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  • Online-Ressource  (292)
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  • 1
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 p.)
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1142
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents long-term trade scenarios for the world economy up to 2060 based on a modelling approach that combines aggregate growth projections for the world with a detailed computable general equilibrium sectoral trade model. The analysis suggests that over the next 50 years, the geographical centre of trade will continue to shift from OECD to non-OECD regions reflecting faster growth in non-OECD countries. The relative importance of different regions in specific export markets is set to change markedly over the next half century with emerging economies gaining export shares in manufacturing and services. Trade liberalisation, including gradual removal of tariffs, regulatory barriers in services and agricultural support, as well as a reduction in transaction costs on goods, could increase global trade and GDP over the next 50 years. Specific scenarios of regional liberalisation among a core group of OECD countries or partial multilateral liberalisation could, respectively, raise trade by 4% and 15% and GDP by 0.6% and 2.8% by 2060 relative to the status quo. Finally, the model highlights that investment in education has an influence on trade and high-skill specialisation patterns over the coming decades. Slower educational upgrading in key emerging economies than expected in the baseline scenario could reduce world exports by 2% by 2060. Lower up-skilling in emerging economies would also slow-down the restructuring towards higher value-added activities in these emerging economies.
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264201842
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (290 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Interconnected Economies; Benefiting from Global Value Chains
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Cette publication examine comment les chaînes de valeur mondiales ont évolué et les défis politiques qu'elles ont engendrés.
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264216037
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (220 p.)
    Serie: The Development Dimension
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Regional perspectives on aid for trade
    DDC: 338.91091724
    Schlagwort(e): Entwicklungshilfekonditionen ; Welt ; Development ; Trade ; Bericht ; Weltwirtschaft ; Welthandel
    Kurzfassung: Deepening economic integration via regional co-operation has emerged as a key priority in the reform strategies of most developing economies over the past decade. This is evidenced by the explosive growth in bilateral and regional trading agreements in which they now participate. Regional aid for trade can help developing countries spur regional economic integration, enhance competitiveness, and plug into regional production networks. Based on a rich set of experiences regarding regional aid for trade projects and programmes, the study finds that regional aid for trade offers great potential as a catalyst for growth, development and poverty reduction. The study recommends greater emphasis on regional aid for trade as a means of improving regional economic integration and development prospects. While regional aid for trade faces many practical implementation challenges, experience has shown that associated problems are not insurmountable but do require thorough planning, careful project formulation, and prioritization on the part of policy makers.
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264221765
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (168 p.)
    Serie: OECD Insights
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Economic Globalisation; Origins and consequences
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La mondialisation économique ; Origines et conséquences
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Globalización económica ; Orígenes y consecuencias
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Es gibt kaum ein Thema, das so kontrovers ist – und gleichzeitig so wenig verstanden wird – wie die Globalisierung. Die wirtschaftliche Globalisierung im weitesten Sinne kann zwar auf eine ebenso lange Geschichte zurückblicken wie der Handel selbst, doch die Komplexität, die sich aus der globalen Vernetzung der Volkswirtschaften ergibt, sowie deren Auswirkungen auf unsere Lebensgrundlagen haben sich durch die globale Finanzkrise noch verstärkt. Diese Publikation beschreibt die entscheidenden Wendepunkte in der Geschichte der wirtschaftlichen Integration und insbesondere die Beschleunigung des Globalisierungsprozesses seit den 1990er Jahren. Darüber hinaus werden die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung in vier maßgeblichen Bereichen – Beschäftigung, Entwicklung, Umwelt und Finanzstabilität – erörtert: Fördert Globalisierung die Entwicklung oder verstärkt sie die Ungleichheit? Werden durch Globalisierung Arbeitsplätze geschaffen oder vernichtet? Schädigt Globalisierung die Umwelt oder trägt sie zu ihrem Erhalt bei? Steuern wir auf eine Entglobalisierung zu oder kann die Globalisierung sogar die Erholung begünstigen?
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (69 p.)
    Serie: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2014/03
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Trade ; Arbeitspapier ; Graue Literatur
    Kurzfassung: This report assesses conceptually and empirically the extent to which the stringency of environmental regulations drives international trade in environmental goods. Many of the measures governments adopt to address issues such as local air and water pollution or GHG emissions take the form of regulations that aim to change the behaviour of firms or households. Compliance by private actors with those regulations in turn generates a growing market for environmental goods and services that is increasingly international in scope as more countries tighten their environmental regulations. Regulatory stringency thus spurs the development of a market for a whole range of equipment specifically meant for preventing and abating pollution, with important implications for international trade in such equipment. The different indicators of regulatory stringency considered in the present analysis generally support the notion that the stringency of environmental regulations positively affects countries’ specialisation in environmental products, even when considering specific sectors such as solid-waste management or wastewater treatment. While increased trade in environmental products is not an end in itself, the environmental benefits this entails can contribute to global improvements in environmental quality. By increasing demand for environmental products and technologies, environmental policy can complement trade policy in supporting pollution-reduction efforts not just domestically, but also abroad.
    Anmerkung: Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.
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  • 6
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (102 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Trade Facilitation Indicators: The Potential Impact of Trade Facilitation on Developing Countries' Trade
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: Ce rapport présente les résultats mis en évidence par les indicateurs de l'OCDE destinés à évaluer l'incidence de certaines mesures de facilitation sur les échanges des pays en développement. Seize indicateurs sur la facilitation des échanges (IFE) ont été construits, correspondant aux principaux domaines qui font l’objet de négociations à l'OMC. L’objectif était d'estimer les effets des mesures prises face aux obstacles particuliers créés par les procédures applicables au commerce et au passage des frontières dans un pays donné. Les domaines qui semblent influer le plus sur les volumes et les coûts du commerce, aussi bien à l'importation qu’à l'exportation, sont la disponibilité des renseignements relatifs au commerce, la simplification et l'harmonisation des documents, la rationalisation des procédures et l'utilisation de processus automatisés. L'effet combiné des améliorations apportées dans ces domaines est supérieure à la simple addition des effets de chacune ; il en résulte une réduction de 14.5 % du coût total du commerce pour les pays à faible revenu, de 15.5 % pour les pays à revenu moyen inférieur et de 13.2 % pour les pays à revenu moyen supérieur.
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264201200
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Serie: The Development Dimension
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Succeeding with trade reforms
    Schlagwort(e): Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Außenhandel ; Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsländer ; Uganda ; Aserbaidschan ; Development ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Succeeding with Trade Reforms: The Role of Aid for Trade highlights the potential of aid for trade to boost economic growth and reduce poverty, while discussing the various reasons why it may not be realised. In so doing, this book draws lessons for the design of aid-for-trade projects and programmes and for increasing their effectiveness. Building on this analysis, the book also quantifies the binding constraints to trade in developing countries and the importance of complementary and compatible policies (such as education, governance, business environment and macroeconomic stability) to maximise the impact of trade reforms on trade and economic growth.
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264189904
    Sprache: Italienisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (415 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Principes de l'OCDE applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2010
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien für multinationale Unternehmen und Steuerverwaltungen 2010
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Directrices de la OCDE aplicables en materia de precios de transferencia a empresas multinacionales y administraciones tributarias 2010
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD transzferár irányelvek a multinacionális vállalkozások es az adóhatóságok számára - 2010
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010; (Slovenian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010; (Serbian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010; (Ukrainian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Le Linee Guida dell’OCSE sui prezzi di trasferimento per le imprese multinazionali e le amministrazioni fiscali forniscono orientamenti sull'applicazione del "principio di libera concorrenza", che è il principio riconosciuto a livello internazionale sul quale si basa il regime del transfer pricing, cioè la valutazione, a fini fiscali, delle transazioni transfrontaliere tra imprese associate. In un'economia globale nella quale le imprese multinazionali hanno un ruolo significativo, il regime dei prezzi di trasferimento assume un'importanza prioritaria sia per le amministrazioni fiscali sia per i contribuenti. Gli Stati devono assicurarsi che gli utili imponibili delle multinazionali non siano artificialmente trasferiti in un altro Paese e che la base imponibile dichiarata dalle multinazionali nei loro rispettivi Paesi corrisponda alla loro attività economica reale. È essenziale, inoltre, che i contribuenti vedano ridotti i rischi di doppia imposizione economica legati a un contenzioso tra due Paesi sulla determinazione della remunerazione a valori di mercato delle transazioni transfrontaliere con imprese associate. La versione originale delle Linee Guida dell’OCSE sui prezzi di trasferimento è stata approvata dal Consiglio dell'OCSE nel 1995. Le Linee Guida sono poi state parzialmente aggiornate nel 2009, in primo luogo per integrare le modifiche introdotte nel 2008 al Modello di Convenzione fiscale OCSE riguardanti il nuovo paragrafo 5 dell'articolo 25 in materia di arbitrato e il commentario dell'articolo 25 sull'uso della procedura amichevole per risolvere le controversie tributarie internazionali. Nell'edizione del 2010 sono state apportate notevoli revisioni ai capitoli I, II e III, introducendo nuovi orientamenti sulla scelta del metodo più appropriato alle circostanze del caso per la determinazione dei prezzi di trasferimento, sull'applicazione pratica dei metodi basati sull'utile delle transazioni (il metodo del margine netto della transazione e il metodo di ripartizione dell'utile) e sulla performance dell'analisi di comparabilità. È stato inoltre aggiunto un nuovo capitolo IX che presenta gli aspetti delle riorganizzazioni aziendali relativi ai prezzi di trasferimento. Notevoli cambiamenti sono stati anche apportati in tutti gli altri capitoli delle Linee Guida dell’OCSE sui prezzi di trasferimento.
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189560
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Interconnected economies
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Internationale Wirtschaft ; Internationale Produktion ; Betriebliche Wertschöpfung ; Welt ; Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Wirtschaftskooperation ; Wertschöpfungskette ; Nichttarifäres Handelshemmnis ; Liberalisierung ; Außenhandel ; Finance and Investment ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Erde ; Welt ; Globalisierung ; Weltwirtschaft ; Außenhandelspolitik ; Wertschöpfung
    Kurzfassung: Global Value Chains (GVCs) have exploded in the past decade and refer to the international dispersion of design, production, assembly, marketing and distribution of services, activities, and products. Different stages in the production process are increasingly located across different economies, and intermediate inputs like parts and components are produced in one country and then exported to other countries for further production and/or assembly into final products. The functional and spatial fragmentation that has occurred within GVCs has significantly reshaped the global economic landscape, thereby raising some new major policy challenges for OECD countries and emerging countries alike: trade policy, competitiveness, upgrading and innovation and the management of global systemic risk.
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264111905
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Insights
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. La mondialisation économique ; Origines et conséquences
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Die Globalisierung der Wirtschaft; Ursprünge und Auswirkungen
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Globalización económica ; Orígenes y consecuencias
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Economic globalisation
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Globalisierung ; Wirkungsanalyse ; OECD-Staaten ; Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Wirtschaftliche Integration ; Globalisierung ; Geschichte ; Development ; Economics ; Trade ; Erde
    Kurzfassung: Few subjects are as controversial – and poorly understood – as globalisation. While in its broadest sense, economic globalisation is as old as trade itself, the recent financial crisis has amplified the complexity associated with the global interconnectedness of the world’s economies and its ramifications on our livelihoods. This publication reviews the major turning points in the history of economic integration, and in particular the pace at which it has accelerated since the 1990s. It also considers its impact in four crucial areas, namely employment, development, the environment and financial stability: does globalisation foster development or create inequality? Does it promote or destroy jobs? Is it damaging to the environment or compatible with its preservation? Are we heading towards de-globalisation or can globalisation in fact enable recovery?
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187610
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (440 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Inventory of estimated budgetary support and tax expenditures for fossil fuels 2013
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Fossile Energie ; Förderung erneuerbarer Energien ; Steuervergünstigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; OECD ; Energiepolitik ; Steuervergünstigung
    Kurzfassung: This Inventory is concerned with direct budgetary transfers and tax expenditures that relate to fossil fuels, regardless of their impact or of the purpose for which the measures were first put in place. It has been undertaken as an exercise in transparency, and to inform the international dialogue on fossil-fuel subsidy reform. For each of the 34 OECD countries covered, the Inventory provides a succinct summary of its energy economy, and of the budgetary and tax-related measures provided at the central-government level (and, in the case of federal countries, for selected sub-national units of government) relating to fossil-fuel production or consumption. The transfers associated with these measures are reported for recent years using the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) and Consumer Support Estimate (CSE) as organising frameworks. These frameworks have already been used extensively by the OECD, most notably in respect of agriculture. The Inventory covers a wide range of measures that provide a benefit or preference for a particular activity or a particular product, either in absolute terms or relative to other activities or products, against a specified baseline. Many measures listed in this inventory are relative preferences within a particular country’s tax system rather than absolute support that can be readily compared across countries, and for that reason no national totals are provided.
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264201453
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (142 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Aid for trade in action
    Schlagwort(e): Entwicklungshilfe ; Außenhandel ; Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Welt ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Fairer Handel ; Liberalisierung ; Außenhandel ; Marktzugang ; Wettbewerbsfähigkeit ; Entwicklung ; Unterentwicklung ; Ursache ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Development ; Trade ; Entwicklungsländer
    Kurzfassung: History has shown that openness to trade is a key ingredient for economic success and for improved living standards. But simply opening the economy to international trade is not enough. Developing countries – especially the least developed – require help in building their trade-related capacities in terms of information, policies, procedures, institutions and infrastructure, so as to compete effectively in the global economy. Aid for trade aims to help countries overcome the supply-side constraints that inhibit their ability to benefit from market access opportunities. The almost 300 case stories show clear results of how aid-for-trade programmes are helping developing countries to build human, institutional and infrastructure capacity to integrate into regional and global markets and to make good use of trade opportunities. Together, these stories are a rich and varied source of information on the results of aid for trade activities – an indication of the progress achieved by the Aid-for-Trade Initiative.
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264112537
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Serie: The Development Dimension
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Aid for trade and development results
    Schlagwort(e): Außenhandel ; Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsstrategie ; Entwicklungsländer ; Bangladesch ; Ghana ; Vietnam ; Ruanda ; Kolumbien ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Fairer Handel ; Wirkung ; Auswirkung ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Salomonen Bangladesch ; Ghana ; Vietnam ; Ruanda ; Kolumbien ; Auslands- und Entwicklungshilfe ; Handelshilfe ; Wirkung/Auswirkung ; Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung ; Sozioökonomische Entwicklung ; Entwicklungspolitische Strategie ; Solomon Islands Bangladesh ; Rwanda ; Colombia ; Foreign and development aid ; Trade aid ; Effects/consequences ; Economic development ; Socio-economic development ; Development policy strategies ; Ergebnis/Bilanz Effizienz/Effektivität ; Results/outcomes Efficiency/Efficacy ; Development ; Trade ; Salomonen ; Bangladesch ; Vietnam ; Ruanda ; Kolumbien
    Kurzfassung: This study presents a tool to help design logical frameworks for results-based management of aid for trade. What are donors and partner countries trying to achieve? Three different levels of possible objectives (i.e. direct, intermediate and final) are explored. Trade is treated as an intermediate objective, serving as a transmission mechanism, with an increase in the value for trade as the final objective. Six case studies - Bangladesh, Colombia, Ghana, Rwanda, Solomon Islands and Viet Nam - provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges involved in introducing a tool for managing results in an agenda that covers a broad area of interventions that are aimed at building trade-related supply side capacities.
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264178762
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (204 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Agriculture and Food ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This report is an overview of the management of risk due to livestock diseases, a potentially catastrophic type of risk that can have strong external effects given its links to the food chain and to human health. Animal disease, primarily in farmed livestock, has long been a policy concern for food safety reasons and the high economic losses it can engender. The globalisation of trade and human movement, and sensitivities to food safety, enhance the relevance and complexity of disease control for terrestrial livestock. Outbreaks – or even rumours of an outbreak – can result in widespread consumer alarm, disruption of trade, and severe effects on incomes, not to mention the human cost of illnesses and deaths arising from animal disease.
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264111929
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (113 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Economic Globalisation; Origins and consequences
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Die Globalisierung der Wirtschaft; Ursprünge und Auswirkungen
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Globalización económica ; Orígenes y consecuencias
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Si la mondialisation est un phénomène aussi ancien que le commerce, elle n’en reste pas moins controversée. Est-elle un facteur de développement ou d’inégalités ? Créatrice ou destructrice d’emplois ? Néfaste à l’environnement ou propice à sa préservation ? Menace-elle la stabilité financière ou permet-elle de réaliser des investissements plus efficaces ? La mondialisation économique : Origines et conséquences aborde ces questions au vu de la récente crise financière et de l’histoire de l’intégration économique mondiale. Cette nouvelle publication de la série Les essentiels de l’OCDE étudie les conséquences de l’interconnexion croissante des marchés et des économies nationales sur nos vies, et examine l’évolution de la mondialisation à la lumière des évènements récents.
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264128736
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (368 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Inventory of estimated budgetary support and tax expenditures for fossil fuels
    Schlagwort(e): Fossile Energie ; Energiepolitik ; Öffentliche Ausgaben ; Steuervergünstigung ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Environment ; Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; OECD ; Energiepolitik ; Steuervergünstigung
    Kurzfassung: This publication provides preliminary, quantitative estimates of direct budgetary support and tax expenditures supporting the production or consumption of fossil fuels in selected OECD member countries. The information has been compiled as part of the OECD’s programme of work to develop a better understanding of environmentally harmful subsidies (EHS). It has been undertaken as an exercise in transparency, and to inform the international dialogue on fossil-fuel subsidy reform. It is also intended to inform the ongoing efforts of G20 nations to reform fossil-fuel subsidies. For each of the 24 OECD countries covered, the Inventory provides a succinct summary of its energy economy, and of the budgetary and tax-related measures provided at the central-government level (and, in the case of federal countries, for selected sub-national units of government) relating to fossil-fuel production or consumption. Many measures listed in this inventory are relative preferences within a particular country’s tax system rather than absolute support that can be readily compared across countries, and for that reason no national totals are provided.
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  • 17
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 29.7cm.
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Taking Stock of Measures Restricting the Export of Raw Materials: Analysis of OECD Inventory Data
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: Les pouvoirs publics semblent de plus en plus enclins à recourir à des mesures restreignant les exportations de matières premières et appliquées tant aux frontières que sur le territoire national. L’OCDE a donc entrepris d’élaborer un Inventaire des mesures de restriction imposées depuis 2009 aux matières premières industrielles. L’étude réalisée à cette fin porte sur une centaine de pays, une quinzaine de types de mesures et la plupart des minerais et métaux ainsi que le bois. Le présent document analyse les données collectées à ce jour pour la période 2009-2010 pour le secteur des minerais et métaux. Il commence par des observations sur la transparence de l’action publique, fondées sur les recherches réalisées dans le cadre de l’Inventaire. Quelles informations sur l’application de mesures à l’exportation les pouvoirs publics publient-ils sur leurs sites web ? Le document propose ensuite une analyse statistique descriptive des données de l’Inventaire. Quelles sont les mesures les plus utilisées ? Quels minerais et métaux ciblent-elle le plus ? Quelles sont les raisons qui poussent les pouvoirs publics à appliquer droits à l’exportation et autres mesures ? L’analyse tient compte des différents stades de production et s’appuie sur des données relative aux échanges pour illustrer les phénomènes de concentration de la production et les conséquences des restrictions à l’exportation sur les échanges.
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264174238
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Illegal trade in environmentally sensitive goods
    Schlagwort(e): Illegaler Handel ; Außenhandel ; Naturschutz ; Environment ; Trade ; Welthandel ; Illegalität ; Umweltkrise
    Kurzfassung: Illegal trade in environmentally sensitive goods, such as threatened wildlife, timber, hazardous waste, and ozone-depleting substances, has been a long-standing issue in the international trade and environment agenda. The nature of such illegal trade makes it difficult to fully understand its extent and impact on the environment. Developing effective policies to reduce illegal trade requires a clear understanding of what drives this trade and the circumstances under which it thrives. In this report, evidence-based on customs data and information from licensing schemes is used to document the scale of illegal trade, as well as the economic and environmental impacts of such trade. National and international policies have an important role to play in regulating and reducing illegal trade and the report highlights a range of measures that can be taken at both levels.
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180178
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (450 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Launched and co-ordinated by the OECD, the International Collaborative Initiative on Trade and Employment (ICITE) is a two-year old joint undertaking of ten international organisations. Under ICITE, a broad research agenda focusing on the interaction between trade and employment has been implemented. This book brings together some of the results of that research. Opening with an overview chapter from the OECD, the book continues with papers covering 1)trade, wages and employment, 2) trade and services, 3) trade and working conditions, and 4) regional trade perspectives.
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  • 20
    ISBN: 9789264097377
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (137 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD reviews of regional innovation
    DDC: 338/.06409466
    Schlagwort(e): Regionalpolitik ; Technologiepolitik ; Baskenland ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Spain ; Baskenland ; Innovationsförderung ; Regionalpolitik
    Kurzfassung: The Basque Country region in Spain is world renowned for a successful industrial transformation, the urban regeneration of Bilbao, cultural distinctiveness, unique governance arrangements and high wealth levels. Over the last 30 years, the region has implemented its science, technology and innovation (STI) policy driven by a need to boost industrial competitiveness. The role of total factor productivity and innovation in driving growth was significant in the 1990s and declined in the early part of this decade, but appears to be on the rise again thanks in part to significant increases in public and private investment in innovation. The Basque Country has begun a transition from a model of incremental innovation in manufacturing to a model increasingly based on science and other forms of knowledge. Through a diagnostic of the innovation system and the policy mix, the review offers some policy and governance recommendations to achieve the region’s desired transition in light of global trends in the innovation process and innovation policy.
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  • 21
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264125483
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (344 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010; (Serbian version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Principes de l'OCDE applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2010
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2010: (Serbian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Taxation ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Die OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien für multinationale Unternehmen und Steuerverwaltungen bieten Orientierungen für die Anwendung des „Fremdvergleichsgrundsatzes“, der den internationalen Konsens im Hinblick auf die Verrechnungspreisgestaltung, d.h. die Bewertung grenzüberschreitender Geschäftsvorfälle zwischen verbundenen Unternehmen für Besteuerungszwecke, darstellt. In einer globalen Wirtschaft, in der multinationale Unternehmen eine herausragende Rolle spielen, sind die Verrechnungspreise für Steuerverwaltungen und Steuerpflichtige gleichermaßen von größter Bedeutung. Die Regierungen müssen sicherstellen, dass die steuerpflichtigen Gewinne multinationaler Unternehmen nicht künstlich aus ihrem Land hinaus verlagert werden und die von den multinationalen Unternehmen in den einzelnen Ländern ausgewiesene Besteuerungsgrundlage die jeweils dort ausgeübte Wirtschaftstätigkeit widerspiegelt. Für die Steuerpflichtigen ist es äußerst wichtig, das Risiko der wirtschaftlichen Doppelbesteuerung zu begrenzen, zu der es auf Grund von Streitigkeiten zwischen zwei Ländern bei der Ermittlung der fremdvergleichskonformen Vergütung für die grenzüberschreitenden Geschäftsvorfälle der Steuerpflichtigen mit verbundenen Unternehmen kommen kann.Die OECD-Verrechnungspreisleitlinien wurden 1995 in ihrer Originalfassung vom Rat der OECD zur Veröffentlichung freigegeben. 2009 wurden die Leitlinien teilweise aktualisiert, was vorrangig durch Änderungen des Kommentars zu Artikel 25 über Verständigungsverfahren zur Lösung grenzüberschreiten­der Steuerkonflikte sowie durch die Einführung eines neuen Absatzes 5 zu Artikel 25 zum Thema Schiedsverfahren bedingt war, die im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des OECD-Musterabkommens im Jahr 2008 erfolgte. In der Fassung aus dem Jahr 2010 wurden die Kapitel I-III erheblich überarbeitet, mit neuen Leitlinien - zur Auswahl der unter den Gegebenheiten des Einzelfalls am besten geeigneten Verrechnungspreis­methode, - zur praktischen Anwendung der geschäftsvorfallbezogenen Gewinnmethoden (geschäftsvorfallbezogene Nettomargenmethode und Gewinnaufteilungsmethode) sowie - zur Durchführung von Vergleichbarkeitsanalysen. Darüber hinaus wurde ein neues Kapitel IX zu den verrechnungspreisbezogenen Aspekten von Umstrukturierungen der Geschäftstätigkeit hinzugefügt. An den übrigen Abschnitten der Leitlinien wurden Änderungen zur Wahrung der Konsistenz vorgenommen.
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  • 22
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264111745
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Smart rules for fair trade
    DDC: 382/.63
    Schlagwort(e): 1961-2011 ; Exportkredit ; OECD-Staaten ; Trade ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Exportkredit
    Kurzfassung: On the 50th anniversary of the OECD, we examine the unique work the organisation performs in regulating and rationalising governments’ use of export credits in support of exports, jobs, economic growth and national interests more broadly. This work is part of a global post war effort to emphasise multilateral co operation and sound economic policies to promote co operation, efficiency and prosperity rather than destructive competition, controversy and conflict. OECD export credits work is one of the basic building blocks of the ever growing structure of global trade agreements that aim to maintain open and efficient markets. The objective is to eliminate subsidies and unfair practices in the economic competition that forms the foundation of a healthy and dynamic global economy. The elimination of official financing subsidies in global trade is only a part of the broader trade policy agenda, but it is a vital part, and has been delegated to the OECD by the WTO. Since financing is the life blood of trade flows, specialised OECD housed work allows trade to flow efficiently for aircraft and other capital goods while other trade policy work and litigation continue at the WTO. The export credits work at the OECD is described in this collection of essays. However it is about much more than the series of agreements described herein. It is more fundamentally about the governments and their people - policy makers and experts - who gather at the OECD to build collectively a system of export credits disciplines that is fair, transparent, adaptable and effective. It is therefore as much about people and ideas as anything else. The export credit secretariat pictured above represents only the latest in a long line of OECD staff committed to facilitate and advise this work. The OECD’s motto on its 50th anniversary is “Better Policies for Better Lives.” This reminds us that in the end, it is policies that are at the centre of human well being. And export credits work is about promoting these better policies by developing “smart rules” that open markets and maintain a level playing field and by bringing people and governments together to this end.
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264097070
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (316 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Disaggregated impacts of CAP reforms
    Schlagwort(e): EU-Agrarpolitik ; EU-Staaten ; Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is an important policy for the European Union and accounts for about 40% of the EU budget. Ever since its inception in 1958, the CAP has been regularly reviewed and adjusted to improve its performance and adapt to changing circumstances. At a time when the post-2013 future of the CAP is being discussed and major challenges such as food security and climate change lay ahead, it is important to review the impact of past reforms and to draw lessons for the design of future policies. While the studies in these proceedings often take account of national and international market effects of agricultural policies, they tend to focus on the impact of policies on farms and at the regional and local levels. Today, the European Union is composed of very diverse regions that are affected very differently by any given farm policy, depending on the structural characteristics of the farms’ and regions’ economies. This report collects papers presented at the OECD Workshop on Disaggregated Impacts of CAP Reforms, held in Paris in March 2010, which focused on recent reforms. In particular, it examined the implementation of the single payment scheme since 2005 and the transfer of funds between different measures. Special attention was also paid to reforms of the sugar and dairy sectors with respect to the quota system and the restructuring of both these industries. The papers also look at the impact of the new direct payment system on land use, production and income.
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9789264112322
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (232 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Competitiveness and Private Sector Development
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Competitiveness and private sector development
    Schlagwort(e): Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Privatwirtschaft ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Osteuropa ; Kaukasus ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Einflussgröße ; Politik ; Privatwirtschaft ; Export ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Marktzugang ; Entwicklung ; Unterentwicklung ; Ursache ; Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Osteuropa ; Osteuropa ; Privatwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Kaukasus Süd ; Privatwirtschaft ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung
    Kurzfassung: With a total population of over 75 million people and a strategic location between wealthy trading partners, with Russia to the east and a vast market of EU citizens to the west, the Eastern Europe and South Caucasus (EESC) region is attractive as a destination for investment and trade. It is endowed with significant human and resources ranging from the black soil in Ukraine that produces some of the best wheat in the world, to energy reserves in Azerbaijan and unexplored water resources in several countries. However, in spite of recent growth – an average of almost 8% of GDP during 1998-2008 – the region’s productivity levels remain 77% below the world average. The OECD Eastern Europe and South Caucasus Competitiveness Outlook examines the key policies that would increase competitiveness in the countries of the region through developing human capital, improving access to finance for SMEs and creating more and better investment opportunities.
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  • 25
    ISBN: 9789264098978
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Serie: The Development Dimension
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Trade for growth and poverty reduction
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftswachstum ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Armut ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Entwicklungsländer ; Entwicklungshilfe ; Fairer Handel ; Außenhandelspolitik ; Entwicklungsmodell ; Weltmarkt ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Sozioökonomischer Wandel ; Armut ; Bekämpfung ; Development ; Trade ; Entwicklungsländer ; Weltwirtschaft ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Reduktion
    Kurzfassung: Trade promotes economic growth, alleviates poverty and helps countries reach their development goals. However, developing countries – in particular the least developed – face difficulties in making trade happen and turning trade into economic growth. The Aid for Trade Initiative – launched at the 2005 World Trade Organisation conference in Hong Kong – aims at helping these countries to take advantage of trade opportunities and to reap the benefits of their integration into the world economy. The Initiative has been a success: it has not only raised awareness among both donors and developing countries about the role of trade in development, but also helped secure increased resources. Trade for Growth and Poverty Reduction: How Aid for Trade Can Help explains how Aid for Trade can foster economic growth and reduce poverty, and why it is an important instrument for a development strategy that actively supports poverty alleviation. Unlocking this potential requires carefully designed and sequenced trade reforms. While developing countries have many trade-related needs, but financial resources and political capital for reforms are limited, it is an important priority to tackle the most binding constraints to trade expansion. This report describes the diagnostic tools available, evaluates their strengths and weaknesses, and suggests a dynamic framework to guide the sequencing of reform and donor support.
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  • 26
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 25 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Employment and Trade in France: A Firm-Level View (1995-2004)
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; France
    Kurzfassung: Ce document examine la relation qui existe en France entre les importations – et plus généralement le commerce – et l’emploi. Il s’inspire des travaux de plus en plus nombreux qui traitent des échanges et des marchés du travail, en tenant compte des théories du commerce au niveau de l’entreprise et de travaux empiriques antérieurs. L’analyse s’appuie sur trois sources permettant de constituer un ensemble de données appariées au niveau de l’entreprise et portant sur les échanges, les variables économiques et l’emploi pour la période 1995-2004. Cet ensemble de données concerne les entreprises manufacturières. Le document formule des estimations sur la relation entre l’emploi et l’activité commerciale au niveau de l’entreprise, d’abord sous une forme agrégée, puis par secteur industriel. Il évalue également la situation des entreprises concernant l’évolution des importations de produits finis et de biens intermédiaires. La conclusion récapitule les résultats obtenus et les rapproche de travaux antérieurs portant sur la relation entre le commerce et l’emploi en France, en signalant quelques explications possibles et des domaines de recherche à approfondir.
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  • 27
    ISBN: 9789264097285
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Competitiveness and Private Sector Development
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Competitiveness and private sector development
    DDC: 338.6/0480958
    Schlagwort(e): Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Humankapital ; KMU ; Auslandsinvestition ; Zentralasien ; Kasachstan ; Kirgisistan ; Tadschikistan ; Mongolei ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Einflussgröße ; Politik ; Privatwirtschaft ; Export ; Internationaler Wettbewerb ; Weltmarkt ; Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Mittelasien ; Internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit ; Klein- und Mittelbetrieb
    Kurzfassung: With a total population of 92 million people, near universal literacy and abundant energy resources, Central Asia is an attractive destination for investment and trade. The region is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, and surrounded by some of the world’s fastest-growing economies such as Russia, India and China, who are increasingly investing in the region. From 2000 to2009, foreign direct investment flows into Central Asia increased almost ninefold, while the region’s gross domestic product grew on average by 8.2% annually. While Central Asia is endowed with many natural and human resources that could drive its economies to even higher levels of competitiveness, the poor quality of the region’s business environment remains a major obstacle. Key areas for improvement include reinforcing legal and economic institutions; prioritizing the development of the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector; and building the capacity of business intermediary organisations. This Central Asia Competitiveness Outlook examines the key policies that would increase competitiveness in Central Asia and reduce dependence on the natural resource sector, namely through developing human capital, improving access to finance, and capturing more and better investment opportunities. It was carried out in collaboration with the World Economic Forum under the aegis of the OECD Central Asia Initiative, a regional programme that contributes to economic growth and competitiveness in Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Initiative is part of the wider OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme.
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  • 28
    ISBN: 9789264091436
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Compétitivité et développement du secteur privé
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Morocco
    Kurzfassung: Cette publication présente, dans un premier temps, la méthodologie de la SDCA utilisée par l’OCDE, une synthèse des principales réformes engagées au cours des dix dernières années et influençant l’environnement des affaires, et le contexte macro-économique du Maroc. Dans un deuxième temps, sont exposées les principales conclusions horizontales de l’évaluation de la SDCA, puis un résumé des résultats de l’analyse des 12 dimensions.
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  • 29
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 167-205
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 39 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 167-205
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The Inter-American Development Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development co-operate in competition law and policy to promote increased economic growth, employment and economic efficiency and a higher average standard of living in the medium to long term. There is increasing consensus that sound competition law and policy are essential to achieving these goals. “Peer review” is a core element of OECD work. The mechanisms of peer review vary, but it is founded upon the willingness of all OECD countries and their partners to submit their laws and policies to substantive questioning by other members. This process provides valuable insights to the reviewed country and promotes transparency and mutual understanding for the benefit of all. The benefits of this process are particularly clear in the area of competition law and policy. As a result of the activities of the Competition Committee, OECD countries that once had real conflicts on competition issues have become partners in seeking to halt harmful international anticompetitive practices. The Committee has also become an important forum for assessing and demonstrating the usefulness of applying competition policy principles to economic and other regulatory systems. IDB/OECD co-operation in competition law and policy centers on annual meetings of the Latin American Competition Forum. LACF meetings include substantive roundtable discussions and peer reviews of national laws and institutions. The peer reviews have examined Brazil, Chile, Peru and now Argentina. The IDB is pleased to participate and finance this work, as part of its efforts to promote a better business climate for investment in the counties of Latin America and the Caribbean. We want to thank the Government of Argentina for volunteering to be peer reviewed at the fourth LACF meeting, held in San Salvador, El Salvador, on 11-12 July, 2006. It was encouraging to hear Argentina’s Delegation confirm at the meeting that the report’s recommendations were helpful and to hear from Delegates of other countries that this review has improved their understanding of Argentina’s competition law and policy. Finally, we want to thank Mr. John Clark, the author of the report, and the many competition officials whose written and oral contributions to the Forum have been so important to its success.
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 7-105
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 99 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 7-105
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Competition Committee debated private remedies in June 2006. The roundtable focused on class actions/collective actions and the interface between private enforcement and public enforcement: • Class Actions/Collective Actions: There is a strong case for the use fo class actions/collective actions to raise levels of deterrence and achieve greater compliance with competition laws, as theses actions may be the only practical way to ensure that customers with small claims also have their day in court. • Interface between Public and Private Enforcement: There is a widely shared concern that private litigation in competition cases can interfere with leniency programs in cartel cases. There is a trade-off between enabling the victims of a cartel to recover damages and incentives for cartel members to come forward, and no-one really knows with certainty how much protection from private litigation and damage awards is necessary so as not to deter leniency applicants. The prevailing view is that the integrity of leniency programs should be protected by a range of measures that limit a leniency applicant’s exposure to civil damages, but some delegates felt that the current trend provided unnecessary protection to leniency applicants to the detriment of private plaintiffs.
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  • 31
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 153-222
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 70 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 153-222
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; Ukraine
    Kurzfassung: This report* was the basis of a two hour and a half peer review in the OECD Global Forum on Competition (GFC) on 21 February 2008. It assesses the development and application of competition law and policy in Ukraine, focusing on activities over the previous five years (2003-07). The report concludes that Ukraine has a comprehensive and well-designed competition law and, in the AMC, an effectively managed and well-regarded agency to enforce it. The report also identifies an array of problems confronting Ukraine in the competition law arena, and makes various remedial proposals, including recommendations dealing with the AMC’s budget allocation, autonomy, investigative tools, transparency, enforcement priorities, and relationships with other law enforcement agencies. Additional recommendations in the report focus on the competition law’s merger notification requirements and procedures, state aid legislation, penalties for unlawful conduct and penalty collection procedures, competition advocacy, harmonization with the European Union’s competition laws, and the elimination of conflicting provisions in Ukraine’s Commercial Code.
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  • 32
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 9-19
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 11 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 9-19
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Over the past twenty years, the economies of Central and South East Europe have undergone fundamental changes – the opening of new markets, major policy reforms, deeper intra- and inter-regional economic integration and institutional improvements – which have significantly altered the landscape of economic activity in the region. This paper explores the experience in South East Europe and investigates how this growth has impacted the geographical location of economic activity in the region as well as foreign direct investment flows.
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  • 33
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 7-99
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 93 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 7-99
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition and efficient usage of payment cards in June 2006. In recent years, debit and credit cards have become increasingly common as retail payment mechanisms and have increasingly displaced checks and cash. The roundtable discussed potential market power and pricesetting abuses related to payment cards, reviewed the regulatory (or self-regulatory) mechanisms that sometimes govern the operation of card networks and considered methods for increasing the role of competitive forces among payment cards. A market failure exists because costs for different payment mechanisms are rarely reflected in consumer prices. Consideration should be given to permitting merchants to form payment ventures, as this would promote system competition between owners with different incentives, and to promoting entry by potential new technologies that would not involve existing payment networks. Many other policy options are discussed.
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  • 34
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 77-90
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 14 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 77-90
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper focuses on the location of foreign direct investment in Central European economies during transition with a view to addressing whether trade agreements and institutional integration have had an impact on FDI inflows and location.
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  • 35
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 107-151
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 45 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 2, p. 107-151
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Plea agreements or negotiated settlements can be an efficient way to formally dispose of cartel cases.They can provide substantial benefits to competition authorities by allowing them to allocate their resources more efficiently and to increase enforcement activities, thus achieving greater deterrence. Plea agreements have substantial benefits for defendants as well.
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  • 36
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 101-165
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 65 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 3, p. 101-165
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The Competition Committee debated retail banking in October 2006. Competition can improve the functioning of the retail banking sector without harming prudential regulation. The efficient functioning of the sector is important for economic performance. The sector is considered special primarily because of externalities related to potential “contagion” effects stemming from (i) the withdrawal-upondemand characteristic of some bank deposits and (ii) the role banks play in the payment system, and (iii) the fact that banks are important for the funding of consumers and SMEs. Customer mobility and choice is essential to simulate retail-banking competition. An important observation is that the degree of customer mobility is low and the longevity of customer-bank relationships is long. Financial information sharing platforms should therefore be promoted and, where limited by privacy laws, privacy laws should be modified in a way that maintains the goal of protecting privacy while also allowing consumers to receive the benefits of credit ratings.
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  • 37
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 43-76
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 34 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 43-76
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the pattern of industry location in Central European Economies during transition with a view of determining whether the geographical concentration of industries has increased, which factors determine location and, finally, whether industrial policies have played a role.
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  • 38
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 33-42
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 10 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 33-42
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews the content of bilateral investment treaties listed in Annex 6 of the CEFTA 2006 with a view to identifying commonalities and potential gaps. The paper examines provisions on admission and treatment (i.e., national treatment and mostfavoured nation); transfers, expropriation, and dispute settlement (i.e., state-to-state and investor-to-state).
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  • 39
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 21-32
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 12 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 21-32
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper reviews existing restrictions to national treatment found in Parties to the CEFTA 2006. The review covers restrictions to national treatment such as approval and licensing/screening procedures, equity and other discriminatory measures on establishment, corporate organisation, and transparency measures.
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  • 40
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: general papers Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 91-104
    ISSN: 1995-283X
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 14 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: general papers
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2010, no. 2, p. 91-104
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper focuses on whether previous findings on the relationship between trade and institutional integration on FDI location in Central and Eastern European economies are consistent with observed patterns in South East Europe.
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  • 41
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264113084
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (348 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Globalisation, comparative advantage and the changing dynamics of trade
    DDC: 382
    Schlagwort(e): Globalisierung ; Komparativer Vorteil ; Wirtschaftliche Anpassung ; Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Globalisierung ; Welthandel
    Kurzfassung: The effects of globalisation have been at the forefront of public debate in recent years, fuelled on the one hand by the large benefits of integrated markets, and on the other hand, by the detrimental adjustment effects often experienced by many economies as a result. Knowing how trade has been evolving over time and the role policy has played in this evolution are critical to understanding the globalisation debate and grasping the lessons for future policy development. The comparative advantage hypothesis has been suggested as one of the principal explanations of international trade and of the benefits associated with openness. It has also provided the intellectual underpinnings for most trade policy in the past 50 years. This book collects OECD work that builds on recent contributions to the theory and empirics of comparative advantage, putting particular emphasis on the role policy can play in shaping trade.
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  • 42
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264123212
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (116 p.)
    Serie: The Development Dimension
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Strengthening accountability in aid for trade
    Schlagwort(e): Entwicklungshilfe ; Kapitalhilfe ; Zweckbindung ; Außenhandel ; Internationale Kooperation ; Evaluation ; Fallstudie ; Global Auslands- und Entwicklungshilfe ; Finanzielle Auslandshilfe ; Gebundene Auslandshilfe ; Internationaler Handel ; Internationale Zusammenarbeit ; Evaluation ; Fallstudie ; Vietnam ; Ghana ; Development ; Trade ; Erde ; Vietnam
    Kurzfassung: At a time when aid budgets are under pressure and scrutiny, there is a need to improve accountability. This is especially true in the case of aid for trade, which has become an increasingly important priority in development co-operation. Strengthening Accountability in Aid for Trade looks at what the trade and development community needs to know about aid-for-trade results, what past evaluations of programmes and projects reveal about trade outcomes and impacts, and how the trade and development community could improve the performance of aid for trade interventions.
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  • 43
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264087408
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (230 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Competitiveness and Private Sector Development
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Competitiveness and private sector development
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Frühindikator ; Auslandsinvestition ; Investitionspolitik ; Ägypten ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftsreform ; Politische Reform ; Gewerbepolitik ; Privatwirtschaft ; Situation ; Aktualität ; Entwicklung ; Tendenz ; Finance and Investment ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Egypt ; Ägypten ; Ägypten ; Wirtschaftsförderung ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Wirtschaftsprivatrecht
    Kurzfassung: As part of a far-reaching programme of economic reforms, the Egyptian government is seeking to improve its business climate to attract more investment and stimulate growth and job creation. The Egyptian Ministry of Investment has asked the OECD to carry out an in-depth assessment of Egypt’s business climate to identify policy priorities and actions needed to foster more domestic, regional and international investment. This report presents the results of that assessment. It also highlights Egypt’s key reform priorities and describes the challenges and opportunities in improving Egypt's business climate to help Egypt realise its full potential as a high-growth economy. The OECD assessment is the first phase of a Business Climate Development Strategy (BCDS) which identifies policy priorities and proposes specific reforms and actions to enable Egypt to achieve measurable improvements in its business climate. One key finding is that Egypt’s investment and trade policy reforms have moved the country’s business climate closer to best practice in OECD economies. However, the report notes that to attract further private investment, Egypt needs to improve the country’s anti-corruption measures, skills development, infrastructure and access to finance, especially for the country's small-and-medium sized enterprises. BCDS Egypt offers specific recommendations on how policies, institutions and regulations can be improved to increase predictability for investors and make Egypt a prime investment destination. This review was carried out as part of the wider MENA-OECD Investment Programme. It uses a new BCDS methodology that evaluates the business climate in 12 policy areas and draws on core OECD instruments, such as the Policy Framework for Investment (PFI), which have been successfully applied in other countries. By helping countries prioritise their actions and build consensus among stakeholders, the BCDS process supports the successful implementation of reforms to develop the private sector in the MENA region.
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  • 44
    ISBN: 9789264087088
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (248 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Cross-border Tertiary Education; A Way towards Capacity Development
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'enseignement supérieur transnational ; Un levier pour le développement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Cross-border Tertiary Education: A Way towards Capacity Development
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'enseignement supérieur transnational : Un levier pour le développement
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: La educación superior transfronteriza está emergiendo para convertirse en un fenómeno fascinante pero muy complejo. La movilidad de estudiantes, de profesores, de conocimiento e incluso valores ha sido por siglos parte de la educación superior, pero esta ha crecido a un ritmo sin precedentes. Durante las últimas dos décadas se ha visto un crecimiento significativo de movilidad en los programas y proveedores de educación superior mediante modos presenciales y virtuales de entrega. Esto presenta muchas nuevas oportunidades entre las que están mayor acceso a la educación superior, alianzas estratégicas entre países y regiones, además de la expansión del recurso humano y la capacidad institucional. De forma paralela existe un número igual de retos: un incremento potencial de proveedores de baja o dudosa calidad, la falta de reconocimiento de las cualificaciones extranjeras por parte de los empleadores o instituciones de educación locales, junto al elitismo y las tensiones que este crea. En muchos casos, estas tendencias nuevas propician que los países reconsideren diferentes aspectos de su política educativa, en particular el marco normativo para el aseguramiento de la calidad y de la educación superior privada.El propósito del libro es generar nueva información sobre los retos y oportunidades que se presentan especialmente en los países en desarrollo para aprovechar la educación superior transfronteriza como una herramienta para el desarrollo. Esta obra analiza el concepto desarrollo de competencias mediante la educación transfronteriza, con énfasis el papel crucial del aseguramiento de la calidad y las negociaciones comerciales. Este volumen es de especial interés tanto para diseñadores de política educativa como para los incontables interesados en la educación superior de los países en desarrollo.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264030060
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (108 p)
    Serie: Objectif développement
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Trade-Related Assistance; What Do Recent Evaluations Tell Us?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Trade-Related Assistance: What Do Recent Evaluations Tell Us?
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Cet ouvrage s’appuie sur les principales conclusions et recommandations ressortant des évaluations réalisées par les donneurs pour recenser les facteurs qui ont contribué au succès (ou à l’échec) des programmes passés et prodiguer des conseils destinés à accroître l’efficacité et l’impact des activités futures d’aide liée au commerce. Ce rapport vient à point nommé pour alimenter le débat en cours entre spécialistes de l’aide et des échanges sur les moyens de faire en sorte que « l’aide à l’appui des échanges » constitue, de par sa conception et ses modes d’acheminement, un complément efficace au PDD.
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  • 46
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 22 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2010/01
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This document is a third update on developments in the field of regional trade agreements and environment covering the period late 2008 to December 2009. It complements the 2007 publication “Environment and Regional Trade Agreements” prepared under the aegis of the Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment. It is based on publicly available information and refers to agreements which have been signed by the Parties, though not all have entered into force yet.
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  • 47
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 75-125
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 51 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 75-125
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Competition Committee debated improving competition in real estate transactions in February 2007. Real estate transactions are subject to a variety of potential limitation of competition that can have significant effects on ordinary consumers. In fact, because of the annual volume of transactions and the fact that real estate expenses (mortgage payments and rent) constitute a significant portion of spending out of available revenue to spend (often exceeding 25%), the impacts of anti-competitive action i this sector may have larger financial value than in most other sectors. Practices of real estate agents vary significantly across countries, but a common trend appears to be the introduction of listing services that may provide a platform for anti-competitive practices to spread, at the same time as the Internet potentially provides improved opportunities for real estate sellers to reach buyers directly. In many countries, the operation of transferring legal title to properties is subject to cartel-like prices. Competitive problems have also been identified in the mortgage markets, with cartel activity having been found in a least one case and a lack of non-bank sources of finance in some countries.
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  • 48
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 69-151
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 83 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 69-151
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition in bidding markets in October 2006. Competition authorities become interested in auctions by a number of routes. In competition advocacy, they may advise other parts of government on how to design auctions in order to improve their efficiency—the degree of competition. They may evaluate mergers and agreements between firms that operate in auction markets. And they may be concerned with collusion and abuse of a dominant position in auctions. Because their formal rules reduce “noise” and make communication among rivals easier, auctions can promote collusion, compared with ordinary “posted-price” markets. But an auction can be designed to reduce collusion or concerted practices or to promote participation. Thus, the design of an auction can be the object of lobbying pressure. Auctioneers can also behave strategically, choosing auction formats or practices that favour competition. Two fundamental prescriptions for effective auction design follow from the theoretical literature: Induce bidders to truthfully reveal their valuations by making what they pay not depend entirely on what they bid, and maximize the information available to each participant before he bids.
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  • 49
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 177-230
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 54 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 177-230
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; Peru
    Kurzfassung: The Competition Peer Review Report of Peru is the fourth one of a non-OECD country. South Africa and Russia were reviewed at meetings of the OECD Global Forum on Competition (GFC). Chile, and now Peru, were reviewed at meetings of the Latin American Competition Forum (LACF), organised by the OECD and the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB). All four reviews confirm that the peer review process is an extremely useful means of promoting co-operation and voluntary convergence among OECD and non-OECD economies, providing both transparency and a candid discussion of what constitutes “best practice” in different situations.
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  • 50
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 153-171
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 19 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 153-171
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Competition Committee debated issues related to the Construction Industry in June 2008. This roundtable addressed the special characteristics of the construction industry as they relate to competition law and policy. Construction is a critical sector in OECD economies because it builds and maintains the structures and infrastructure on which almost every other industry depends. Unfortunately, the construction industry has also tended to suffer from cartel activity, as shown by a spate of well - publicised recent matters from around the world. The roundtable includes an examination of why this industry seems to be more prone to cartel formation than other industries. It also looked into the complications that may arise when multiple construction firms use the same bid calculation software. Finally, the Committee discussed the arguments – occasionally made by industry advocates – that competition is either irrelevant or “ruinous” in the construction industry. Neither argument was found to be persuasive, as there are no distinguishing features of the construction sector that reduce the benefits that competition brings to consumer welfare.
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  • 51
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 91-131
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 41 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 91-131
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Competition Committee debated competition issues in vertical relations for gasoline retailing in October 2008. Gasoline retailing has changed dramatically over the last 25 years. While refiners often still have extensive networks of gasoline retailers, there is also a large independent sector in many countries; A study of the effects of entry by large general retailers finds benefits to consumers; There has been a vigorous debate about whether vertical separation between gasoline stations and upstream entities should be required. It appears that mandating vertical separation is linked with price increases to the ultimate consumers. On the other hand, mandated separation may promote the development of more independent stations. Policy makers often raise concerns about vertical integration in the supply of gasoline. These concerns should be moderated in markets with large independent segments. Even in markets with small independent segments, there are reasons to believe prices will be lower with vertical integration, as this eliminates a double mark-up.
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  • 52
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 133-176
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 44 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 133-176
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The Global Forum of the OECD Competition Committee debated the Interface between Competition and Consumer Policies in February 2008. The two policies share a common goal: the enhancement of consumer welfare. In this way they are highly complementary. Applied properly, they reinforce one another; Aside from their different approaches to markets, however, there are other differences between competition and consumer policies. These differences present both opportunities and challenges. Applied consistently, each policy ill each make the other more effective, especially in situations of evolving markets. The challenge comes in coordinating them, and in ensuring that they do not work at cross purposes. Institutional design is an important factor in providing effective public policy. With the increasing recognition of the importance of integrating competition policy and consumer policy, there is debate about how to design the most effective institutions for that purpose. Housing the two functions in a single agency offers several advantages, including more centralised control, operational efficiencies and cross-fertilisation between the two disciplines. There could be disadvantages as well, however.
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  • 53
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 127-165
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 127-165
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; Chinese Taipei
    Kurzfassung: This report, prepared by the Secretariat of the OECD was the basis for a peer review examination of Chinese Taipei at the OECD’s Global Forum on Competition on 9 February, 2006. Competition law in Chinese Taipei has been an important element of the program of economic reforms that moved the economy from centrally directed emphasis on manufacturing and exports to a market-driven emphasis on services and high technology. The competition law follows mainstream practice about restrictive agreements, monopolies and anticompetitive mergers, with a particularly clear statutory basis for concentrating enforcement attention on horizontal collusion. The rules about market deception and unfair practices connect the competition law to consumer interests. There is a risk, though, that rules based on a cultural tradition of fairness might lead to interventions to correct differences in bargaining power, which could dampen competition rather than promote it. The competition enforcement agency, the Fair Trade Commission (FTC), is now a stable, experienced administrative agency. It followed an appropriate sequence in introducing competition policy, emphasising transparency and guidance to encourage compliance before undertaking stronger enforcement measures. General reforms are in process that would clarify the independence of the FTC. To improve enforcement against hard-core cartels, a leniency programme should be adopted, and the special treatment for agreements among small businesses should be limited. Some other aspects of the enforcement tool-kit should be revised, such as the cap on fines and the use of market share as a merger notification test. The most visible regulatory reforms to promote competition have been in telecoms, although an independent regulator for that sector is just now being set up. The government retains holdings in privatised firms that could have implications for market competition, so FTC vigilance about the risk of cross-subsidy or other distortion remains warranted.
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  • 54
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 173-203
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 31 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 173-203
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade ; El Salvador
    Kurzfassung: The OECD has been active in promoting competition policy among countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and formed a partnership with the Inter-American Development Bank to further this aim. The principal feature of this partnership has been the annual Latin American Competition Forum (LACF), at which senior officials from countries in the region discuss, in roundtable fashion, issues of competition policy of interest to them. Each of the first four Forums featured a peer review of one country in the region. At the fifth Forum held in 2007, work focused on the four Latin American peer review reports which had been produced in the framework of the Latin American Competition Forum (Brazil, Chile, Peru and Argentina) as well as the peer review of Mexico held in the OECD Competition Committee. This work assessed the impact that the peer reviews have had on competition policy and on the competition agencies in the countries concerned. “Peer review” is a core element of OECD work. The mechanisms of peer review vary, but it is founded upon the willingness of a country to submit its laws and policies to substantive questioning by other members of the international community. This process provides valuable insights to the reviewed country and promotes transparency and mutual understanding for the benefit of all.There is an emerging consensus on best practices in competition law enforcement and in applying competition policy principles to regulatory systems. Countries now co-operate regularly in such areas as anticartel enforcement and international mergers. Peer reviews are an important part of this process. The OECD and the IDB are pleased to have participated in this partnership for the promotion of competition policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. This work is consistent with the policies and goals of both organisations. Sound competition policy will promote economic growth and prosperity, bringing benefits to consumers in the region and substantially improving the business climate. Both organisations would like to thank the Government of El Salvador for volunteering to be peer reviewed at the sixth LACF meeting, held in Panama, on 10-11 September 2008. Finally, we want to thank Mr. John Clark, the author of the report, and the many competition officials whose written and oral contributions to the Forum have been so important to its success.
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  • 55
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 7-73
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 67 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 2, p. 7-73
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Competition Committee debated competitive effects of land use restrictions in February 2008. Land use restrictions often serve valuable social purposes. The benefits of particular policies for land use must be balanced against the costs, though. The social harms that can arise when land use restrictions create “entry barriers” are rarely considered explicitly. Land use restrictions can raise the price and reduce supply of a broad range of real estate and, by preventing new and innovative stores from opening, reduce shopping options available to consumers. More careful integration of policy on land use restrictions with competition policy could benefit consumers and many entrepreneurs and reduce the likelihood that public or private restrictions will lead to supply scarcity. This roundtable examines competition problems affecting commercial construction and use permits, geographic density tests, adverse impact tests, access condition to rights of ay and private restrictions on land use. Steps are identified for improving public policies towards land use restrictions.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264088436
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Trade and economic effects of responses to the economic crisis
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Finanzkrise ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Welthandel ; Handelsvolumen ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Geschichte 2009
    Kurzfassung: The dramatic collapse in world trade in 2009 is, this report shows, mainly due to: the drop in demand for highly traded products; the drying up of trade finance; and the vertically integrated nature of global supply chains. Contrary to expectations, protectionist measures were relatively muted and did not play a significant part. In fact, because of their sheer size, stimulus measures may have had more impact on trade than direct trade policy measures Nevertheless, dollar for dollar, direct trade restricting measures have the most strongly negative impacts on growth and employment: a one dollar increase in tariff revenues results in a USD 2.16 drop in world exports and a USD 0.73 drop in world income. The analyses presented here suggest that exit strategies from measures to deal with the crisis will be most effective in boosting growth and jobs if they first roll back measures that discriminate between domestic and foreign firms and those that target specific sectors. General demand stimulus measures and active labour market policies are preferable under current conditions.
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  • 57
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264096448
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (176 p.)
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als The economic impact of export restrictions on raw materials
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Rohstoff ; Exportbeschränkung ; Welt ; Trade ; Canada ; China, People’s Republic ; European Union ; India ; Russian Federation ; South Africa ; United States ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Außenhandelspolitik ; Rohstoffwelthandel
    Kurzfassung: Export restrictions on raw materials are applied to achieve a number of policy objectives. However, they can have a significant and negative impact on the efficient allocation of resources, international trade, and the competitiveness and development of industries in both exporting and importing countries. By diverting exports to domestic markets, export restrictions raise prices for foreign consumers and importers. At the same time, by reducing domestic prices in the applying countries and increasing global uncertainty concerning future prices, export restrictions negatively affect investment, thus potentially reducing the overall supply of raw materials in the long term. In view of existing alternative policy tools that have a different impact on trade, the effectiveness of export restrictions to achieve stated policy objectives should be carefully reviewed. This publication presents a selection of papers discussed at the OECD Workshop on Raw Materials, held in Paris in October 2009. This workshop was organised in response to the growing concern on the use of export restrictions on raw materials, particularly by emerging economies.
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  • 58
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 7-67
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 61 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 10, no. 1, p. 7-67
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Competition Committee debated concessions in February 2006. Governments have long been engaged in providing goods or services to their citizens that could, in some form, be provided by the private sector. The trend over the past few decades, however, has been to transfer these functions, and the state-owned assets used to provide them, to private hands. The most common method, and the one usually preferred, is privatisation, or outright sale or transfer of ownership of the relevant assets to one or more private parties. Another method is concessions. Concessions are often viewed as a substitute for privatisation when the latter is not feasible for political or legal reasons. Concessions are not substitutes for regulation. Where there is a need for regulation, as in a situation of natural monopoly, a regulatory regime may be created along with the concession.
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  • 59
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 7-90
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 82 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 11, no. 1, p. 7-90
    Schlagwort(e): Governance ; Taxation ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Competition Committee debated energy security and competition policy in February 2007. This roundtable examined the links between competition policy and energy security, with a focus on natural gas. The discussion began by addressing the questions of the meaning and importance of energy security; and the determinants of energy security, particularly as they relate to competition policy. It continued in dealing with gas supply, transportation, and distribution, addressing five aspects that relate to different aspects of energy security: (1) the role of substitutes for natural gas in fostering competitive gas supply; the role of regulation in promoting or inhibiting infrastructure investment; (2) how to promote an adequate level of infrastructure investment; (3) the role of unbundling in fostering competition and promoting energy security; (4) the role of storage capacity in system efficiency and buyer bargaining position; (5) and the determinants of entry into merchant sales of natural gas.
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  • 60
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Impact of Services Trade Liberalisation on Trade in Non-Agricultural Products
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: Cette étude permet de constater que les échanges de services contribuent à élargir l’éventail des prestataires de services qui soutiennent la compétitivité dans les secteurs de la production manufacturière de haute technologie et à forte valeur ajoutée. Elle montre que les grands pays qui présentent des coûts plus faibles mais toujours significatifs d’échanges de services bénéficient d’un avantage comparatif dans le secteur des produits manufacturés à forte intensité de services, avantage qui se trouve renforcé si le pays produit aussi des services intermédiaires de façon plus efficace ou oppose moins d’obstacles à l’entrée des fournisseurs de services. Les pays qui disposent de technologies organisationnelles plus avancées (qui utilisent plus efficacement les services aux producteurs) renforceront leur avantage comparatif dans la production manufacturière en profitant de la libéralisation des échanges de services. Les effets de la libéralisation des échanges de services sur la production manufacturière n’est pas linéaire. Ils restent modestes jusqu’à ce que les coûts des échanges atteignent un certain seuil. C’est donc en fin de libéralisation des échanges de services, en particulier avec la réduction des obstacles réglementaires, que les effets sont les plus sensibles. Les exportations de produits manufacturés à forte intensité de main-d’oeuvre exigent de nombreux services d’appui, et ces besoins augmentent d’année en année en raison de l’évolution des goûts des consommateurs et de leur intérêt croissant pour les normes de santé, de sécurité et de travail. Pour soutenir le développement industriel, les pays en développement doivent non seulement faire reposer leurs politiques d’échanges de services sur des intérêts offensifs, mais aussi veiller à ce que les producteurs locaux disposent d’un accès optimal aux services. Les effets les plus marqués résulteraient de l’amélioration de l’accès aux marchés des services de télécommunications et des services aux entreprises, tels que services juridiques, comptabilité, publicité et services de consultation technique.
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  • 61
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264044814
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (454 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Globalisation and emerging economies
    DDC: 330.9172/4
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Internationale Wirtschaft ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Globalisierung ; Schwellenländer ; Brasilien ; Russland ; Indien ; Indonesien ; China ; Südafrika ; Trade ; Brazil ; China, People’s Republic ; India ; Indonesia ; Russian Federation ; South Africa ; Schwellenländer ; Globalisierung ; Außenwirtschaft ; Schwellenländer ; Globalisierung ; Außenwirtschaftspolitik ; Brasilien ; Russland ; Indien ; Indonesien ; China ; Südafrika ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Außenhandel ; Globalisierung
    Kurzfassung: OECD countries still dominate the world economy, but their share of world trade dropped from 73% in 1992 to 64% in 2005, and some of the world’s most important economies are not members of the OECD. Foremost among these are the so-called BRIICS: Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa. This book analyses key elements of the trade performance of the BRIICS in relation to the rest of the world, focusing on trade and other policies influencing that performance. Developments in global trade policy are reviewed, notably the impact of preferential trade agreements on the multilateral system and patterns of world trade are described using both indices that reveal networks of trading relations and more standard modeling results. As well as the global analysis, the book also presents a separate chapter for each of the BRIICS, examining the key development and trade issues in each of the six countries over the past few years.
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  • 62
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264065017
    Sprache: Spanisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (211 p.)
    Serie: Estudios del Centro de Desarrollo
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America; (Chinese version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. The Visible Hand of China in Latin America: (Chinese version)
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Development ; Trade ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: América Latina está volviendo los ojos hacia China y Asia, y éstas le corresponden. Se trata de un cambio signi­cativo: por primera vez en su historia, América Latina puede bene­ciarse no de uno, sino de tres importantes motores del desarrollo mundial. Hasta la década de los ochenta, Estados Unidos era el mayor socio comercial de la región. En los noventa, un segundo motor de desarrollo surgió con el boom de la inversión europea en América Latina. Ahora, en los albores del nuevo siglo, la creciente in‑uencia económica global de Asia, y en particular la de China, supone un potencial tercer motor de desarrollo. Este libro plantea las oportunidades y los retos que las economías latinoamericanas enfrentarán a medida que aumente la preponderancia de China en la economía mundial y en los mercados tradicionales de América Latina.
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  • 63
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060289 , 9789264107144
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (224 p.)
    Serie: Les essentiels de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. International Trade; Free, Fair and Open?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Internationaler Handel; Frei, fair und offen?
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Le commerce international influence directement le prix et la disponibilité de tout ce que nous achetons ou presque. Son rôle est également notable dans beaucoup d’autres domaines, notamment l’emploi, l’environnement et la lutte contre la pauvreté. Les essentiels de l'OCDE : Le commerce international soutient que la prospérité a rarement, voire jamais, été atteinte ou maintenue sans le concours du commerce. Néanmoins, à lui seul, il ne constitue pas une condition suffisante, et des politiques orientées vers l’emploi, l’éducation, la santé et bien d’autres domaines encore sont nécessaires pour favoriser le bien-être et s’attaquer aux défis d’une économie mondialisée.
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  • 64
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Clarifying Trade Costs: Maritime Transport and its Effect on Agricultural Trade
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: Les coûts du transport maritime ont un effet significatif sur les échanges de biens agricoles. Ces coûts représentent une proportion élevée de la valeur des produits agricoles importés, 10% en moyenne, ce qui est un niveau similaire à celui des barrières douanières agricoles. Cette étude montre que le doublement du coût d’expédition est associé à une diminution de 42% en moyenne des échanges pour l’ensemble des biens agricoles. La tentation de se procurer les biens importés dans les pays à faibles coûts de transport est donc forte. Les échanges de certains produits sont particulièrement affectés par les évolutions des coûts de transport maritime, en particulier les céréales et les oléagineux qui sont expédiés en vrac. Le temps de transit a également un effet marqué sur le commerce : un jour supplémentaire passé en mer par rapport à un voyage d’une durée moyenne de 20 jours implique une diminution des échanges de 4,5% entre deux pays partenaires. Les coûts de transport et l’efficience pour amener les produits agricoles vers le marché de destination sont ainsi des facteurs explicatifs importants des flux commerciaux.
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  • 65
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 18 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2009/01
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: This document provides a second update on developments in the field of regional trade agreements and environment covering the period late 2007 to December 2008. It complements the 2007 publication “Environment and Regional Trade Agreements”, and the first update presented to the JWPTE in December 2007 (COM/TAD/ENV/JWPTE/RD(2007)40/FINAL). It is based on publicly available information and refers to agreements which have been signed by the Parties, though not all have entered into force yet. It also includes information on recent Trade Promotion Agreements (TPAs) which were not covered by the first study.
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  • 66
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 62 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2009/02
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: It is in every country's interest that the deployment of carbon-change-mitigation technologies (CCMTs) be accomplished at the lowest possible cost to society and that their diffusion be rapid. Reducing barriers to trade is one way to accomplish that, especially given that it is unlikely that every country will become proficient in the production of every CCMT. This study provides a preliminary assessment of the significance of tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in a representative selection of CCMTs chosen from among those that have been identified by the IPCC and the IEA as having a large economic potential for mitigation, are globally traded, and can be easily adapted to national circumstances. Those examined in the report include: (a) technologies, such as gas-fired reciprocating engines, used in the co-production of both process (or district) heat and electric power (CHP); (b) technologies, such as pipes and meters, used in the production and delivery of heating and cooling at the scale of a city district (DHC); (c) technologies that harness solar energy to heat water or heat or cool the air in buildings (SHC); and (d) relatively energyefficient electric motors and related systems. The study finds that trade in CCMTs faces higher tariffs in some non-OECD countries than in OECD countries. Judging from information provided by exporters in response to a questionnaire, non-tariff measures are common, and in some countries are acting as barriers to trade. Overcoming some of the general measures that impede trade will take time. However, the problems that lax enforcement of intellectual property rights, cumbersome customs-clearance procedures and non-transparent government procurement create for trade in CCTMs should be regarded as providing additional reasons for importing countries to address these issues urgently. Finally, importers may need, at the same time, to examine their domestic policies in order to address behind-the-border impediments to the diffusion of CCMT technologies.
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  • 67
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060531
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (202 p.)
    Serie: OECD Insights
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. International Trade; Free, Fair and Open?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le commerce international ; Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. International Trade: Free, Fair and Open?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le commerce international : Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Der internationale Handel hat Auswirkungen auf den Preis und die Verfügbarkeit von fast allem, was wir kaufen. Zudem hat er Einfluss auf eine Vielzahl anderer Bereiche wie Beschäftigung, Umwelt und Armutsbekämpfung. Und er wird seinerseits von einer Fülle verschiedener Faktoren beeinflusst, von der natürlichen Ressourcenausstattung bis hin zu Modetrends. Die OECD ist eine führende Quelle für Daten, Analysen und Politikempfehlungen in Handelsfragen. Gestützt auf dieses umfassende Fachwissen wird in OECD Insights: Internationaler Handel deutlich gemacht, dass es ohne Handel – wenn überhaupt – nur selten gelungen ist, Wohlstand zu erreichen oder zu sichern. Handel allein ist jedoch nicht genug. Es bedarf darüber hinaus Maßnahmen in Bereichen wie Beschäftigung, Bildung oder Gesundheit, um das Wohlergehen der Menschen zu fördern und die Herausforderungen der globalisierten Wirtschaft zu bewältigen.
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  • 68
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 68 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Trade Impacts of Selected Regional Trade Agreements in Agriculture
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: Ce document de travail procède à une étude approfondie des effets sur le commerce dans le secteur de l'agriculture de trois accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) — la Zone de Libre Echange de l'ANASE (AFTA), le Marché Commun de l'Afrique de l'Est et de l'Afrique australe (COMESA) et le Marché Commun du Sud (MERCOSUR). Les résultats du modèle de gravité suggèrent que la création de l'AFTA, du COMESA et du MERCOSUR a accru le commerce des produits agricoles entre leurs pays membres. Il n'y a pas d'indication solide du détournement des échanges concernant les importations provenant de pays extérieurs à ces régions. Ces accords sont donc créateurs de nouveaux échanges commerciaux. Il n'y a cependant pas d'indication solide de la création d'échanges avec des pays n'appartenant pas aux ACR étudiés. Dans certains cas, le manque d'infrastructures de transport et de communication qui s'ajoute aux contraintes sur l'offre atténue l'effet des ACR sur les flux commerciaux. Les coûts associés au transport et à la logistique semblent demeurer des facteurs importants dans la détermination des flux commerciaux agricoles. Dans certains ACR, les pays ont un avantage comparatif dans l'exportation de nombreux produits agricoles similaires diminuant ainsi l'effet de l'accès préférentiel au marché. Plusieurs implications pour les ACR Sud-Sud peuvent être tirées de l’examen de ces différents accords.
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  • 69
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264060265 , 9789264107137
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (194 p.)
    Serie: OECD Insights
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Le commerce international ; Libre, équitable et ouvert ?
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Internationaler Handel; Frei, fair und offen?
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Love, Patrick International trade
    DDC: 382.1
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Internationale Wirtschaft ; Welt ; Außenhandel ; Handelsvertrag ; Freihandel ; Fairer Handel ; Liberalisierung ; Economics ; Trade ; Erde ; Welthandel
    Kurzfassung: International trade affects the price and availability of practically everything we buy. It also plays a role in many other domains, including jobs, the environment and the fight against poverty. OECD Insights: International Trade argues that prosperity has rarely, if ever, been achieved or sustained without trade. Trade alone, however, is not enough. Policies targeting employment, education, health and other issues are also needed to promote well-being and tackle the challenges of a globalised economy. "The OECD is a major source for insightful analyses of current trade issues. It also plays a role in disseminating skilfully the results of less accessible writings on trade. This short book is a valuable addition to the latter endeavour and should be on the shelf of policy makers." -Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University
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  • 70
    Online-Ressource
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264056978
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (272 p.)
    Serie: Etudes de l'OCDE sur la politique commerciale
    Serie: Études de l'OCDE sur la politique commerciale
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Overcoming Border Bottlenecks; The Costs and Benefits of Trade Facilitation
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: Les échanges internationaux se sont considérablement développés ces dernières années, grâce en partie à la réduction progressive des droits de douane et des contingents tarifaires dans le cadre des cycles successifs de libéralisation multilatérale des échanges. Toutefois, ce développement met en avant une des faiblesses persistantes du commerce international: les obstacles à la frontière que produisent les procédures et formalités commerciales inefficaces, obsolètes et compliquées empêchent les pays de profiter pleinement des avantages de marchés mondiaux ouverts. Les six études rassemblées dans cette publication examinent dans quel mesure des procédures inefficaces à la frontière ont un impact sur les flux des échanges et des investissements, comment les facteurs institutionnels et politiques affectent la conception et la mise en œuvre de mesures visant à améliorer l’efficacité accompagnés de bénéfices escomptés de ces mesures pour justifier les dépenses nécessaires pour les mettre en place et si ces dépenses sont à la portée des pays en voie de développement et des pays les moins avancés, étant donné leurs autres priorités de développement.
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  • 71
    ISBN: 9789264056954
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (238 p.)
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière ; Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière : Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Overcoming border bottlenecks
    DDC: 382
    RVK:
    Schlagwort(e): Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Trade ; Außenhandel ; Handelshemmnis ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse
    Kurzfassung: International trade has grown rapidly in recent years, thanks in part to the progressive reduction of tariffs and quotas through successive rounds of multilateral trade liberalisation. However, this progress brings to light one of the remaining weak links of international trade, which prevents countries from drawing full benefits from the advantages of open global markets: border bottlenecks generated by inefficient, outdated and complex trade procedures and formalities. This book brings together six studies that examine to what extent and in which ways the costs of inefficient border processes influence trade and investment flows, how institutional and political factors affect the design and implementation of efficiency-enhancing measures, whether the expected benefits of these measures enough to justify the expenses of putting them in place, and whether the expenses involved are within the reach of developing and least developed countries, especially in light of other development priorities.
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  • 72
    ISBN: 9789264071872
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.13
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; République slovaque
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : République slovaque
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Slovak Republic
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264071957
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.9
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Suisse
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Suisse
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Switzerland
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  • 74
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    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264045521
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (396 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Die wirtschaftlichen Folgen von Produkt- und Markenpiraterie
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als The economic impact of counterfeiting and piracy ; Phase I
    DDC: 364.133
    Schlagwort(e): Produktpiraterie ; TRIPS ; Markenrecht ; OECD-Staaten ; Piracy (Copyright) Economic aspects ; Product counterfeiting Economic aspects ; Trade ; OECD ; Produktpiraterie ; Markenrecht ; Industrie
    Kurzfassung: This study develops and applies a rigorous methodology to estimate the incidence of counterfeit and pirated items in world trade. This methodology can be used in the future to refine the assessment as the quality and quantity of data improve. The study also provides an analysis of the market for counterfeit and pirated goods and the effects on various affected parties, ranging from the owners of the intellectual property rights, to consumers and governments. The study also provides a number of in-depth snapshots of different industry sectors, highlighting how those sectors are affected by counterfeiting and piracy, and how they are responding.
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  • 75
    ISBN: 9789264045460
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (50 p.)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: Les financements sont indispensables au commerce international ; aussi les organismes de crédit à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public jouent-ils un rôle crucial en accordant, assurant et garantissant ces financements. Cette publication offre une description détaillée des systèmes de crédit à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public qui sont en vigueur dans les pays de l’OCDE et dans certaines économies non membres. A l’échelle internationale, la très grande majorité des crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public est assurée par le biais de ces systèmes.
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264071650
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.24
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Japon
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Japon
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Japan
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  • 77
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 86 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Do Bilateral and Regional Approaches for Reducing Technical Barriers to Trade Converge Towards the Multilateral Trading System?
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: Dans le cadre de son travail sur le régionalisme, la Direction des Échanges et de l'Agriculture de l'OCDE, a mené à bien une série d'études comparant les dispositions normatives contenues dans les accords commerciaux régionaux à celles de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (par exemple dans le domaine des services, de l'investissement et de la concurrence). Le présent document entend compléter les études existantes en examinant les dispositions juridiques relatives aux « obstacles techniques au commerce » (autrement dit, les règlements techniques, les normes et les procédures d'évaluation de la conformité) d'un échantillon d'accords commerciaux bilatéraux et régionaux ainsi que leur degré de similarité et de convergence avec l’Accord de l'OMC sur les obstacles techniques au commerce, et entre eux. L'étude révèle que la plupart des dispositions relatives aux obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC) qui sont contenues dans les accords bilatéraux et régionaux convergent vers le système commercial multilatéral. Lorsqu'ils sont effectivement mis en oeuvre, les accords commerciaux visant une intégration et une coopération réglementaire accrue entre les parties peuvent venir compléter et renforcer l’application de l'Accord de l'OMC sur les obstacles techniques au commerce en donnant une impulsion à l'amélioration des pratiques réglementaires et du dispositif relatif aux OTC des pays membres (par exemple par le biais d'enceintes où peuvent se tenir des consultations ou d'organismes conjoints de normalisation et d'accréditation). Certains éléments viennent toutefois encore s'y opposer. Lorsque des accords commerciaux qui se recoupent promeuvent des critères différents pour l’harmonisation des mesures réglementaires et lorsque les initiatives bilatérales ou régionales sont menées indépendamment des efforts internationaux et détournent l'attention des négociations commerciales multilatérales relatives aux normes, il peut en résulter de nouveaux obstacles tant pour les autorités de tutelle que pour les entreprises. Ces contraintes sont en outre amplifiées dans les pays à faible revenu pâtissant de problèmes liés à l'insuffisance de leurs capacités administratives et techniques. Pour résoudre ces problèmes éventuels, la présente étude formule un certain nombre de recommandations.
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  • 78
    ISBN: 9789264069336
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (20 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.33
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Denmark
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Denmark
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Denmark
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  • 79
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 114 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. China's Trade and Growth: Impact on Selected OECD Countries
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; China, People’s Republic
    Kurzfassung: Le présent document examine l’émergence de la Chine en tant qu’acteur mondial sur les marchés internationaux au cours des toutes dernières décennies. Il offre une vue d’ensemble du cadre de la politique commerciale de la Chine après l’ouverture de ses marchés et son adhésion à l’OMC. Ce rapport analyse le rôle de la Chine dans les activités internationales de transformation et son élévation dans la chaîne de valeur mondiale. Il traite également de l’impact de la Chine sur les prix mondiaux et de la dégradation de ses termes de l’échange. Il étudie la stratégie poursuivie par la Chine, qui consiste à assurer l’expansion de ses exportations sur deux fronts. Le premier aspect de cette stratégie consiste à tirer parti du facteur de production qui constitue son atout majeur – sa main-d’oeuvre surabondante – en privilégiant les produits manufacturés à forte intensité de main-d’oeuvre, qui créent des emplois. Le second consiste à promouvoir son objectif de développement en modernisant son économie grâce à la production et à l’exportation de biens de haute technologie. Le document traite également des droits de propriété intellectuelle (DPI). La plupart des données font apparaître de considérables progrès dans la mise en place d’un régime de DPI adapté aux besoins d’une économie de marché moderne. Subsistent toutefois certaines déficiences – en particulier en ce qui concerne le contrôle de l’application de la réglementation en matière de DPI – qui pourraient porter préjudice aux intérêts nationaux et internationaux.
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  • 80
    ISBN: 9789264071636
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (13 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.25
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Italie
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Italie
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Italy
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  • 81
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: 57 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Trade Liberalisation and Economic Performance: Latin America versus East Asia 1970-2006
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: Le présent document s'inscrit, comme les quatre autres études de cas, dans le cadre d'un vaste programme de recherches sur les échanges et l'ajustement structurel dans les économies non membres, qui a été entrepris à la suite de l'étude Trade and Structural Adjustment : Embracing Globalisation (OCDE, 2005) sur les politiques d'ajustement structurel dans le domaine des échanges. Il étudie les expériences de libéralisation des échanges et d'ajustement structurel en Asie de l'Est et en Amérique latine, ainsi que leurs résultats en termes de performances économiques et commerciales. Le rapport comprend cinq grandes sections ; après une introduction, la section A examine tout d'abord les résultats obtenus en matière de croissance et le rôle des échanges et de l'IDE. La section B traite de l'évolution des politiques relatives aux échanges dans les deux régions, tandis que la section C passe en revue quelques indicateurs des échanges et de l'investissement direct étranger. La section D compare l'ajustement structurel dans les deux régions. Enfin, la section E expose les conclusions de l'étude.
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  • 82
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264038509
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (236 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Cross-border Tertiary Education; A Way towards Capacity Development
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Cross-border Tertiary Education ; A Way towards Capacity Development (Spanish version)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Cross-border Tertiary Education: A Way towards Capacity Development
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg.: Cross-border Tertiary Education: A Way towards Capacity Development (Spanish version)
    Schlagwort(e): Education ; Trade ; Tertiärbereich ; Grenzüberschreitende Kooperation ; Entwicklungspolitik
    Kurzfassung: La mobilité des étudiants, des enseignants, du savoir et même des valeurs fait partie de l'enseignement supérieur depuis des siècles. Mais cette mobilité s’est récemment accélérée à un rythme sans précédent. Cette évolution présente de nombreuses opportunités : accès élargi à l'enseignement supérieur, alliances stratégiques entre pays et régions ainsi que valorisation des ressources humaines et renforcement des capacités institutionnelles. Ces opportunités ne vont cependant pas sans défis : accroissement potentiel des prestataires médiocres ou peu scrupuleux, titres et diplômes non reconnus par les employeurs ou les établissements locaux, ou encore élitisme source de tensions. Cet ouvrage vise à éclairer ces opportunités et ces défis, notamment pour les pays en développement qui souhaitent se servir de l'enseignement supérieur transnational comme levier de développement. Il examine le concept de renforcement des capacités par l'enseignement supérieur transnational et met l'accent sur le rôle clé de l'assurance qualité et des négociations commerciales.
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  • 83
    ISBN: 9789264071759
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.19
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Nouvelle-Zélande
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Nouvelle-Zélande
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; New Zealand
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  • 84
    ISBN: 9789264071711
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.21
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Mexique
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Mexique
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Mexico
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264069299
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.35
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Chinese Taipei
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Chinese Taipei
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Chinese Taipei
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  • 86
    ISBN: 9789264069237
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.38
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Austria
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Austria
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Austria
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  • 87
    ISBN: 9789264071667
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.24
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Japan
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Japan
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Japan
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers no.2008/01
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides an overview of work on trade and environment in the OECD since the creation, in 1991, of the Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts, later re-named Joint Working Party on Trade and Environment, and summarises the main conclusions and policy recommendations arising from that work. It describes work done in three key periods: • From 1991 to 1995, starting with the establishment of the Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts, up to the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the creation of the World Trade Organisation and its Committee on Trade and Environment. • From 1995 to 2001, spanning discussions up to the adoption of the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), in which Ministers mandated negotiations on a range of topics related to trade and environment. • From 2001 to 2008, focussing on analytical work to support discussions under negotiation in the DDA at the WTO and exploring emerging issues outside of the DDA.
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  • 89
    ISBN: 9789264069213
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.39
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Australia
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Australia
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Australia
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  • 90
    ISBN: 9789264072589
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (12 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.3
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Annexe III ; Crédit à l'exportation et environnement - plan de travail
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Annexe III : Crédit à l'exportation et environnement - plan de travail
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: Against the background of the Action Statement agreed by the Members of the OECD Working Party on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees at their 82nd Meeting in February 2000, the Members are committed to pursuing the following Work-Plan on the issue of export credits and the environment, without prejudice as to outcomes. The Work Plan comprises a list of topics (which is not exhaustive) to be addressed in the further discussions of the Working Group in accordance with the commitments in the Action Statement and to facilitate the fulfilment of the OECD Ministerial Mandate.
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264069343
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.32
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Finland
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Finland
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Finland
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  • 92
    ISBN: 9789264071698
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (14 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.22
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; Luxembourg
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : Luxembourg
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Luxembourg
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  • 93
    ISBN: 9789264072015
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Serie: Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies no.6
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE ; États-Unis
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE : États-Unis
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; United States
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264071742
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (19 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.20
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Netherlands
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Netherlands
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Netherlands
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  • 95
    ISBN: 9789264071728
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.21
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Mexico
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Mexico
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Mexico
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  • 96
    ISBN: 9789264072626
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (7 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.2
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Annex IV; Action Statement on Bribery and Officially Supported Export Credits
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Annex IV: Action Statement on Bribery and Officially Supported Export Credits
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
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  • 97
    ISBN: 9789264071780
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (11 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.18
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Norway
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Norway
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Norway
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  • 98
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 66 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.68
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.68
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: This study aims at exploring how recent developments in the retail sector affect trade in consumer goods. It focuses on three areas of development: i) internationalisation; ii) market structure; and iii) the growing market share of retailers? private labels. It distinguishes between food and non-food products as there are significant differences between the sourcing patterns of these two product categories. The gravity model is extended by integrating a retail intermediary sector, and a novel estimation technique (zero inflated Poisson) is proposed. It is found that the foreign operations of a retailer are positively related to imports from the host to the home country of the retailer. The rate of market concentration and the market share of private labels are both found to be negatively related to imports of food and positively related to imports of non-food consumer goods, but private labels tend to shift sourcing towards low-income countries. Lower tariffs yield a stronger import response in countries with a less concentrated retail sector, particularly for food items suggesting that competition policy and trade policy are complementary. In developing countries the entry of international retailers can have a positive impact on exports and product quality.
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  • 99
    ISBN: 9789264069411
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (11 p)
    Serie: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE no.29
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies; Greece
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Export Credit Financing Systems in OECD Member Countries and Non-Member Economies: Greece
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Greece
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  • 100
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 59 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.62
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.62
    Schlagwort(e): Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper presents an empirical analysis of the influence of the strength of intellectual property rights (IPRs) on technology transfer to developing nations. The core contribution is to use regression analysis to examine the relationship between various measures of technology transfer and a set of indexes that quantify the strength of IPRs based on laws on the books, while controlling for other factors. For this purpose, the authors have assembled a data set covering a broad international panel of countries for an expanded time frame (1990-2005) in comparison with previous studies on IPRs by the Trade and Agriculture Directorate. Regression analysis is also used to assess the relationship between measures of local innovation and the IPR indexes. The study employs case study analysis of select countries - namely the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) - to complement the statistical analysis.
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