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  • Ravallion, Martin  (68)
  • Kilic, Talip  (44)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (112)
  • Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
  • London : Routledge
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alimi, Omoniyi Babatunde Are Unit Values Reliable Proxies for Prices? Implications of Better Price Data for Household Consumption Measurement in a Low-Income Context
    Keywords: Commodity Group Price ; Household Consumption And Expenditure ; Household Survey ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nominal Consumption Aggregate ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Separability Assumption ; Unit Values
    Abstract: Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys are key to consumption-based monetary poverty measurement. In the absence of market price surveys that are linked to Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys, unit values are used as proxies for market prices in estimating nominal consumption aggregates, price deflators, poverty lines, and poverty statistics. This practice relies on the Hicksian separability assumption: within-commodity group relative prices are constant across space and the price of a single good is an accurate proxy for the commodity group price. To test, for the first time in a low-income context, whether Hicksian separability holds, this paper uses the price data collected for an extensive list of food items, including several variety/quality-differentiated products for specific items, in a national market survey that was conducted in Malawi in sync with the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey that is the source of official poverty statistics. The analysis demonstrates that Hicksian separability fails to hold across space and time and that unit values are biased proxies for prices. Integrating the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey and market survey data based on location and timing of fieldwork permits an assessment of consumption and poverty estimation based on market prices versus unit values. Relative to unit values, using market prices leads to higher food and overall consumption expenditures--both in nominal and real terms--while generating higher poverty lines and higher food and overall poverty rates. Compared to their counterparts based on unit values, spatially-disaggregated poverty estimates based on market prices exhibit a stronger correlation with nightlights --an objective proxy for living standards
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (78 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dang, Hai-Anh Using Survey-to-Survey Imputation to Fill Poverty Data Gaps at a Low Cost: Evidence from a Randomized Survey Experiment
    Keywords: Consumption ; Household Surveys ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Survey-To-Survey Imputation
    Abstract: Survey data on household consumption are often unavailable or incomparable over time in many low- and middle-income countries. Based on a unique randomized survey experiment implemented in Tanzania, this study offers new and rigorous evidence demonstrating that survey-to-survey imputation can fill consumption data gaps and provide low-cost and reliable poverty estimates. Basic imputation models featuring utility expenditures, together with a modest set of predictors on demographics, employment, household assets, and housing, yield accurate predictions. Imputation accuracy is robust to varying the survey questionnaire length, the choice of base surveys for estimating the imputation model, different poverty lines, and alternative (quarterly or monthly) Consumer Price Index deflators. The proposed approach to imputation also performs better than multiple imputation and a range of machine learning techniques. In the case of a target survey with modified (shortened or aggregated) food or non-food consumption modules, imputation models including food or non-food consumption as predictors do well only if the distributions of the predictors are standardized vis-a-vis the base survey. For the best-performing models to reach acceptable levels of accuracy, the minimum required sample size should be 1,000 for both the base and target surveys. The discussion expands on the implications of the findings for the design of future surveys
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gonzalez Martinez, Paula Lorena Breadwinners and Caregivers: Examining the Global Relationship between Gender Norms and Economic Behavior
    Keywords: Division of Labor ; Gender ; Gender and Employment ; Gender Gap ; Gender Gap in The Workforce ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Household Maintenance
    Abstract: Gender norms are often emphasized to help explain gender gaps in the labor market. This paper examines global patterns of gender attitudes and norms toward the stereotypical gender roles of the male breadwinner and female caregiver, and broad support for gender equality in opportunities, and studies their relationship with economic behavior. Using data collected via Facebook from 150,000 individuals across 111 countries the paper explores how gender beliefs and norms are related to labor supply, household production, and intrahousehold decision-making power within a country. The paper provides descriptive evidence that the more gender equitable or counter-stereotypical are beliefs and norms, the more likely women are to work, the more time men spend on household chores, and the higher the likelihood of joint decision-making among couples. The findings suggest an underestimation of the support for gender equality globally and the extent of underestimation varies by gender and region. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential entry points for policy to help address gender norms
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (47 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kilic, Talip Recording the Time Divide: A Comparative Study of Smartphone- and Recall-Based Approaches to Time Use Measurement
    Keywords: Cellular Phones ; Commercial Recall ; Consumption ; Household Survey ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Telecommunications ; Usage Monitoring
    Abstract: Based on a randomized survey experiment in Malawi, this study examines how innovative techniques in time use data collection could sidestep measurement concerns with traditional recall-based time use measurement. The experiment assigns random samples of households, and adult men and women within, to one of two treatment arms on time use measurement: a traditional 24-hour recall time use diary, and a self-administered smartphone-based pictorial time diary, known as the TimeTracker app, for real-time data collection. Compared to the recall arm, participation in employment and unpaid domestic and care work is shown to be higher in the smartphone arm for both men and women. The resulting estimates of gender gaps, while continuing to be large, are narrower in the smartphone arm, except for care work where the estimated gender gap increases. The recall treatment leads to substantial underreporting of activities after 6 pm, which otherwise accounts for nearly 30 percent of daily reported time in the smartphone arm. Likewise, the extent of simultaneous activities, particularly among women, is markedly lower in the recall arm. The overall reported time is, however, higher in the recall arm due to the minimum 15-minute duration that was used for recording activities the 24-hour recall diary, while over one-third of activities lasted less than 15 minutes in the smartphone arm. The analysis also shows that using stylized time use questions with a 7-day recall, as opposed to a 24-hour recall diary, results in an even greater overestimation of reported time in employment and unpaid work
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wollburg, Philip Economic Sentiments and Expectations in Sub-Saharan Africa in a Time of Multiple Shocks
    Keywords: Economic Insecurity ; Economic Sentiment ; Expectations ; Living Standards ; Living Standards Measurement Survey Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Phone Survey ; Poverty Reduction ; Quality of Life and Leisure ; Schocks ; Social Development ; Uncertainty
    Abstract: Against the background of high inflation, climate shocks, and concerns about rising food insecurity, this study documents the state of economic sentiments and expectations of households in five African countries--Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda--that are home to 36 percent of the Sub-Saharan African population. Leveraging nationally representative phone survey data, 57 percent of households across the five countries report that their financial situation and their country's economic situation have worsened significantly in the past 12 months. While expectations for the future are more positive, there are marked differences across countries that suggest uneven recovery prospects and nonnegligible uncertainty about the future. Households overwhelmingly report prices to have increased considerably over the past 12 months and expect prices to increase faster, or at the same rate, over the next 12 months. Close to 54 percent of households--home to 206 million individuals--further expect that climate shocks will have adverse impacts on their finances in the next year. Economic sentiments are closely related to livelihood outcomes such as food insecurity, lack of access to staple foods, income loss, and unemployment, and sentiments about the household financial situation, country economic situation, price increases, and climate shocks are also interdependent. Households whose financial situation has worsened in the past year are consistently more pessimistic about their financial future. Food insecure households, in particular, are not only more likely to report a worsening financial situation in the recent past and pessimism about the future, but also more likely to expect to be adversely impacted by climate shocks
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hasanbasri, Ardina Using Paradata to Assess Respondent Burden and Interviewer Effects in Household Surveys: Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Computer-Assisted Interviewing ; Household Surveys ; Interviewer Effects ; Paradata ; Poverty Reduction ; Respondent Burden ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Survey Methodology
    Abstract: Over the past decade, national statistical offices in low- and middle-income countries have increasingly transitioned to computer-assisted personal interviewing and computer-assisted telephone interviewing for the implementation of household surveys. The byproducts of these types of data collection are survey paradata, which can unlock objective, module- and question-specific, actionable insights on respondent burden, survey costs, and interviewer effects. This study does precisely that, using paradata generated by the Survey Solutions computer-assisted personal interviewing platform in recent national household surveys implemented by the national statistical offices in Cambodia, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Across countries, the average household interview, based on a socioeconomic household questionnaire, ranges from 82 to 120 minutes, while the average interview with an adult household member, based on a multi-topic individual questionnaire, takes between 13 to 25 minutes. Using a multilevel model that is estimated for each household and individual questionnaire module, the paper shows that interviewer effects on module duration are significantly larger than the estimates from high-income contexts. Food consumption, household roster, and non-farm enterprises consistently emerge among the top five household questionnaire modules in terms of total variance in duration, with 5 to 50 percent of the variability being attributable to interviewers. Similarly, labor, health, and land ownership appear among the top five individual questionnaire modules in terms of total variance in duration, with 6 to 50 percent of the variability being attributable to interviewers. These findings, particularly by module, point to where additional interviewer training, fieldwork supervision, and data quality monitoring may be needed in future surveys
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gourlay, Sydney Is Dirt Cheap? The Economic Costs of Failing to Meet Soil Health Requirements on Smallholder Farms
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Crop Yields ; Household Surveys ; Rural Development ; Smallholders ; Soil ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Technical Efficiency ; Uganda
    Abstract: Agricultural productivity is hindered in smallholder farming systems due to several factors, including farmers' inability to meet crop-specific soil requirements. This paper focuses on soil suitability for maize production and creates multidimensional soil suitability profiles of smallholder maize plots in Uganda, while quantifying forgone production due to cultivation on less-than-suitable land and identifying groups of farmers that are disproportionately impacted. The analysis leverages the unique socioeconomic data from a subnational survey conducted in Eastern Uganda, inclusive of plot-level, objective measures of maize yields and soil attributes. Stochastic frontier models of maize yields are estimated within each soil suitability class to understand differences in returns to inputs, technical efficiency, and potential yield. Only 13 percent of farmers are cultivating soil that is highly suitable for maize production, while the vast majority are cultivating only moderately suitable plots. Farmers cultivating highly suitable soil have the potential to increase their observed yields by as much as 86 percent, while those at the opposite end of the suitability distribution (with marginally suitable land) operate closer to the production frontier and can only increase yields by up to 59 percent, given the current technology set. There is heterogeneity in potential gains across the wealth distribution, with poorer households facing more heavily constrained potential. Assuming no change in technologies and management practices used by Ugandan farmers, there are limited economic gains tied to closing suitability class-specific productivity gaps, or even at the extreme reaching the average potential productivity levels observed in the high suitability class
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lokshin, Michael Is Social Protection a Luxury Good?
    Keywords: Distribution ; Economic Assistance ; Engel Curve ; Governance ; ICT Economics ; ICT Support To Social Protections ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic ; Selective Data Reporting ; Social Protection ; Social Protection Expenditure ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The claim that social protection is a luxury good-with a national income elasticity exceeding unity-has been influential. The paper tests the "luxury good hypothesis" using newly-assembled data on social protection spending across countries since 1995, treating the pandemic period separately, as it entailed a large expansion in social protection efforts. While the mean income share devoted to social protection rises with income, this is attributable to multiple confounders, including relative prices, weak governance in low-income countries and access to information-communication technologies. Controlling for these, social protection is not a luxury good. This was also true during the pandemic
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hasanbasri, Ardina Individual Wealth Inequality: Measurement and Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Asset Ownership ; Economic Gender Differences ; Economic Insecurity ; Economic Opportunity ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Wealth ; Income Inequality ; Individual Income In Developing Countries ; Individual Wealth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Wealth Inequality Study
    Abstract: The accumulation of personal wealth, stemming from ownership and control of assets, plays a critical role in advancing women's and men's economic opportunities. Yet, it is an understudied dimension of inequality across the developing world. To study individual-level wealth inequality and gender differences in wealth, this paper leverages unique data from nationally representative, multi-topic household surveys that were conducted in Cambodia, Ethiopia, Malawi, and Tanzania and that interviewed men and women in private regarding their personal ownership and valuation of physical and financial assets. The analysis documents substantial gender inequalities in asset ownership and wealth, overall and for specific asset classes. Individual-level wealth inequality measures are substantially higher vis-a-vis comparators based on per capita household consumption expenditures and per capita household wealth, and intrahousehold wealth inequality has a substantial role in explaining overall wealth inequality. While land is a key contributor to wealth inequality across countries, there is cross-country heterogeneity in the relative contributions of asset classes. Self-reporting on asset ownership and valuation, the internationally-recommended best practice, is also shown to lead to higher inequality estimates compared to the business-as-usual survey practice of interviewing a single, most-knowledgeable household member to identify intrahousehold asset owners and values. The discussion expands on the implications of the findings for future surveys and methodological research
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Furbush, Ann The Evolving Socioeconomic Impacts of COVID-19 in Four African Countries
    Abstract: The paper provides evidence on the evolving socioeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic among households in Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda. The data allow estimating the immediate economic impacts of the pandemic, beginning in April 2020, and tracking how the situation evolved through September 2020. Although households have started to see recovery in income, business revenues, and food security, the gains have been relatively modest. Additionally, households have received very little outside assistance and their ability to cope with shocks remains limited. School closures have created a vacuum in education delivery and school-aged children have struggled to receive education services remotely
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Lokshin, Michael Would Mexican Migrants be Willing to Guarantee Americans a Basic Income?
    Abstract: The paper simulates a double-sided competitive market in temporary work permits between the U.S. and Mexico. Eligible working-age Americans would have the option of renting out their implicit work permits while Mexican workers have remunerative new opportunities. With plausible allowances for migration costs, the market can support a self-financed and self-targeted basic income for Americans and lower their poverty rate. With sufficiently high tax rates on work permits, the scheme can be managed to avoid a large increase in the count of total migrants compared to now. The likely change in the skill composition of migrants would raise U.S. GDP
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Deininger, Klaus Investment Impacts of Gendered Land Rights in Customary Tenure Systems: Substantive and Methodological Insights from Malawi
    Abstract: Compared with the vast literature on the investment and productivity effects of land rights formalization, little attention has been paid to the impact of variation in individuals' tenure security under customary tenure regimes. This is a serious gap not only because most of Africa's rural land is held under informal arrangements, but also because gradual erosion of long-term rights by women and migrants is often an indication of traditional systems coming under stress. Using a unique survey experiment in Malawi, the analysis shows that (i) having long-term land rights of bequest and sale has a significant impact on investment and cash crop adoption; (ii) women's land rights of bequest and sale, joint with local institutional arrangements, can amplify the magnitude of such effects; and (iii) the effects found here can be obscured by measurement error associated with traditional approaches to survey data collection on land ownership and rights
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Azzari, George Understanding the Requirements for Surveys to Support Satellite-Based Crop Type Mapping: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: With the surge in publicly available high-resolution satellite imagery, satellite-based monitoring of smallholder agricultural outcomes is gaining momentum. This paper provides recommendations on how large-scale household surveys should be conducted to generate the data needed to train models for satellite-based crop type mapping in smallholder farming systems. The analysis focuses on maize cultivation in Malawi and Ethiopia, and leverages rich, georeferenced plot-level data from national household surveys that were conducted in 2018-20 and that are integrated with Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and complementary geospatial data. To identify the approach to survey data collection that yields optimal data for training remote sensing models, 26,250 in silico experiments are simulated within a machine learning framework. The best model is then applied to map seasonal maize cultivation from 2016 to 2019 at 10-meter resolution in both countries. The analysis reveals that smallholder plots with maize cultivation can be identified with up to 75 percent accuracy. However, the predictive accuracy varies with the approach to georeferencing plot locations and the number of observations in the training data. Collecting full plot boundaries or complete plot corner points provides the best quality of information for model training. Classification performance peaks with slightly less than 60 percent of the training data. Seemingly small erosion in accuracy under less preferable approaches to georeferencing plots results in total area under maize cultivation being overestimated by 0.16 to 0.47 million hectares (8 to 24 percent) in Malawi
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (49 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: McCarthy, Nancy Recurrent Climatic Shocks and Humanitarian Aid: Impacts on Livelihood Outcomes in Malawi
    Abstract: Between 2014 and 2016 unprecedented and consecutive climatic shocks ravaged Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the world. The largest ever emergency relief operation in the country's history ensued. The pathways and extent to which the humanitarian response protected livelihoods remain under researched. This paper uses a unique data set that combines longitudinal household survey data with GIS-based measures of weather shocks and climate conditions and longitudinal administrative data on the World Food Programme's aid distribution. The paper aims to understand the drivers of humanitarian aid and evaluate the impact of aid and weather shocks on outcomes related to household production and consumption in Malawi. The analysis shows that droughts and floods had consistent negative impacts on a range of welfare outcomes, particularly for households that were subject to sequential shocks. Aid receipt is demonstrated to attenuate such impacts, again particularly for households that experienced the shocks consecutively. Households living in areas subject to a weather shock and with higher World Food Programme aid distribution were more likely to receive food aid, partially explaining the success of aid in mitigating the impacts of shocks. However, there is significant scope for improving the criteria for targeting humanitarian aid beneficiaries
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Friedman, Jed The Distribution of Effort: Physical Activity, Gender Roles, and Bargaining Power in an Agrarian Setting
    Abstract: The disutility of work, often summarily described as effort, is a primal component of economic models of worker and consumer behavior. However, empirical applications that measure effort, especially those that assess the distribution of effort across known populations, are historically scarce. This paper explores intra-household differences in physical activity in a rural agrarian setting. Physical activity is captured via wearable accelerometers that provide a proxy for physical effort expended per unit of time. In the study setting of agricultural households in Malawi, men devote significantly more time to sedentary activities than women (38 minutes per day), but also spend more time on moderate-to-vigorous activities (16 minutes). Using standardized energy expenditure as a summary measure for physical effort, women exert marginally higher levels of physical effort than men. However, gender differences in effort among married partners are strongly associated with intra-household differences in bargaining power, with significantly larger husband-wife effort gaps alongside larger differences in age and individual land ownership as well as whether the couple lives as part of a polygamous union. Physical activity - a proxy for physical effort, an understudied dimension of wellbeing - exhibits an unequal distribution across gender in this population
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Established in 2016, the World Bank living standards measurement study - plus (LSMS+) program works to enhance the availability and quality of intra-household, self-reported, individual-disaggregated survey data collected in low- and middle-income countries on key dimensions of men's and women's economic opportunities and welfare. This report presents findings on gender differences in labor market outcomes and ownership of physical and financial assets in Sub-Saharan Africa, based on the national surveys that have been implemented by the respective national statistical offices (NSOs) in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Tanzania over the period 2016-2020, with support from the LSMS+ program
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Established in 2016, the World Bank living standards measurement study - plus (LSMS+) program works to enhance the availability and quality of intra-household, self-reported, individual-disaggregated survey data collected in low- and middle-income countries on key dimensions of men's and women's economic opportunities and welfare. This report presents findings on gender differences in labor market outcomes and ownership of physical and financial assets in Cambodia, based on a national survey that was implemented by the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) in 2019, with support from the LSMS+ program
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Abstract: Established in 2016, the World Bank living standards measurement study - plus (LSMS+) program works to enhance the availability and quality of intra-household, self-reported, individual-disaggregated survey data collected in low- and middle-income countries on key dimensions of men's and women's economic opportunities and welfare. This report presents an overview of the LSMS+ program and provides operational guidance regarding individual-disaggregated data collection in large-scale household surveys, based on the experience with and analysis of the national surveys that have been implemented by the respective national statistical offices (NSOs) in Cambodia, Ethiopia, Malawi, Tanzania over the period 2016-2020, with support from the LSMS+ program
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bose-Duker, Theophiline Diamonds in the Rough? Repurposing Multi-Topic Surveys to Estimate Individual-Level Consumption Poverty
    Abstract: Traditional per capita measures of poverty assign the same poverty status to individuals living in the same household and overlook differences in living standards within households. There has been a long-standing need for a tool that enables poverty measurement at the individual level, while avoiding overly complex estimation techniques and, if possible, using readily available household survey data. An ordinary least squares-based strategy was recently introduced to estimate individual resource shares. This paper presents the theory behind this approach in an accessible fashion for those interested in individual-level consumption poverty measurement using existing household survey data. The strategy's assumptions are compared with the assumptions of the prevailing per capita approach to deriving poverty estimates. The empirical analysis presents competing individual-level poverty estimates in four diverse countries under the individual resource shares strategy versus the per capita approach. The results suggest that poverty is underestimated under the per capita approach. There is further evidence that women may be poorer than men, and that children and the elderly are disproportionately affected by poverty. However, the pursuit of the individual resource shares approach reveals cross-country heterogeneity in the extent of increase in headcount poverty estimates, and in the direction of change in headcount poverty estimates for men and women. The paper concludes with suggestions for further methodological research in this area
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Brubaker, Joshua Representativeness of Individual-Level Data in COVID-19 Phone Surveys: Findings from Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has created urgent demand for timely data, leading to a surge in mobile phone surveys for tracking the impacts of and responses to the pandemic. This paper assesses, and attempts to mitigate, selection biases in individual-level analyses based on phone survey data. The research uses data from (i) national phone surveys that have been implemented in Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda during the pandemic, and (ii) the pre-COVID-19 national face-to-face surveys that served as the sampling frames for the phone surveys. The availability of pre-COVID-19 face-to-face survey data permits comparisons of phone survey respondents with the general adult population. Phone survey respondents are more likely to be household heads or their spouses and non-farm enterprise owners, and on average, are older and better educated vis-a-vis the general adult population. To improve the representativeness of individual-level phone survey data, the household-level phone survey sampling weights are calibrated based on propensity score adjustments that are derived from a model of an individual's likelihood of being interviewed as a function of individual- and household-level attributes. Reweighting improves the representativeness of the estimates for the phone survey respondents, moving them closer to those of the general adult population. This holds for women and men and a range of demographic, education, and labor market outcomes. However, reweighting increases the variance of the estimates and fails to overcome selection biases. Obtaining reliable data on men and women through phone surveys requires random selection of adult interviewees within sampled households
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Yacoubou Djima, Ismael Survey Measurement Errors and the Assessment of the Relationship between Yields and Inputs in Smallholder Farming Systems: Evidence from Mali
    Keywords: Agricultural Input ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Crop Cutting ; Crop Yield ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Household Survey ; Machine Learning ; Measurement Error ; Smallholder Farming
    Abstract: An accurate understanding of how input use affects agricultural productivity in smallholder farming systems is key to designing policies that can improve productivity, food security, and living standards in rural areas. Studies examining the relationships between agricultural productivity and inputs typically rely on land productivity measures, such as crop yields, that are informed by self-reported survey data on crop production. This paper leverages unique survey data from Mali to demonstrate that self-reported crop yields, vis-a-vis (objective) crop cut yields, are subject to non-classical measurement error that in turn biases the estimates of returns to inputs, including land, labor, fertilizer, and seeds. The analysis validates an alternative approach to estimate the relationship between crop yields and agricultural inputs using large-scale surveys, namely a within-survey imputation exercise that derives predicted, otherwise unobserved, objective crop yields that stem from a machine learning model that is estimated with a random subsample of plots for which crop cutting and self-reported yields are both available. Using data from a methodological survey experiment and a nationally representative survey conducted in Mali, the analysis demonstrates that it is possible to obtain predicted objective sorghum yields with attenuated non-classical measurement error, resulting in a less biased assessment of the relationship between yields and agricultural inputs. The discussion expands on the implications of the findings for (i) future research on agricultural intensification, and (ii) the design of future surveys in which objective data collection could be limited to a subsample to save costs, with the intention to apply the suggested machine learning approach
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (123 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Dang, Hai-Anh H Poverty Imputation in Contexts without Consumption Data: A Revisit with Further Refinements
    Keywords: Asset Wealth ; Demographic and Health Survey ; Educational Achievement ; Employment ; Household Survey ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Reduction ; Survey-To-Survey Imputation
    Abstract: A key challenge with poverty measurement is that household consumption data are often unavailable or infrequently collected or may be incomparable over time. In a development project setting, it is seldom feasible to collect full consumption data for estimating the poverty impacts. While survey-to-survey imputation is a cost-effective approach to address these gaps, its effective use calls for a combination of both ex-ante design choices and ex-post modeling efforts that are anchored in validated protocols. This paper refines various aspects of existing poverty imputation models using 14 multi-topic household surveys conducted over the past decade in Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Vietnam. The analysis reveals that including an additional predictor that captures household utility consumption expenditures-as part of a basic imputation model with household-level demographic and employment variables-provides poverty estimates that are not statistically significantly different from the true poverty rates. In many cases, these estimates even fall within one standard error of the true poverty rates. Adding geospatial variables to the imputation model improves imputation accuracy on a cross-country basis. Bringing in additional community-level predictors (available from survey and census data in Vietnam) related to educational achievement, poverty, and asset wealth can further enhance accuracy. Yet, there is within-country spatial heterogeneity in model performance, with certain models performing well for either urban areas or rural areas only. The paper provides operationally-relevant and cost-saving inputs into the design of future surveys implemented with a poverty imputation objective and suggests directions for future research
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Jolliffe, Dean Under what Conditions are Data Valuable for Development?
    Keywords: Development Data ; Economic Theory and Research ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Public Service Delivery ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Statistics
    Abstract: Data produced by the public sector can have transformational impacts on development outcomes through better targeting of resources, improved service delivery, cost savings in policy implementation, increased accountability, and more. Around the world, the amount of data produced by the public sector is increasing at a rapid pace, yet their transformational impacts have not been realized fully. Why has the full value of these data not been realized yet This paper outlines 12 conditions needed for the production and use of public sector data to generate value for development and presents case studies substantiating these conditions. The conditions are that data need to have adequate spatial and temporal coverage (are complete, frequent, and timely), are of high quality (are accurate, comparable, and granular), are easy to use (are accessible, understandable, and interoperable), and are safe to use (are impartial, confidential, and appropriate)
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Hasanbasri, Ardina Individual Wealth and Time Use: Evidence from Cambodia
    Keywords: Asset Ownership ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Household Survey ; ICT Economics ; Inequality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Labor ; Poverty Reduction ; Time Allocation ; Time Use ; Wealth
    Abstract: A better understanding of how individual wealth and time use are linked-across paid, unpaid, and leisure activities-is important for targeting widespread gender inequalities in time allocation, as well as in accessing economic opportunities. The lack of reliable, individual-level data on asset ownership across different subpopulations, however, has limited discussions of these issues in the literature. Using a unique nationally representative survey from Cambodia, this paper shows that individual wealth, as measured through self-reported ownership of physical and financial assets, is significantly associated with time allocation to different activities. The role of asset ownership in time use is also stronger, particularly among women, vis-a-vis the competing proxies for socioeconomic status. Ownership of financial accounts, motorized vehicles, and mobile phones-all of which can improve access to networks, markets, and services-is associated with less time in unpaid work, and in some cases greater time in paid work, specifically among women in off-farm jobs. There are also distinct gender differences in how men and women shift their time away from leisure and childcare, highlighting the importance of social norms in choices over time use. The analysis highlights the utility of integrated, intra-household, individual-disaggregated data collection on asset ownership, time use, and employment in lower-income contexts
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (151 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Michler, Jeffrey D Estimating the Impact of Weather on Agriculture
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate and Meteorology ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Crop Yield ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Precipitation ; Remote Sensing ; Science and Technology Development ; Temperature ; Weather Impacts
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the significance and magnitude of the effect of measurement error in remote sensing weather data in the analysis of smallholder agricultural productivity. The analysis leverages 17 rounds of nationally-representative, panel household survey data from six countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. These data are spatially linked with a range of geospatial weather data sources and related metrics. The paper provides systematic evidence on measurement error introduced by (1) different methods used to obfuscate the exact GPS coordinates of households, (2) different metrics used to quantify precipitation and temperature, and (3) different remote sensing measurement technologies. First, the analysis finds no discernible effect of measurement error introduced by different obfuscation methods. Second, it finds that simple weather metrics, such as total seasonal rainfall and mean daily temperature, outperform more complex metrics, such as deviations in rainfall from the long-run average or growing degree days, in a broad range of settings. Finally, the analysis finds substantial amounts of measurement error based on remote sensing products. In extreme cases, the data drawn from different remote sensing products result in opposite signs for coefficients on weather metrics, meaning that precipitation or temperature drawn from one product purportedly increases crop output while the same metrics drawn from a different product purportedly reduces crop output. The paper concludes with a set of six best practices for researchers looking to combine remote sensing weather data with socioeconomic survey data
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McCarthy, Nancy Shelter from the Storm? Household-Level Impacts of, and Responses to, the 2015 Floods in Malawi
    Abstract: As extreme weather events intensify due to climate change, it becomes ever more critical to understand how vulnerable households are to these events and the mechanisms households can rely on to minimize losses effectively. This paper analyzes the impacts of the floods that occurred during the 2014/15 growing season in Malawi, using a two-period panel data set. The results show that while yields were dramatically lower for households severely affected by the floods, drops in food consumption expenditures and calories per capita were less dramatic. However, dietary quality, as captured by the food consumption score, was significantly lower for flood-affected households. Although access to social safety nets increased food consumption outcomes, particularly for those in moderately-affected areas, the proportion of households with access to certain safety net programs was lower in 2015 compared with 2013. The latter finding suggests that linking these programs more closely to disaster relief efforts could substantially improve welfare outcomes during and after a natural disaster. Finally, risk-coping strategies, including financial account ownership, access to off-farm income sources, and adult children living away from home, were generally ineffective in mitigating the negative impacts of the floods
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ravallion, Martin Welfare-Consistent Global Poverty Measures
    Abstract: The paper provides new measures of global poverty that take seriously the idea of relative-income comparisons but also acknowledge a deep identification problem when the latent norms defining poverty vary systematically across countries. Welfare-consistent measures are shown to be bounded below by a fixed absolute line and above by weakly-relative lines derived from a theoretical model of relative-income comparisons calibrated to data on national poverty lines. Both bounds indicate falling global poverty incidence, but more slowly for the upper bound. Either way, the developing world has a higher poverty incidence but is making more progress against poverty than the developed world
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kilic, Talip Costing Household Surveys for Monitoring Progress toward Ending Extreme Poverty and Boosting Shared Prosperity
    Abstract: 92 million is projected to cover the survey implementation costs across 78 countries, and US
    Abstract: 92 million is projected to cover the survey implementation costs across 78 countries, and US
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (76 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gourlay, Sydney Could the Debate Be Over? Errors in Farmer-Reported Production and Their Implications for the Inverse Scale-Productivity Relationship in Uganda
    Abstract: Based on a two-round household panel survey conducted in Eastern Uganda, this study shows that the analysis of the inverse scale-productivity relationship is highly sensitive to how plot-level maize production, hence yield (production divided by GPS-based plot area), is measured. Although farmer-reported production-based plot-level maize yield regressions consistently lend support to the inverse scale-productivity relationship, the comparable regressions estimated with maize yields based on sub-plot crop cutting, full-plot crop cutting, and remote sensing point toward constant returns to scale, at the mean as well as throughout the distributions of objective measures of maize yield. In deriving the much-debated coefficient for GPS-based plot area, the maize yield regressions control for objective measures of soil fertility, maize genetic heterogeneity, and edge effects at the plot level; a rich set of plot, household, and plot manager attributes; as well as time-invariant household- and parcel-level unobserved heterogeneity in select specifications that exploit the panel nature of the data. The core finding is driven by persistent overestimation of farmer-reported maize production and yield vis-a-vis their crop cutting-based counterparts, particularly in the lower half of the plot area distribution. Although the results contribute to a larger, and renewed, body of literature questioning the inverse scale-productivity relationship based on omitted explanatory variables or alternative formulations of the agricultural productivity measure, the paper is among the first documenting how the inverse relationship could be a statistical artifact, driven by errors in farmer-reported survey data on crop production
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kilic, Talip Mission Impossible? Exploring the Promise of Multiple Imputation for Predicting Missing GPS-Based Land Area Measures in Household Surveys
    Abstract: Research has provided robust evidence for the use of GPS technology to be the scalable gold standard in land area measurement in household surveys. Nonetheless, facing budget constraints, survey agencies often seek to measure with GPS only plots within a given radius of dwelling locations. Subsequently, it is common for significant shares of plots not to be measured, and research has highlighted the selection biases resulting from using incomplete data. This study relies on nationally-representative, multi-topic household survey data from Malawi and Ethiopia that exhibit near-negligible missingness in GPS-based plot areas, and validates the accuracy of a multiple imputation model for predicting missing GPS-based plot areas in household surveys. The analysis (i) randomly creates missingness among plots beyond two operationally relevant distance measures from the dwelling locations; (ii) conducts multiple imputation under each distance scenario for each artificially created data set; and (iii) compares the distributions of the imputed plot-level outcomes, namely, area and agricultural productivity, with the known distributions. In Malawi, multiple imputation can produce imputed yields that are statistically undistinguishable from the true distributions with up to 82 percent missingness in plot areas that are further than 1 kilometer from the dwelling location. The comparable figure in Ethiopia is 56 percent. These rates correspond to overall rates of missingness of 23 percent in Malawi and 13 percent in Ethiopia. The study highlights the promise of multiple imputation for reliably predicting missing GPS-based plot areas, and provides recommendations for optimizing fieldwork activities to capture the minimum required data
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Montalvao, Joao Soft Skills for Hard Constraints: Evidence from High-Achieving Female Farmers
    Abstract: This paper documents the positive link between the noncognitive skills of women farmers and the adoption of a cash crop. The context is Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the world, where the majority of rural households practice subsistence farming. The analysis finds that a one standard deviation increase in noncognitive ability related to perseverance is associated with a five percentage point (or 33 percent) increase in the probability of adoption of the main cash crop. This link is not explained by differences across women in education and cognitive skills. It is also not explained by the fact that women with higher noncognitive ability tend to be married to husbands of higher noncognitive ability and education. The effect of female noncognitive skills on adoption is concentrated in patrilocal communities, where women face greater adversity and thus where it would be expected that the returns to such skills would be highest. One main channel through which noncognitive skills seem to work is through the use of productive inputs, including higher levels of labor, fertilizer, and agricultural advice services
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als McCarthy, Nancy Stronger Together: Intra-Household Cooperation and Household Welfare in Malawi
    Abstract: It has long been recognized that household decision-making may not result in outcomes consistent with the unitary household model. Within the collective bargaining framework, consumption decisions would be driven by the spouse with greater bargaining power, while the outcomes would still be Pareto efficient. Within the non-cooperative framework, households would not achieve Pareto efficient outcomes, and under the simplest representation, bargaining power would not affect consumption decisions. This paper develops a model that allows consumption patterns and labor supply to be affected by both bargaining power and non-cooperation. The model highlights the potential gains from improving bargaining power versus increasing cooperation between spouses, and presents conditions under which relatively large gains would be expected from moving to more equitable bargaining power versus achieving intra-household cooperation. The model's predictions are in turn tested using a unique panel data set on married couples in rural Malawi. The analysis shows that, relative to increasing wives' bargaining power, improving cooperation between spouses would exert larger and statistically significant positive impacts on total household income and consumption expenditures per capita, as well as the share of household consumption devoted to public goods. Supported also by cross-country qualitative research, the results suggest that household public goods are relatively important to both women and men in rural Malawi, husbands' capacity to control wives' incomes is relatively limited, and development programs that promote intra-household cooperation could lead to greater gains in income and household public goods provision compared with interventions focusing exclusively on women's empowerment
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brown, Caitlin Are Poor Individuals Mainly Found in Poor Households? Evidence Using Nutrition Data for Africa
    Abstract: Antipoverty policies in developing countries often assume that targeting poor households will be reasonably effective in reaching poor individuals. This paper questions this assumption, using nutritional status as a proxy for individual poverty. The comprehensive assessment for Sub-Saharan Africa reveals that undernourished women and children are spread widely across the distribution of household wealth and consumption. Roughly three-quarters of underweight women and undernourished children are not found in the poorest 20 percent of households, and around half are not found in the poorest 40 percent. The mean joint probability of being an underweight woman and living in the poorest wealth quintile is only 0.03. Countries with higher overall rates of undernutrition tend to have a higher share of undernourished individuals in nonpoor households. The results are consistent with evidence of substantial intrahousehold inequality
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gibson, John For India's Rural Poor, Growing Towns Matter More than Growing Cities
    Abstract: It is theoretically ambiguous whether growth of cities matters more to the rural poor than growth of towns. This paper empirically examines whether growth of India's secondary towns or big cities mattered more to recent rural poverty reduction, noting that data deficiencies have made this a difficult question to answer previously. Satellite observations of night lights are used to measure urban growth on the extensive and intensive margins in the context of a spatial Durbin fixed-effects model of poverty measures for rural India, calibrated to a panel of 59 regions observed four times over 1993-2012. The expansion of lit area had greater effect on the rural poverty measures than did intensive margin growth in the brightness of light from urban areas. For India's current stage of development, growth of secondary towns may do more to reduce rural poverty than big city growth, although the theoretical model suggests that cities may eventually take over from towns as the drivers of rural poverty reduction
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Doss, Cheryl Measuring Ownership, Control, and Use of Assets
    Abstract: Assets generate and help diversify income, provide collateral to access credit, alleviate liquidity constraints in the face of shocks, and are key inputs into empowerment. Despite the importance of individual-level data on asset ownership and control, and that most assets are owned by individuals, solely or jointly, it is typical for the micro data on asset ownership to be collected at the household level, often from only one respondent per household. Even when the data are collected at the individual level, with identification of reported or documented owners of a given asset within the household, the information is still often solicited from a single respondent. Further, the identification of owners is seldom paired with the identification of individuals who hold various rights to assets, limiting understanding of the interrelationships among ownership and rights, and whether these relationships vary across individuals. Through a review of the existing approaches to data collection and the relevant literature on survey methodology, this paper presents an overview of the current best practices for collecting individual-level data on the ownership and control of assets in household and farm surveys. The paper provides recommendations in three areas: (1) respondent selection; (2) definition and measurement of assess to and ownership and control of assets; and (3) measurement of the quantity, value, and quality of assets. Open methodological questions that can be answered through analysis of existing data or the collection and analysis of new data are identified for future research
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Abstract: High resolution datasets of population density which accurately map sparsely distributed human populations do not exist at a global scale. Typically, population data is obtained using censuses and statistical modeling. More recently, methods using remotely-sensed data have emerged, capable of effectively identifying urbanized areas. Obtaining high accuracy in estimation of population distribution in rural areas remains a very challenging task due to the simultaneous requirements of sufficient sensitivity and resolution to detect very sparse populations through remote sensing as well as reliable performance at a global scale. Here, the authors present a computer vision method based on machine learning to create population maps from satellite imagery at a global scale, with a spatial sensitivity corresponding to individual buildings and suitable for global deployment
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Datt, Gaurav Growth, Urbanization, and Poverty Reduction in India
    Abstract: Longstanding development issues are revisited in the light of a newly-constructed data set of poverty measures for India spanning 60 years, including 20 years since reforms began in earnest in 1991. The study finds a downward trend in poverty measures since 1970, with an acceleration post-1991, despite rising inequality. Faster poverty decline came with higher growth and a more pro-poor pattern of growth. Post-1991 data suggest stronger inter-sectoral linkages: urban consumption growth brought gains to the rural as well as the urban poor, and the primary-secondary-tertiary composition of growth has ceased to matter, as all three sectors contributed to poverty reduction
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Brown, Caitlin A Poor Means Test? Econometric Targeting in Africa
    Abstract: Proxy-means testing is a popular method of poverty targeting with imperfect information. In a now widely-used version, a regression for log consumption calibrates a proxy-means test score based on chosen covariates, which is then implemented for targeting out-of-sample. In this paper, the performance of various proxy-means testing methods is assessed using data for nine African countries. Standard proxy-means testing helps filter out the nonpoor, but excludes many poor people, thus diminishing the impact on poverty. Some methodological changes perform better, with a poverty-quantile method dominating in most cases. Even so, either a basic-income scheme or transfers using a simple demographic scorecard are found to do as well, or almost as well, in reducing poverty. However, even with a budget sufficient to eliminate poverty with full information, none of these targeting methods brings the poverty rate below about three-quarters of its initial value. The prevailing methods are particularly deficient in reaching the poorest
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Abstract: In their productive capacity, assets generate income and facilitate access to capital and credit. In the face of shocks, they enhance the ability to diversify income and alleviate liquidity constraints (Hulme and Shepherd, 2003; Carter and Barrett, 2006). Ownership of, and control over assets is a key input into individual empowerment and the related micro data constitute an essential input into extensive economic research focused on intra-household bargaining outcomes and their impact on household and individual welfare. Underlying these sub-optimal approaches to individual level data collection, in particular the use of proxy respondents that overlooks information asymmetries within households, is the lack of technical guidelines on questionnaire design and respondent selection protocols that properly capture individual-level ownership of, and rights to assets. In a world of imperfect and scarce data, the absence of these recommended practices fuels the prevalence of myths regarding women's asset ownership and contributes to the inability to clearly articulate policy responses to inequalities faced by women and men (Doss and others, 2015). The provision of these guidelines, anchored in solid methodological research, would in turn improve the collection of household survey data facilitating better socioeconomic research focused on personal wealth and its distribution. The MEXA design was informed by the recommendations of the EDGE Follow-up Meeting on Measuring Asset Ownership from a Gender Perspective that was held on November 21-22, 2013 with participation from the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), the UN Women, World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), UBOS and Yale University. A review of the survey instruments and protocols linked to the Gender Asset Gap Project, Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), Demographic and Health Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Study - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) initiative was important for distilling the prominent approaches to respondent selection in household surveys across the developing world
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Palacios-Lopez, Amparo How Much of the Labor in African Agriculture is Provided by Women?
    Abstract: Communities & Human Settlements
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kilic, Talip Same Question but Different Answer: Experimental Evidence on Questionnaire Design's Impact on Poverty Measured by Proxies
    Abstract: Does the same question asked of the same population yield the same answer in face-to-face interviews when other parts of the questionnaire are altered? If not, what would be the implications for proxy-based poverty measurement? Relying on a randomized household survey experiment implemented in Malawi, this study finds that observationally equivalent as well as same households answer the same questions differently when interviewed with a short questionnaire versus the longer counterpart that, in a prior survey round, would have informed the prediction model for a proxy-based poverty measurement exercise. The analysis yields statistically significant differences in reporting between the short and long questionnaires across all topics and types of questions. The reporting differences result in significantly different predicted poverty rates and Gini coefficients. While the difference in predictions ranges from approximately 3 to 7 percentage points depending on the model specification, restricting the proxies to those collected prior the variation in questionnaire design, namely demographic variables from the household roster and location fixed effects, leads to same predictions in both samples. The findings emphasize the need for further methodological research, and suggest that short questionnaires designed for proxy-based poverty measurement should be piloted, prior to implementation, in parallel with the longer questionnaire from which they have evolved. The fact that at the median it took 25 minutes to complete the food and non-food consumption sections in the long questionnaire also implies that the implementation of these sections might not be as overly costly as usually assumed
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Aguilar, Arturo Decomposition of Gender Differentials in Agricultural Productivity in Ethiopia
    Abstract: This paper employs decomposition methods to analyze differences in agricultural productivity between male and female land managers in Ethiopia. It employs data from the 2011-2012 Ethiopian Rural Socioeconomic Survey. An overall 23.4 percent gender differential in agricultural productivity is estimated at the mean in favor of male land managers, of which 10.1 percentage points are explained by differences in land manager characteristics, land attributes, and unequal access to resources (the endowment effect). The remaining 13.4 percentage points are explained by unequal returns to productive components, but cannot be easily tied to specific covariates. These results are mainly driven by non-married female managers (mainly single and divorced). Married female managers do not display such disadvantages. Further analysis along the productivity distribution reveals that gender differentials are more pronounced at mid-levels of productivity and that the share of the gender gap explained by the endowment effect declines as productivity increases. Detailed decomposition of estimates at selected points of the agricultural productivity distribution provides valuable information for policy intervention purposes
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (55 p)
    Edition: 2014 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: McCarthy, Nancy The Nexus between Gender, Collective Action for Public Goods, and Agriculture
    Abstract: Across the developing world, public goods exert significant impacts on the local rural economy in general and agricultural productivity and welfare outcomes in particular. Economic and social-cultural heterogeneity have, however, long been documented as detrimental to collective capacity to provide public goods. In particular, women are often under-represented in local leadership and decision-making processes, as are young adults and minority ethnic groups. While democratic principles dictate that broad civic engagement by women and other groups could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of local governance and increase public goods provision, the empirical evidence on these hypotheses is scant. This paper develops a theoretical model highlighting the complexity of constructing a "fair" schedule of individual contributions, given heterogeneity in costs and benefits that accrue to people depending, for instance, on their gender, age, ethnicity, and education. The model demonstrates that representative leadership and broad participation in community organizations can mitigate the negative impacts of heterogeneity on collective capacity to provide public goods. Nationally-representative household survey data from Malawi, combined with geospatial and administrative information, are used to test this hypothesis and estimate the relationship between collective capacity for public goods provision and community median estimates of maize yields and household consumption expenditures per capita. The analysis shows that similarities between the leadership and the general population, in terms of gender and age, and active participation by women and young adults in community groups alleviate the negative effects of heterogeneity and increase collective capacity, which in turn improves agricultural productivity and welfare
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin How Long Will it Take to Lift One Billion People Out of Poverty?
    Abstract: Alternative scenarios are considered for reducing by one billion the number of people living below
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  • 45
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Van de Walle, Dominique Long-Term Impacts of Household Electrification in Rural India
    Abstract: India's huge expansion in rural electrification in the 1980s and 1990s offers lessons for other countries today. The paper examines the long-term effects of household electrification on consumption, labor supply, and schooling in rural India over 1982-99. It finds that household electrification brought significant gains to consumption and earnings, the latter through changes in market labor supply. It finds positive effects on schooling for girls but not for boys. External effects are also evident, whereby households without electricity benefit from village electrification. Wage rates were unaffected. Methodologically, the results suggest sizeable upward biases in past estimates of the gains from electrification associated with how past analyses dealt with geographic effects
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Testing Information Constraints on India's Largest Antipoverty Program
    Abstract: Public knowledge about India's ambitious Employment Guarantee Scheme is low in one of India's poorest states, Bihar, where participation is also unusually low. Is the solution simply to tell people their rights? Or does their lack of knowledge reflect deeper problems of poor people's agency and an unresponsive supply side? This paper reports on an information campaign that was designed and implemented in the form of an entertaining movie to inform people of their rights under the scheme. In randomly-assigned villages, the movie brought significant gains in knowledge and more positive perceptions about the impact of the scheme. But objectively measured employment showed no gain on average, suggesting that the movie created a "groupthink," changing social perceptions about the scheme but not individual efficacy in accessing it. The paper concludes that awareness generation needs to go hand-in-hand with supply-side changes
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Wood, Benjamin Up in Smoke?
    Abstract: Diversification into high-value cash crops among smallholders has been propagated as a strategy to improve welfare in rural areas. However, the extent to which cash crop production spurs projected gains remains an under-researched question, especially in the context of market imperfections leading to non-separable production and consumption decisions, and price shocks to staple crops that might be displaced on the farm by cash crops. This study is a contribution to the long-standing debate on the links between commercialization and nutrition. It uses nationally-representative household survey data from Malawi, and estimates the effect of household adoption of an export crop, namely tobacco, on child height-for-age z-scores. Given the endogenous nature of household tobacco adoption, the analysis relies on instrumental variable regressions, and isolates the causal effect by comparing impact estimates informed by two unique samples of children that differ in their exposure to an exogenous domestic staple food price shock during the early child development window (from conception through two years of age). The analysis finds that household tobacco production in the year of or the year after child birth, combined with exposure to an exogenous domestic staple food price shock, lowers the child height-for-age z-score by 1.27, implying a 70-percent drop in z-score. The negative effect is, however, not statistically significant among children who were not exposed to the same shock. The results put emphasis on the food insecurity and malnutrition risks materializing at times of high food prices, which might have disproportionately adverse effects on uninsured cash crop producers
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Can Subjective Questions on Economic Welfare be Trusted?
    Abstract: While self-assessments of welfare have become popular for measuring poverty and estimating welfare effects, the methods can be deceptive given systematic heterogeneity in respondents' scales. Little is known about this problem. This study uses specially-designed surveys in three countries, Tajikistan, Guatemala, and Tanzania, to study scale heterogeneity. Respondents were asked to score stylized vignettes, as well as their own household. Diverse scales are in evidence, casting considerable doubt on the meaning of widely-used summary measures such as subjective poverty rates. Nonetheless, under the identifying assumptions of the study, only small biases are induced in the coefficients on widely-used regressors for subjective poverty and welfare
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  • 49
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Quy-Toan Do Trade Insulation as Social Protection
    Abstract: In a world with volatile food prices, countries have an incentive to shelter their populations from induced real income shocks. When some agents are net food producers while others are net consumers, there is scope for insurance between the two groups. A domestic social protection scheme would therefore transfer resources away from the former group to the latter in times of high food prices, and do the reverse otherwise. This paper shows that in the presence of consumer preference heterogeneity, implementing the optimal social protection policy can potentially induce higher food price volatility. Such policy indeed generates a counter-cyclical demand shock that amplifies the effects of the underlying food shortage. The results call for a reassessment of food stabilization policies. In particular, the authors urge caution against the systematic condemnation of trade insulation practices
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kilic, Talip Decentralized Beneficiary Targeting in Large-Scale Development Programs
    Abstract: This paper contributes to the long-standing debate on the merits of decentralized beneficiary targeting in the administration of development programs, focusing on the large-scale Malawi Farm Input Subsidy Program. Nationally-representative household survey data are used to systematically analyze the decentralized targeting performance of the program during the 2009-2010 agricultural season. The analysis begins with a standard targeting assessment based on the rates of program participation and the benefit amounts among the eligible and non-eligible populations, and provides decompositions of the national targeting performance into the inter-district, intra-district inter-community, and intra-district intra-community components. This approach identifies the relative contributions of targeting at each level. The results show that the Farm Input Subsidy Program is not poverty targeted and that the national government, districts, and communities are nearly uniform in their failure to target the poor, with any minimal targeting (or mis-targeting) overwhelmingly materializing at the community level. The findings are robust to the choice of the eligibility indicator and the decomposition method. The multivariate analysis of household program participation reinforces these results and reveals that the relatively well-off, rather than the poor or the wealthiest, and the locally well-connected have a higher likelihood of program participation and, on average, receive a greater number of input coupons. Since a key program objective is to increase food security and income among resource-poor farmers, the lack of targeting is a concern and should underlie considerations of alternative targeting approaches that, in part or completely, rely on proxy means tests at the local level
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kilic, Talip Caught in a Productivity Trap
    Abstract: In targeting poverty gains, sub-Saharan African governments have emphasized the alleviation of gender differences in agricultural productivity. The empirical studies on the gender gap, however, have frequently used data that were limited regarding geographic and topical coverage, and/or details on intra-household dynamics. The study provides a nationally-representative analysis of the gender gap in Malawi, and decomposes it, for the first time, at the mean and at selected points of the agricultural productivity distribution into (i) a portion driven by gender differences in levels of observable attributes (the endowment effect), and (ii) a portion driven by gender differences in returns to the same set of observables (the structure effect). Sequentially, the authors unpack the relative contributions of different factors towards the gender gap, and suggest future research priorities to inform policy interventions. The authors find that while female-managed plots are, on average, 25 percent less productive, 82 percent of this differential is explained by differences in endowments, mainly due to high-value crop cultivation and levels of household adult male labor inputs. The factors driving the structure effect include child dependency ratio and effectiveness of household adult male labor and inorganic fertilizer. The gender gap increases across the productivity distribution, ranging from 22 percent at the 10th percentile to 37 percent at the 90th percentile. While it is explained predominantly by the endowment effect in the first half of the distribution, the contribution of the structure effect towards the gender gap increases steadily above the median, standing at 34 percent at the 90th percentile
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Kilic, Talip Missing(ness) in Action
    Abstract: Land area is a fundamental component of agricultural statistics, and of analyses undertaken by agricultural economists. While household surveys in developing countries have traditionally relied on farmers' own, potentially error-prone, land area assessments, the availability of affordable and reliable Global Positioning System (GPS) units has made GPS-based area measurement a practical alternative. Nonetheless, in an attempt to reduce costs, keep interview durations within reasonable limits, and avoid the difficulty of asking respondents to accompany interviewers to distant plots, survey implementing agencies typically require interviewers to record GPS-based area measurements only for plots within a given radius of dwelling locations. It is, therefore, common for as much as a third of the sample plots not to be measured, and research has not shed light on the possible selection bias in analyses relying on partial data due to gaps in GPS-based area measures. This paper explores the patterns of missingness in GPS-based plot areas, and investigates their implications for land productivity estimates and the inverse scale-land productivity relationship. Using Multiple Imputation (MI) to predict missing GPS-based plot areas in nationally-representative survey data from Uganda and Tanzania, the paper highlights the potential of MI in reliably simulating the missing data, and confirms the existence of an inverse scale-land productivity relationship, which is strengthened by using the complete, multiply-imputed dataset. The study demonstrates the usefulness of judiciously reconstructed GPS-based areas in alleviating concerns over potential measurement error in farmer-reported areas, and with regards to systematic bias in plot selection for GPS-based area measurement
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (31 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Benefit Incidence with Incentive Effects, Measurement Errors and Latent Heterogeneity
    Abstract: Empirical studies of tax and benefit incidence routinely ignore behavioral responses and measurement errors. This paper offers an econometric method of estimating the mean benefit withdrawal rate (marginal tax rate) allowing for incentive effects, measurement errors, and correlated latent heterogeneity in incidence. Under the method's identifying assumptions, a feasible instrumental variables estimator corrects for incentive effects and measurement errors, and provides a bound for the true value when there is correlated incidence heterogeneity. A case study for a large cash transfer program in China indicates that past methods of assessing benefit incidence using either nominal official rates or raw tabulations from survey data are deceptive. The program entails a nominal 100 percent benefit withdrawal rate-a poverty trap. However, the paper finds that the actual rate is much lower, and clearly too low in the light of the literature on optimal income taxation. The paper discusses likely reasons based on the qualitative observations
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Edition: 2013 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Murgai, Rinku Is Workfare Cost-Effective against Poverty in a Poor Labor-Surplus Economy?
    Abstract: Workfare schemes impose work requirements on beneficiaries. This has seemed an attractive idea for self-targeting transfers to poor people. This incentive argument does not imply, however, that workfare is more cost-effective against poverty than even poorly-targeted options, given hidden costs of participation. In particular, even poor workfare participants in a labor-surplus economy can be expected to have some forgone income when they take up such a scheme. A survey-based method is used to assess the cost-effectiveness of India's Employment Guarantee Scheme in Bihar. Participants are found to have forgone earnings, although these fall well short of market wages on average. Factoring in these hidden costs, the paper finds that for the same budget, workfare has less impact on poverty than either a basic-income scheme (providing the same transfer to all) or uniform transfers based on the government's below-poverty-line ration cards. For workfare to dominate other options, it would have to work better in practice. Reforms would need to reduce the substantial unmet demand for work, close the gap between stipulated wages and wages received, and ensure that workfare is productive-that the assets created are of value to poor people. Cost-effectiveness would need to be reassessed at the implied higher levels of funding
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Alik Lagrange, Arthur Evaluating Workfare When the Work is Unpleasant
    Abstract: Prevailing practices in evaluating workfare programs have ignored the disutility of the type of work done, with theoretically ambiguous implications for the impacts on poverty. In the case of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, past assessments have relied solely on household consumption per person as the measure of economic welfare. The paper generalizes this measure to allow for the disutility of casual manual work. The new measure is calibrated to the distribution of the preference parameters implied by maximization of an idiosyncratic welfare function assuming that there is no rationing of the available work. The adjustment implies a substantially more "poor-poor" incidence of participation in the scheme than suggested by past methods. However, the overall impacts on poverty are lower, although still positive. The main conclusions are robust to a wide range of alternative parameter values and to allowing for involuntary unemployment using a sample of (self-declared) un-rationed workers
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Larson, Donald F Should African Rural Development Strategies Depend on Smallholder Farms?
    Abstract: In Africa, most development strategies include efforts to improve the productivity of staple crops grown on smallholder farms. An underlying premise is that small farms are productive in the African context and that smallholders do not forgo economies of scale-a premise supported by the often observed phenomenon that staple cereal yields decline as the scale of production increases. This paper explores a research design conundrum that encourages researchers who study the relationship between productivity and scale to use surveys with a narrow geographic reach, when policy would be better served with studies based on wide and heterogeneous settings. Using a model of endogenous technology choice, the authors explore the relationship between maize yields and scale using alternative data. Since rich descriptions of the decision environments that farmers face are needed to identify the applied technologies that generate the data, improvements in the location specificity of the data should reduce the likelihood of identification errors and biased estimates. However, the analysis finds that the inverse productivity hypothesis holds up well across a broad platform of data, despite obvious shortcomings with some components. It also finds surprising consistency in the estimated scale elasticities
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Poor, or Just Feeling Poor?
    Abstract: The challenges faced in calibrating poverty and welfare measures to objective data have long been recognized. Until recently, most economists have resisted a seemingly obvious solution, namely to ask people themselves: "Do you feel poor?" The paper studies the case for and against this approach. It is argued that, while one would not want to use self-assessments as welfare metrics in their own right, there is scope for using such data to help calibrate multidimensional measures. Indeed, the idea of a "social subjective poverty line" (below which people tend to think they are poor, but above which they do not) is arguably the most conceptually appealing way of defining poverty. However, the paper points to a number of concerns that have received insufficient attention, including the choice of covariates, survey design issues, measurement errors, frame-of-reference effects, and latent heterogeneity in personality traits and personal tradeoffs. Directions for future research are identified
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Can We Trust Shoestring Evaluations?
    Abstract: Many more impact evaluations could be done, and at lower unit cost, if evaluators could avoid the need for baseline data using objective socio-economic surveys and rely instead on retrospective subjective questions on how outcomes have changed, asked post-intervention. But would the results be reliable? This paper tests a rapid-appraisal, "shoestring," method using subjective recall for welfare changes. The recall data were collected at the end of a full-scale evaluation of a large poor-area development program in China. Qualitative recalls of how living standards have changed are found to provide only weak and biased signals of the changes in consumption as measured from contemporaneous surveys. Importantly, the shoestring method was unable to correct for the selective placement of the program favoring poor villages. The results of this case study are not encouraging for future applications of the shoestring method, although similar tests are needed in other settings
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Dutta, Puja Does India's Employment Guarantee Scheme Guarantee Employment?
    Abstract: In 2005 India introduced an ambitious national anti-poverty program, now called the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme. The program offers up to 100 days of unskilled manual labor per year on public works projects for any rural household member who wants such work at the stipulated minimum wage rate. The aim is to dramatically reduce poverty by providing extra earnings for poor families, as well as empowerment and insurance. If the program worked in practice the way it is designed, then anyone who wanted work on the scheme would get it. However, analysis of data from India's National Sample Survey for 2009/10 reveals considerable un-met demand for work in all states. The authors confirm expectations that poorer families tend to have more demand for work on the scheme, and that (despite the un-met demand) the self-targeting mechanism allows it to reach relatively poor families and backward castes. The extent of the un-met demand is greater in the poorest states-ironically where the scheme is needed most. Labor-market responses to the scheme are likely to be weak. The scheme is attracting poor women into the workforce, although the local-level rationing processes favor men
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Shaohua Chen More Relatively-Poor People in a Less Absolutely-Poor World
    Abstract: Relative deprivation, shame and social exclusion can matter to the welfare of people everywhere. The authors argue that such social effects on welfare call for a reconsideration of how we assess global poverty, but they do not support standard measures of relative poverty. The paper argues instead for using a weakly-relative measure as the upper-bound complement to the lower-bound provided by a standard absolute measure. New estimates of global poverty are presented, drawing on 850 household surveys spanning 125 countries over 1981-2008. The absolute line is
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  • 61
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2012 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Benchmarking Global Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Against what standards should we judge the developing world's overall performance against poverty going forward? The paper proposes two measures, each with both "optimistic" and "ambitious" targets for 2022, 10 years from the time of writing. The first measure is absolute consumption poverty, as judged by what "poverty" means in the poorest countries. The second is a new relative poverty measure, embracing social inclusion needs consistently with national poverty lines. The optimistic benchmark would entail an absolute poverty rate of 9 percent in 2022, and a relative poverty rate of 40 percent. The more ambitious targets would bring the absolute rate down to 3 percent and the relative rate to 33 percent. The optimistic target would maintain the (impressive) progress against poverty of the last 20 years, without global crises to stall that progress. The ambitious target would require about a 1 percentage point higher growth rate for the gross domestic product of the developing world, as long as this did not come with a reduction in the household sector's share or any further increase in overall inequality after its level in 2008. Alternatively, the 3 percent target could be reached at currently expected growth rates but at the lower level of inequality in 1999
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Lambert, Sylvie Is it what you Inherited or what you Learnt?
    Abstract: Institutional features of the African setting-large extended families and imperfect credit and land markets-matter to the equity and efficiency roles played by intergenerational linkages. Using original survey data on Senegal that include an individualized measure of consumption, this paper studies the role played by land inheritance, other bequests and parental background as influences on an adult's economic welfare and economic activities. Although intergenerational linkages are evident, the analysis finds a seemingly high degree of mobility across generations, associated with the shift from farm to non-farm sectors and the greater economic activity of women. Male-dominated bequests of land and housing bring little gain to mean consumption and play little role in explaining inequality, although they have effects on the sector of activity. Inheritance of non-land assets and the education and occupation of parents (especially the mother) and their choices about children's schooling are more important to adult welfare than property inheritance. Significant gender inequality in consumption is evident, although it is almost entirely explicable in terms of factors such as education and (non-land) inheritance. There are a number of other pronounced gender differences, with intergenerational linkages coming through the mother rather than the father
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Knowledgeable Bankers?
    Abstract: Development impact calls for knowledgeable development practitioners. How then do the operational staff of the largest development agency value and use its research? Is there an incentive to learn and does it translate into useful knowledge? A new survey reveals that the bulk of the World Bank's senior staff value the Bank's research for their work, and most come to know it well, although a sizable minority have difficulty accessing research to serve their needs. Another group sees little value to research for their work and does not bother to find out about it. Higher perceived value is reflected in greater knowledge about research, though there are frictions in this process. Staff working on poverty, human development and economic policy tend to value and use research more than staff in the more traditional sectors of Bank lending-agriculture and rural development; the latter sectors account for 45 percent of lending but only 15 percent of staff highly familiar with Bank research. Without stronger incentives for learning and more relevant and accessible research products, it appears likely that this lag in demand for research by the traditional sectors will persist
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin The two poverty enlightenments
    Abstract: Word searches of Google's library of digitized books suggest that there have been two “Poverty Enlightenments” since 1700, one near the end of the 18th century and the second near the end of the 20th. The historical literature suggests that only the second came with a widespread belief that poverty could and should be eliminated. After the first Poverty Enlightenment, references to “poverty” (as a percentage of all words) were on a trend decline until 1960, after which there was a striking resurgence of interest, which came with rising attention to economics and more frequent references to both general and specific policies relevant to poverty. Developing countries also became more prominent in the literature. Both Enlightenments came with greater attention to human rights. The written record reflects the push-back against government intervention and the retreat from leftist economics and politics since the late 1970s. Although many debates from 200 years ago continue today, there is little sign that the modern revival of the classical 19th century views on the limitations of government has come with a revival of the complacency about poverty that was common early in that century
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin On multidimensional indices of poverty
    Abstract: There has been a growing interest in what have come to be termed "multidimensional indices of poverty." Advocates for these new indices correctly point out that command over market goods is not all that matters to peoples' well-being, and that other factors need to be considered when quantifying the extent of poverty and informing policy making for fighting poverty. However, the author argues that there are two poorly understood issues in assessing these indices. First, does one believe that any single index can ever be a sufficient statistic for poverty assessments? Second, when aggregation is called for, should it be done in the space of "attainments," using prices when appropriate, or that of "deprivations," using weights set by the analyst? The paper argues that the goal for future poverty monitoring efforts should be to develop a credible set of multiple indices, spanning the dimensions of poverty most relevant to a specific setting, rather than a single multidimensional index. When weights are needed, they shouldn't be set solely by an analyst measuring poverty. Rather, they should be, as much as possible, consistent with well-informed choices made by poor people
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin On the Implications of Essential Heterogeneity for Estimating Causal Impacts Using Social Experiments
    Abstract: Randomized control trials are sometimes used to estimate the aggregate benefit from some policy or program. To address the potential bias from selective take-up, the randomization is used as an instrumental variable for treatment status. Does this (popular) method of impact evaluation help reduce the bias when take-up depends on unobserved gains from take up? Such "essential heterogeneity" is known to invalidate the instrumental variable estimator of mean causal impact, though one still obtains another parameter of interest, namely mean impact amongst those treated. However, if essential heterogeneity is the only problem then the naïve (ordinary least squares) estimator also delivers this parameter; there is no gain from using randomization as an instrumental variable. On allowing the heterogeneity to also alter counterfactual outcomes, the instrumental variable estimator may well be more biased for mean impact than the naïve estimator. Examples are given for various stylized programs, including a training program that attenuates the gains from higher latent ability, an insurance program that compensates for losses from unobserved risky behavior and a microcredit scheme that attenuates the gains from access to other sources of credit. Practitioners need to think carefully about the likely behavioral responses to social experiments in each context
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (54 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam The World Bank's Publication Record
    Abstract: The World Bank has produced a huge volume of books and papers on development - 20,000 publications spanning decades, but growing appreciably since 1990. This paper finds evidence that many of these publications have influenced development thinking, as indicated by the citations found using Google Scholar and in bibliographic data bases. However, the authors also find that a non-negligible share of the Bank's publications have received no citations, suggesting that they have had little scholarly influence, though they may well have had influence on non-academic audiences. Individually-authored journal articles have been the main channel for scholarly influence. The volume of the Bank's research output on development is greater than that of any of the comparator institutions identified, including other international agencies and the top universities in economics. The bibliometric indicators of the quality and influence of the Bank's portfolio of scholarly publications are on a par with, or better than, most of the top universities
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Price Levels and Economic Growth
    Abstract: To the surprise of many observers, the 2005 International Comparison Program (ICP) found substantially higher purchasing power parity (PPP) rates, relative to market exchange rates, in most developing countries. For example, China’s price level index - the ratio of its PPP to its exchange rate - doubled between the 1993 and 2005 rounds of the ICP. The paper tries to explain the observed changes in PPPs. Consistently with the Balassa-Samuelson model, evidence is found of a "dynamic Penn effect," whereby more rapidly growing economies experience steeper increases in their price level index. This effect has been even stronger for initially poorer countries. Thus the widely-observed static (cross-sectional) Penn effect has been attenuated over time. On also taking account of exchange rate changes and prior participation in the ICP’s price surveys, 99 percent of the variance in the observed changes in PPPs is explicable. Using a nested test, the World Bank’s longstanding method of extrapolating PPPs between ICP rounds using inflation rates alone is out performed by the model proposed in this paper
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam On Measuring Scientific Influence
    Abstract: Bibliometric measures based on citations are widely used in assessing the scientific publication records of authors, institutions and journals. Yet currently favored measures lack a clear conceptual foundation and are known to have counter-intuitive properties. The authors propose a new approach that is grounded on a theoretical "influence function," representing explicit prior beliefs about how citations reflect influence. They provide conditions for robust qualitative comparisons of influence - conditions that can be implemented using readily-available data. An example is provided using the economics publication records of selected universities and the World Bank
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Troubling tradeoffs in the Human Development Index
    Abstract: The 20th Human Development Report has introduced a new version of its famous Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI aggregates country-level attainments in life expectancy, schooling and income per capita. Each year's rankings by the HDI are keenly watched in both rich and poor countries. The main change in the 2010 HDI is that it relaxes its past assumption of perfect substitutability between its three components. However, most users will probably not realize that the new HDI has also greatly reduced its implicit weight on longevity in poor countries, relative to rich ones. A poor country experiencing falling life expectancy due to (say) a collapse in its health-care system could still see its HDI improve with even a small rate of economic growth. By contrast, the new HDI's valuations of the gains from extra schooling seem unreasonably high - many times greater than the economic returns to schooling. These troubling tradeoffs could have been largely avoided using a different aggregation function for the HDI, while still allowing imperfect substitution. While some difficult value judgments are faced in constructing and assessing the HDI, making its assumed tradeoffs more explicit would be a welcome step
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Poverty Lines Across the World
    Abstract: National poverty lines vary greatly across the world, from under
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Mashup indices of development
    Abstract: Countries are increasingly being ranked by some new "mashup index of development," defined as a composite index for which existing theory and practice provides little or no guidance to its design. Thus the index has an unusually large number of moving parts, which the producer is essentially free to set. The parsimony of these indices is often appealing - collapsing multiple dimensions into just one, yielding unambiguous country rankings, and possibly reducing concerns about measurement errors in the component series. But the meaning, interpretation and robustness of these indices are often unclear. If they are to be properly understood and used, more attention needs to be given to their conceptual foundations, the tradeoffs they embody, the contextual factors relevant to country performance, and the sensitivity of the implied rankings to changing the data and weights. In short, clearer warning signs are needed for users. But even then, nagging doubts remain about the value-added of mashup indices, and their policy relevance, relative to the "dashboard" alternative of monitoring the components separately. Future progress in devising useful new composite indices of development will require that theory catches up with measurement practice
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin A Comparative Perspective On Poverty Reduction in Brazil, China and India
    Abstract: Brazil, China and India have seen falling poverty in their reform periods, but to varying degrees and for different reasons. History left China with favorable initial conditions for rapid poverty reduction through market-led economic growth; at the outset of the reform process there were ample distortions to remove and relatively low inequality in access to the opportunities so created, though inequality has risen markedly since. By concentrating such opportunities in the hands of the better off, prior inequalities in various dimensions handicapped poverty reduction in both Brazil and India. Brazil's recent success in complementing market-oriented reforms with progressive social policies has helped it achieve more rapid poverty reduction than India, although Brazil has been less successful in terms of economic growth. In the wake of its steep rise in inequality, China might learn from Brazil's success with such policies. India needs to do more to assure that poor people are able to participate in both the country's growth process and its social policies; here there are lessons from both China and Brazil. All three countries have learned how important macroeconomic stability is to poverty reduction
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (33 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Montalvo, Jose G The Pattern of Growth and Poverty Reduction in China
    Abstract: China has seen a huge reduction in the incidence of extreme poverty since the economic reforms that started in the late 1970s. Yet, the growth process has been highly uneven across sectors and regions. The paper tests whether the pattern of China´s growth mattered to poverty reduction using a new provincial panel data set constructed for this purpose. The econometric tests support the view that the primary sector (mainly agriculture) has been the main driving force in poverty reduction over the period since 1980. It was the sectoral unevenness in the growth process, rather than its geographic unevenness, that handicapped poverty reduction. Yes, China has had great success in reducing poverty through economic growth, but this happened despite the unevenness in its sectoral pattern of growth. The idea of a trade-off between these sectors in terms of overall progress against poverty in China turns out to be a moot point, given how little evidence there is of any poverty impact of non-primary sector growth, controlling for primary-sector growth. While the non-primary sectors were key drivers of aggregate growth, it was the primary sector that did the heavy lifting against poverty
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Datt, Gaurav Has India's Economic Growth Become More Pro-Poor in the Wake of Economic Reforms ?
    Abstract: The extent to which India's poor have benefited from the country’s economic growth has long been debated. This paper revisits the issues using a new series of consumption-based poverty measures spanning 50 years, and including a 15-year period after economic reforms began in earnest in the early 1990s. Growth has tended to reduce poverty, including in the post-reform period. There is no robust evidence that the responsiveness of poverty to growth has increased, or decreased, since the reforms began, although there are signs of rising inequality. The impact of growth is higher for poverty measures that reflect distribution below the poverty line, and it is higher using growth rates calculated from household surveys than national accounts. The urban-rural pattern of growth matters to the pace of poverty reduction. However, in marked contrast to the pre-reform period, the post-reform process of urban economic growth has brought significant gains to the rural poor as well as the urban poor
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Carletto, Calogero Non-Traditional Crops, Traditional Constraints
    Abstract: This study documents the long-term welfare effects of household non-traditional agricultural export (NTX) adoption. The analysis uses a unique panel dataset, which spans the period 1985-2005, and employs difference-in-differences estimation to investigate the long-term impact of non-traditional agricultural export adoption on changes in household consumption status and asset position in the Central Highlands of Guatemala. Given the heterogeneity in adoption patterns, the analysis differentiates the impact estimates based on a classification of households that takes into account the timing and duration of non-traditional agricultural export adoption. The results show that while, on average, welfare levels have improved for all households irrespective of adoption status and duration, the extent of improvement has varied across groups. Long-term adopters exhibit the smallest increase in the lapse of two decades, in spite of some early gains. Conversely, early adopters who withdrew from non-traditional agricultural export production after reaping the benefits of the boom period of the 1980s are found to have fared better and shown greater improvements in durable asset position and housing conditions than any other category
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  • 77
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence?
    Abstract: We are not seeing faster progress against poverty amongst the poorest developing countries. Yet this is implied by widely accepted "stylized facts" about the development process. The paper tries to explain what is missing from those stylized facts. Consistently with models of economic growth incorporating borrowing constraints, the analysis of a new data set for 100 developing countries reveals an adverse effect on consumption growth of high initial poverty incidence at a given initial mean. A high incidence of poverty also entails a lower subsequent rate of progress against poverty at any given growth rate (and poor countries tend to experience less steep increases in poverty during recessions). Thus, for many poor countries, the growth advantage of starting out with a low mean ("conditional convergence") is lost due to their high poverty rates. The size of the middle class - measured by developing-country, not Western, standards - appears to be an important channel linking current poverty to subsequent growth and poverty reduction. However, high current inequality is only a handicap if it entails a high incidence of poverty relative to mean consumption
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Do Poorer Countries Have Less Capacity for Redistribution?
    Abstract: Development aid and policy discussions often assume that poorer countries have less internal capacity for redistribution in favor of their poorest citizens. The assumption is tested using data for 90 developing countries. The capacity for redistribution is measured by the marginal tax rate on those who are not poor by rich-country standards that is needed to cover the poverty gap or to provide a poverty-level of basic income, judged by developing-country standards. For most (but not all) countries with annual consumption per capita under
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Evaluation In The Practice of Development
    Keywords: Beneficiaries ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Impact assessment ; Impact evaluation ; Infrastructure projects ; Intervention ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty outcomes ; Programs ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Targeting ; Tertiary Education ; Beneficiaries ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Impact assessment ; Impact evaluation ; Infrastructure projects ; Intervention ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty outcomes ; Programs ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Targeting ; Tertiary Education ; Beneficiaries ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Impact assessment ; Impact evaluation ; Infrastructure projects ; Intervention ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty outcomes ; Programs ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Targeting ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: Knowledge about development effectiveness is constrained by two factors. First, the project staff in governments and international agencies who decide how much to invest in research on specific interventions are often not well informed about the returns to rigorous evaluation and (even when they are) cannot be expected to take full account of the external benefits to others from new knowledge. This leads to under-investment in evaluative research. Second, while standard methods of impact evaluation are useful, they often leave many questions about development effectiveness unanswered. The paper proposes ten steps for making evaluations more relevant to the needs of practitioners. It is argued that more attention needs to be given to identifying policy-relevant questions (including the case for intervention); that a broader approach should be taken to the problems of internal validity; and that the problems of external validity (including scaling up) merit more attention
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Are There Lessons For Africa From China's Success Against Poverty?
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture
    Abstract: At the outset of China's reform period, the country had a far higher poverty rate than for Africa as a whole. Within five years that was no longer true. This paper tries to explain how China escaped from a situation in which extreme poverty persisted due to failed and unpopular policies. While acknowledging that Africa faces constraints that China did not, and that context matters, two lessons stand out. The first is the importance of productivity growth in smallholder agriculture, which will require both market-based incentives and public support. The second is the role played by strong leadership and a capable public administration at all levels of government
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful In The Fight Against Poverty
    Keywords: Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In 2005, China participated for the first time in the International Comparison Program (ICP), which collects primary data across countries on the prices for an internationally comparable list of goods and services. This paper examines the implications of the new Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rate (derived by the ICP) for China's poverty rate (by international standards) and how it has changed over time. We provide estimates with and without adjustment for a likely sampling bias in the ICP data. Using an international poverty line of USD 1.25 at 2005 PPP, we find a substantially higher poverty rate for China than past estimates, with about 15% of the population living in consumption poverty, implying about 130 million more poor by this standard. The income poverty rate in 2005 is 10%, implying about 65 million more people living in poverty. However, the new ICP data suggest an even larger reduction in the number of poor since 1981
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines
    Keywords: Armut ; Messung ; Theorie ; Malawi ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas
    Abstract: The theory and evidence supporting a relativist approach to poverty measurement are critically reviewed. Various sources of welfare interdependence are identified, including the idea of "relative deprivation" as well other (positive and negative) welfare effects for poor people of belonging to a better-off group. An economic model combines informal risk sharing with the idea of a "positional good," and conditions are derived in which the relative deprivation effect dominates, implying a relative poverty measure. The paper then reviews the problems encountered in testing for welfare effects of relative deprivation and discusses the implications of micro evidence from Malawi. The results are consistent with the emphasis given to absolute level of living in development policy discussions. However, relative deprivation is still evident in the data from this poor but unequal country, and it is likely to become a more important factor as the country develops
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G Global Poverty And Inequality
    Keywords: Developing countries ; Distributional change ; Equity and Development ; Growth elasticity ; Household surveys ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Mean income ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing countries ; Distributional change ; Equity and Development ; Growth elasticity ; Household surveys ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Mean income ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing countries ; Distributional change ; Equity and Development ; Growth elasticity ; Household surveys ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Mean income ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: Drawing on a compilation of data from household surveys representing 130 countries, many over a period of 25 years, this paper reviews the evidence on levels and recent trends in global poverty and income inequality. It documents the negative correlations between both poverty and inequality indices, on the one hand, and mean income per capita on the other. It points to the dominant role of Asia in accounting for the bulk of the world's poverty reduction since 1981. The evolution of global inequality in the last decades is also described, with special emphasis on the different trends of inequality within and between countries. The statistical relationships between growth, inequality and poverty are discussed, as is the correlation between inequality and the growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Some of the recent literature on the drivers of distributional change in developing countries is also reviewed
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Bailing Out The World's Poorest
    Keywords: Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection ; Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection ; Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection
    Abstract: While the 2008 financial crisis is global in nature, it is likely to have heterogeneous welfare impacts within the developing world, with some countries, and some people, more vulnerable than others. It also threatens to have lasting impacts for some of those affected, notably through the nutrition and schooling of children in poor families. These features point to the need for a differentiated social policy response, aiming to provide rapid income support to those in most need, while preserving the key physical and human assets of poor people and their communities. The paper points out some mistakes in past crisis responses and identifies key design features for safety net programs that can help compensate for the likely welfare losses in the short-term while also promoting longer-term recovery
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dabalen, Andrew Social Transfers, Labor Supply And Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ
    Abstract: In 1993, in response to persistent unemployment, and rising poverty and social unrest, the government of Albania introduced an anti-poverty program, namely Ndihma Ekonomike; in 1995 it was extended to all poor households. This paper estimates the separate effects of participation in this income support program and the old-age pension program on objective and subjective measures of household poverty. The analysis uses the nationally representative Albanian Living Standards Measurement Surveys carried out in 2002 and 2005. Using propensity score matching methods, the paper finds that Ndihma Ekonomike households, particularly urban residents, have lower per capita consumption and are more likely to be discontented with their lives, financial situation, and consumption levels than their matched comparators. In contrast, households receiving pensions are not significantly different from their matched comparators in reference to the same set of outcomes. The paper finds that the negative impact of Ndihma Ekonomike participation on welfare is driven by a negative labor supply response among work-eligible individuals. This negative labor response is larger among women and urban residents. In contrast to Ndihma Ekonomike, the receipt of old-age pension income transfers does not significantly impact the labor supply of prime-age individuals living in pension households
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Dollar A Day Revisited
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper presents the first major update of the international "USD 1 a day" poverty line, first proposed in 1990 for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new data set of national poverty lines we find that a marked economic gradient only emerges when consumption per person is above about USD 2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is USD 1.25, which we propose as the new international poverty line. Relative poverty appears to matter more to developing countries than has been thought. Our proposed schedule of relative poverty lines is bounded below by USD 1.25, and rises at a gradient of USD 1 in USD 3 when mean consumption is above USD 2.00 a day
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Absolute Poverty Measures For The Developing World, 1981-2004
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors report new estimates of measures of absolute poverty for the developing world over 1981-2004. A clear trend decline in the percentage of people who are absolutely poor is evident, although with uneven progress across regions. They find more mixed success in reducing the total number of poor. Indeed, the developing world outside China has seen little or no sustained progress in reducing the number of poor, with rising poverty counts in some regions, notably Sub-Saharan Africa. There are encouraging signs of progress in reducing the incidence of poverty in all regions after 2000, although it is too early to say if this is a new trend
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Geographic Inequity In A Decentralized Anti-Poverty Program
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Anti-poverty programs ; Data set ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mean incomes ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poor areas ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty lines ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Redistributive policies ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Absolute poverty ; Anti-poverty programs ; Data set ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mean incomes ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poor areas ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty lines ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Redistributive policies ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Absolute poverty ; Anti-poverty programs ; Data set ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mean incomes ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poor areas ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty lines ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Redistributive policies ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: The central governments of many developing countries have chosen to decentralize their anti-poverty programs, in the expectation that local agents are better informed about local needs. The paper shows that this potential advantage of decentralized eligibility criteria can come at a large cost, to the extent that the induced geographic inequities undermine performance in reaching the income- poor nationally. These issues are studied empirically for (probably) the largest transfer-based poverty program in the world, namely China's Di Bao program, which aims to assure a minimum income through means-tested transfers. Poor municipalities are found to adopt systematically lower eligibility thresholds, reducing the program's ability to reach poor areas, and generating considerable horizontal inequity
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lambert, Sylvie A Micro-Decomposition Analysis of The Macroeconomic Determinants of Human Development
    Keywords: Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools
    Abstract: This paper shows how differences in aggregate human development outcomes over time and space can be additively decomposed into a pure economic-growth component, a component attributed to differences in the distribution of income, and components attributed to "non-income" factors and differences in the model linking outcomes to income or non-income characteristics. The income effect at the micro level is modeled non-parametrically, so as to flexibly reflect distributional changes. The paper illustrates the decomposition using data for Morocco and Vietnam, and the results offer some surprising insights into the observed aggregate gains in schooling attainments. A user friendly STATA program is available to implement the method in other settings
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kilic, Talip Investing Back Home
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Living Standards ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Return Migration ; Rural development ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Access to Finance ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Living Standards ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Return Migration ; Rural development ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement ; Access to Finance ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Impact of migration ; International Migration ; Living Standards ; Migrant ; Migrants ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Return Migration ; Rural development ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: In view of its increasing importance, and the dearth of information on return migration and its impacts on source households, this study uses data from the 2005 Albania Living Standards Measurement Study survey and assesses the impact of past migration experience of Albanian households on non-farm business ownership through instrumental variables regression techniques. Moreover, considering the differences in earning potentials and opportunities for skill acquisition in different destination countries, the impact of household past migration experience is differentiated by main migrant destinations, namely Greece and Italy. The study also tests for the hypothesis of the existence of migration cycles, by differentiating the time spent abroad based on the year of return. The empirical results indicate that household past migration experience exerts a positive impact on the probability of owning a non-farm business. While one additional year in Greece increases the probability of household business ownership by roughly 7 percent, a similar experience in Italy or further destinations raises the probability by over 30 percent. Although past migration experience for the period 1990-2000 is positively associated with the likelihood of owning a household enterprise, a similar impact does not materialize for the period 2001-2004. The latter finding seems suggestive of the fact that more recent migrants are yet to attain a target level of required savings and skills in order to successfully establish a new business upon return
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Sangraula, Prem New Evidence On The Urbanization of Global Poverty
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors provide new evidence on the extent to which absolute poverty has urbanized in the developing world, and the role that population urbanization has played in overall poverty reduction. They find that one-quarter of the world's consumption poor live in urban areas and that the proportion has been rising over time. By fostering economic growth, urbanization helped reduce absolute poverty in the aggregate but did little for urban poverty. Over 1993-2002, the count of the
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin How Relevant Is Targeting To The Success of An Antipoverty Program ?
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Cash Transfers ; Counterfactual ; Household Income ; Political Economy ; Political Support ; Poor ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting ; Administrative Costs ; Cash Transfers ; Counterfactual ; Household Income ; Political Economy ; Political Support ; Poor ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting ; Administrative Costs ; Cash Transfers ; Counterfactual ; Household Income ; Political Economy ; Political Support ; Poor ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting
    Abstract: Policy-oriented discussions often assume that "better targeting" implies larger impacts on poverty or more cost-effective interventions. The literature on the economics of targeting warns against that assumption, but evidence has been scarce. The paper begins with a critical review of the strengths and weaknesses of the targeting measures found in practice. It then exploits an unusually large micro data set for China to estimate aggregate and local-level poverty impacts of the country's main urban antipoverty program. Standard measures of targeting are found to be uninformative, or even deceptive, about impacts on poverty and cost-effectiveness in reducing poverty. In program design and evaluation, it would be better to focus directly on the program's outcomes for poor people than to rely on prevailing measures of targeting
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G Poverty Reduction Without Economic Growth ?
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Assistance ; Social Security ; Agricultural Growth ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Assistance ; Social Security ; Agricultural Growth ; Economic Growth ; Human Capital ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poverty Dynamics ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Assistance ; Social Security
    Abstract: Brazil's slow pace of poverty reduction over the last two decades reflects both low growth and a low growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Using GDP data disaggregated by state and sector for a twenty-year period, this paper finds considerable variation in the poverty-reducing effectiveness of growth-across sectors, across space, and over time. Growth in the services sector was substantially more poverty-reducing than was growth in either agriculture or industry. Growth in industry had very different effects on poverty across different states and its impact varied with initial conditions related to human development and worker empowerment. The determinants of poverty reduction changed around 1994: positive growth rates and a greater (absolute) elasticity with respect to agricultural growth contributed to faster poverty reduction. But because there was so little of it, economic growth played a relatively small role in accounting for Brazil's poverty reduction between 1985 and 2004. The taming of hyperinflation (in 1994) and substantial expansions in social security and social assistance transfers, beginning in 1988, accounted for a larger share of the overall reduction in poverty
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chaudhuri, Shubham Partially Awakened Giants
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Economic Growth ; Farm Production ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Human Capital ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Measures ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper examines the ways in which recent economic growth has been uneven in China and India and what this has meant for inequality and poverty. Drawing on analyses based on existing household survey data and aggregate data from official sources, the authors show that growth has indeed been uneven-geographically, sectorally, and at the household level-and that this has meant uneven progress against poverty, less poverty reduction than might have been achieved had growth been more balanced, and an increase in income inequality. The paper then examines why growth was uneven and why this should be of concern. The discussion is structured around the idea that there are both "good" and "bad" inequalities-drivers and dimensions of inequality and uneven growth that are good or bad in terms of what they imply for both equity and long-term growth and development. The authors argue that the development paths of both China and India have been influenced by, and have generated, both types of inequalities and that while good inequalities-most notably those that reflect the role of economic incentives-have been critical to the growth experience thus far, there is a risk that bad inequalities-those that prevent individuals from connecting to markets and limit investment and accumulation of human capital and physical capital-may undermine the sustainability of growth in the coming years. The authors argue that policies are needed that preserve the good inequalities-continued incentives for innovation and investment-but reduce the scope for bad ones, notably through investments in human capital and rural infrastructure that help the poor connect to markets
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua Are There Lasting Impacts of Aid To Poor Areas ?
    Keywords: Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Aid Effectiveness ; Anti-Poverty ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Community Participation ; Counterfactual ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Household Survey ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income ; Income Gains ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Failures ; Poor ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: The paper revisits the site of a large, World Bank-financed, rural development program in China 10 years after it began and four years after disbursements ended. The program emphasized community participation in multi-sectoral interventions (including farming, animal husbandry, infrastructure and social services). Data were collected on 2,000 households in project and nonproject areas, spanning 10 years. A double-difference estimator of the program's impact (on top of pre-existing governmental programs) reveals sizeable short-term income gains that were mostly saved. Only modest gains to mean consumption emerged in the longer term-in rough accord with the gain to permanent income. Certain types of households gained more than others. The educated poor were under-covered by the community-based selection process-greatly reducing overall impact. The main results are robust to corrections for various sources of selection bias, including village targeting and interference due to spillover effects generated by the response of local governments to the external aid
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China's (Uneven) Progress Against Poverty
    Keywords: Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Economic Policies ; Extreme Poverty ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Inequality ; Household Survey ; Impact On Poverty ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor People ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While the incidence of extreme poverty in China fell dramatically over 1980–2001, progress was uneven over time and across provinces. Rural areas accounted for the bulk of the gains to the poor, though migration to urban areas helped. The pattern of growth mattered. Rural economic growth was far more important to national poverty reduction than urban economic growth. Agriculture played a far more important role than the secondary or tertiary sources of GDP. Rising inequality within the rural sector greatly slowed poverty reduction. Provinces starting with relatively high inequality saw slower progress against poverty, due both to lower growth and a lower growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Taxation of farmers and inflation hurt the poor. External trade had little short-term impact. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes of country success in poverty reduction
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?
    Keywords: Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme Poverty ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Income ; Inequality ; International Poverty Line ; Per Capita Consumption ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion present new estimates of the extent of the developing world's progress against poverty. By the frugal
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Land Allocation in Vietnam's Agrarian Transition
    Keywords: Allocation ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Contract ; Cost ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Forestry ; Historical Context ; Labor ; Land ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economy ; Municipal Housing ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Variation ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Allocation ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Contract ; Cost ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Forestry ; Historical Context ; Labor ; Land ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economy ; Municipal Housing ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Variation ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Allocation ; Climate Change ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Consumption ; Contract ; Cost ; Economics ; Efficiency ; Environment ; Forestry ; Historical Context ; Labor ; Land ; Land Use and Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market ; Market Economy ; Municipal Housing ; Political Economy ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Variation ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: While liberalizing key factor markets is a crucial step in the transition from a socialist control-economy to a market economy, the process can be stalled by imperfect information, high transaction costs, and covert resistance from entrenched interests. Ravallion and van de Walle study land-market adjustment in the wake of Vietnam's reforms aiming to establish a free market in land-use rights following de-collectivization. Inefficiencies in the initial administrative allocation are measured against an explicit counterfactual market solution. The authors' tests using a farm-household panel data set spanning the reforms suggest that land allocation responded positively but slowly to the inefficiencies of the administrative allocation. They find no sign that the transition favored the land rich or that it was thwarted by the continuing power over land held by local officials. This paper—a joint product of the Poverty Team and the Public Services Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the welfare impacts of major policy reforms
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Household Welfare Impacts of China's Accession to the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption Behavior ; Distributional Effects ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Food Commodities ; Food Items ; Food Staples ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Income ; Income Shares ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Developmen ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Chen and Ravallion use China's national household surveys for rural and urban areas to measure and explain the welfare impacts of the changes in goods and factor prices attributed to WTO accession. Price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities and are calibrated to the household-level data imposing minimum aggregation. The authors find negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implications for compensatory policy responses. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the household welfare impacts of economywide policy changes
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Rich and Powerful?
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower ; Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower ; Anthropology ; Bank ; Contingency ; Culture & Development ; Demand ; Disposable Income ; Earnings ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis ; Financial Literacy ; Gender ; Gender and Social Development ; Household Income ; Household Incomes ; Income ; Income Increases ; Inequality ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Inter ; Interest ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Windpower
    Abstract: Does "empowerment" come hand-in-hand with higher economic welfare? In theory, higher income is likely to raise both power and welfare, but heterogeneity in other characteristics and household formation can either strengthen or weaken the relationship. Survey data on Russian adults indicate that higher individual and household incomes raise both self-rated power and welfare. The individual income effect is primarily direct, rather than through higher household income. There are diminishing returns to income, though income inequality emerges as only a minor factor reducing either aggregate power or welfare. At given income, the identified covariates have strikingly similar effects on power and welfare. There are some notable differences between men and women in perceived power. This paper—a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the group to explore broader measures of well-being. The authors may be contacted at mlokshinworldbank.org or mravallion@worldbank.org
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