visuals. The study shows how the spatial pattern of land use and transport systems perform in connecting people to employment opportunities in these various settings. This first comparable benchmark is achieved by overcoming two significant data hurdles that are common in many developing country cities and in Africa in particular: (i) the scarcity of information on the distribution of employment and (ii) the lack of information on transit routes and travel times. These data gaps are filled through a novel methodology to estimate the distribution of employment in urban areas (Employment Opportunity Areas) as well as a comprehensive mapping of informal transit networks. The analysis developed here can be replicated in different cities in the future. The computation of these baseline accessibility studies also opens up the possibility to assess the impacts of future transport investments and/or land use changes, through the use of counterfactual scenarios, which could assist decision makers in these cities. Finally, this analysis can serve as a demonstration that the computation of accessibility metrics is achievable, including in data scarce environments, and should be considered as a progress indicator for Sustainable Development Goal 11.2, which focuses on safe and affordable transport for all, including public transport
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8971
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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