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  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (97)
  • 2003  (97)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (97)
  • Boston, Mass. :Safari Books Online,
  • Economics  (97)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 2000-2004  (97)
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Consolidating Germany's Finances : Issues in Public Sector Spending Reform (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.366
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany
    Abstract: While the German federal fiscal system has been successful in promoting a high standard of living even in regions whose economic capacity is low, tensions have emerged. Firstly, it has been difficult to ensure a sustainable fiscal policy, and the size of the overall deficit makes it difficult for the automatic stabilisers to operate freely. Second, overlapping responsibilities between governments and the financing of public spending programmes via inter-governmental transfers provide individual governments with little incentives to contain costs and demand. Thirdly, social spending often discourages a higher utilisation of labour. Furthermore, public expenditure is going to have to cope with increasing pressure due to the substantial deterioration of the old-age dependency ratio projected for the next years and decades and the continuing fiscal burden associated with reunification. Hence, continuing the process of fiscal consolidation and improving the quality of government ...
    DOI: 10.1787/530550148634
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Controlling Public Spending in Iceland (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.360
    Keywords: Economics ; Iceland
    Abstract: This paper analyses the main features of Iceland’s public expenditure and addresses some key policy issues. While overall public spending is not high compared with Iceland’s Nordic neighbours, other OECD countries have made more progress in reining it in. Budget consolidation efforts and public-sector reforms temporarily reversed the upward trend in the government expenditure-to-GDP in the 1990s, but since then the ratio has edged up again. This highlights the need for enhancing spending control through further reforms. Indeed, although the expenditure management system has undergone significant changes over the past ten years or so, much remains to be done to increase budgetary discipline and improve the system’s ability to contain social-spending pressures, which will intensify as the population ages. In particular, weaknesses that need to be addressed would seem to relate to the budget process and the lack of a medium-term expenditure policy, along with insufficient performance ...
    DOI: 10.1787/641127305475
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Household wealth in the National accounts of Europe, the United States and Japan (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressurce (39 Seiten) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2003, 2
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union ; Japan ; United States
    Abstract: This working paper has been presented and discussed at the October 2002 OECD National Accounts Experts Meeting. The objective of the paper is two fold: (1) present comparable results for household financial and non financial assets and liabilities for Europe, the USA and Japan, (2) analyse the change in the composition of household gross and net wealth of these countries and zones between 1995 and 2000. Data is based on official financial accounts sources. However the paper proposes (and estimate the corresponding data) an original classification, better adapted to analysis: pension funds assets are broken down between defined-benefit and defined contribution, life insurance between unit-linked and guaranteed-rate, mutual-funds between equity, bond and mixed. The paper discusses the reliability of the data, including non listed shares and non financial assets. The paper then discusses global and detailed compared trends of household wealth between countries ...
    DOI: 10.1787/466322268303
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Macroeconomic Policy and Economic Performance (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.353
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses the major changes in both monetary and fiscal policy that have taken place over the past two decades and, within the limits of the existing empirical research, evaluates the overall costs and benefits for the OECD economies. The general findings for monetary policy are that, while it was costly to lower inflation (in terms of output and employment), there are also benefits in terms of lower risk premiums on interest rates, a more favourable investment climate and an improvement in economic efficiency. That said, the paper concludes that there is not much of a case for lowering inflation further from its already low level. While inflation was being lowered, in a number of cases central banks were also undergoing rather significant changes to their institutional structures and policy-making frameworks. There is some limited evidence that these changes have helped in terms of better anchoring inflation expectations. At the same time there is no firm answer on how ...
    DOI: 10.1787/444611645531
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Discretionary Fiscal Policy and Elections : The Experience of the Early Years of EMU (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.351
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: An early criticism of the Stability and Growth Pact has pointed to its asymmetric nature and the weak mechanisms to prevent politically-motivated fiscal policies: its constraints would bite in downswings but not in upswings, especially if in the latter the electoral cycle increases the temptation to run expansionary policies. We find that the experience of the initial years of EMU lends support to this criticism. Overall, unlike the experience in the run-up to EMU, fiscal policies had an expansionary bias, and a “genuine” discretionary boost took place in correspondence to political elections. Both sign and composition of such discretionary changes are in line with the predictions of the recent literature on electoral budget cycles. Closer fiscal surveillance may help detect early such behaviour, but it is unlikely to curb the incentives to run politically-motivated fiscal policies when elections approach ...
    DOI: 10.1787/378575422756
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Corporate Taxation of Foreign Direct Investment Income 1991-2001 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.365
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper constructs indicators of tax burden on FDI in order to review their trends and cross-country patterns. Over the 1990s, the overall tax burden on inward FDI (measured by the effective marginal tax rates) fell by 8 percentage points, reflecting corporate tax reforms in some OECD countries. Nevertheless, a large variation across host countries still remains. With the effective tax rates on inward FDI differing across host countries by as much as 28 percentage points for marginal FDI and by as much as 21 percentage points for infra-marginal FDI in 2001, a cross-country comparison of tax burden indicators shows that, irrespective of the tax burden indicators chosen, Canada, Iceland and Japan are persistently ranked as high-tax host countries over the 1990s. It is also found that there is more variation in the tax burdens faced by a parent company operating in different host countries than in the tax burdens faced by subsidiaries from different home countries operating in the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/218605563356
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulation and Investment (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.352
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: One commonly held view about the difference between continental European countries and other OECD countries, especially the United States, is that the heavy regulation of Europe reduces its growth. Using newly assembled data on regulation in several sectors of many OECD countries, we provide substantial and robust evidence that various measures of regulation in the product market, concerning in particular entry barriers, are negatively related to investment. The implications of our analysis are clear: regulatory reforms, especially those that liberalise entry, are very likely to spur investment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/206618567362
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Female Labour Force Participation : Past Trends and Main Determinants in OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.376
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of female labour force participation in OECD countries, including a number of policy instruments such as the tax treatment of second earners (relative to single individuals), childcare subsidies, child benefits, paid maternity and parental leaves, and tax incentives to sharing market work between spouses. The econometric analysis uses a panel data set covering 17 OECD countries over the period 1985-1999, and distinguishes between part-time and full-time female participation rates. It shows a positive impact on female participation of a more neutral tax treatment of second earners (relative to single individuals), stronger tax incentives to share market work between spouses, childcare subsidies, and paid maternity and parental leaves Unlike childcare subsidies, child benefits reduce female participation due to an income effect and their lump-sum character. Finally, female education, the general labour market conditions, and cultural attitudes ...
    DOI: 10.1787/082872464507
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Measures Of Restrictions on Inward Foreign Direct Investment for OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.357
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides new measures of restrictions on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) for OECD countries. Several different types of restrictions are considered: limitations on foreign ownership, screening or notification procedures, and management and operational restrictions. These restrictions are computed for nine sectors and eleven sub-sectors, most of which are in services, and then aggregated into a single measure for the economy as a whole. According to the aggregate indicators, the last two decades, and especially the 1990s, have witnessed dramatic liberalisation in FDI restrictions. OECD countries are now generally open to inward FDI, although there remain substantial differences between countries and across industries. The most open countries are now in Europe, at least as far as statutory restrictions are concerned. The preponderance of remaining restrictions is in services, with almost no overt restrictions in manufacturing ...
    DOI: 10.1787/335043060125
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating the structural rate of unemployment for the OECD countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 171-216
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'estimation du taux de chômage structurel des pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 171-216
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper first reviews the conceptual framework underlying different measures of structural unemployment as well as alternative empirical methods that have been used to provide estimates of them. Drawing on this review, it goes on to develop a method for estimating time-varying NAIRUs across a range of OECD countries using a Kalman filter. It then discusses the resulting econometric estimates, and the scope for their further refinement given the associated range of uncertainties. Recent trends in the NAIRU estimates are reviewed: they fell in many countries in the second half of the 1990s, although actual unemployment has remained well above the NAIRU for a majority of countries throughout much of the 1990s, particularly in Europe. Finally, the relevance of such measures to analysing inflation developments and monetary policy is discussed.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art14-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Protection sociale et croissance (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 8-47
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 54 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Social Protection and Growth
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 8-47
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Les dépenses sociales publiques s’élèvent à 25 pour cent du PIB, voire plus dans certains pays. Des dépenses d’une telle ampleur ont très vraisemblablement quelque effet sur la croissance, mais les avis divergent quant au sens dans lequel s’exerce cet effet. A partir de nouvelles sources de données et de techniques économétriques exploitant des données de panel, l’ouvrage jette un nouvel éclairage sur la question. Certaines observations viennent corroborer l’idée qu’un accroissement des dépenses sociales nuit à la croissance. Toutefois, des dépenses sociales « actives », – incluant les politiques actives du marché du travail, les mesures qui valorisent la reprise d’activité et les dépenses en faveur des services aux famille – semblent avoir l’effet opposé et sont peut-être favorables à la croissance.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art8-fr
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Social Protection and Growth (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 7-45
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Protection sociale et croissance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 7-45
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Public social expenditure accounts for 25 per cent of GDP, or even more in some countries. That expenditure on this scale has some effect on growth seems very likely, but the direction of the effect is disputed by different schools of thought. Using new data sources and panel data econometric techniques, this paper sheds new light on the issue. Evidence is found in favour of the proposition that more social expenditure reduces growth. However, “active” social spending, including active labour market policies, make work pay policies and spending on family services, appears to have the opposite effect and may be growth-enhancing.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art8-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    La bourse, le marché de l'immobilier et le comportement des consommateurs (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 197-224
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 53 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Stock Market, the Housing Market and Consumer Behaviour
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 197-224
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Après l’euphorie boursière de la fin des années 90, les cours des actions se sont repliés, dans l’ensemble, depuis 2001. Les prix des logements, en revanche, ont continué de grimper, progressant plus rapidement que le niveau général des prix dans plusieurs pays. Ces évolutions ont entraîné un regain d’intérêt pour l’impact du prix des actifs sur la consommation et la demande globale. Ce document analyse l’influence des patrimoines financier et immobilier des ménages sur leur consommation, dans les pays du G7 (à l’exception de l’Allemagne). Il fournit des estimations de la sensibilité de la consommation à diverses formes de richesse et s’interroge, en procédant à des tests, sur les éventuelles variations de ces sensibilités au fil du temps. Il quantifie également l’impact des récentes évolutions des marchés financier et immobilier sur la consommation. Il ressort de ce document, premièrement, que pour tous les pays, les mécanismes de la richesse sont identifiés, deuxièmement, que ces effets varient considérablement d’un pays à l’autre et, troisièmement, que pour certains pays, leur importance a eu tendance à croître très nettement dans un passé récent.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art12-fr
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  • 14
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    Online Resource
    Regulation, market structure and performance in air passenger transportation (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport aérien de passagers : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data are summarised by means of factor analysis. Controlling for market size, network length and other technological and economic differences, and combining national and route-level characteristics, cross-country and cross-route regressions show that i) productive efficiency increases and fares decline when regulations and market structures become more friendly to competition; ii) productive efficiency is sensitive to actual competitive pressures, as proxied by market concentration; iii) fares react to liberalisation independently from market structure, but in liberal environments their decline is amplified by actual competition between carriers; iv) business and economy fares tend to decline when they are liberalised and market concentration is reduced, but tend to increase when markets are dominated by airline alliances on the route; v) discount fares are affected by the overall market environment at route ends, charter regulations and the actual presence of challenger airlines on the route; and vi) airport congestion and dominance tend to increase fares in time-sensitive market segments.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art6-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Le transport aérien de passagers : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 203-254
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 68 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulation, market structure and performance in air passenger transportation
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 203-254
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude utilise une base de données concernant la régulation, la structure des marchés et la performance dans le transport aérien de passagers, au niveau national ainsi qu’au niveau des lignes, pour analyser les liens entre d’une part la libéralisation, la privatisation et la concurrence et, d’autre part, l’efficacité de l’industrie et les tarifs des voyages aériens. Pour la saison 1996-97, il a été possible de développer 21 indicateurs agrégés pour 27 pays de l’OCDE et 23 indicateurs détaillés pour 102 lignes aériennes reliant 14 grands aéroports internationaux. Ces données sont synthétisées à l’aide de l’analyse factorielle. En contrôlant, pour la dimension des marchés et des réseaux, ainsi que pour d’autres différences de nature technologique et économique, et en tenant compte des interactions entre les caractéristiques des lignes et de l’industrie nationale, les résultats des régressions transversales aux pays et aux routes suggèrent que i) l’efficacité augmente et les tarifs diminuent quand la régulation et la structure de marché deviennent plus favorables à la concurrence ; ii) l’efficacité dans l’utilisation des avions est affectée de façon positive par les pressions concurrentielles, mesurées par un indice de concentration ; iii) les tarifs aériens réagissent à la libéralisation indépendamment de la structure du marché mais, quand l’environnement réglementaire est libéral, leur diminution est renforcée par l’existence de concurrents sur la ligne ; iv) les tarifs affichés des classes affaires et économique ont tendance à baisser quand les prix sont libéralisés et la concentration du marché diminue, mais ont tendance à augmenter quand les marchés sont dominés par des alliances entre compagnies aériennes ; v) les tarifs soldés sont affectés par le degré de concurrence globalement présent dans les pays reliés par la ligne ainsi que par les régulations concernant les charters et la présence effective de compagnies challengers sur la ligne ; vi) la congestion et la domination des aéroports par une compagnie aérienne tendent à augmenter les tarifs dans les segments du marché qui sont plus sensibles aux temps de départ et d’arrivée.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art6-fr
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  • 16
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    The Implementation and the Effects of Regulatory Reform : Past Experience and Current Issues (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-98
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mise en oeuvre et effets de la réforme de la réglementation : Leçons à tirer et problématique actuelle
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-98
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the non-competitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentivebased regulatory approaches relying on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal separation of formerly integrated monopolies; iii) the ways to ensure that important non-economic objectives, such as universality of service, continue to be achieved in a more competitive environment at a minimum cost for society; and iv) the design of regulatory mechanisms and institutions that encourage best practice regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art3-en
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  • 17
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    Mise en oeuvre et effets de la réforme de la réglementation : Leçons à tirer et problématique actuelle (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-109
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 115 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Implementation and the Effects of Regulatory Reform: Past Experience and Current Issues
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-109
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cet article décrit les tendances et les résultats de la réforme de la réglementation dans les pays de l’OCDE. En premier lieu il résume l’évolution de l’environnement réglementaire et les effets globaux et sectoriels des réformes (privatisation y compris) dans des industries concurrentielles et non compétitives au cours des deux dernières décennies. Se concentrant sur les industries de réseau, il aborde alors les principales questions de politique économique soulevées par la nécessité d’adapter la réglementation des segments non compétitifs de ces industries à la concurrence croissante sur les marchés libéralisés. Il se focalise sur les quatre éléments qui dominent le débat de la réforme de la réglementation : i) le passage d’un régime axé sur les interventions et le contrôle à une approche fondée sur les incitations basées sur la suppression des barrières à l’entrée sur les marchés concurrentiels, l’adoption de mécanismes de prix plafond et l’introduction de tarifications efficientes et neutres du point de vue de la concurrence pour l’accès aux réseaux fixes ; ii) les avantages et les inconvénients de mesures structurelles telles que la privatisation, et la séparation verticale et horizontale de monopoles précédemment intégrés ; iii) les manières de s’assurer que des objectifs non économiques importants, tels que l’universalité du service, continuent d’être assurés dans un environnement concurrentiel et au moindre coût pour la société ; et iv) la conception de mécanismes réglementaires et d’institutions le mieux à même de promouvoir les meilleures pratiques en termes de réglementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art3-fr
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  • 18
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    The Influence of Policies on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-83
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'influence des politiques sur les échanges et l'investissement direct étranger
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-83
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the importance of border and non-border policies for global economic integration. The focus is on four widely-advocated policies: removing explicit restrictions to trade and FDI; promoting domestic competition; improving the adaptability of labour markets; and ensuring adequate levels of infrastructure capital. The analysis covers FDI and trade in both goods and services, thus aiming to account for the most important channels of globalisation and dealing with most modes of cross-border services supply. The results highlight that, despite extensive liberalisation over the past two decades, there is scope for further reducing policy barriers to integration of OECD markets. Remaining barriers have a significant impact on bilateral trade and FDI, with anticompetitive domestic regulations and restrictive labour market arrangements estimated to curb integration as much as explicit trade and FDI restrictions. Simulating the removal of such barriers suggests that the quantitative effects of further liberalisation of trade, FDI and domestic product and labour markets on global integration could be substantial...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art2-en
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  • 19
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    Fiscal Relations across Government Levels (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 155-229
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les relations financières entre l'État et les collectivités locales
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 155-229
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite its apparent advantages, devolution of fiscal responsibilities has not proceeded evenly over the past two decades. Decentralisation can strengthen the democratic process, allow governments to tailor the supply of public goods to local preferences and introduce some competition across jurisdictions, thus raising public sector efficiency. It can, however, entail efficiency losses and make it difficult to implement redistributive policies. On the spending side, local provision may fail to exploit economies of scale and internalise territorial spillovers – a serious issue since few public goods are purely local by nature. On the revenue side, few tax bases can be exploited by sub-national governments without risking making national objectives difficult to achieve and raising serious distributive concerns. This paper, which is largely based on country experiences in mitigating the potential drawbacks of decentralisation while obtaining most of its benefits, provides a framework for assessing fiscal relations across levels of government...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art5-en
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  • 20
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    Estimation du comportement cyclique des taux de marge : Une note technique (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 187-202
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estimation of the Cyclical Behaviour of Mark-ups: A Technical Note
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 187-202
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude présente des estimations des fluctuations cycliques des taux de marge, suivant une généralisation de la méthode de Rotemberg et Woodford (1991). Les résultats confortent l’hypothèse que les taux de marge sont anticycliques dans la plupart des secteurs, notamment en présence de rigidités à la baisse de l’emploi. Cela s’accorde avec les nombreuses études empiriques selon lesquelles, lors des périodes d’expansion, la concurrence s’accroît ou les incitations à la collusion diminuent, ce qui engendre une pression à la baisse sur les taux de marge. En outre, ce résultat offre une interprétation intéressante pour le comportement procyclique des salaires réels.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art6-fr
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  • 21
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    Estimation of the Cyclical Behaviour of Mark-ups : A Technical Note (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 173-188
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estimation du comportement cyclique des taux de marge : Une note technique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 173-188
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents estimates of the cyclical fluctuations of price-cost margins, following an extended version of the Rotemberg and Woodford (1991) approach. The results support the hypothesis of counter-cyclical price margins in most manufacturing industries, especially in the presence of downward rigidities of labour inputs. This is consistent with a growing body of empirical literature showing that economic booms tend to increase competition or decrease the incentives for collusion, thereby creating downward pressures on price margins. It also offers an appealing interpretation of the otherwise puzzling pro-cyclicality of real wages.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art6-en
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  • 22
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    Production et utilisation des TIC : Perspectives sectorielles sur la croissance de la productivité dans la zone OCDE (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 49-82
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 48 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Production and Use of ICT: A Sectoral Perspective on Productivity Growth in the OECD Area
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 49-82
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document examine les rôles du secteur de production de TIC et des principales industries utilisatrices de TIC vis-à-vis de la croissance globale de la productivité dans les pays de l’OCDE. Le secteur de fabrication des TIC, en particulier, se distingue dans de nombreux pays par des taux de croissance de la productivité très élevés, et contribue largement à la croissance de la productivité du travail en Corée, en Finlande et en Irlande. Dans quelques pays, et notamment en Australie et aux États-Unis, certains services utilisateurs de TIC ont aussi enregistré une reprise supérieure à la moyenne de la croissance de la productivité au cours de la seconde moitié de la décennie 1990. De plus amples réformes structurelles pourront s’avérer nécessaires pour que l’utilisation des TIC se traduise également dans les statistiques de productivité d’autres pays de l’OCDE. Par ailleurs, les différences observées selon les pays dans la mesure de la productivité des industries productrices et utilisatrices de TIC compliquent les analyses internationales.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art9-fr
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  • 23
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    Production and Use of ICT : A Sectoral Perspective on Productivity Growth in the OECD Area (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 47-78
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Production et utilisation des TIC : Perspectives sectorielles sur la croissance de la productivité dans la zone OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 47-78
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the roles of the ICT-producing sector and of key ICT-using industries in overall productivity growth in OECD countries. The ICT manufacturing sector, in particular, has been characterised by very high rates of productivity growth in many countries and provides a large contribution to labour productivity growth in Finland, Ireland and Korea. In a few countries, notably the United States and Australia, certain ICT-using services have also experienced an above-average pick-up in productivity growth in the second half of the 1990s. Further structural reform may be needed before ICT use will also show up in the productivity statistics of other OECD countries. Differences in the measurement of productivity in ICT-producing and -using industries across countries complicate the cross-country analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art9-en
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  • 24
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    Regulation, market structure and performance in telecommunications (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 99-142
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le secteur des télécommunications : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 99-142
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses an international database on regulation, market structure and performance in the telecommunications industry to investigate the effects of entry liberalisation and privatisation on productivity, prices and quality of service in long-distance (domestic and international) and mobile cellular telephony services in 23 OECD countries over the 1991-1997 period. The data on regulation and market structure is analysed by means of factor analysis techniques in order to group countries according to their policy and market environments. Controlling for technology developments and differences in economic structure, panel data estimates show that prospective competition (as proxied by the number of years remaining to liberalisation) and effective competition (as proxied by the share of new entrants or by the number of competitors) both bring about productivity and quality improvements and reduce the prices of all the telecommunications services considered in the analysis. No clear evidence could be found concerning the effects on performance of the ownership structure of the industry (as proxied by both the public share in the public telecommunications operators and years remaining to privatisation).
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art4-en
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  • 25
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    Regulation, industry structure and performance in the electricity supply industry (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 143-182
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'industrie de l'électricité : Réglementation, structure du marché et performances
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 143-182
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article seeks to assess the impact of liberalisation and privatisation on performance in the generation segment of the electricity supply industry. Regulatory indicators for a panel of 19 OECD countries over a 10 year time period were constructed to examine the influence of regulatory reform on efficiency and price, and to assess the relative efficacy of different reform strategies. The presence of data with both cross-country and time-series dimensions allows separate identification of country specific and regulatory effects. The primary findings are that while changes in legal rules may be slow to translate into changes in conduct, unbundling of generation, private ownership, expanded access to transmission networks, and the introduction of electricity markets impact various aspects of performance in a statistically significant way.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art5-en
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  • 26
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    Tariff Bindings, Unused Protection and Agricultural Trade Liberalisation (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 231-249
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Consolidations tarifaires, protection inutilisée et libéralisation des échanges agricoles
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 231-249
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Prior quantitative assessments of the effects of agricultural trade liberalisation have assumed that negotiated reductions in bound tariffs translate into corresponding cuts in applied tariff rates. This approach, however, overestimates the actual reduction in applied tariffs and, hence, the benefits of trade liberalisation, since applied rates are often much lower than the tariffs bound in Uruguay Round schedules. This paper uses data on applied and bound tariffs and the GTAP-CGE model to quantify the magnitude of the resulting bias. The findings suggest that the distortion of estimates is particularly pronounced for modest tariff cuts, as well as for countries where the differences between bound and applied rates are substantial. Hence, quantitative policy analysts who aim to inform decision makers on the likely impacts of negotiated tariff cuts should consider the relationship between bound and applied tariff rates in their assessments in order to avoid mistaken advice...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art6-en
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  • 27
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    Investment in human capital through upper-secondary and tertiary education (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 41-89
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement en capital humain : Le rôle de l'enseignement secondaire du 2e cycle et de l'enseignement supérieur
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 41-89
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the article indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally, the article notes that students in higher education tend to come from more affluent backgrounds and that they benefit from large public subsidies, whereas young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in tertiary education and thus benefit from public subsidies.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art3-en
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  • 28
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    Recherche-développement et croissance de la productivité : Analyse des données d'un panel de 16 pays de l'OCDE (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 111-136
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 39 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. R&D and Productivity Growth: Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 111-136
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude analyse les effets de long terme de différents types de R-D sur la croissance de la productivité totale des facteurs, qui sont les effets « spillover » de la R-D. Les estimations économétriques sont conduites sur un panel de 16 pays de l’OCDE sur la période 1980-98. Les résultats obtenus sont des moyennes sur l’ensemble des pays et des années, ils ne reflètent pas les spécificités nationales. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants. Un supplément de 1 pour cent de R-D des entreprises engendre une croissance de 0.13 pour cent de la productivité. Cet effet est plus fort dans les pays où les entreprises ont une intensité R-D plus élevée, et dans les pays où la part des financements gouvernementaux liés à la défense est plus faible. Un supplément de 1 pour cent de R-D étrangère engendre une croissance de 0.46 pour cent de la productivité, cet effet est plus fort dans les pays où les entreprises réalisent plus de R-D. Un supplément de 1 pour cent de R-D publique engendre une croissance de 0.17 pour cent de la productivité. Cet effet est plus fort dans les pays où la part des universités (par opposition aux laboratoires gouvernementaux) est plus élevée, dans les pays où le poids de la R-D liée à la défense est plus faible, et dans les pays où les entreprises réalisent plus de R-D.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art12-fr
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  • 29
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    R&D and Productivity Growth : Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 103-126
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recherche-développement et croissance de la productivité : Analyse des données d'un panel de 16 pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 103-126
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study investigates the long-term effects of various types of R&D on multi-factor productivity growth, which are the spillover effects of R&D activities. Econometric estimates are conducted on a panel of 16 OECD countries, over the period 1980-98. All results are averages over countries and time, and little can be said about country specificities. Major results are as follows: an increase of 1 per cent in business R&D generates 0.13 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries that are intensive in business R&D, and in countries where the share of defence-related government funding is lower; a 1 per cent increase in foreign R&D generates 0.46 per cent in productivity growth, and the effect is larger in countries intensive in business R&D; 1 per cent more in public R&D generates 0.17 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries where the share of universities (as opposed to government labs) is higher, in countries where the share of defence R&D is lower, and in countries which are intensive in business R&D.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art12-en
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  • 30
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    La réforme de la réglementation dans le secteur du transport routier de marchandises (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 255-279
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 41 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory reform in road freight
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 255-279
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent article analyse l’évolution du cadre réglementaire dans les pays membres de l’OCDE pour le secteur du transport routier de marchandises, et plus particulièrement ’influence qu’elle a eue sur la concurrence et donc la performance. Au cours de ces vingt dernières années, un nombre croissant de pays de l’OCDE ont reconnu que les réglementations restreignant indûment l’évolution de la concurrence devaient être assouplies. Cela étant, le rythme et l’ampleur de la libéralisation ont été très différents d’un pays à l’autre. Le lacis restrictif d’accords bilatéraux, internationaux et/ou multilatéraux qui continuent à exercer une discrimination à l’encontre des transporteurs étrangers reste le principal obstacle à la concurrence. Les éléments empiriques disponibles indiquent que la libéralisation a été bénéfique pour l’efficience et le bien-être du consommateur dans les pays qui ont procédé à des réformes.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art7-fr
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  • 31
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    Regulatory reform in road freight (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 229-251
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la réglementation dans le secteur du transport routier de marchandises
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 229-251
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study analyses regulatory developments across OECD Member countries in the road freight industry, with a focus on how these developments have affected competition and performance. Over the past two decades, a growing number of OECD countries have recognised that regulations unduly restricting competitive developments in this industry needed to be relaxed. Still, the pace and scale of liberalisation has varied widely from one country to another. The main remaining impediment to competition is the restrictive web of bilateral international and/or multilateral agreements that continue to impose discrimination on foreign hauliers. The empirical evidence available suggests that liberalisation has promoted efficiency and consumer welfare in the countries that have implemented reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art7-en
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  • 32
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    Ouverture à la concurrence et efficacité des services à financement public (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 83-143
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 75 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition and Efficiency in Publicly Funded Services
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 83-143
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Les pays de l’OCDE ouvrent progressivement à la concurrence la fourniture de certains services financés sur fonds publics. Le présent article propose un cadre d’analyse axé sur les mécanismes d’incitation et sur les asymétries d’information qui existent entre les pouvoirs publics, en tant que mandants, et les prestataires de services financés sur fonds publics, en tant que mandataires, et examine comment ces aspects sont traités dans le cadre de différentes formes de concurrence. A partir de plusieurs exemples et en s’inscrivant dans une perspective très large, l’article examine dans quelle mesure les pays de l’OCDE ont ouvert les services financés sur fonds publics à la concurrence et quelles modalités ils ont choisi pour le faire. Utilisant une approche comparative, il tente d’expliquer les différences qui peuvent exister à partir des caractéristiques des services. Les principaux services étudiés sont l’éducation, l’accueil des jeunes enfants, les soins de longue durée pour les personnes âgées et les services de l’emploi. Pour ces services, qui s’adressent à des particuliers, il peut être intéressant de laisser aux usagers la possibilité de choisir parmi différents prestataires mais il faudra alors impérativement prévoir une régulation permettant d’agir sur les incitations adressées aux usagers et aux prestataires. Il est aussi possible d’organiser des appels d’offres et de recourir à la sous-traitance comme le font souvent, d’ailleurs, les pays de l’OCDE pour les services techniques et les services de soutien, même dans les domaines où les services aux usagers sont fournis via un monopole public. Pour l’instant, la prise en charge du financement des investissements d’infrastructure par le secteur privé est un phénomène relativement marginal.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art10-fr
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  • 33
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    Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 129-174
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ratios fiscaux pour les revenus du travail et du capital et pour la consommation
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 129-174
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents revised tax ratios based on more realistic assumptions than those used in a previous study applying the same approach (based on tax revenue statistics and national accounts data) to measuring the effective tax burden. Although the levels of the revised tax ratios are sometimes quite different from those previously found, the two data sets are generally highly correlated. The paper also presents a sensitivity analysis of relaxing some remaining unrealistic assumptions for countries and periods where that is possible. It is found that this often has a large effect on the tax ratios, especially for capital, and the two data sets are sometimes no longer highly correlated. This highlights the need to use these ratios in conjunction with other indicators, such as average effective tax rates, to corroborate the story they tell.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art11-en
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  • 34
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    The Decline in Private Saving Rates in the 1990s in OECD Countries : How Much Can Be Explained by Non-wealth Determinants? (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 117-153
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La baisse des taux d'épargne privée durant les années 90 dans les pays de l'OCDE : Contribution des déterminants autres que la richesse
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 117-153
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The substantial decline in private-sector saving rates observed in several OECD countries in the late 1990s coincided in several cases with a sharp increase in household financial net worth. This was seen by many observers as evidence that the strong rise in equity and residential property prices during the late 1990s had been treated by households as a permanent increase in wealth, leading to an unsustainable drop in saving and raising fears of an eventual negative wealth effect. Applying estimation techniques for systems of dynamic panel equations, this paper looks at basic determinants of private saving for a sample of 15 OECD countries and finds that the sharp decline in saving observed after 1995 can be largely explained, even in a post-sample fashion, by fundamentals other than financial wealth. Among the determinants, the rise in public-sector saving is found to have contributed the most to the decline in private saving between 1995 and 2000. Based on this investigation, there is little evidence that consumers had gone too far in responding to the stock market boom of the late 1990s, even in countries where private saving rates have fallen to historically low levels. On the other hand, the results suggest that a loosening of fiscal policy may have a limited stimulatory impact on private consumption...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art4-en
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    Ratios fiscaux pour les revenus du travail et du capital et pour la consommation (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 145-195
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 65 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 145-195
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document présente les ratios fiscaux révisés calculés à partir d’hypothèses plus réalistes que celles retenues dans une étude précédente qui suivait la même approche (fondée sur les Statistiques des recettes publiques et les données des Comptes nationaux) pour évaluer la charge fiscale effective. Bien que les niveaux des ratios fiscaux révisés soient parfois très différents de ceux calculés précédemment, les deux séries de données sont généralement fortement corrélées. Cette étude présente également une analyse de sensibilité à l’assouplissement, dans toute la mesure du possible et pour des pays et des périodes données, de certaines hypothèses irréalistes qui continuent d’être retenues. L’effet en est souvent important sur les ratios fiscaux, en particulier pour ce qui est des revenus du capital, et les deux séries de données ne sont parfois plus si fortement corrélées. Ceci met en évidence la nécessité d’utiliser ces ratios conjointement avec d’autres indicateurs, tels que les taux d’imposition effectifs moyens, pour mener la démonstration jusqu’au bout.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art11-fr
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  • 36
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    Le secteur des télécommunications : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 111-158
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 64 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulation, market structure and performance in telecommunications
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 111-158
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: A partir d’une base de données sur la réglementation, la structure de marché et les performances dans l’industrie des télécommunications, ce document étudie les effets de la libéralisation, de l’ouverture des marchés et de la privatisation sur la productivité, les prix et la qualité du service pour les services de téléphonie fixe (interurbains et internationaux) et mobiles (cellulaires) pour 23 pays de l’OCDE au cours de la période 1991-1997. Les données sur la structure de marché et la réglementation sont analysées au moyen de techniques d’analyse factorielle afin de grouper les pays en fonction des politiques suivies et les caractéristiques de leurs marchés. En utilisant comme variables de contrôle les différences dans la technologie et la structure économique, les estimations réalisées sur les données de panel montrent que les anticipations de la concurrence (en utilisant comme proxy le nombre d’années restant avant la libéralisation) et la concurrence effective (en utilisant comme proxy la part de marché des nouveaux entrants ou le nombre de concurrents) entraînent des améliorations au niveau de la productivité et de la qualité et réduisent les prix pour tous les services de télécommunications considérés. Aucun résultat clair ne peut être trouvé au sujet des effets de la privatisation (en utilisant comme proxy la part publique dans l’opérateur de télécommunications publiques et le nombre d’années restant avant la privatisation).
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art4-fr
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  • 37
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    La réforme de la réglementation dans le secteur de la distribution de détail (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 281-305
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 41 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulatory reform in retail distribution
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 281-305
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent article a pour principal objectif d’analyser les différences qui caractérisent la réglementation du secteur de la distribution de détail dans la zone OCDE, en s’intéressant plus particulièrement à l’année 1998. Ces différences sont formulées en tenant compte des changements survenus dans ce secteur afin de mettre en lumière les interactions potentielles entre la réglementation et les forces du marché. Plusieurs pays ont complètement libéralisé les réglementations concernant l’accès au marché, les prix et les services. Dans certains pays, il existe actuellement une tendance à introduire des restrictions à l’accès pour les grandes surfaces. Dans d’autres pays, l’accès au marché a été jusqu’à présent freiné par des réglementations restrictives et des contraintes administratives. Les données empiriques disponibles indiquent que les réglementations qui restreignent les heures d’ouvertures des magasins et limitent/gênent l’accès au marché en imposant des obligations spéciales liées à l’enregistrement, à l’emplacement et/ou au seuil de surface de vente brident le dynamisme du secteur (par exemple, en réduisant les taux d’entrée et de sortie et en empêchant la restructuration et la modernisation) ainsi que la pression de la concurrence, et se traduisent par une croissance moins forte de l’emploi et des prix à la consommation plus élevés.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art8-fr
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  • 38
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    Regulatory reform in retail distribution (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 253-274
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la réglementation dans le secteur de la distribution de détail
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 253-274
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to analyse cross-country differences in the regulation of the retail distribution industry in the OECD area, focusing on the situation in 1998. Regulatory differences are cast against changes in the industry environment to highlight the potential interactions between regulation and market forces. A number of countries have extensively liberalised market access and price and service regulations. In some countries there is currently a tendency to introduce access restrictions for large outlets. In other countries market access has been traditionally hindered by restrictive regulations and administrative burdens. The available empirical evidence suggests that regulations that restrict shop opening hours and hinder access by imposing special requirements for outlet registration, siting and/or size thresholds curb the dynamism of the industry (e.g. lowering entry and exit rates, and preventing restructuring and modernisation) and competitive pressures, leading to lower employment growth and higher consumer prices.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art8-en
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  • 39
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    The Retirement Effects of Old-Age Pension and Early Retirement Schemes in OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.370
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the impact of old-age pension systems and other social transfer programmes on the retirement decision of older males in OECD countries. For each of the 55-59, 60-64 and 65+ age groups, a new panel dataset (22 OECD countries over 1969-1999 or shorter periods in some cases) of retirement incentives embedded in those schemes is constructed for an illustrative worker. The main focus is on the implicit tax rate on working for five more years, which sums up various dimensions of retirement incentives such as the pension accrual rate but also, to a lesser extent, the availability and generosity of benefits. There is currently wide dispersion across OECD countries in implicit tax rates on continued work embedded in old-age pension and early retirement schemes: they are high in most Continental European Countries, compared with Japan, Korea, English-speaking and Nordic countries. Simple cross-country correlations and panel data econometric estimates both show that ...
    DOI: 10.1787/308728704511
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  • 40
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    Recent and Prospective Trends in Real Long-Term Interest Rates : Fiscal Policy and other Drivers (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.367
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper documents some features of recent trends in bond yields and discusses the drivers of these trends. This includes a discussion of the relationship between fiscal balances and interest rates -- with a summary of key empirical results from the literature provided in the Appendix. The main points to emerge from this analysis are as follows. First, cyclical and portfolio-allocation factors seem to have been the main driving forces behind the decline in long-term real interest rates over 2000-2003. However, in some European countries, declining (inflation, exchange-rate, and sovereign) risk premia suggest that the equilibrium real interest rate may now be somewhat lower. Second, the weight of recent evidence suggests a causal relationship from fiscal positions to long-term interest rates, at least for the United States. Thus, the actual and projected deterioration in US fiscal positions might have contributed to the recent rise in bond yields, although part of the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/514820262776
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  • 41
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    Policies and International Integration : Influences on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.359
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the importance of border and non-border policies for global economic integration. The focus is on four widely-advocated policies: removing explicit restrictions to trade and FDI; promoting domestic competition; improving the adaptability of labour markets; and ensuring adequate levels of infrastructure capital. The analysis covers FDI and trade in both goods and services, thus aiming to account for the most important channels of globalisation and dealing with most modes of cross-border services supply. It first describes trends in trade, FDI and the four sets of policies using a large set of structural policy indicators recently constructed by the OECD, including the new summary indicators for FDI-specific regulations described in Golub (2003). It then estimates the impact of policies on bilateral trade and bilateral and multilateral FDI. The results highlight that, despite extensive liberalisation over the past two decades, there is scope for further reducing ...
    DOI: 10.1787/062321126487
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  • 42
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    After the Telecommunications Bubble (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.361
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: An unprecedented “boom and bust” investment cycle occurred in the high-tech industries at the turn of the century, in particular in the telecommunications sector. Regulatory reforms and technological innovation fuelled expectations of robust growth in traffic, revenue and earnings. Eventually, however, the volume of traffic expanded less than anticipated. Faced with severe financial difficulties, telecommunication firms sharply curtailed their investment and embarked on restructuring. The impact of such restructuring on the overall economy has been relatively small, but it has had severe upstream effects on equipment suppliers and technology firms. Confidence is now slowly returning to the sector thanks to the efforts of companies to strengthen their balance sheets and to renegotiate their debts. Although the necessary restructuring now underway in the industry is painful, governments and regulators should resist the temptation to provide relief to companies by easing competition ...
    DOI: 10.1787/311813664474
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  • 43
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    Tax Reform in Belgium (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.354
    Keywords: Economics ; Belgium
    Abstract: Belgium has a heavy tax burden which has mainly fallen on labour as international tax competition has limited the scope to which this burden could be imposed on capital. This has raised concerns about possible adverse labour market impacts from such high tax rates. In view of these concerns, the government has made substantial cuts in employers’ social security contributions, has reduced employees’ social security contributions and, in the context of a personal income tax reform, has introduced an earned income tax credit. All of these measures have been focused on low-income earners, maximising their favourable labour-market effects by increasing the likelihood that they produce lasting reductions in labour costs and/or reductions in benefit replacement rates. Further reductions in labourincome taxation targeted on low-income earners should be made as budget room becomes available. Narrowing the range of goods and services that are not subject to VAT would help to make more budget ...
    DOI: 10.1787/635485865253
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  • 44
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    Structural Policies and Growth : A Non-Technical Overview (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.355
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In contrast to what has happened throughout the 1960s and 1970s, some of the largest EU countries and Japan are no longer closing the income gap vis-à-vis the United States. Worse, the gap may even be widening since the mid-1990s. While in the case of Japan the gap in GDP per capita is essentially due to the lagging performance in labour productivity, the European Union is trailing mainly in terms of labour resource utilisation, reflecting both lower employment rates and fewer hours worked. This paper provides a brief overview of the main structural factors thought to have contributed to differences in the degree of labour resource utilisation, as well as in the intensity of physical and human capital use and in the pace of technological progress. In doing so, it provides a set of performance and policy indicators which can be used to assess progress achieved in structural reform ...
    DOI: 10.1787/877032331705
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  • 45
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    Indicator Models of Real GDP Growth in Selected OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.364
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Accurate and timely information on the current state of economic activity is an important requirement for the policymaking process. Delays in the publication of official statistics mean that a complete picture of economic developments within a particular period emerges only some time after that period has elapsed. The research described in this paper develops a set of econometric models that provide estimates of GDP growth for a number of major OECD countries and zones in the two quarters following the last quarter for which official data have been published. These models exploit the considerable amount of monthly conjunctural information that becomes available before the release of official national accounts data. Information is incorporated from both ‘soft’ indicators, such as business surveys, and ‘hard’ indicators, such as industrial production and retail sales, and use is made of different frequencies of data and a variety of estimation techniques. An automated procedure is ...
    DOI: 10.1787/275257320252
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  • 46
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    Health-Care Systems : Lessons from the Reform Experience (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 95 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.374
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study reviews health-system reforms in OECD countries over the past several decades and their impact on the following policy goals: ensuring access to services; improving the quality of care and its outcomes; allocating an “appropriate” level of resources to health care (macroeconomic efficiency); and ensuring microeconomic efficiency in service provision. While nearly all OECD countries have achieved universal insurance coverage, initiatives to address persistent disparities in access are now being undertaken in a number of countries. In light of new evidence of serious problems with health-care quality, many countries have recently introduced reforms, but it is too soon to generalise as to the relative effects of alternative approaches. Instruments aimed at cost control have succeeded in slowing the growth of (particularly public) health-care spending over the 1980s and 1990s but health-care spending continues to rise as a share of GDP in most countries. A few countries have ...This paper is also published under OECD Health Working Papers Series.
    DOI: 10.1787/884504747522
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  • 47
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    Post-Crisis Changes in Banking and Corporate Landscapes : The Case of Thailand (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.363
    Keywords: Economics ; Thailand
    Abstract: This study investigates the relative importance of factors shaping banking and corporate landscapes in Thailand after 1997 through an empirical analysis of micro-data of Thai banks and firms. The results of the analysis of the bank data show that the deceleration of bank credit growth is mainly attributable to the fallout from the Asian crisis and postcrisis regulatory changes. While high non-performing loans (NPLs) and foreclosed assets on balance sheets hinder the resumption of lending, those banks that were well capitalised, larger or domestic could resume lending faster. The analysis also showed that big, domestic, well-capitalised banks with higher NPLs are more prone to diversify into securities investments. The analysis of the firm sample indicates that Thai firms have diversified their sources of financing over the period of 1997-2000, which is reflected in the rise of the share of debt securities and trade financing. As a conclusion from the above analyses, the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/145078855616
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  • 48
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    Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle : Vers un programme d'action (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101234
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Emerging Risks in the 21st Century; An Agenda for Action
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Emerging Risks in the 21st Century: An Agenda for Action
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Cet ouvrage explore les répercussions de l’évolution des grands risques depuis ces dernières années sur l’économie et la société du XXIe siècle en matière de catastrophes naturelles, maladies nouvelles, attentats terroristes et perturbations majeures d’infrastructures essentielles en s’intéressant à un éventuel accroissement de la vulnérabilité des grands systèmes. Cette publication privilégie cinq grands groupes de risques : les catastrophes naturelles, les accidents technologiques, les maladies infectieuses, la sécurité alimentaire et le terrorisme. Il propose aux pouvoirs publics et au secteur privé un certain nombre de recommandations susceptibles d’améliorer la gestion des risques systémiques émergents.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101234-fr
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    Studi Economici del l'OCSE : Italia 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264105126
    Language: Italian
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Italy 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Italie 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Italy 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Italie 2003
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264105126-it
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  • 50
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    Rentabilité des banques : Notes méthodologiques par pays Edition 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264100886
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bank Profitability; Methodological Country Notes 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bank Profitability: Methodological Country Notes 2002
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: Les statistiques de l’OCDE sur les banques, publiées chaque année sous le titre Rentabilité des banques : Comptes des banques, fournissent un instrument sans équivalent pour analyser l’évolution de la rentabilité des banques dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Les notes méthodologiques par pays, incluses dans ce volume, complètent la publication statistique et ont été préparées afin de faciliter la compréhension et l'interprétation des statistiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264100886-fr
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    Compte satellite du tourisme : recommandations concernant le cadre conceptuel (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020078
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tourism Satellite Account; Recommended Methodological Framework
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette publication présente les recommandations concernant le cadre conceptuel du compte satellite du tourisme qui a été défini par un groupe de travail intersecrétariats réuni par la Division de statistique des Nations Unies, avec la participation de l'Office statistique des Communautés européennes, de l’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques et de l'Organisation mondiale du tourisme. Ces trois organismes feront le nécessaire pour promouvoir la mise en œuvre des recommandations dans leurs pays membres. Les recommandations ont été approuvées par la Commission de statistique à sa trente-et-unième session, en 2000.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020078-fr
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  • 52
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    Les TIC et la croissance économique : Panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101319
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. ICT and Economic Growth; Evidence from OECD countries, industries and firms
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. ICT and Economic Growth: Evidence from OECD countries, industries and firms
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: En 2000, au plus fort de la nouvelle économie, les TIC était acclamées comme la technologie qui allait révolutionner l’économie des pays de l’OCDE et leur apporter d’innombrables bienfaits. Le coup de frein qui a suivi a fait voler en éclats un certain nombre d’idées fausses sur les TIC : les cycles économiques ne sont pas finis ; les valorisations boursières doivent en effet s’appuyer sur les bénéfices ; et non, le secteur des TIC n’est pas à l’abri des crises. Pour autant il ne faudrait pas oublier les changements structurels et les avantages économiques qu’a déjà amenés et qu’amène encore aujourd’hui la diffusion des TIC. Cette étude examine les incidences des TIC sur la performance des entreprises et les stratégies susceptibles d’en tirer le meilleur profit. Revenant sur les effets déjà constatés sur l’économie, elle analyse les raisons pour lesquelles certains pays ont investi plus que d’autres dans ces technologies, et cherche à expliquer pourquoi seulement une partie d’entre eux ont pleinement pris la mesure de ce que les TIC peuvent leur apporter. Elle fait valoir que les TIC demeureront une technologie importante au cours des années à venir, car les réseaux irriguent désormais toute l’économie. À présent, il importe de savoir comment se servir au mieux de ces technologies. Cet ouvrage démontre de façon éloquente que les TIC, à défaut d'être une panacée, peuvent contribuer à faire évoluer l’activité des entreprises et les rendre plus performantes. Mais cette mutation ne se produira que si l’environnement est concurrentiel et si les investissements informatiques s’accompagnent de changements organisationnels, d’investissements dans les qualifications et d’une gestion avisée. Ce livre est un plaidoyer pour une stratégie publique globale visant à tirer le meilleur des technologies de l’information et de la communication.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101319-fr
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    Manuel de Frascati 2002 : Méthode type proposée pour les enquêtes sur la recherche et le développement expérimental (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264299047
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: La mesure des activités scientifiques et technologiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002; Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002; Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Lithuanian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual de Frascati 2002: Proposta de Práticas Exemplares para Inquéritos sobre Investigação e Desenvolvimento Experimental
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frascati Manual 2002: Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys on Research and Experimental Development (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: En cette période de mutations technologiques rapides, la recherche-développement (R-D) constitue un facteur de croissance important. Pour élaborer des politiques adéquates et bien les analyser, il est essentiel de suivre les activités de R-D de l’industrie, des gouvernements et des universités. Le Manuel de Frascati est devenu la référence méthodologique en matière de recueil et d’exploitation des statistiques de R-D. C'est un outil dont les bureaux de statistiques du monde entier ne sauraient se passer. Ce manuel contient les définitions des notions de base, des principes directeurs pour la collecte de données ainsi que les classifications à utiliser pour la compilation des statistiques. Le manuel a été actualisé : on trouvera dans cette sixième édition des principes directeurs mieux adaptés au suivi de l’évolution des pays de l’OCDE, notamment pour la mesure de la R-D du secteur des services, l’internationalisation de la R-D ainsi que les ressources humaines qui y sont affectées. Le manuel sera également publié sous forme électronique, de façon à pouvoir être mis à jour en temps utile.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264299047-fr
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    Die Weltwirtschaft: Eine Millenniumsperspektive (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264065000
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (409 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Studien des Entwicklungszentrums
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The World Economy; A Millennial Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale ; une perspective millénaire
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'économie mondiale : une perspective millénaire
    Keywords: Development ; Economics
    Abstract: Angus Maddison bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über Wachstum und Niveau der Weltbevölkerung seit dem Jahr 1000. In diesem Zeitraum wuchs die Bevölkerung um das 22fache, das Pro-Kopf-BIP um das 13fache und das Welt-BIP um nahezu das 300fache. Das größte Wachstum wiesen die heute reichen Länder auf (in Westeuropa, Nordamerika, Australasien sowie Japan). Die Kluft zwischen der führenden Volkswirtschaft der Welt – Vereinigte Staaten – und den ärmsten Ländern – in Afrika – beträgt mittlerweile 20:1. Im Jahr 1000 waren die reichen Länder von heute ärmer als Asien und Afrika. Das Buch dient mehreren Zwecken. So wird erstmals der Versuch unternommen, die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der einzelnen Nationen innerhalb einer sehr langen Zeitspanne quantitativ darzustellen. Zum anderen wird aufgezeigt, welche Kräfte für den Erfolg der reichen Länder verantwortlich waren und welche Faktoren in anderen Regionen ähnliche Fortschritte verhindert haben, so dass diese zurückblieben. Und schließlich werden die Interaktionen zwischen den reichen Ländern und dem Rest der Welt genauer unter die Lupe genommen, um zu evaluieren, inwieweit hierbei Ausbeutung mit im Spiel war. Die Weltwirtschaft – eine Millenniumsperspektive sollte Pflichtlektüre für alle sein, die sich wissenschaftlich mit volkswirtschaftlichen und wirtschaftsgeschichtlichen Themen beschäftigen. Aber auch alle anderen interessierten Leser werden sich der Faszination des Buchs nicht entziehen können. Ferner stellt es ein monumentales Nachschlagewerk dar. Es schließt an die beiden anderen Werke des Autors an: Monitoring the World Economy: 1820-1992 aus dem Jahr 1995 und Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run von 1998, die beide vom OECD-Entwicklungszentrum veröffentlicht wurden.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264065000-de
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    Emerging Risks in the 21st Century : An Agenda for Action (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101227
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (292 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle ; Vers un programme d'action
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les risques émergents au XXIe siècle : Vers un programme d'action
    Keywords: Environment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: The 21st Century has so far witnessed a host of large-scale disasters in various parts of the world including: windstorms, flooding, new diseases infesting both humans and animals, terrorist attacks and major disruptions to critical infrastructures. It is not just the nature of major risks that seems to be changing, but also the context in which risks are evolving as well as society’s capacity to manage them. This book explores the implications of these developments for economy and society in the 21st century, focussing in particular on the potentially significant increase in the vulnerability of major systems. It concentrates on five large risk clusters: natural disasters, technological accidents, infectious diseases, food safety and terrorism, identifies the challenges facing OECD countries and sets out recommendations for governments and the private sector as to how the management of emerging systemic risks might be improved.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101227-en
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    Report of the OECD task force on software measurement in the national accounts (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (90 Seiten) , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2003, 1
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This statistical working paper is the exact copy of the report of the joint OECD/Eurostat task force that was presented at the October 2002 OECD National Accounts Expert Meeting. The report confirms that current estimates of software investment differ significantly between countries for pure statistical reasons, thus affecting the comparability of GDP. The objective of this report is to propose concrete recommendations for a harmonised re-estimation of software investment in the national accounts. Recommendations cover definitional and conceptual issues (what is software?, what is software investment?), measurement issues in international trade and price, as well as general methods of estimation (sources and commodity-flow methods). The principle of the recommendations has been adopted by a large majority of OECD member countries during the October 2002 meeting. However, new estimates based on these recommendations should only be available in the forthcoming years, depending on the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/334811030426
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    The OECD Medium-Term Reference Scenario : Economic Outlook No.74 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 15 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.372
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This working paper describes a medium-term reference scenario for the OECD based on the shortterm projections described in OECD Economic Outlook No.74. OECD-wide real GDP is projected to expand at 2¾ per cent per annum between 2006 and 2009 and the area-wide rate of unemployment to fall below 6 per cent at the end of the period, while inflation rises only slightly. Despite a fairly robust recovery, fiscal balances remain in significant deficit for the area as a whole; there is little overall improvement in current external imbalances between regions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/415580146531
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    Financial Market Integration in the Euro Area (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.368
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: Although there is no single yardstick to gauge the degree of integration, there is ample evidence that financial markets in the euro area have some way to go before national demarcation lines will effectively disappear and financial market integration is satisfactory. While there has been a push towards integration from the centre, global developments, such as advances in information technology, falling communication costs and standardisation of products, have been the main drivers, while national policies often acted as an impediment. The integration of financial markets finally became a policy priority with the adoption of the FSAP as part of the Cardiff process launched in 1998. For the European Union to have a fully satisfactory regulatory framework for financial markets in place in 2005, further efforts are needed. This paper takes stock of current developments and proposes a set of further suggestions for policy action ...
    DOI: 10.1787/580278274030
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    Inflation Accounting : A Manual on National Accounting Under Conditions of High Inflation (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264299511
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (102 p)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Most countries have suffered from inflation within recent memory and countries in Latin America and the former Soviet Union have lived with very high rates of inflation for several years. Under inflation, national accounts at current as well as at constant prices will be seriously distorted unless special adjustment techniques are applied. By explaining these in a systematic fashion, the author brings new insights into the definition and measurement of income as well as the calculation and interpretation of price indices.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264299511-en
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    Tax Incentives and House Price Volatility in the Euro Area : Theory and Evidence (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.356
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area
    Abstract: A problem associated with inflation differentials in monetary unions is that the “crowding-in” effect of lower real interest rates associated with high inflation will initially outweigh the loss of competitiveness (crowding out). The crowding-in effect may produce volatility in house prices, especially if tax regimes favour the occurrence of bubbles. This paper shows that this is the case notably in the smaller countries of the euro area, and this could explain the persistence of inflation differentials in the area to some extent ...
    DOI: 10.1787/410243688730
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    ICT and Economic Growth : Evidence from OECD countries, industries and firms (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264101296
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les TIC et la croissance économique ; Panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les TIC et la croissance économique : Panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: This report examines the impacts of ICT on business performance and the policies that can help seize its benefits. It argues that ICT remains an important technology for the years ahead, as ICT networks have now spread throughout the economy. What counts now is how the technology should be made to work. .
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264101296-en
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    Manuel sur la mesure de l'économie non observée (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264275355
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy; A Handbook
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Manual sobre la medición de la economía no observada
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring the Non-Observed Economy: A Handbook
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: L’objectif de ce Manuel essentiel consiste à définir et à faire connaître les pratiques exemplaires utilisées pour mesurer l’économie non observée selon des modalités compatibles avec les normes internationales et en particulier avec le Système de comptabilité nationale 1993. En outre, le Manuel indique comment on peut réaliser des estimations indépendantes du secteur informel, de la production souterraine, de la production des ménages pour leur usage propre et de certaines activités illégales. Cet ouvrage s’adresse aux producteurs et aux utilisateurs de statistiques macro-économiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264275355-fr
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    The Sources of Economic Growth in OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264199460
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (154 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les sources de la croissance économique dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Die Quellen wirtschaftlichen Wachstums in den OECD-Ländern
    DDC: 330.9177
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Understand growth disparities between OECD countries over the past twenty years through identification and analysis of underlying factors. Growth patterns through the 1990s and into this decade have turned received wisdom on its head. For most of the post-war period, OECD countries with relatively low GDP per capita grew faster than richer countries. Since the late 1990s, however, that pattern has broken down with the United States notably drawing further ahead of the field. This publication provides a comprehensive overview of growth drivers across the OECD and the extent to which disparities are attributable to factors like new technology and R&D, macroeconomic policy, education and training, labour market flexibility, product market competition, and barriers to business start-up and closure.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264199460-en
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    Regulation, Productivity and Growth : OECD Evidence (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.347
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: In this paper, we relate the scope and depth of regulatory reforms to growth outcomes in OECD countries. By means of a new set of quantitative indicators of regulation, we show that the cross-country variation of regulatory settings has increased in recent years, despite extensive liberalisation and privatisation in the OECD area. We then look at the regulation-growth linkage using data that cover a large set of manufacturing and service industries over the past two decades. We focus on multifactor productivity (MFP), which plays a crucial role in GDP growth and accounts for a significant share of its cross-country variance. We find evidence that reforms promoting private governance and competition (where these are viable) tend to boost productivity. Both privatisation and entry liberalisation are estimated to have a positive impact on productivity. In manufacturing the gains are greater the further a given country is from the technology leader, suggesting that regulation limiting ...
    DOI: 10.1787/078677503357
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    The US Health System : An Assessment and Prospective Directions for Reform (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.350
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper assesses the performance of the United States health system in an international context and discusses potential directions for reform. The US health system is unique among OECD countries in its heavy reliance on the private sector for both financing and delivery of health care. The public sector plays a not-insignificant role, providing coverage for the elderly, disabled and poor, and spending as much on health as a share of GDP as is spent in total by many OECD countries. The system is considered highly flexible, capable of evolving quickly to address the changing preferences of consumers and the incentives put in place by the requirements of payers and government regulation. It is also characterised by excellent access by the insured population to the latest advances in medical technology. However, 14 per cent of Americans lack insurance coverage, and the decentralised, multi-payer approach to financing and regulation provides relatively few levers to control ...
    DOI: 10.1787/768340075526
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    Statistical Developments and Strategies in the Context of E-Government (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD statistics working papers 2003, 3
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This working paper has been written as a contribution to the OECD e-government project launched in 2001, which explores how governments can best exploit information and communication technologies (ICT) to enhance good governance principles and achieve public policy goals. The paper highlights the way in which the collection, compilation and dissemination of statistics has changed dramatically as NSOs have taken advantage of the opportunities afforded by ICT advances. In this regard, it describes changes that have occurred in national statistical offices (NSOs) in response to growing citizen demand and outlines both developments that have been made possible and necessary by recent technological advances in software, communications and computing. In addition, the paper shows that statistical institutions have a significant role to play in e-government developments, having often been given a major role in national e-government initiatives. Finally, it shows that the drive towards ...
    DOI: 10.1787/276667270150
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    Reforming the Public Expenditure System in Korea (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.377
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Although Korea has the second-lowest level of public spending among OECD countries at 22½ per cent of GDP, it faces strong upward spending pressures over the medium and longer term, which could threaten fiscal sustainability. This paper analyses the main features of Korea’s public expenditure system and reviews expenditure trends and the main forces behind them. The objective is to identify the major shortcomings in budget planning, management and control systems that have impeded better public sector performance. The paper concludes by proposing policy measures to enhance the effectiveness, efficiency and transparency of the public expenditure management system. These include managing public finance within a medium-term expenditure framework; making the budgetary system more comprehensive and transparent by consolidating special accounts and public funds and bringing extra-budgetary funds into the budget; introducing more flexible and results-focused public management to improve ...
    DOI: 10.1787/866056726747
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    Non-Tariff Measures Affecting EU Exports : Evidence From a Complaints-Inventory (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.373
    Keywords: Economics ; European Union
    Abstract: Evaluating the importance of non-tariff measures (NTMs) affecting imports remains a major challenge. This study reports evidence on the prevalence of NTMs based on an inventory of business complaints. This data source has the advantage of drawing on experiences of economic agents that are directly involved in trading activities, of containing information on "behind the border measures", and of covering procedural aspects of NTMs. The results suggest that natural resource based industries, such as agriculture and food, mining, and textiles, are most strongly affected by NTMs relative to their export volumes. Certification procedures, quantity control measures, and technical regulations are the types of NTM most frequently complained about. Complaints about domestic governance practices, such as impediments related to government procurement, investment restrictions, or insufficient intellectual property rights protection account for almost a third of all NTM observations and are in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/545677411266
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    Fiscal Relations across Government Levels (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.375
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite its apparent advantages, devolution of fiscal responsibilities has not proceeded evenly over the past two decades. Decentralisation can strengthen the democratic process, allow governments to tailor the supply of public goods to local preferences and introduce some competition across jurisdictions, thus raising public sector efficiency. It can, however, entail efficiency losses, and make it difficult to implement redistributive policies and complicate macroeconomic management. On the spending side, local provision may fail to exploit economies of scale and internalise territorial spillovers -- a serious issue since few public goods are purely local by nature. On the revenue side, few tax bases can be exploited by subnational governments without risking making national objectives difficult to achieve and raising serious distributive concerns. This paper, which is largely based on country experiences in mitigating the potential drawbacks of decentralisation while obtaining ...
    DOI: 10.1787/455513871742
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    Post-Crisis Changes in Banking and Corporate Landscapes in Dynamic Asia (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.362
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study investigates the changing relations between banks and their business customers in selected Asian emerging economies. These changes are manifest in declining bank lending growth and can be attributed to three major driving forces: cyclical factors, the fallout from the 1997 Asian crisis and structural factors affecting both the supply of and demand for bank credit. In response to declining lending growth and profits, banks have been diversifying their customer base and scope of activities. Alternative strategies to restore profitability and stay afloat in the global competition arena are consolidation and branching overseas. Faced with more stringent bank lending conditions in some cases, and seeking to reduce their debt loads, larger firms have been turning to capital markets as part of an effort to diversify their sources of funding. The measures taken by banks and firms to recover from the crisis and the 2001 downturn can be considered effective, but not sufficient to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/235437184066
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    Policies for an Ageing Society : Recent Measures and Areas for Further Reform (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.369
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a synthesis of age-related developments and policies for a range of OECD countries, drawing on recent OECD work. It describes the expected impact of ageing on expenditure and fiscal pressures taking into account the current configuration of age-related policies. Since later retirement appears to be a key policy to easing the burden of ageing, it looks at indicators of the incentives for early retirement via pension systems and other transfer programmes permitting early withdrawal from the labour market for those approaching retirement. The report discussed the different types of age-related reforms undertaken up to now and areas where further reforms appear needed ...
    DOI: 10.1787/737005512385
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    The Effectiveness of Public Expenditure in Portugal (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.349
    Keywords: Economics ; Portugal
    Abstract: Over the past decade, Portugal has experienced imbalances and inefficiencies in the public sector that have impeded better economic performance. Though Portugal’s total spending as a proportion of GDP is somewhat below the EU average, the rapid and uncontrolled growth of its primary current spending to a level now above the OECD and EU average, is worrying, because it puts at risks long-term fiscal sustainability. This paper points to major shortcomings in the budget management process and in the planning and control of public spending. The paper acknowledges recent action taken by public authorities to address some of the shortcomings and makes recommendations for moving further ahead. It suggests policy options that can make public expenditure more efficient and effective at overall levels. Administrative control, the cost-effectiveness of service provision, and incentives for efficient resource allocation all need to be improved. Ongoing efforts to develop accruals-based ...
    DOI: 10.1787/636037755640
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    Peer Review : An OECD Tool for Co-operation and Change = L'examen par les pairs : Un instrument de coopération et de changement (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264099210
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the practice of peer review and the related effect of peer pressure in the context of international organisations, particularly the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. It outlines the main features of these two concepts and attempts to establish a model based on the different peer review mechanisms used at OECD. While there are other documents available that list the peer reviews of the OECD, this paper will provide an analysis of the practice. Annex B describes some OECD peer reviews.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264099210-en-fr
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    Comparative Analysis of Firm Demographics and Survival : Micro-Level Evidence for the OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.348
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence on firm demographics and firm survival for a group of ten OECD countries. For each country a dataset of sectoral indicators of firm dynamics has been created using information from business registers. The patterns of firm entry, exit, survival and employment growth are described and analysed across countries, sectors, and over time. We find that both sectoral and country effects are important in determining firms demographics. We also find that entry and exit rates are fairly similar across countries, while post entry performance differ markedly between Europe and the US, a potential indication of the importance of barriers to firm growth as opposed to barriers to entry. Further, the paper provides a discussion of how these data may be used to gain a better understanding of the process through which economic policy and institutions may affect aggregate patterns of employment, output, and productivity growth ...
    DOI: 10.1787/010021066480
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    Enhancing the Effectiveness of Public Spending in Finland (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.358
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: Finland is committed to high quality and extensive public services and a high level of income redistribution. The heavy tax burden these commitments require is becoming increasingly difficult to sustain due to tax competition and the need to harmonise certain taxes with other EU countries. These pressures on taxation combined with the fiscal effects of rapid ageing imply a need for continued restraint of aggregate expenditure and a need for further efficiency gains in the provision of public services. This paper, one of a series of OECD reviews on public expenditure, looks at how Finland is coping with this challenge. It concludes that the fundamental framework guiding public expenditure in Finland is sound. And, in many areas of public activity the country compares very favourably internationally. However, recent slippage in fiscal discipline needs to be addressed. Also it will be important to monitor, and if necessary follow up on, reforms of pensions and early retirement ...
    DOI: 10.1787/087257864247
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  • 76
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    Bank Profitability: Methodological Country Notes 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264100176
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rentabilité des banques ; Notes méthodologiques par pays Edition 2002
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rentabilité des banques : Notes méthodologiques par pays Edition 2002
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: This publication complements Bank Profitability: Financial Statements of Banks. The notes included in this volume were prepared to facilitate the comprehension and the interpretation of the statistics and to provide a brief description of the activities of banks in each country.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264100176-en
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  • 77
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    Business Tendency Surveys : A Handbook (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264177444
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Economics ; Unternehmensentwicklung ; Erwartung ; Führungskraft ; Umfrage ; Fragebogen ; Entwurf
    Abstract: This handbook is a practical manual on the design and implementation of business tendency surveys, which ask company managers about the current situation of their business and about their plans and expectations for the future. In this book, the OECD draws on over 20 years of experience to provide, together with the European Commission, a set of harmonised business tendency surveys to collect qualitative information including economic analysis and forecasting from business managers in the manufacturing, construction, trade and service sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264177444-en
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  • 78
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    OECD Forum 2003 : Forum Highlights (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104662
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This brochure presents the highlights from OECD Forum 2003. It includes texts of the keynote speeches, summaries of the sessions and photos.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104662-en
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  • 79
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    Main Economic Indicators : Comparative Methodological Analysis: Wage related statistics Volume 2002 Supplement 3 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264175785
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This publication compares key aspects of statistical methodologies used by OECD member countries in the compilation of wage related statistics. Such statistics comprise: wages and earnings; minimum wages; costs and prices; unit labour costs; and household income. The focus of the publication is data comparability in the context of international guidelines and recommendations published by the OECD and other international organisations. The publication also outlines the conceptual relationship between each of the wage related statistics covered.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264175785-en
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  • 80
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    Effet de l'éducation et du capital social sur la croissance dans les pays de l'OCDE (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 59-110
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 65 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Growth effects of education and social capital in the OECD countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 59-110
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document passe en revue les études empiriques consacrées aux effets de l’éducation et du capital social sur la croissance. Il porte principalement sur les données relatives aux pays de l’OCDE, mais fait également un tour d’horizon rapide d’informations empruntées à l’économie du travail afin de préciser les aspects pour lesquels il peut être relativement utile d’utiliser des données macroéconomiques pour réaliser les travaux empiriques sur l’éducation. En définitive, les données internationales récentes tendent à montrer que l’éducation a sur la productivité des effets favorables au moins aussi importants que ceux recensés par les spécialistes de l’économie du travail. Les conséquences de cette situation sont également examinées. Enfin, le présent document examine la documentation nouvelle sur les avantages du capital social. Celle-ci se trouvant encore à un stade embryonnaire, il est d’autant plus difficile d’en dégager des conclusions pour l’action des pouvoirs publics.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art11-fr
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  • 81
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    L'investissement en capital humain : Le rôle de l'enseignement secondaire du 2e cycle et de l'enseignement supérieur (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 43-96
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 67 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Investment in human capital through upper-secondary and tertiary education
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 43-96
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Le présent document porte sur divers aspects de l’équité et de l’efficience qui sont liés à l’acquisition de qualifications par les jeunes et les adultes relativement âgés. L’analyse donne à penser que ce type d’investissement dans le capital humain procure aux personnes d’importants avantages sur le marché du travail, notamment des gains, après impôt, plus élevés et de meilleures perspectives d’emploi, avantages qui compensent largement le coût des investissements, c’est-à-dire principalement, le manque à gagner et les frais d’études. Il ressort également de cette analyse que les avantages nets varient considérablement sous l’effet de facteurs liés à l’action des pouvoirs publics, tels que la durée de la scolarisation, les allocations d’études et le soutien apporté aux élèves et étudiants. Globalement, les estimations indiquées dans le rapport montrent que l’élève moyen serait fortement incité à poursuivre ses études au-delà de l’âge de l’obligation scolaire et elles mettent également en évidence les avantages que cet investissement dans l’éducation procure à la société dans son ensemble. Toutefois, les gains nets sont d’autant plus faibles que l’étudiant est âgé, ce qui tient surtout au fait que les avantages découlant de la formation s’étalent sur une plus courte durée. Enfin, il est signalé dans le document que les étudiants de l’enseignement supérieur appartiennent en général aux classes aisées et qu’ils profitent donc d’importantes subventions publiques alors que les jeunes issus de milieux défavorisés ont moins de chances de faire des études supérieures et, partant, de bénéficier des subventions publiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art3-fr
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  • 82
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    Competition and Efficiency in Publicly Funded Services (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 79-128
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ouverture à la concurrence et efficacité des services à financement public
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 79-128
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: OECD countries gradually open the provision of publicly funded services to competition. This article sets out an analytical framework focusing on incentives and information asymmetries between government as a principal and the agents supplying publicly funded services, and reviews how these issues are addressed by different forms of competition. Taking a wide perspective across different publicly funded services, the article reviews to what extent and how OECD countries have introduced competition, and it seeks to compare and explain the differences based on service characteristics. This review covers education, childcare, long-term care for elderly and employment services. In such services used by individuals there can be benefits from letting users chooseamong alternative suppliers, but developing appropriate regulation shaping the incentives of users and suppliers is essential. Alternatively, competitive tendering and contracting can be used, as is frequently done in OECD countries in technical and support services, including in areas where the final services are supplied via a public monopoly. Private finance of infrastructure investment plays a minor role so far.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art10-en
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  • 83
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    Mesurer la productivité (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 137-184
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 61 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring productivity
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 137-184
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude examine les principaux problèmes rencontrés lors du calcul d’indicateurs de productivité. Elle fournit également des pistes aux chercheurs et aux statisticiens pour résoudre ces problèmes. Elle se fonde sur le Manuel de la productivité de l’OCDE et sur les travaux récents de l’OCDE dans ce domaine. Elle traite tout un ensemble de thèmes liés à l’estimation de la croissance de la productivité, notamment le choix d’un indicateur représentatif de la production (production brute ou valeur ajoutée), l’estimation de cette production, le rôle des facteurs travail et capital, ainsi que les problèmes liés au calcul d’indices. Elle passe ensuite en revue les estimations de l’OCDE relatives à la productivité ainsi que les principaux aspects du calcul de ces estimations, y compris la meilleure façon d’opérer les conversions entre devises. La dernière section est consacrée à l’interprétation des indicateurs de productivité, aux applications les plus fréquentes des résultats et aux principaux écueils à éviter. L’étude conclut que des progrès substantiels ont été réalisés ces dernières années pour rendre plus comparables les statistiques de productivité. Cependant, les données de base de nombreux pays constituent encore le principal obstacle à la construction d’indicateurs comparables de productivité. En outre, il faut que les statisticiens, les chercheurs et les décideurs soient mieux informés sur les utilisations et l’interprétation qui peuvent être faites des statistiques de productivité.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art13-fr
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  • 84
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    Les systèmes fiscaux des pays de l'Union européenne (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 97-164
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 82 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tax systems in European Union countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 97-164
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Malgré les récentes baisses d’impôt, le taux de prélèvement obligatoire de la plupart des pays de l’UE est supérieur à celui observé dans les autres économies. La répartition de la charge fiscale diffère aussi ; les revenus du travail sont lourdement taxés alors que les impôts sur la consommation et ceux dit « verts » représentent une part plus importante des recettes fiscales. Bien que la marge de manœuvre pour réduire les taux de prélèvements obligatoires soit faible en l’absence d’une baisse parallèle des dépenses publiques, un rééquilibrage de la charge fiscale – des revenus du travail vers d’autres assiettes imposables – pourrait contribuer à l’amélioration des performances en matière d’emploi. Une hausse des taxes sur la propriété, qui sont faibles par rapport à la plupart des autres pays de l’OCDE, ainsi qu’un moindre recours à des taux de TVA réduits et à des incitations fiscales généreuses pour certains instruments d’épargne devraient être envisagés. L’expérience des pays de l’Union européenne en matière de réforme fiscale pourrait aussi être riche d’enseignements pour d’autres régions où l’intégration économique s’accroît. En effet, la libre circulation des biens, des personnes et des capitaux à l’intérieur de l’Union européenne, ainsi que le passage à la monnaie unique, ont influencé la conception des systèmes fiscaux nationaux et mis sur le devant de la scène un certain nombre de problèmes de fiscalité internationale.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art4-fr
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  • 85
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    L'estimation du taux de chômage structurel des pays de l'OCDE (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 185-232
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 61 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Estimating the structural rate of unemployment for the OECD countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 185-232
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: La présente étude commence par une revue du cadre conceptuel des différentes mesures du chômage structurel et des autres méthodes empiriques qui ont été utilisées pour estimer ces mesures. A partir de là, elle expose une méthode pour estimer, au moyen du filtre de Kalman, les NAIRU variables dans le temps dans un ensemble de pays de l’OCDE. Elle analyse ensuite les estimations économétriques qui en résultent et la possibilité de les affiner davantage, compte tenu des nombreuses incertitudes liées à l’estimation. Elle expose les évolutions récentes des estimations du NAIRU : elles ont régressé dans de nombreux pays au cours de la deuxième moitié des années 80, bien que le chômage effectif soit demeuré largement supérieur au NAIRU dans une majorité de pays pendant la plus grande partie de la décennie, particulièrement en Europe. En dernière partie, elle explique l’intérêt des mesures du chômage structurel pour l’analyse des évolutions de l’inflation et de la politique monétaire.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art14-fr
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  • 86
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    Tax systems in European Union countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 91-151
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 72 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes fiscaux des pays de l'Union européenne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 91-151
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite recent cuts, the tax-to-GDP ratio in most EU countries remains much higher than in other economies. The tax mix is also different, with high tax wedges on labour and a stronger reliance on consumption and environmentally related taxes. While there is not much room for cutting taxes significantly without downsizing public spending, further re-balancing the tax burden away from labour could contribute to better employment performance. Greater reliance on property taxes, which are low by international standards, less use of reduced VAT rates and tax incentives targeted to specific saving vehicles should be considered. EU countries’ experience in reforming their tax system may also provide useful insights for other regions where international integration is deepening. The free movement of goods, people and capital within the EU area, combined with the advent of the single currency, has also affected the design of national tax systems and has brought to the fore a number of international taxation issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art4-en
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  • 87
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    Growth effects of education and social capital in the OECD countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 57-101
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Effet de l'éducation et du capital social sur la croissance dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 57-101
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper surveys the empirical literature on the growth effects of education and social capital. The main focus is on the cross-country evidence for the OECD countries, but the paper also briefly reviews evidence from labour economics, to clarify where empirical work on education using macro data may be relatively useful. It is argued that on balance, the recent cross-country evidence points to productivity benefits of education that are at least as large as those identified by labour economists. The paper also discusses the implications of this finding. Finally, the paper reviews the emerging literature on the benefits of social capital. Since this literature is still in its early days, policy conclusions are accordingly harder to find.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art11-en
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  • 88
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    The Stock Market, the Housing Market and Consumer Behaviour (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 175-200
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La bourse, le marché de l'immobilier et le comportement des consommateurs
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 175-200
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: After the buoyancy of stock markets in the late nineties, share prices have generally trended downwards since 2001. By contrast, house prices have continued to increase, rising more rapidly than the general price level in several countries. These developments have led to renewed interest in the impact of asset prices on consumption and overall demand. This paper analyses the roles of household financial wealth and housing wealth across G7 countries (with the exception of Germany), in determining private consumption. It provides some estimates of the sensitivity of consumption to various forms of wealth and tests whether these sensitivities have changed over time. The impacts of recent financial and housing market developments on consumption are also quantified. The main results are, first, that for all countries, wealth channels are identified, second, that these effects vary significantly across countries, and third that for some countries, their importance has tended to rise markedly over the recent past.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art12-en
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  • 89
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    La contribution des technologies de l'information et des communications à la croissance économique dans neuf pays de l'OCDE (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 165-186
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 36 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The contribution of information and communication technologies to economic growth in nine OECD countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 165-186
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cet article présente une étude comparative de l’incidence de l’accumulation de capital TIC sur la croissance de la production en Allemagne, en Australie, au Canada, aux États-Unis, en Finlande, en France, en Italie, au Japon et au Royaume-Uni. L’analyse se fonde sur un cadre de comptabilité de la croissance et sur une base de données récemment constituée pour les investissements en TIC et logiciels dans l’optique du Système de comptabilité nationale (SCN93). Il en ressort qu’au cours des deux dernières décennies, la contribution des TIC à la croissance économique s’est établie entre 0.2 et 0.5 point de pourcentage par an selon les pays. Mais durant la seconde moitié des années 90, elle est passée à 0.3-0.9 point de pourcentage par an.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art5-fr
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  • 90
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    L'industrie de l'électricité : Réglementation, structure du marché et performances (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 159-200
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Regulation, industry structure and performance in the electricity supply industry
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 159-200
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cet article évalue l’impact de la libéralisation et de la privatisation sur la performance dans le secteur de la production d’électricité. En s’appuyant sur un panel de données composé d’observations sur 19 pays membres de l’OCDE pour 10 années, les indicateurs de réglementation ont été construits pour mettre en évidence d’unepart l’impact de la réforme de la réglementation sur l’efficacité et les prix et d’autre part pour évaluer les différentes stratégies de réforme. La comparaison des pays dans un cadre dynamique permet d’identifier et de séparer les effets pays des effets imputables á la réglementation. Les principaux résultats de l’analyse suggèrent que les changements dans la législation sont lents á se répercuter sur le comportement des entreprises mais que la séparation des segments de la production et du transport, la nature de l’actionnaire, les conditions de l’accès au réseau et l’introduction d’un marché de l’électricité ont un impact statistiquement significatif sur divers aspects de la performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art5-fr
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  • 91
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    The Driving Forces of Economic Growth : Panel Data Evidence for the OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 9-56
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les moteurs de la croissance dans les pays de l'OCDE : Analyse empirique sur des données de panel
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 9-56
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses links between policy settings, institutions and economic growth in OECD countries on the basis of pooled cross-country time-series regressions. The novel econometric approach used in the paper allows short-term adjustments and convergence speeds to vary across countries, in accordance with most theoretical models, while imposing restrictions only on the longrun coefficients. In addition to the "primary" influences of physical and human capital accumulation, the results confirm the importance for growth of R&D activity, the macroeconomic environment, trade openness and well developed financial markets. They also confirm that many of the policy influences operate not only via the overall efficiency of factor use but also indirectly via the mobilisation of resources for fixed investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art10-en
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  • 92
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    Les moteurs de la croissance dans les pays de l'OCDE : Analyse empirique sur des données de panel (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 7-58
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 65 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Driving Forces of Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence for the OECD Countries
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 7-58
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Ce document analyse les liens entre la croissance économique et les politiques et les institutions dans les pays de l’OCDE sur la base de régressions en coupe transversale et en séries temporelles. Une approche économétrique nouvelle permet aux paramètres de court terme et à la vitesse de convergence de varier d’un pays à l’autre, en accord avec la plupart des models théoriques, alors que seuls les paramètres de long terme sont contraints à être communs. Au-delà du rôle « primaire » joué par l’accumulation du capital physique et humain, les résultats confirment l’importance pour la croissance de l’activité de R-D, du cadre macroéconomique, ainsi que de l’ouverture aux échanges et du développement des marchés financiers. Les résultats confirment que les variables de politique économique influencent la croissance économique non seulement par le biais d’une allocation efficiente des facteurs de production, mais aussi indirectement par l’accumulation du capital.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art10-fr
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  • 93
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    Measuring productivity (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 127-170
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer la productivité
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 127-170
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses the main measurement issues in calculating productivity indicators, and provides guidance to researchers and statisticians in addressing these difficulties. It draws on the OECD Productivity Manual and on recent OECD work on productivity levels. The paper examines a range of issues related to the measurement of productivity growth, including the choice of output measure (gross output versus value added), the measurement of output, labour and capital input, as well as index number issues. It also discusses OECD estimates of productivity levels and the key measurement issues in deriving these estimates, including the appropriate conversion from one currency unit to another. A final section discusses the interpretation of productivity measures, including their most common applications and the possible pitfalls. The paper concludes that substantial progress has been made in recent years to improve the comparability of productivity statistics. In many countries, however, basic source data are still the key limitation to the development of comparable indicators of productivity. In addition, statisticians, researchers and policy makers need to be more aware of the appropriate uses and interpretation of productivity statistics.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art13-en
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  • 94
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    Income Distribution and Poverty in the OECD Area : Trends and Driving Forces (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans la zone de l'OCDE : Tendances et déterminants
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article uses internationally-comparable data on the distribution of income across households to identify some well-founded facts to replace the conjecture and supposition which too often dominate discussions on inequality and poverty. There has been a general trend in nearly all OECD countries towards increased market income (earnings and income from capital) inequality between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s. However, in a significant minority of countries this has not resulted in higher levels of inequality because either the amounts distributed through the tax and transfer system have increased, or because it has become more progressive. Changes in income distribution in the past ten years generally favoured the prime-age and elderly age groups, particularly those around retirement age. Relative income levels of single parents are very low and have worsened in a number of countries. Trends in earned income, and in particular trends in employment, are found to be crucial in explaining these changes.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art2-en
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  • 95
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    Measures of Restrictions on Inward Foreign Direct Investment for OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 85-116
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesure des restrictions visant les investissements directs de l'étranger dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 85-116
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides new measures of restrictions on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) for OECD countries. Several different types of restrictions are considered: limitations on foreign ownership, screening or notification procedures, and management and operational restrictions. These restrictions are computed for nine sectors and eleven sub-sectors, most of which are in services, and then aggregated into a single measure for the economy as a whole. According to the aggregate indicators, the last two decades, and especially the 1990s, have witnessed dramatic liberalisation in FDI restrictions. OECD countries are now generally open to inward FDI, although there remain substantial differences between countries and across industries. The most open countries are now in Europe, at least as far as statutory restrictions are concerned. The preponderance of remaining restrictions is in services, with almost no overt restrictions in manufacturing...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art3-en
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  • 96
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    Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans la zone de l'OCDE : Tendances et déterminants (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-41
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 48 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Income Distribution and Poverty in the OECD Area: Trends and Driving Forces
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-41
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Cette étude exploite des données permettant des comparaisons internationales de la distribution des revenus entre les ménages. Elle a pour objectif d’identifier des faits bien établis, aptes à se substituer aux conjectures et suppositions qui, trop souvent, prédominent dans les débats sur les inégalités et la pauvreté. Entre le milieu des années soixante-dix et le milieu des années quatre-vingt-dix, on a observé une tendance générale au creusement des inégalités concernant les revenus marchands (revenus salariaux et du capital) dans la quasi-totalité des pays de l’OCDE. En revanche, dans une minorité significative de pays, il n’en a pas résulté une aggravation des inégalités globales, car soit les montants distribués via les prélèvements et transferts sont plus substantiels, soit le dispositif est devenu plus progressif. Dans l’ensemble, la distribution des revenus au cours des dix dernières années a évolué en faveur de la population dans la force de l’âge (les 40-50 ans) et d’un certain âge (55 ans et plus), mais surtout autour de l’âge de la retraite. Par ailleurs, le revenu relatif des familles monoparentales est très faible, et décroît même dans plusieurs pays. Enfin, on constate que les tendances des revenus salariaux, et en particulier de l’emploi, jouent un rôle crucial dans ces changements.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art2-fr
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  • 97
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    The contribution of information and communication technologies to economic growth in nine OECD countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 153-171
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La contribution des technologies de l'information et des communications à la croissance économique dans neuf pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 153-171
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper compares the impact of ICT capital accumulation on output growth in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis uses a growth accounting framework and a newly compiled database of investment in ICT equipment and software based on the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93). It is found that over the past two decades, ICT contributed between 0.2 and 0.5 percentage point per year to economic growth, depending on the country. During the second half of the 1990s, this contribution rose to 0.3 to 0.9 percentage point per year.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art5-en
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