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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Impact of the State on Institutional Differentiation in New Zealand (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 83-98
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le rôle de l'État dans la différenciation des établissements en Nouvelle-Zélande
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 83-98
    Keywords: Education ; New Zealand
    Abstract: The New Zealand higher education system is a small but complex arrangement of colleges, polytechnics, institutes of technology and universities that on the surface appears to display admirable diversity for a system that serves around four million people. However, while major legislation introduced in 1990 formalised four distinct types of public tertiary institution, in practical terms, the last 12 years have been characterised by the progressive convergence of institutional types.Through a brief historical review and the analysis of institutional mission and values statements, and published performance indicators, this article explores and illustrates different perspectives of diversity amongst New Zealand higher education institutions which have converged over the last 12 years. This convergence occurred during an extended period of deregulation in which the market has acted as a surrogate for overt government policy in shaping the direction of the system and the institutions within it. Even recent formal government policy supporting the development of strong and distinct institutional identities and greater differentiation amongst tertiary institutions has been thwarted by the same government’s intervention to prevent system change by limiting the number of universities in the country.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art15-en
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estimating the structural rate of unemployment for the OECD countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 171-216
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 59 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'estimation du taux de chômage structurel des pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 171-216
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper first reviews the conceptual framework underlying different measures of structural unemployment as well as alternative empirical methods that have been used to provide estimates of them. Drawing on this review, it goes on to develop a method for estimating time-varying NAIRUs across a range of OECD countries using a Kalman filter. It then discusses the resulting econometric estimates, and the scope for their further refinement given the associated range of uncertainties. Recent trends in the NAIRU estimates are reviewed: they fell in many countries in the second half of the 1990s, although actual unemployment has remained well above the NAIRU for a majority of countries throughout much of the 1990s, particularly in Europe. Finally, the relevance of such measures to analysing inflation developments and monetary policy is discussed.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art14-en
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fear and Loathing in University Staffing : The Case of Australian Academic and General Staff (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 123-133
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Frayeur et aversion à l'université : Le cas du personnel universitaire et administratif en Australie
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 123-133
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Academic staff and the academic research, teaching and scholarship they undertake are quite properly the prime focus in universities. However, in the modern university, these functions could not be carried out without the input of general (AKA “nonacademic”) staff. Staff who are not members of academe represent about 50% of all staff, and as a group are treated with antipathy by many academics. The terms “governance” and “administration” are misunderstood by many academics and used interchangeably when it suits them. This paper considers the binary divide between “academic” and “non-academic” staff, and considers the importance of terminology in ensuring that the total university can operate as efficiently as possible...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art27-en
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Integrating ICT in Development Programmes : Joint OECD/United Nations/World Bank Global Forum on the Knolwedge Economy, 4-5 March 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-22
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Intégrer les TIC dans les programmes de développement : Forum Mondial conjoint OCDE/Nations unies/Banque mondiale sur l'économie du savoir, 4-5 mars 2003
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-22
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: There is broad agreement that information and communication technologies (ICT) can play an important role in combating poverty and realising the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The ongoing challenge is to integrate ICT effectively into national development plans and donor programmes, to co-ordinate more effectively the efforts of various donors in this domain, and to share knowledge on ’what works and why’ in harnessing ICT for development...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art17-en
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fiscal Consolidation and Medium-term Fiscal Planning in Japan (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 105-137
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Assainissement des finances publiques et planification budgétaire à moyen terme au Japon
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 105-137
    Keywords: Governance ; Japan
    Abstract: The macroeconomic policy in Japan in the 1990s swung from fiscal expansion to fiscal consolidation and conversely. The efforts to restore soundness of public finance culminated in the Fiscal Structural Reform Act of 1997, which articulated several fiscal targets in the medium-term perspective. The act was however suspended after only a year due to economic slowdown, which threatened politicians with the possibility that fiscal consolidation might deteriorate the Japanese economy further. During the past decade, a number of economic packages to stimulate the return of the economy to a self-sustaining growth path totalled over 130 trillion yen in terms of project cost base.2 However, the Japanese economy has not recovered. As a result, these discretionary fiscal policies made the fiscal balance dramatically worse and accumulated government debt to over 140% of GDP in 2002. The new government under Prime Minister J. Koizumi was formed in April 2001. The government put structural reforms at the top of the agenda and included the fiscal consolidation plan to achieve a primary balance surplus in the early 2010s. While Japan is moving into an ageing society more rapidly than other countries, there is increasing pressure to restore public finances over the medium term. However, downside risk in the Japanese economy has been increasing since the middle of 2002 mainly due to serious deflationary pressure. Halting deflation is urgent in the short term for restoring economic growth. Japan is thus faced with considerable difficulties in achieving both the short-term objective of economic recovery and the medium-term objective of fiscal consolidation. In addition, Japan is in the extraordinary situation where there has been little incentive to enforce fiscal consolidation because huge domestic savings can finance huge government deficit, keeping the coupon rate of a ten-year Japanese Government bond to less than 1%...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art11-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Development Co-operation Review of Canada (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 9-85
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 87 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 9-85
    Keywords: Development ; Canada
    Abstract: The last Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Review of Canada’s development co-operation, held in January 1998, highlighted Canada’s special ability to help lead the international community towards action which pushes out the frontiers of international co-operation. At the same time it noted that, in the context of a fundamental fiscal adjustment to respond to its domestic public debt burden, Canada’s aid budget had been cut by 29% over six years, more than in any other area of Canadian public spending. As a result, Canada’s official development assistance effort (as measured by the ODA/GNI ratio) had declined steeply from 0.45% at the beginning of the 1990s and was projected to fall below 0.30% by the end of the decade. (In fact, partly reflecting fast growth in Canada’s gross national income (GNI), the ODA/GNI ratio fell to 0.25% in 2000 and 0.22% in 2001). The DAC pointed out that these trends had created a paradox at the heart of Canada’s internationalism, given the continuing determination to be involved in a very wide range of issues and with as wide a range of partners as possible. This paradox raised concerns about Canada’s ability to meet expectations, both at home and abroad, for its role in the world...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v3-art26-en
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Motivating the Professoriate : Why Sticks and Carrots are only for Donkeys (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 151-167
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Motiver le corps professoral : Les universitaires n'ont besoin ni de bâtons ni de carottes
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 151-167
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Government decreases in funding to universities accompanied by increased accountability measures for both teaching and research have resulted in tertiary management structures consistent with these developments. Universities have historically relied upon the active and collegial participation of their academic staff to achieve the goals and aspirations that have driven the sector for generations. This paper utilises psychological motivation theory and research to examine developments designed by management to promote faculty productivity. We challenge the naive implementation of change strategies that do not appear to be based on theory and/or research. Strategies are proposed for monitoring such changes in policy and practice within well-established social science paradigms to ensure achievement of desired ends rather than undesirable negative effects upon the university’s capacity to fulfil its role in the creation and transmission of new knowledge...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art29-en
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Public Management Reform : Reliable Knowledge and International Experience (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 121-134
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réforme de la gestion publique : Connaissance du contexte et expérience internationale
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 121-134
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In this paper I want to address some fundamental questions concerning the nature of knowledge about public management reform, and particularly its transferability between countries and contexts. My main point will be that knowledge of what works and what does not tends to be heavily contextdependent. That is to say, a technique or organisational structure which succeeds in one place may fail in another. So – to put it bluntly – there is no set of general tools that can be transferred from one jurisdiction to another, all around the world, with confidence that they will work well every time. This means we have to look carefully at contexts, and at the “terms of trade” each time we are thinking of borrowing a good management idea from somewhere else. This is not a “how-to-do-it” paper. Rather it is a series of reflections on the nature of the “trade” in public management reforms, drawing on the existing academic literature and seeking to identify issues where further work seems to be desirable...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art19-en
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The management of change in higher education (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 9-22
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion du changement dans l'enseignement supérieur
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 9-22
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper is the text of the opening speech which the author delivered at the 2002 IMHE General Conference on the theme of "Incentives and Accountability: Instruments of Change in Higher Education" which was held at OECD headquarters in Paris on 16-18 September 2002.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art2-en
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Government procurement : A synthesis report (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 149-194
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les marchés publics : Rapport de synthèse
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 149-194
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Governments are significant purchasers of goods and services and these markets represent huge opportunities for international trade. Measuring government procurement for a large number of countries, in a consistent manner, is not a trivial task and careful attention must be paid to ensure that national data is gathered on the basis of harmonised procedures in all countries covered. Quantifying the size of government procurement markets becomes even more complicated when attempts are made at distinguishing procurement between government levels (central versus sub-central), or by types of expenditure (consumption versus investment), or at measuring the share of procurement that is potentially opened up to international trade (contestable). The latter indicator is meant to capture tradable purchases and excludes two categories of government purchases that are assumed to be nontradable, i.e. the compensation of government employees and defence-related expenditure...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art18-en
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    How do treasury systems operate in sub-Saharan francophone Africa? (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 49-83
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment fonctionnent les systèmes du Trésor dans les pays francophones de l'Afrique subsaharienne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 49-83
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Treasury systems in sub-Saharan Francophone African countries share many features with the French public expenditure management system of the 1960s on which they were modelled. However, in a different economic and institutional environment, key elements of this framework have evolved in unexpected, unwelcome directions. This paper critically examines two main features of the French system in the sub-Saharan Francophone African context: the strict separation between the person ordering payment and the one disbursing funds, and the centralisation of funds in the treasury. This examination calls attention to – and suggests remedies for – the specific flaws that have evolved from the traditional framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art22-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
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    The Performing State : Reflection on an Idea Whose Time Has Come but Whose Implementation Has Not (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 71-103
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'État performant : Réflexions sur une idée entrée dans les esprits mais pas encore dans les faits
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 71-103
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The contemporary nation-state exists to perform – to provide financial assistance, public services and other benefits to its people. How well the government performs influences the economic and social well-being of citizens, the mindset that voters take into the election booth, the programmes and behaviour of politicians and bureaucrats, and the relationship between government and the governed. Delivering services and writing cheques are not the sole functions of the modern state, for it still has traditional watchman responsibilities such as defending the country against external threat and maintaining domestic health, safety and order. Although the old tasks are essential, in most nation-states they have been surpassed in the sentiments of citizens and in the fiscal accounts of government by a vastly broader array of public services than were provided generations ago. Government not only does more than it once did, it carries out many tasks differently. One of the themes of this paper is that a performing state is inherently a state in transition, adapting to changing conditions and opportunities. Performance is not a static measure, but one that requires ongoing feedback from situations and results to policies and action. Among the many transformations that the performing state has experienced is in its role as unifier of the people through symbols and actions that forge a common national identity. As the provision of services has gained prominence, diversity has gained ground over uniformity because citizens differ in the services they want or need. The performing state must serve the people, even if doing so requires that it serve them differently...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art10-en
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Review of Competition Law and Policy in Poland (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Pologne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 83-132
    Keywords: Governance ; Poland
    Abstract: Poland’s 1990 competition law, which supported its transition restructuring, now substantively follows the rules of the EU treaty. But enforcement still focuses on abuses by successors to pre-reform monopolies. Competition enforcement agency by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (OCCP) is combined with consumer protection and monitoring state aids, while Antimonopoly Court integrates regulatory policies by deciding cases about infrastructure regulation. Clarifying the OCCP’s independence from the government will support the integrity of law enforcement as well as a more publicly visible advocacy role.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art7-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Management mechanisms and financing of higher education in Germany (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 71-89
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les mécanismes de gestion et le financement de l'enseignement supérieur en Allemagne
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 71-89
    Keywords: Education ; Germany
    Abstract: The higher education sector has to face competition much in the same way as other economic entities do. Much has been done to introduce reforms making use of economic terms and concepts. This paper will highlight the manner in which different models for financing higher education can contribute to the management of higher education. The general higher education framework in Germany -- which differs from that in other countries -- has to be taken into account. Amongst these differences are notably: -- the absence of fees as an instrument for the financing and management of higher education; -- the fact that only a restricted number of students are selected by institutions of higher education. Where student numbers for subjects in great demand are too high, applicants are distributed amongst various universities by a central office. This paper is divided into four part: (1) an analysis of the German higher education system,: (2) an examination of different management methods relating to a new system of distributing students amongst the different types of institutions (ordinary universities and universities of applied sciences -- Fachhochschulen). A discussion of the management of student distribution within a given university follows. (3) In this context, it is recommended to introduce a market-oriented system of tuition fees instead of making provisions for student admission on the basis of available capacity, curricular standards (CNW) and centralized procedures of the distribution of students; (4) conclusions are drawn from these reforms in order to develop systems for performance analysis (management accounting and control).
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art6-en
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  • 15
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    Development Co-operation Review of Spain (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 11-67
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 68 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen en matière de coopération pour le développement de l'Espagne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 11-67
    Keywords: Development ; Spain
    Abstract: Spain is to be commended for the notable progress made in development co-operation since the last Peer Review. Important achievements include the adoption of a comprehensive Law on International Development Co-operation and a four-year Master Plan (2001-2004), improved annual plans, and reinforced or new co-ordinating bodies. The purpose of the reform was to enhance consistency and coordination within the diverse Spanish aid system, which includes many ministries, autonomous regions, local authorities, and civil society organisations. A significant achievement of the new policy is that it establishes poverty reduction as the overarching goal in development co-operation. Gender equality and environment are also determined as mainstreaming priorities. Spain seeks to focus its poverty reduction efforts on basic social needs and a new micro-finance programme is an important addition. Spain has a comparative advantage in its assistance to Latin America with strong linguistic, historical, and cultural ties. Spain has had recent experience of building a democratic state and can add value by sharing lessons-learned with partner countries in innovative and risk-taking areas of good governance. In this respect, it can conduct dialogue with developing countries in areas that are difficult for other donors. Major activities through institutional development include judicial reform, decentralisation, tax administration, and police force training. These are areas in which Spain could take on a lead role in pursuing a sector approach with other donors...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v3-art13-en
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  • 16
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    Degree System in Mainland China : Development and Implications (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 169-180
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 15 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le système de diplômes en Chine continentale : Évolution et conséquences
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 169-180
    Keywords: Education ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: The main objective of our study is to briefly review the development of the degree system in mainland China. Detailed information has been found by studying historical documents. The degree system in mainland China has witnessed rapid development and great changes in the last two decades, notably the introduction of professional degrees. Meanwhile, problems remain such as the imbalance of degree rank structure and poor recognition of the status and importance of professional degrees exist. Socioeconomic factors leading to the changes are analyzed and the reasons and implications are discussed. The study reveals that certain types of economy produce certain kinds of education system, regardless of ideology...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art30-en
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  • 17
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    Regulatory reform in retail distribution (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 253-274
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la réglementation dans le secteur de la distribution de détail
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 253-274
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to analyse cross-country differences in the regulation of the retail distribution industry in the OECD area, focusing on the situation in 1998. Regulatory differences are cast against changes in the industry environment to highlight the potential interactions between regulation and market forces. A number of countries have extensively liberalised market access and price and service regulations. In some countries there is currently a tendency to introduce access restrictions for large outlets. In other countries market access has been traditionally hindered by restrictive regulations and administrative burdens. The available empirical evidence suggests that regulations that restrict shop opening hours and hinder access by imposing special requirements for outlet registration, siting and/or size thresholds curb the dynamism of the industry (e.g. lowering entry and exit rates, and preventing restructuring and modernisation) and competitive pressures, leading to lower employment growth and higher consumer prices.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art8-en
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  • 18
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    Regulation, industry structure and performance in the electricity supply industry (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 143-182
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'industrie de l'électricité : Réglementation, structure du marché et performances
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 143-182
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article seeks to assess the impact of liberalisation and privatisation on performance in the generation segment of the electricity supply industry. Regulatory indicators for a panel of 19 OECD countries over a 10 year time period were constructed to examine the influence of regulatory reform on efficiency and price, and to assess the relative efficacy of different reform strategies. The presence of data with both cross-country and time-series dimensions allows separate identification of country specific and regulatory effects. The primary findings are that while changes in legal rules may be slow to translate into changes in conduct, unbundling of generation, private ownership, expanded access to transmission networks, and the introduction of electricity markets impact various aspects of performance in a statistically significant way.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art5-en
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  • 19
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    Ministerial Steering and Institutional Responses : Recent Developments of the Finnish Higher Education System (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 57-70
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pilotage ministériel et réactions des établissements : L'évolution récente du système d'enseignement supérieur finlandais
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 57-70
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: As part of the public sector reform, Finland reformulated its higher education policy in the late 1980s. It also included a profound reform of the government policy implementation instruments within the university system. As a result, a steering model based on the regulation of results instead of inputs was built up, and the autonomy of traditionally heavily regulated universities was increased. The planning and budgeting dialogue between the Ministry of Education and universities was simplified, and the system of performance negotiations and agreements was established. Also, a funding formula, based first on institutional goals agreed upon in the performance agreements, and later, to an increasing degree, on outputs, was established. The new steering model was implemented in the situation, which was characterised by comprehensive linking of Finnish higher education policy to economic and industrial development policies and the information society policy, in particular. The universities have been faced with a challenge of improving their management capacity to be effective in their responses to the new governmental steering and to the changing policy environment, in general. The paper is based in two ongoing empirical studies by the authors, one about the change of the governmental steering instruments from the mid-80s to the present time and the other about the institutional reactions to the present steering-by-results model. The theoretical basis for the paper is provided by the theories of institutional governance.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art5-en
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  • 20
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    Production and Use of ICT : A Sectoral Perspective on Productivity Growth in the OECD Area (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 47-78
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Production et utilisation des TIC : Perspectives sectorielles sur la croissance de la productivité dans la zone OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 47-78
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the roles of the ICT-producing sector and of key ICT-using industries in overall productivity growth in OECD countries. The ICT manufacturing sector, in particular, has been characterised by very high rates of productivity growth in many countries and provides a large contribution to labour productivity growth in Finland, Ireland and Korea. In a few countries, notably the United States and Australia, certain ICT-using services have also experienced an above-average pick-up in productivity growth in the second half of the 1990s. Further structural reform may be needed before ICT use will also show up in the productivity statistics of other OECD countries. Differences in the measurement of productivity in ICT-producing and -using industries across countries complicate the cross-country analysis.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art9-en
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  • 21
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    The new Russian budget system : Critical assessment and future reform agenda (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 119-147
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le nouveau système budgétaire russe : Analyse critique et programme de réforme
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 119-147
    Keywords: Governance ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: One of the major challenges faced by transitional economies has been to adjust institutions that were designed to function in a planning environment to function in an increasingly market-oriented environment. One of the most important of these institutional reforms has been the restructuring of the budget system. The latter should be interpreted quite widely to encompass the institutional framework as well as the administrative procedures that determine the means whereby resources are transferred to government, how the use of these resources is prioritised and directed to agreed policy objectives, and then subsequently managed, controlled, monitored and reported on. Such systems must be defined in terms of a legal framework...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art17-en
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  • 22
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    Budget reform in OECD member countries : Common trends (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 7-25
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme budgétaire dans les pays membres de l'OCDE : Tendances communes
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 7-25
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: From the early 1990s, the fiscal position of OECD member countries improved steadily each year, from a deficit of 5% of GDP for member countries as whole in 1993 to a perfect balance in the year 2000, i.e. neither a deficit nor a surplus. In 2001, member countries experienced a deficit of 1% of GDP. Table 1 depicts the general government financial balances of selected OECD member countries. This goes to show the historical pattern in member countries: achieving fiscal consolidation is a slow process and successes in fiscal consolidation can quickly dissipate. A very short time ago, several OECD member countries believed that they were on a long-term track for fiscal surpluses; the era of deficits had been overcome. This did not turn out to be the case; surpluses turned out to be a very short-lived phenomenon for many countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art20-en
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  • 23
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    Regulatory reform in road freight (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 229-251
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réforme de la réglementation dans le secteur du transport routier de marchandises
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 229-251
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study analyses regulatory developments across OECD Member countries in the road freight industry, with a focus on how these developments have affected competition and performance. Over the past two decades, a growing number of OECD countries have recognised that regulations unduly restricting competitive developments in this industry needed to be relaxed. Still, the pace and scale of liberalisation has varied widely from one country to another. The main remaining impediment to competition is the restrictive web of bilateral international and/or multilateral agreements that continue to impose discrimination on foreign hauliers. The empirical evidence available suggests that liberalisation has promoted efficiency and consumer welfare in the countries that have implemented reforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art7-en
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  • 24
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    Measuring productivity (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 127-170
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 57 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer la productivité
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 127-170
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses the main measurement issues in calculating productivity indicators, and provides guidance to researchers and statisticians in addressing these difficulties. It draws on the OECD Productivity Manual and on recent OECD work on productivity levels. The paper examines a range of issues related to the measurement of productivity growth, including the choice of output measure (gross output versus value added), the measurement of output, labour and capital input, as well as index number issues. It also discusses OECD estimates of productivity levels and the key measurement issues in deriving these estimates, including the appropriate conversion from one currency unit to another. A final section discusses the interpretation of productivity measures, including their most common applications and the possible pitfalls. The paper concludes that substantial progress has been made in recent years to improve the comparability of productivity statistics. In many countries, however, basic source data are still the key limitation to the development of comparable indicators of productivity. In addition, statisticians, researchers and policy makers need to be more aware of the appropriate uses and interpretation of productivity statistics.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art13-en
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  • 25
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    Encouraging Lecturers to Engage with New Technologies in Learning and Teaching in a Vocational University : The Role of Recognition and Reward (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 135-149
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Inciter les assistants à utiliser les nouvelles technologies dans les activités d'acquisition et d'enseignement de savoirs dans une université professionnalisée : Le rôle de la reconnaissance et de la rétribution
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 135-149
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Bournemouth University faces the same challenges as many other universities. These arise from the sector-wide agendas, such as widening participation, regional partnerships and international collaboration, in addition to increasing research activity and managing with reduced funding. A key priority within Bournemouth’s Learning and Teaching Strategy is to use learning technologies to address these challenges. Several incentives are being used to encourage lecturers to adopt online learning. These have as their common focus the need to value teaching activity on an equal footing with research. The strategies used include funding for learning and teaching projects, a Learning and Teaching Fellowship Scheme, the creation of a Centre for Academic Practice to focus on pedagogic research, payment for membership of the Institute for Learning and Teaching in Higher Education, and a staff development programme for Programme Leaders. These initiatives are possible because the University has take a strategic approach to using government funds for learning and teaching and human resources development (HRD) policies. However, putting in place such incentives is only worthwhile if they work, and research suggests that successful and widespread implementation of online learning depends on a number of factors (Johnston and McCormack, 1996; Steel and Hudson, 2001; Somekh, 1998; Spotts, 1999). This article presents findings from research in progress by the author which is investigating factors affecting the adoption of online learning by lecturers at Bournemouth and their motivation to change their teaching methods. The methodology used is action research and the article ends by briefly illustrating some of the issues faced by the researcher conducting research in her own organisation...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art28-en
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  • 26
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    Price Transparency : Will a Greater Degree of Price Transparency Help or Harm Buyers? (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 109-181
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 71 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transparence des prix : Une plus grande transparence des prix est-elle bonne ou mauvaise pour les acheteurs ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 109-181
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Although enhanced price transparency will generally increase competition to the benefit of consumers, this paper argues that it can have the opposite effect in some special situations. A negative impact is especially likely in markets already prone to anti-competitive coordination. In such markets, competition authorities should be suspicious of competitors exchanging price data, or engaging in any other practice that could help focus anti-competitive arrangements or help competitors more than customers to react to price changes. They should also be wary of exchanges of non-binding future prices. The paper identifies a number of key factors to consider in assessing whether increased price transparency might raise the probability of anticompetitive co-ordination. That includes having a look at meeting competition and most favored nation clauses, and the practice of base point pricing. The paper also examines price transparency as regards information exchanges within trade associations, price advertisements, and mandatory price transparency in public procurement markets. It closes with a short list of questions competition authorities might wish to keep in mind when investigating the effects of price transparency. This OECD Competition Roundtable was held in June 2001.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art4-en
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  • 27
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    The Case for e-government : Excerpts from the OECD Report "the e-government Imperative" (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 61-96
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Arguments en faveur de l'Administration électronique : Extraits du rapport de l'OCDE L'Administration électronique : un impératif
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 61-96
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The OECD E-Government Project takes as its basic premise that egovernment provides the capacity to reform the way public administrations operate and can result in more customer-focused, responsive government. This requires overcoming major challenges. The forthcoming OECD report “The E-Government Imperative” examines the potential and impact of egovernment and the changes required to maximise its benefits. This article is based on the forthcoming publication, and examines the case for egovernment as well as the budgetary barriers that must be overcome in order to successfully implement e-government...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art5-en
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  • 28
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    The Future of the Tripartite Mission : Re-examining the Relationship Linking Universities, Medical Schools and Health Systems (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 39-52
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'avenir de la mission tripartite : Réexaminer la relation entre les universités, les écoles de médecine et les systèmes de santé
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 39-52
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Despite variation across national contexts, university-clinical partners in any country have similar aims. These are to deliver world-class research, education and health care services, and there are similar tensions.. Health and higher education partners face two central paradoxes: that they are interdependent (require each other to discharge their mission) and independent (managed according to different priorities). Also, partners struggle to balance the demands of two masters (health and education) whose priorities are difficult to square. Traditional ways of organising partnerships are challenged everywhere by the global change in clinical provision, education and research. Despite pressures on its organisational form, the tripartite mission remains a vital pursuit. The way it is achieved needs to be re-examined. Introducing evidence-based practice and service innovation, translating research into practice, managing a growing knowledge base, and developing new forms of working each require a tripartite approach. Partnerships are not necessarily focused on synergy between missions, meaning the integration of component parts to produce an effect that is greater than the sum of its parts. This report draws on discussions with leaders of organisations at the interface of health and university sectors on the current and future direction of relationships between service, research and education. It outlines some challenges for those managing the tripartite mission and suggestions for ways to approach these.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v14-art12-en
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  • 29
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    The Lack of a National Policy Regime of Quality Assurance in Germany Implications and Alternatives (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 63-71
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 12 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'absence d'un régime national de garantie de la qualité en Allemagne incidences et alternatives
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 63-71
    Keywords: Education ; Germany
    Abstract: Due to its federal order and unlike countries as the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, Germany has no national policy regime of quality assurance in higher education. There are several instruments aiming at defining minimum standards or assessing quality in some way, but none is targeted at quality assurance on a national level. State approval of courses and universities is within the responsibility of the individual states (“Länder”) and follows more or less formal criteria. Evaluation is carried out either by single universities or on a regional level (e.g. in the “Nordverbund”). As a consequence their results did not get much public attention. Accreditation is still in its infancy and restricted to the newly introduced Bachelor and Master courses. The only nation-wide instruments of comparison in higher education are rankings that are carried out by private institutions. The implications of this lack of a national policy regime are discussed with respect to both national policies of quality assurance and rankings. Key methodological standards for rankings which they have to meet in order to fulfil their function, are outlined.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art13-en
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  • 30
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    Public Universities : A Benchmark for Higher Education in Brazil (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 43-56
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'université publique : Une référence pour l'enseignement supérieur brésilien
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 43-56
    Keywords: Education ; Brazil
    Abstract: Over the past few years, the debate on the future of higher education in Brazil has been by and large split into two camps. One side stresses the urgent need to broaden the system, to allow a growing number of Brazilians to gain qualifications and enter an increasingly competitive and international labour market as skilled workers. This is the view behind the significant expansion of private higher education in Brazil over the past decade. The other side does not disregard the problems of public higher education, or the demands of thousands of young people deprived of a university education, but holds that the expansion of higher education should be based on the conclusions of the 1998 World Conference on Higher Education in Paris. Rather than setting public against private education, this approach envisages the growth of the system as a whole, on the premise that education is a strategic asset for national development, a universal right and one of the duties of any State.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art4-en
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  • 31
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    University Roles and Career Paths : Trends, Scenarios and Motivational Challenges (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 89-103
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rôles de l'université et profils de carrière : Tendances, scénarios et problèmes de motivation
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 89-103
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The substantial pressures upon higher education systems and institutions are impacting upon individual roles and career paths. Yet recent research on academic identities (Henkel, 2000) suggests the responses are largely adaptive and evolutionary. This article starts by briefly revisiting some of the key aspects of the study by Kogan, Moses and El-Khawas (1994), and the paper by Gordon (1997), before turning to a short discussion of the principal trends which have affected the scene subsequently. It then explores three scenarios in terms of roles and career paths: evolution, selective restructuring, and step-change restructuring. The possible characteristics and implications for various stakeholders of each are considered, as is the connection to current trends, and indicators of change. The paper concludes with suggestions as to how institutions and systems might strategically plan for, and manage, changes in roles and career paths in order to ensure that individuals are motivated and perceive the changes positively and creatively...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art25-en
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  • 32
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    Privatisation, public purpose and private service : The twentieth century culture of contracting out and the evolving law of diffused sovereignty (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 85-154
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 72 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Privatisation, intérêt public et service privé : La culture de l'externalisation du vingtième siècle et la loi évolutive de la souveraineté diffuse
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 85-154
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The 1992 book Reinventing Government, the template for the identically named Clinton-Gore initiative, identified 36 alternatives to “standard delivery service”. Surprisingly, the authors wrote, the federal government already relies on many of these alternatives. Similarly, the basic tools identified by the Reagan Commission on Privatisation – vouchers, sale of government assets, and contracting – were not new...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art23-en
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  • 33
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    Investment in human capital through upper-secondary and tertiary education (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 41-89
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement en capital humain : Le rôle de l'enseignement secondaire du 2e cycle et de l'enseignement supérieur
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 41-89
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article examines various efficiency and equity aspects related to the skill acquisition of young people and older adults. The analysis suggests that human capital investment is associated with significant labour-market gains for individuals, including higher post-tax earnings and better employment prospects, which exceed the investment costs, mainly foregone earnings and tuition fees, by a significant margin. It also shows that the net benefits are strongly influenced by policy related factors, such as study length, tuition subsidies and student support. Overall, the estimates reported in the article indicate that there are strong incentives for the average student to continue studying beyond the compulsory schooling age, and also point to the benefits of such investment in education for society as a whole. However, the net gains fall with age, mainly reflecting a shorter period to take advantage of the benefits that come with education. Finally, the article notes that students in higher education tend to come from more affluent backgrounds and that they benefit from large public subsidies, whereas young people from disadvantaged backgrounds are less likely to participate in tertiary education and thus benefit from public subsidies.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art3-en
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  • 34
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    Regulation, market structure and performance in air passenger transportation (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 60 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le transport aérien de passagers : Réglementation, structure du marché et performance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 183-227
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data are summarised by means of factor analysis. Controlling for market size, network length and other technological and economic differences, and combining national and route-level characteristics, cross-country and cross-route regressions show that i) productive efficiency increases and fares decline when regulations and market structures become more friendly to competition; ii) productive efficiency is sensitive to actual competitive pressures, as proxied by market concentration; iii) fares react to liberalisation independently from market structure, but in liberal environments their decline is amplified by actual competition between carriers; iv) business and economy fares tend to decline when they are liberalised and market concentration is reduced, but tend to increase when markets are dominated by airline alliances on the route; v) discount fares are affected by the overall market environment at route ends, charter regulations and the actual presence of challenger airlines on the route; and vi) airport congestion and dominance tend to increase fares in time-sensitive market segments.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art6-en
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  • 35
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    Incentives and Accountability : Instruments of change (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 23-41
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 25 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Incitations et transparence : Des instruments de changement dans l'enseignement supérieur
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 23-41
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Observers have frequently pointed to a lack of openness in French universities and university institutions, but I may say that for several years now French universities, and more generally the entire higher education system in France, have been engaged in efforts to make the process more open in all respects. The institutions of French higher education are moving towards increasing autonomy. I shall seek, in this article, to show that the French system is equipped with a number of incentive mechanisms. These are both collective, institutions having the opportunity to generate their own resources, and also individual, taking the form of personal bonuses. In the same way, universities are subject to much more frequent monitoring than is thought, which could lead to elements of a system of evaluation. But the oversight that the French Government has over public higher education and research institutions is both excessive and inadequate: it is finicky and poorly targeted and therefore badly organised and ineffective from the point of view of meeting society’s legitimate expectations. The idea I should like to promote is in fact quite simple: it is by making institutions more accountable by actually increasing their autonomy that we shall promote incentive systems both for individuals and for institutions and that we shall impose an effective method of evaluation – the only ways of ensuring real change at the heart of our system of higher education and research. Incentive systems are needed to motivate people, institutions need increased autonomy if their action is to be more effective and a real system of evaluation is needed to ensure management and decision-making accountability for partners and to assess the ability of institutions to achieve the strategic objectives they have set themselves
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art3-en
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  • 36
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    Regulatory governance : Improving the institutional basis for sectoral regulators (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 57-118
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gouvernance de la régulation : Amélioration institutionnelle des autorités de régulation sectorielles
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 3, p. 57-118
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In recent years, many countries, both within the OECD and beyond, have reappraised their regulatory policy framework to determine whether it meets the challenges of the new regulatory environment. For utility markets previously characterised by stability and slowness to change, these challenges are arising from rapidly developing technologies, converging industries, the internationalisation of markets, and more informed and discerning consumers...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art16-en
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  • 37
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    Competition Issues in Road Transport (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 35-133
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 101 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence dans le transport routier
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 35-133
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The road transport sector, an essential mode of transport in OECD economies, is conventionally divided into two, largely unrelated, parts – the road freight industry and the road passenger industry. The sectors under discussion – trucking, buses, and taxis – have quite different characteristics and scope for competition, which reflect inter alia differences in the timeliness and economies of scale and scope in operations. Trucking can sustain high level of competition and to some extent buses as well while there is some debate as to how and what form of competition can be introduced in taxis. As in the air transport industry, international trucking is governed by restrictive bilateral treaties. Most countries have liberalised their domestic trucking sector, removing controls on entry and prices. In the bus industry, long-distance bus services are liberalised in some countries while intra-city or local buses are very rarely liberalised. The taxi industry appears at first sight to be competitive with many buyers and many sellers.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v4-art15-en
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  • 38
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    Controlling public expenditure : The theory of expenditure limitation (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 27-47
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Maîtriser les dépenses publiques : La théorie de la limitation des dépenses
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 4, p. 27-47
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: What don’t I mean by expenditure limitation? This paper is not about why governments should chose to limit spending. If governments wish to increase spending, that is obviously their prerogative. Moreover, they are, on the evidence, very good at it. Governments need no advice on doing what comes naturally. There need be no solution when there is perceived to be no problem…
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art21-en
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  • 39
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    Does budgeting have a future? (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 7-48
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La budgétisation a-t-elle un avenir ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 7-48
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Budgeting is a work in progress. The process is never quite settled because those who manage it are never fully satisfied. To budget is to decide on the basis of inadequate information, often without secure knowledge of how past appropriations were used or of what was accomplished, or of the results that new allocations may produce. Most people involved in budgeting have experienced the frustration of having their preferences crowded out by the built-in cost of past actions. Budgeting is a deadline-driven process, in which sub-optimal decisions often are the norm because government does not have the option of making no decisions. When one cycle ends, the next begins, usually with little respite and along the same path that was trod the year before. The routines of budgeting dull conflict, but they also are a breeding ground for frustration.
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art8-en
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  • 40
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 25-34
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 12 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence sur les marchés de produits et performance économique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 25-34
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Increased competition in product markets, as well as being good for consumers, can also boost productivity and employment, according to the study Product Market Competition and Economic Performance by the OECD. Competition improves productivity through a more efficient use of resources. At the same time it can encourage innovation and the rapid spread of new technology. Reforms to make product markets more dynamic will also boost real wages as prices are lowered through increased competition. The study argues that reforms undertaken between the late 1970s to the late 1990s, such as the liberalisation of telecommunications industries, increased employment rates in OECD countries by an average of 1.5 percentage points, reaching 2.5 percentage points in economies where pro-competition policies were pursued most vigorously. This study forms a chapter in the OECD Economic Outlook No. 72 published in December 2002.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v4-art14-en
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  • 41
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    Review of Competition Law and Policy in Canada (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence au Canada
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 47-107
    Keywords: Governance ; Canada
    Abstract: Important issues in competition policy in Canada today are the independence and powers of the institutions and the balance between competition policy principles and national interests. The foundations of policy are being tested in merger litigation over the meaning of efficiency. Enforcement against cartels is complicated by a need to show that restraints are “undue.” Canada's “conformity continuum” offers an important, distinctive contribution to enforcement practice. Responses to controversies sometimes appear ad hoc, but the outcomes, such as the laws about banking mergers and about airlines, have recognised competition concerns. Policy options for consideration include finding other means to promote the goals now served by ownership controls, reviewing the scope of federal and provincial regulatory constraints on competition, clarifying the scope of the Commissioner's decision-making independence, and making enforcement more efficient by providing for private action, improving the decision process, and clarifying the anti-cartel principle.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art3-en
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  • 42
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    Strengthening Procurement Capacities in Developing Countries : Summary Report of the OECD/DAC World Bank Round Table, Paris, 22-23 January, 2003 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-16
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer les capacités des pays en développement dans le domaine de la passation des marchés : Compte rendu succinct de la table ronde de l'OCDE et de la Banque mondiale, 22-23 janvier 2003
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-16
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The Round Table on Strengthening Procurement Capacities in Developing Countries is a joint DAC / World Bank initiative. The overall objectives of the Round Table process are to identify and address key procurement capacity building needs and to build procurement systems in developing countries around which donors can harmonise their procedures (building on the DAC Recommendation to untie ODA to the Least Developed Countries and linking up to the work of the DAC’s Task Force on Donor Practices). This first meeting (three meetings are planned over 2003-2004) had the objectives of arriving at a shared agenda between participants and setting out a business plan to work out a limited number of concrete and demand-driven products over the biennium...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art16-en
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  • 43
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    Accrual Accounting and Budgeting : Key Issues and Recent Developments (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 43-59
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comptabilité et budgétisation sur la base des droits constatés : Questions clés et développements récents
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 43-59
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Cash and accruals represent two end points on a spectrum of possible accounting and budgeting bases. The cash end of the spectrum has traditionally been applied by OECD member countries for their public sector activities. In recent years there has been a major trend towards the accruals end of the spectrum in member countries. About half of member countries have adopted accruals to one degree or another. The tables at the end of this paper provide details on practices in individual member countries. Several general comments can be made about the use of accruals in member countries...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art4-en
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  • 44
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    Tax Ratios on Labour and Capital Income and on Consumption (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 129-174
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ratios fiscaux pour les revenus du travail et du capital et pour la consommation
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 129-174
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents revised tax ratios based on more realistic assumptions than those used in a previous study applying the same approach (based on tax revenue statistics and national accounts data) to measuring the effective tax burden. Although the levels of the revised tax ratios are sometimes quite different from those previously found, the two data sets are generally highly correlated. The paper also presents a sensitivity analysis of relaxing some remaining unrealistic assumptions for countries and periods where that is possible. It is found that this often has a large effect on the tax ratios, especially for capital, and the two data sets are sometimes no longer highly correlated. This highlights the need to use these ratios in conjunction with other indicators, such as average effective tax rates, to corroborate the story they tell.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art11-en
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  • 45
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    Accreditation and Quality Assurance : The Swiss Model (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 27-38
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Accréditation et assurance qualité : Le modèle suisse
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 27-38
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Accreditation and quality assurance at universities have gained new meaning in Switzerland – as in other European nations – through the concurrent increase in autonomy, new educational institutions offering international courses and the implementation of the Bologna Declaration. With respect to these developments the Swiss government together with the university cantons agreed to jointly establish an Accreditation and Quality Assurance Board which would be responsible not only for accreditation questions, but also for quality assurance and quality promotion at the universities. The discussions surrounding the creation of an institution, which critically examines quality in the area of higher education, provoked a controversial debate in Switzerland. However, after several months of intensive discussions between universities and political bodies (government and administration) the different points of view eventually led to a model that today enjoys the broad support of all of the parties involved. This model has the following advantages: It focuses not only on accreditation i.e. fulfilling of minimum standards, but also on implementation of quality assurance mechanisms to guarantee sustainable quality development at universities and it provides accreditation for institutions as well as programs.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v14-art11-en
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  • 46
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    R&D and Productivity Growth : Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 103-126
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recherche-développement et croissance de la productivité : Analyse des données d'un panel de 16 pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 103-126
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This study investigates the long-term effects of various types of R&D on multi-factor productivity growth, which are the spillover effects of R&D activities. Econometric estimates are conducted on a panel of 16 OECD countries, over the period 1980-98. All results are averages over countries and time, and little can be said about country specificities. Major results are as follows: an increase of 1 per cent in business R&D generates 0.13 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries that are intensive in business R&D, and in countries where the share of defence-related government funding is lower; a 1 per cent increase in foreign R&D generates 0.46 per cent in productivity growth, and the effect is larger in countries intensive in business R&D; 1 per cent more in public R&D generates 0.17 per cent in productivity growth. The effect is larger in countries where the share of universities (as opposed to government labs) is higher, in countries where the share of defence R&D is lower, and in countries which are intensive in business R&D.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art12-en
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  • 47
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    Competition Law and Policy in South East Europe (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 7-82
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le droit et la politique de la concurrence en Europe du Sud-Est
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 7-82
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Competition policy is a strong building block foundation of market economies. Development of competition policies in South East Europe (“SEE”) aims at creating a level playing field for investment, which is of major importance for the economic progress of the countries in the region. In 2001, a comprehensive programme for building capacities of SEE competition authorities was launched as a contribution to stability, sustainable growth and welfare in the region. Funded by the South East Europe Compact for Reform, Investment, Integrity and Growth, it was organised by the OECD Competition Division in partnership with the competition authorities of Bulgaria, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Slovenia. The long-term objectives of the programme were to strengthen national competition authorities of the region as law enforcers and advocates for economic reform based on competition principles. A major objective was also to support the establishment of intra-regional co-operation in the competition policy area. This concluding report draws on the experiences and the documentation produced by the representatives of SEE competition authorities, and provides an overview of the competition regimes in the SEE countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art6-en
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  • 48
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    Australian Academics and Prospective Academics : Adjustment to a More Commercial Environment (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 105-122
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Universitaires australiens d'aujourd'hui et de demain : Adaptation à un environnement plus commercial
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 105-122
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In many respects, adjustment to the new commercial environment has been painful and damaging to the academic profession in Australia. The profession is now more fragmented and has lost political influence and standing. Academic salaries have failed to keep pace with professional salaries and many academics are highly critical of changes in government higher education policy, reduced government financial support for universities and structural and management changes within their institutions. Many feel a strong sense of frustration, disillusionment and anger. However, not all adjustments have been negative. Australian academics today are better-qualified, work harder and are more productive in research than they were in the 1970s. They continue to be deeply interested in key academic roles and many still find their jobs satisfying. Many have made successful transitions to involvement in research links with industry and other entrepreneurial activities, without jeopardising their academic integrity. But the views of PhD students give cause for concern, especially dissatisfaction about course experience, uncertainty about future careers and highly negative views of both universities and academic employment...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art26-en
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  • 49
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    Knowledge Management in Government : An Idea Whose Time Has Come (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 105-120
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gestion des connaissances dans l'administration : Une idée dont le temps est venu
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 105-120
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Governments cannot afford to overlook a ground swell that is currently transforming companies, and more especially big companies. It is important that governments draw the appropriate conclusions, not by seeking to “copy” the private sector, but by endeavouring to innovate in accordance with their own identity and specificity and in accordance with their own way of managing their human resources. The following issue paper is in three parts: the first part briefly describes the ground swell, which is commonly known as knowledge management; the second part shows why this movement is also of significance for the public sector; the third part makes proposals with a view to initiating a debate capable of turning into a genuine action programme affecting government over the coming years...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art18-en
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  • 50
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    Time horizons in budgeting (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 77-103
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'horizon budgétaire
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 77-103
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Public policy-makers operate with all measures of time horizon. They make short-term decisions as well as investments intended to benefit several generations. Though popular myth and public choice theory concur that politicians have their eyes fixed on nothing but the next election, there is a great deal of evidence to the contrary. As a rule there is a blend of time-frames and perspectives in the same actor. Attention leaps back and forth between the proximate and the distant. In their time orientation, elected officials share the ambivalence and volatility of their electorates. “A week is a long time in politics”, Harold Wilson once famously claimed when accused of inconsistency...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art10-en
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  • 51
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    "Leadership" and "Governance" in the Analysis of University Organisations : Two Concepts in Need of De-construction (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 135-163
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le 〈〈 Leadership 〉〉 et le 〈〈 gouvernement 〉〉 dans l'analyse des organisations universitaires : Deux notions à déconstruire
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 135-163
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This paper is a critical review of the Anglo-Saxon literature since the 1960s on university leadership and governance. The critique draws on a substantial amount of empirical work on operating procedures and governance in French universities. The intention is to show that the issue of university leadership has been analysed using too personalised, disembodied or normative an approach, and that the analysis of university governance has been too piecemeal. The alternative proposed here is a new definition of university governance to reflect its many facets, namely conflict/ co-operation between leaders, the interdependence of the many collegial bodies involved in decision-making, and the relations between leaders and representative bodies.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art18-en
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  • 52
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    Evaluating Teaching and Research Activities Finding the Right Balance (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 73-81
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 12 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation des activités d'enseignement et de recherche trouver le juste équilibre
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 73-81
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Since 1990, research and teaching activities of academic staff in Spanish universities have been periodically assessed. There are national, regional and institutional assessments. Each evaluation is organized in a different way and the organisation itself reflects the importance given to each activity. In most cases, positive assessment are linked to a salary increase and other perk benefits. In this article, we analyse the evaluation system of teaching and research activities and how they could be, in fact, orienting to promote research activities and, as a consequence, to devaluate teaching activities.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art14-en
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  • 53
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    Investing in private financial assets to address longer-term needs (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 105-117
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 16 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'investissement dans les actifs financiers privés pour répondre à des besoins à long terme
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 105-117
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In preparation for the 2002 meeting of the OECD Working Party of Senior Budget Officials, an ad hoc Meeting on Investing in Private Financial Assets to Address Longer Term Needs was held in Paris on 4-5 April 2002. Eight countries participated in the meeting with case studies of their national experiences: Australia, Canada, Chile, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States. France attended the meeting as well. The meeting was chaired by Mr. Paul Posner, Managing Director, General Accounting Office, United States...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art11-en
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  • 54
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    Public Opinion and the Fight against Poverty (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-30
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'opinion publique contre la pauvreté
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-30
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The evidence shows that citizens in OECD DAC member countries want more solidarity and justice in the world. They support international development co–operation, and if they were more and better informed, if their capacity to critically engage in the policy debate was stronger, they could be a precious constituency for its reform and improvement. There lies an opportunity for governments, especially for those that have pledged to increase their ODA, to kick–start a virtuous circle of transparency and reform, and effectively rise to the challenge of global poverty reduction...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art18-en
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  • 55
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    Development Assistance Committee High Level Meeting, 22-23 April 2003 : Press Statement by the Chairman, Mr. Jean-Claude Faure (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 3-6
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 8 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réunion à haut niveau du Comité d'aide au développement, 22-23 avril 2003 : Déclaration à la presse du Président, M. Jean-Claude Faure
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 3-6
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: With the international development community decisively embarking on implementing the commitments entered into in Doha, Monterrey and Johannesburg, the 2003 DAC HLM focused its attention on further progress to improve policies and strategies, practices and performance linked to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in particular through massive poverty reduction. Maintaining this focus is essential at a time of worrying uncertainties in the international economic and political environment...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art14-en
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  • 56
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    The Driving Forces of Economic Growth : Panel Data Evidence for the OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 9-56
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 61 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les moteurs de la croissance dans les pays de l'OCDE : Analyse empirique sur des données de panel
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 9-56
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses links between policy settings, institutions and economic growth in OECD countries on the basis of pooled cross-country time-series regressions. The novel econometric approach used in the paper allows short-term adjustments and convergence speeds to vary across countries, in accordance with most theoretical models, while imposing restrictions only on the longrun coefficients. In addition to the "primary" influences of physical and human capital accumulation, the results confirm the importance for growth of R&D activity, the macroeconomic environment, trade openness and well developed financial markets. They also confirm that many of the policy influences operate not only via the overall efficiency of factor use but also indirectly via the mobilisation of resources for fixed investment.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art10-en
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  • 57
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    Competition and Efficiency in Publicly Funded Services (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 79-128
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 62 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ouverture à la concurrence et efficacité des services à financement public
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 79-128
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: OECD countries gradually open the provision of publicly funded services to competition. This article sets out an analytical framework focusing on incentives and information asymmetries between government as a principal and the agents supplying publicly funded services, and reviews how these issues are addressed by different forms of competition. Taking a wide perspective across different publicly funded services, the article reviews to what extent and how OECD countries have introduced competition, and it seeks to compare and explain the differences based on service characteristics. This review covers education, childcare, long-term care for elderly and employment services. In such services used by individuals there can be benefits from letting users chooseamong alternative suppliers, but developing appropriate regulation shaping the incentives of users and suppliers is essential. Alternatively, competitive tendering and contracting can be used, as is frequently done in OECD countries in technical and support services, including in areas where the final services are supplied via a public monopoly. Private finance of infrastructure investment plays a minor role so far.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art10-en
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  • 58
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    Can Public Sector Organisations Learn? (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 87-103
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les organisations du secteur public peuvent-elles apprendre ?
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 87-103
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: In recent years, considerable attention has been focused on the importance of managing information in organisations, as well as the challenges for organisations to make use of and adapt from it. Organisationsare expected to value information, to be able to learn from the past and to adapt to changing circumstances. While much of the literature has focused on private sector organisations, public sector organisations and indeed thegovernments within which they operate are undergoing significant reforms and face equal challenges. This paper considers organisational learning in the public sector in light of current public sector reform initiatives, many of which have implicitly been based on the assumption that the public sector can indeed use empirical evidence on past experience to inform current decision-making. In doing so, the paper tries to avoid treating organisational learning anthromorphically, focusing instead on the processes and procedures that form the life blood of organisations. Learning in organisations relates to how the organisation deliberately changes and adapts over time in terms of structures, functions, values, attitudes and behaviour. Organisational learning, as we shall use the term, refers to formal structures of information and whether or not they are used. Our interest is in how organisations can bring together information on past performance and have it influence decisions. Building on organisational learning literature, we will argue that while individual learning is important, it is not enough. There is a need to institutionalise learning processes within a public sector organisation...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art17-en
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  • 59
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    Countering Uncertainty in Budget Forecasts (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 139-151
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 15 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La prise en compte des incertitudes dans les prévisions budgétaires
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 139-151
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Federal budget procedures in the United States require forecasts and projections over several distinct periods of time: short term (18-24 months ahead), medium term (both 5- and 10-year horizons), and long term (as much as 75 years in the future). In the United States, the intermediate estimates have taken on increased significance with many press accounts referring to 10-year estimates. In addition to various time periods, the forecasts include the outlook for both the economy and the budget. Economic forecasts not only drive the budgetary outlook, they also provide the basis for developing economic policy. And despite the linkage between economic and budgetary performance, the relationships are neither perfect nor constant. The status of these two requirements has evolved, particularly since the enactment of the Budget Act in 1974 creating the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). The Executive branch forecasts (done mainly by the Office of Management and Budget, OMB) tend to parallel the time periods. Often many of the economic results are similar, especially over a 10-year forecast; the budget estimates vary more widely...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art12-en
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  • 60
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    The Stock Market, the Housing Market and Consumer Behaviour (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 175-200
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La bourse, le marché de l'immobilier et le comportement des consommateurs
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 175-200
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: After the buoyancy of stock markets in the late nineties, share prices have generally trended downwards since 2001. By contrast, house prices have continued to increase, rising more rapidly than the general price level in several countries. These developments have led to renewed interest in the impact of asset prices on consumption and overall demand. This paper analyses the roles of household financial wealth and housing wealth across G7 countries (with the exception of Germany), in determining private consumption. It provides some estimates of the sensitivity of consumption to various forms of wealth and tests whether these sensitivities have changed over time. The impacts of recent financial and housing market developments on consumption are also quantified. The main results are, first, that for all countries, wealth channels are identified, second, that these effects vary significantly across countries, and third that for some countries, their importance has tended to rise markedly over the recent past.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art12-en
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  • 61
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    The Objectives of Competition Law and Policy and the Optimal Design of a Competition Agency (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 7-45
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les objectifs du droit et de la politique de la concurrence et la conception optimale d'une autorité de la concurrence
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 1, p. 7-45
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This article comprises two notes by the Secretariat, one on the Objectives of Competition Law and Policy and the other one on the Optimal Design of a Competition Agency. Both notes were prepared to provide a framework for discussion at the meeting of the Global Forum on Competition (GFC) held on 10-11 February 2003. It was decided to link these topics together in the GFC's agenda after it was recognised that the objectives of competition law and policy can have an important bearing on the optimal design of a competition institution. However, it was agreed that the treatment of objectives should be oriented primarily towards a discussion of how they relate, or may relate, to the design of competition enforcement institutions within the broader government. Accordingly, the note on objectives does not fully explore the pros and cons of specific objectives that may be included in the competition law and policy objectives of one or more jurisdictions, although this topic is discussed to a degree. The principal focus of the two notes is to provide an analysis and synthesis of the responses to two questionnaires that were sent in advance to GFC meeting participants in respect of the respective topics. In addition, the objectives note incorporates some of the additional information provided by participants in their separate written contributions prepared for circulation at the GFC meeting. The most important themes emerging from the questionnaires and written contributions on Objectives were i) among OECD countries, there appears to be a shift away from use of competition laws to promote what might be characterised as broad public interest objectives; ii) there does not appear to be a strong correlation between competition law and policy objectives (broadly defined) and the design of the competition agency; iii) greater independence also was the step/measure most frequently identified as being likely to lead to better promotion/attainment of the articulated objectives. Turning to the note on Optimal Design, the key themes emerging from the responses to the questionnaire were i) there is a broad variety of different models and approaches to the design of competition agencies within the overall apparatus of government (broadly defined); ii) despite the institutional variety, there is a core of common tasks assigned to most competition agencies. Specifically, these agencies normally investigate, take at least certain kinds of decisions on competition cases and engage in competition advocacy; iii) around half the respondents reported having medium influence on their governments, legislative bodies, and other bodies of public administration through advocacy initiatives.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art2-en
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  • 62
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    Public Sector Modernisation : A New Agenda (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 7-23
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Modernisation du secteur public : Un nouveau programme
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 7-23
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This paper argues that if governments are to adapt successfully to the changing needs of their society, they require better analytical and empirical tools, and more sophisticated strategies for change than OECD member countries have generally had to date....
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art2-en
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  • 63
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    University Research Activities : On-going Transformations and New Challenges (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 105-123
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 26 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les universités et leurs activités de recherche : Transformations en cours et défis nouveaux
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 1, p. 105-123
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In times when excellence is at the top of the research agenda of all research and innovation policies, especially in Europe, research universities are the implicit reference model of most policy makers and most public debates. However, the implications, that is a major geographical concentration of public means and the existence of a dual system of training, are rarely highlighted; it is on the contrary, often when there are references to "cohesion". This paper suggests that, although this trend is clearly visible, the situation is more complex. In particular, the analysis overlooks another central role of universities: they have also become the main proximity knowledge provider. Both trends combine and result in radical transformation of university organisation – the separation of teaching departments from research structures, may these be called groups, units, centres, institutes or laboratories. This leads to question whether their present organisation is relevant to the socio-economic environment: I argue that the very fast increase of not-for-profit associations/foundations closely linked to universities are a lasting and promising feature of the university-society connection. These changes call for more study of university governance, certainly a pressing issue in countries like France.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art8-en
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  • 64
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    Budgeting in Finland (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 119-152
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La procédure budgétaire en Finlande
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2, no. 2, p. 119-152
    Keywords: Governance ; Finland
    Abstract: The budget is the most fundamental and important document of governments. It is the key economic document in that it allocates a significant share of a nation’s gross domestic product, over half in some OECD member countries. It is the key program policy document in that governments establish their policy priorities in concrete terms in the budget through the allocation of funding. It is the key management document in that the basic operational aspects of government ministries and agencies are established in the context of the budget. Furthermore, the budget provides the basic architecture for overall decision-making and accountability in government. This architectural design has a significant impact on overall government performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v2-art12-en
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  • 65
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    Social Protection and Growth (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 7-45
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Protection sociale et croissance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 2, p. 7-45
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Public social expenditure accounts for 25 per cent of GDP, or even more in some countries. That expenditure on this scale has some effect on growth seems very likely, but the direction of the effect is disputed by different schools of thought. Using new data sources and panel data econometric techniques, this paper sheds new light on the issue. Evidence is found in favour of the proposition that more social expenditure reduces growth. However, “active” social spending, including active labour market policies, make work pay policies and spending on family services, appears to have the opposite effect and may be growth-enhancing.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art8-en
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  • 66
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    Capacity Building for Effective Competition Policy in Developing and Transitioning Economies (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 7-23
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcement des capacités pour une politique efficace de la concurrence dans les économies en développement et en transition
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 7-23
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: This note begins by briefly addressing why competition policy is important for developing and transitioning economies. It then discusses some of the critical components of building a competition culture. Ideally, this process should begin by conducting a "needs assessment" in a number of areas. This assessment likely will lead to the identification of a list of steps that should be prioritised and undertaken. The priorities often can be grouped into three broad areas, namely, helping key constituencies to "buy in" to a competition culture, minimizing the extent to which a broad range of institutional mechanisms distort competition, and building an effective competition law enforcement regime to address private anticompetitive conduct. The note then summarizes the valuable perspectives of countries that have been providers or recipients of capacity building and technical assistance. It is based upon the responses to a questionnaire circulated in 2001 to delegates of the OECD’s Competition Committee and non-members who had been invited to participate in the second Global Forum on Competition, held in February 2002. This discussion is followed by a brief discussion of the potentially helpful roles that cooperation and peer review can play in the process of building the institutional capacity of a domestic enforcement authority. After briefly discussing the Doha Declaration, the note summarises the OECD’s capacity building activities in the competition field. Finally, in the conclusion, some suggestions are offered regarding a multi-faceted strategy for future capacity building and technical assistance activities.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v4-art13-en
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  • 67
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    Academic Leaders or Corporate Managers : Deans and Heads in Australian Higher Education 1977 to 1997 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 53-70
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Responsables universitaires ou chefs d'entreprise ? Doyens et directeurs dans le système d'enseignement supérieur australien entre 1977 et 1997
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 53-70
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This article explores the changing roles and personal characteristics of deans of faculties and heads of academic departments in Australian higher education institutions over a twenty-year period from 1977 to 1997. While deans and heads continued to be academics with superior qualifications and impressive research achievements, the gap between the research records of deans/heads and other academics narrowed between 1977 and 1997 but the gap between deans/heads and professors widened. Deans/heads in 1997 were somewhat less likely than in 1977 to have been professors or associate professors. Work patterns of deans/heads and other academics remained remarkably stable between 1977 and 1997, except that for both works hours per week increased. However, interest by both deans/heads and other academics in administration and committee work declined sharply between 1977 and 1997.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v14-art13-en
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  • 68
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    The Implementation and the Effects of Regulatory Reform : Past Experience and Current Issues (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-98
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 103 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mise en oeuvre et effets de la réforme de la réglementation : Leçons à tirer et problématique actuelle
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 1, p. 11-98
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the non-competitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentivebased regulatory approaches relying on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal separation of formerly integrated monopolies; iii) the ways to ensure that important non-economic objectives, such as universality of service, continue to be achieved in a more competitive environment at a minimum cost for society; and iv) the design of regulatory mechanisms and institutions that encourage best practice regulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art3-en
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  • 69
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    A Power Perspective on Programme Reduction (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 117-133
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réduction des programmes de formation : Une question de pouvoir
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 117-133
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In the beginning of the 1990s, Dutch government and representatives of employers’ organisations have urged the higher professional education sector (HBO) to restructure the supply of the programmes in the sub-sectors of HBO. The sub-sectors were challenged to cut back the number of study programmes to increase the efficiency of the supply. A theoretical framework based on resource dependence and network analysis is proposed to explain why different sub-sectors have reacted differently to the pressure to reduce the pressure. An empirical analysis is carried out for foursub-sectors: agriculture, economics, engineering and the socialcultural sector. The hypotheses could only partly be confirmed, but the simultaneous effect of government dependence, labour market dependence and sub-sector heterogeneity can be shown. Given the restricted number of cases, suggestions for further research are formulated. At the same time, it is implied to complement the chosen quantitative macro-approach with micro-analyses (case studies) on the emergence and disappearance of study programmes.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art17-en
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  • 70
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    Trade Capacity Building : Experiences in an African Context Mombasa Regional Workshop, 26-27 August 2002 (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 7-100
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 92 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le renforcement des capacités commerciales dans le contexte africain : Atelier régional, 26-27 août 2002, Mombasa, Kenya
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 7-100
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: These are some of the questions discussed at the Regional Workshop on Trade Capacity Building: Experiences in an African Context that was held in Mombasa on 26-27 August 2002, organised jointly by the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate, the OECD Development Centre and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. This section contains the Workshop discussions and a selection of the papers presented by participants. It represents a unique mix of concrete on-the-ground experiences and case studies, from a wide array of African stakeholders and representatives from international organisations and bilateral donors. The report outlines key elements of fostering a stakeholder dialogue on trade policy as a means of building trade capacity and reviews tools and mechanisms available to support this process...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art15-en
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  • 71
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    Internal Versus External Labour Markets (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 9-23
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Marchés du travail internes versus marchés du travail externes
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 9-23
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Using the now classic distinction drawn by P.B. Doeringer and M.J. Piore between internal and external labour markets, this article endeavours to characterise university labour markets and recent developments affecting them in three countries, namely France, Germany and the United States. It is based on a qualitative empirical survey covering all three countries and a total of 21 universities. We can thus identify and compare various ways of fostering commitment, loyalty and motivation among academic staff in each case. We show that the selection tools specific to external markets vary from one country to another (“recruitment pools” versus “up or out”) and use different modes of regulation. We also show that the equilibrium between internal and external markets in each country is, like the instruments used, closely linked to the conceptions prevailing within the academic profession. Consequently, the recognition system cannot be changed merely by changing the rules, since standards and relations within the profession will also be affected...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art20-en
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  • 72
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    The Electricity Sector in Russia (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 135-149
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le secteur de l'électricité en Russie
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 135-149
    Keywords: Governance ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: The electricity sector plays a vital role in the economy of Russia and the well being of its citizens. Already partly privatised, reform of the structure and regulation of the sector has been on and off the political agenda for years. As part of the OECD’s long-term active support for reform efforts in the Russian Federation, a meeting was held in Moscow in May 2001 among experts from OECD member countries and Russian officials to discuss what could be learned from the experiences of reform in electricity sectors in OECD countries. Key recommendations addressed restructuring – ensuring sufficient deconcentration in generation and independent, non-discriminatory control of grid access by separate ownership of generation and transmission – transmission pricing, universal service, institutional arrangements – empowering an independent regulator with transparent objectives, powers, processes and decisions – and transitional arrangements. Russia is unique, but many of the policy considerations in Russia will also be important in many other countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v4-art16-en
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  • 73
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    Making "World-class Universities" : Japan's Experiment (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 9-23
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 18 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La création d'universités de niveau mondial au Japon
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 9-23
    Keywords: Education ; Japan
    Abstract: The realization of world-class universities is a dream of every researcher and national government. However, making them and maintaining their status is difficult even in highly developed industrial countries. Consequently, national governments tend to concentrate financial investment in their top universities, usually with the support of leading members of the academic community. It is not clear that such sponsored development of a limited number of universities is truly the most efficient approach to enhancing the quality of research and development in any one country. Similar to the effect of Korea’s BK21 scheme, dispute among researchers was widespread when the Japanese government endeavoured to select around 30 “top” universities. In order to provide sustainable incentives, foster accountability and promote competition among institutions, national policies must aim for the enrichment of “flagship universities” while continuing to support the knowledge infrastructure for “ordinary” ones. This article analyses Japanese “World-Class Universities” policies from the perspectives of both researchers and the national government. This topic is treated as an issue facing most OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art10-en
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  • 74
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    A Comparison Between Two Public Expenditure Management Systems in Africa (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 35-66
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 36 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Une comparaison entre deux systèmes de gestion des dépenses publiques en Afrique
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 35-66
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Many African countries are benefiting from reductions in their external debt. One important objective is to redirect the budgetary resources released from servicing external debt towards poverty-reducing expenditures. Several questions arise in this context. First, are the public expenditure management (PEM) systems of African countries robust enough to allow specific povertyreducingexpenditures to be identified in annual budgets and tracked in countries’ accounting systems? Second, does the expenditure control system allow poverty-reducing expenditures to be protected from cuts should there be unforeseen shortfalls in revenues? Third, are internal and external audit mechanisms effective, so as to ensure the integrity of expenditure reports, both in-year and annually? To answer these and other questions, an assessment of the entire PEM system is required in each country. Such a study has already been prepared.1 During 2001, the PEM systems of 24 low-income countries were assessed based on a common set of 15 questions in the areas of budget preparation, budget execution, and fiscal reporting. Figure 1 shows the results for two regions of Africa (Anglophone countries and Francophone countries) – well below what is required to meet the objectives of effective PEM systems (both regions attained only about 40% of the required benchmarks)...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art15-en
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  • 75
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    The Decline in Private Saving Rates in the 1990s in OECD Countries : How Much Can Be Explained by Non-wealth Determinants? (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 117-153
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La baisse des taux d'épargne privée durant les années 90 dans les pays de l'OCDE : Contribution des déterminants autres que la richesse
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 117-153
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The substantial decline in private-sector saving rates observed in several OECD countries in the late 1990s coincided in several cases with a sharp increase in household financial net worth. This was seen by many observers as evidence that the strong rise in equity and residential property prices during the late 1990s had been treated by households as a permanent increase in wealth, leading to an unsustainable drop in saving and raising fears of an eventual negative wealth effect. Applying estimation techniques for systems of dynamic panel equations, this paper looks at basic determinants of private saving for a sample of 15 OECD countries and finds that the sharp decline in saving observed after 1995 can be largely explained, even in a post-sample fashion, by fundamentals other than financial wealth. Among the determinants, the rise in public-sector saving is found to have contributed the most to the decline in private saving between 1995 and 2000. Based on this investigation, there is little evidence that consumers had gone too far in responding to the stock market boom of the late 1990s, even in countries where private saving rates have fallen to historically low levels. On the other hand, the results suggest that a loosening of fiscal policy may have a limited stimulatory impact on private consumption...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art4-en
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  • 76
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    The Influence of Policies on Trade and Foreign Direct Investment (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-83
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'influence des politiques sur les échanges et l'investissement direct étranger
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 7-83
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses the importance of border and non-border policies for global economic integration. The focus is on four widely-advocated policies: removing explicit restrictions to trade and FDI; promoting domestic competition; improving the adaptability of labour markets; and ensuring adequate levels of infrastructure capital. The analysis covers FDI and trade in both goods and services, thus aiming to account for the most important channels of globalisation and dealing with most modes of cross-border services supply. The results highlight that, despite extensive liberalisation over the past two decades, there is scope for further reducing policy barriers to integration of OECD markets. Remaining barriers have a significant impact on bilateral trade and FDI, with anticompetitive domestic regulations and restrictive labour market arrangements estimated to curb integration as much as explicit trade and FDI restrictions. Simulating the removal of such barriers suggests that the quantitative effects of further liberalisation of trade, FDI and domestic product and labour markets on global integration could be substantial...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art2-en
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  • 77
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    The Role of Fiscal Rules in Budgeting (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 7-34
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le rôle des règles financières dans la budgétisation
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 7-34
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Budgeting is a rule-driven process that regulates the raising and spending of public money. Detailed rules govern the submission of bids for resources by spending units, review of these bids by the Finance Ministry or another central organ, compilation of the annual budget, legislative action including the voting of appropriations, expenditure of funds during the financial year, and reporting on financial stocks and flows. Why have many national governments adopted new budget rules when they have a plethora of old ones? The new rules do not replace – although they may modify – existing rules, thereby adding to the complexity of established budget processes, and often adding as well to the time it takes to complete the main steps in the annual budget cycle. Why add to the complications of an already difficult process? If it is because the old rules do not work, why is it expected that new ones will make much of a difference? Furthermore, the old rules generally empower budget-makers by enabling them to allocate resources according to the preferences of government. Fiscal rules, by contrast, constrain budget-makers, taking away much of their authority to decide aggregate revenue and spending policy. These rules typically prescribe the balance between revenue and spending policy. Every fiscal rule is a limit on the exercise of political will. Why have democracies accepted or imposed fiscal limits on themselves, and why should we expect these limits to be effective when they run counter to the preferences of voters and politicians?...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art14-en
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  • 78
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    Steerage of Research in Universities by National Policy Instruments (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 25-41
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'orientation de la recherche universitaire par des moyens d'action nationaux
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 25-41
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In June 1999 the Australian Government signalled, with the publication of a Green Paper, its intention to reform research and the training of research students in universities. After a period of public and institutional comment and debate, the reforms eventuated and the new policies result in performance based funding for research and research training, which is separated from the base of funding of coursework teaching. The new funding mechanisms can shift core government research resources across universities.Within universities, funding inputs from government need to be directed internally to research-active areas with large numbers of research students and substantial external grants, which contribute most strongly to the performance indicators that bring in the funding. This train of funding from government through to internal resource allocation can be modelled and the results imply potentially permanent changes in the character of universities, by changing the way academic work is funded and accounted for.Funding models can leave teaching-active sections, if they have few research students and little external grant funding, without the means to support even basic levels of research and scholarship. This threatens the standard and nature of university teaching, which by its nature should take place within a culture of sustained scholarship and creation of new knowledge through research.The paper discusses these issues, in the context of models for funding of research, and the responses by university managers and grass-roots academics to the challenges of adapting to the new policy and funding framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art11-en
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  • 79
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    Improving Government Decision-making Practices for Risk Management (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 25-42
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 22 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer les procédures de prise de décision des pouvoirs publics en vue de la gestion des risques
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 25-42
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Conventional risks, such as environmental degradation, tend to take on new dimensions due to increasingly extreme weather conditions, growing geographical concentration of populations and wealth, etc. Emerging issues, such as new diseases, biotechnologies, bio-terrorism, are occurring, many of which are characterised by extreme uncertainty and the possibility of extensive harm. Government capacity to adjust to traditional and new risks seems increasingly challenged by modern complexities, while at the same time people seem more ready to accept risk resulting from “private” decisions rather than those resulting from “public” decisions (for example most consumers seem ready to assume the uncertainty resulting from the use of cellular phones or pharmaceuticals).
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art3-en
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  • 80
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    The contribution of information and communication technologies to economic growth in nine OECD countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 153-171
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La contribution des technologies de l'information et des communications à la croissance économique dans neuf pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 153-171
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper compares the impact of ICT capital accumulation on output growth in Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The analysis uses a growth accounting framework and a newly compiled database of investment in ICT equipment and software based on the System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93). It is found that over the past two decades, ICT contributed between 0.2 and 0.5 percentage point per year to economic growth, depending on the country. During the second half of the 1990s, this contribution rose to 0.3 to 0.9 percentage point per year.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art5-en
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  • 81
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    New Mechanisms of Incentives and Accountability for Higher Education Institutions : Linking the Regional, National and Global Dimensions (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 99-116
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers de nouveaux mécanismes d'incitations et de transparence : Créer des liens entre les dimensions régionales, nationales et internationales
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 99-116
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This article aims to examine the new mechanisms of accountability and incentives for higher education institutions (HEIs) that are emerging at regional level in relation to the development of knowledge-based economies and new structures of governance. A new landscape of higher education emerging in a particular region in the United Kingdom will be analysed, and the influence of multiple levels of public policy instruments will be considered, including national and European policy initiatives as well as the influence of the globalisation of the economy. The seeks a new conceptualisation of “accountability” in a decentralised national framework in light of the formation of “localised learning systems” in the global learning society. The different roles and functions ascribed to universities at various geographical levels, namely, local, regional, national and international, are becoming highly complex, and universities will need to share more effectively some of their key functions with other institutions in society. Incentive mechanisms are needed to create links between “entrepreneurial universities” and other stakeholders in society within a strategic framework.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art16-en
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  • 82
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    Loyalty and Fidelity Discounts and Rebates (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 133-203
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 70 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Remises et primes de fidélité
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 2, p. 133-203
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: As with other policies offering lower prices to at least some buyers, loyalty and fidelity discounts are generally pro-competitive and beneficial to consumers even though they may harm certain competitors. Potential problems exist, however, when such discounts are employed in ways that reduce price transparency, exclude or restrict a significant number of actual or potential competitors, or raise the probability of anticompetitive co-ordination. The sometimes complex pro- and anti-competitive effects of loyalty and fidelity discounts are explored in the executive summary, background paper and summary of discussion pertaining to a June 2002 OECD Competition Committee roundtable discussion of the topic. While these documents reveal some interesting policy differences among various members of the Competition Committee, they also point to general agreement that loyalty and fidelity discounts are more likely to raise competition concerns when practised by firms enjoying substantial market power.
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art8-en
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  • 83
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    Measures of Restrictions on Inward Foreign Direct Investment for OECD Countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 85-116
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesure des restrictions visant les investissements directs de l'étranger dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 85-116
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides new measures of restrictions on inward foreign direct investment (FDI) for OECD countries. Several different types of restrictions are considered: limitations on foreign ownership, screening or notification procedures, and management and operational restrictions. These restrictions are computed for nine sectors and eleven sub-sectors, most of which are in services, and then aggregated into a single measure for the economy as a whole. According to the aggregate indicators, the last two decades, and especially the 1990s, have witnessed dramatic liberalisation in FDI restrictions. OECD countries are now generally open to inward FDI, although there remain substantial differences between countries and across industries. The most open countries are now in Europe, at least as far as statutory restrictions are concerned. The preponderance of remaining restrictions is in services, with almost no overt restrictions in manufacturing...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art3-en
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  • 84
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    The Role of Evaluations in Political and Administrative Learning and the Role of Learning in Evaluation Praxis (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 67-85
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le rôle de l'évaluation dans l'apprentissage politique et administratif et le rôle des enseignements tirés dans la pratique de l'évaluation
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 3, p. 67-85
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The writing of this paper, is in reference to my contribution in Can Governments Learn?, one of the books published by the International Evaluation Research Group. My immediate and first reaction was that it is of course always very nice to be asked to contribute for a distinguished audience. My second reaction was to ask myself when my essay in Can Governments Learn? was really written and what questions it dealt with; and perhaps even more, what was the answer to the question which constitutes the title of the book. The need to ask the latter questions had of course something to do with the answer to the first question, namely that the essay was written about 10 years ago. It was therefore obvious that the discussion in this book in a more technical sense had to be updated, but also had to take into account both some new empirical material and the discussion within a couple of intellectual fields. The title of this current paper implies several questions: to what degree politicians and administrators learn from evaluations, and also to what degree learning takes place among the evaluators themselves. These questions create a sort of strategic problem. Am I going to give the answer at the beginning of my paper or perhaps later? But perhaps I will compromise: I will start with a short version of the answer now, but elaborate on the answer later...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art16-en
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  • 85
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    Motivating Knowledge Workers : Lessons to and from the Corporate Sector (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 41-49
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 12 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Motiver les travailleurs du savoir : Des enseignements à échanger avec le monde de l'entreprise
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 41-49
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: There is pressure on Australian universities to adopt organisational structures, job design, remuneration and performance management systems based on corporate sector best practice. However, these systems and practices are often at least 20 years old and are based on command-control bureaucracies that dominated the manufacturing and service industries. They are not only alien to universities but are increasingly seen as inappropriate to knowledge-based professional organisations in the corporate sector because the underlying assumptions about what motivates people are at odds with what research shows motivates professional “knowledge-workers”. This research identifies sources of motivation that resonate with what has underpinned traditional university remuneration, promotion and performance schemes. However this does not mean that there is no need for change to those traditional schemes. As academic work becomes more complex and the academic labour market more differentiated, there is a need to recognise this greater diversity within extended promotional and reward schemes...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art22-en
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  • 86
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    Income Distribution and Poverty in the OECD Area : Trends and Driving Forces (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Distribution des revenus et pauvreté dans la zone de l'OCDE : Tendances et déterminants
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 7-38
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This article uses internationally-comparable data on the distribution of income across households to identify some well-founded facts to replace the conjecture and supposition which too often dominate discussions on inequality and poverty. There has been a general trend in nearly all OECD countries towards increased market income (earnings and income from capital) inequality between the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s. However, in a significant minority of countries this has not resulted in higher levels of inequality because either the amounts distributed through the tax and transfer system have increased, or because it has become more progressive. Changes in income distribution in the past ten years generally favoured the prime-age and elderly age groups, particularly those around retirement age. Relative income levels of single parents are very low and have worsened in a number of countries. Trends in earned income, and in particular trends in employment, are found to be crucial in explaining these changes.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art2-en
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  • 87
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    Book review (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 99-105
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 9 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Notes de lectures
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 99-105
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: As the Welsh Assembly follows Scotland in reinstating (to some degree) student means-tested grants, it is timely to consider Nicholas Barr, The Welfare State as Piggy Bank. Barr looks at social insurance and pensions before tackling education, where he argues for State provision in relation to schools but Market provision for tertiary education: students are "impressively well-informed – a savvy, streetwise consumer group" and hence "students are more capable than central planners of making choices that conform with their own needs and those of the economy"...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v14-art16-en
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  • 88
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    Engine of change or adherence to trends? An inventory of views (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 9-26
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'enseignement supérieur : Moteur du changement ou reflet des tendances? Récapitulatif des points de vue
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 14, no. 2, p. 9-26
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The purpose of this article is to assess the interaction between higher education and societal development. The question addressed is whether higher education engineers societal change or adjusts to global requirements. The answer is both. However, the impact of higher education is not easy to measure. It depends on the interventions undertaken by the stakeholders: the university, government, private sector, and civil society. These interventions may have contradictory effects. Education based on students’ desires can create highly skilled people who may not be required by society. The societal requirements of government, the private sector, or civil society may conflict. These conflicting requirements particularly can become conspicuous when higher education institutions perform in a global network.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v14-art10-en
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  • 89
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    Development Co-operation Review of The United States (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 15-129
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 127 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 15-129
    Keywords: Development ; United States
    Abstract: The United States has a substantial impact on promoting economic growth and reducing poverty in developing countries due to the large size of its economy, its ability to influence world opinion and action and its weight within the international donor community. In 2001 the United States was the largest donor in the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) in volume terms, reporting net official development assistance (ODA) of USD 10.9 billion, more than one-fifth of the DAC total. This represented 0.11% of its gross national income (GNI), the lowest ODA/GNI ratio in the DAC and below the DAC average country effort of 0.40%. President Bush recently announced a bold new proposal, the “Millennium Challenge Account” (MCA) for an additional USD 5 billion annually by 2006. If approved by Congress, the MCA will consolidate the American position as the largest donor, and slightly improve the country’s ODA/GNI performance. The American “checks and balances” system of government has some important ramifications for United States development co-operation. This approach implicates a wide range of stakeholders in budget decision-making, especially through the Congress. Flexible approaches to compromise are standard features of the American system, especially for issues of a short-term nature that respond to national or special interests. Addressing long-term issues related to development co-operation can prove more difficult because they lack urgency or a sufficiently strong and influential domestic constituency. Several of the issues raised in the 1998 DAC Peer Review are being addressed by the current Administration. However, some important development issues, including those relating to Congress, to the basic structure of American aid administration, or to the promotion of policy coherence for development, have proven more resistant to change and are noted again in this review...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v3-art25-en
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  • 90
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    DAC Peer Review of Luxembourg (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 9-65
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du CAD par les pairs : Luxembourg
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 9-65
    Keywords: Development ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: This part of the publication contains the Main Findings and Recommendations as agreed by the Development Assistance Committee following its review on 18 March 2003 at the OECD, and the report prepared by the Secretariat in association with the examiners, representing Austria and Greece, on the development co-operation policies and efforts of Luxembourg. The report is published on the authority of the Secretary-General of the OECD...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art19-en
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  • 91
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    Budgeting in Brazil (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 97-131
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La budgétisation au Brésil
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 97-131
    Keywords: Governance ; Brazil
    Abstract: During his September 2002 visit to OECD Headquarters in Paris, Mr. Guilherme DIAS, the Minister of Planning, Budget and Management, requested the OECD to carry out a review of the Brazilian budgeting system in a similar fashion as it does for its member countries.The OECD responded positively to this request, recognising that Brazil is an established observer of the OECD Working Party of Senior Budget Officials and a key partner in the OECD’s overall programme of co-operation with nonmembers.
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art6-en
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  • 92
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    Tax systems in European Union countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 91-151
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 72 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les systèmes fiscaux des pays de l'Union européenne
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2002, no. 1, p. 91-151
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite recent cuts, the tax-to-GDP ratio in most EU countries remains much higher than in other economies. The tax mix is also different, with high tax wedges on labour and a stronger reliance on consumption and environmentally related taxes. While there is not much room for cutting taxes significantly without downsizing public spending, further re-balancing the tax burden away from labour could contribute to better employment performance. Greater reliance on property taxes, which are low by international standards, less use of reduced VAT rates and tax incentives targeted to specific saving vehicles should be considered. EU countries’ experience in reforming their tax system may also provide useful insights for other regions where international integration is deepening. The free movement of goods, people and capital within the EU area, combined with the advent of the single currency, has also affected the design of national tax systems and has brought to the fore a number of international taxation issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2002-art4-en
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  • 93
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    Tariff Bindings, Unused Protection and Agricultural Trade Liberalisation (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 231-249
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Consolidations tarifaires, protection inutilisée et libéralisation des échanges agricoles
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 231-249
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Prior quantitative assessments of the effects of agricultural trade liberalisation have assumed that negotiated reductions in bound tariffs translate into corresponding cuts in applied tariff rates. This approach, however, overestimates the actual reduction in applied tariffs and, hence, the benefits of trade liberalisation, since applied rates are often much lower than the tariffs bound in Uruguay Round schedules. This paper uses data on applied and bound tariffs and the GTAP-CGE model to quantify the magnitude of the resulting bias. The findings suggest that the distortion of estimates is particularly pronounced for modest tariff cuts, as well as for countries where the differences between bound and applied rates are substantial. Hence, quantitative policy analysts who aim to inform decision makers on the likely impacts of negotiated tariff cuts should consider the relationship between bound and applied tariff rates in their assessments in order to avoid mistaken advice...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art6-en
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  • 94
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    The Learning Government (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on budgeting Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 55-69
    Details
    ISSN: 1681-2336
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'administration apprenante
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on budgeting
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 2, p. 55-69
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The question is “how do governments identify important changes in their environment affecting the result of their policies and actions and develop capacity to make appropriate and timely adjustments in public policy and services?”. The short answer is “with great difficulty, although competent governments do so on some of the issues some of the time”. Successful dynamic adaptive behaviour in government involves virtually every significant feature of the system of government in some way. It is about how the rationality of policy analysis and public management comes together with the rationality of politics. It is about creating an environment which has good governance and good management. It involves resolution of disputes among competing views of the public interest or simply among competing private interests. It involves the effectiveness of the relationships between the government’s constituents and the institutions and policies of government. At the deepest level it is about effective democracy and how in any country a sequence of governments over time choose to exercise their constitutional authorities and whether they do this effectively in some wider sense of serving the best interests of their citizens in a system of democratic accountability...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art9-en
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  • 95
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    Growth effects of education and social capital in the OECD countries (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 57-101
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 58 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Effet de l'éducation et du capital social sur la croissance dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2001, no. 2, p. 57-101
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper surveys the empirical literature on the growth effects of education and social capital. The main focus is on the cross-country evidence for the OECD countries, but the paper also briefly reviews evidence from labour economics, to clarify where empirical work on education using macro data may be relatively useful. It is argued that on balance, the recent cross-country evidence points to productivity benefits of education that are at least as large as those identified by labour economists. The paper also discusses the implications of this finding. Finally, the paper reviews the emerging literature on the benefits of social capital. Since this literature is still in its early days, policy conclusions are accordingly harder to find.
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2001-art11-en
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  • 96
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    Motivating Individuals : Incentives, Staff Reactions, and Institutional Effects (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 69-88
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Motiver les individus : Incitations, réactions du personnel et incidences sur les établissements
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 69-88
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The article studies relationships between changes in institutional funding patterns and staff incentives. Although specific internal university incentives were not considered in any detail in Academic Capitalism, it is believed that the alterations in HEI funding patterns instituted by governments described therein almost certainly created organisational dynamics that resulted in more specific incentives being created or expanded within HEIs, and that these incentives had a direct impact on academic staff. This led the author and PhD students to try to establish whether there were in fact causal relationships among the changes in institutional funding patterns and the activities within HEIs. They conducted econometric analyses to study how involvement in grant and contract work impacted the time allocations and productivity of individual academic staff members. The author concludes that declining revenue shares from government block grants is having major impacts on HEIs, but that the magnitude and nature of these impacts, is enormously varied, not only across HEIs but within as well. Within institutions, effects of shifting revenue structures depend upon many factors, including the extent to which and the manner by which the institution transmits environmental pressures to internal units and individual staff members...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art24-en
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  • 97
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    The United Kingdom's Research Assessment Exercise : Impact on Institutions, Departments, Individuals (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 43-62
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 23 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'exercice d'évaluation de la recherche au Royaume-Uni, son impact sur les établissements, les départements et les personnes
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 2, p. 43-62
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: UK universities are publicly funded to carry out teaching and research. Since the mid-1980s, the bulk of the research stream of institutional grants has been allocated on the basis of periodic research assessment exercises, the most recent of which was completed in 2001. The results of RAE2001 will influence institutional grants from 2002-03 onwards. This article explains the RAE system, discusses its advantages and drawbacks, outlines a framework within which it can be analysed, and examines some of the available evidence about the impact of the RAE. The article then concludes that the RAE system as presently operated has outlived its usefulness, and that it should be replaced by an allocation method based on the volume of research grants and contracts attracted to an institution. A short postscript updates the article to take into account the White Paper on higher education that was published in the United Kingdom in January 2003.
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art12-en
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  • 98
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    Changing Identity in an Ambiguous Environment A Work in Progress Report (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 51-67
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Changer d'identité dans un contexte incertain : Un rapport d'avancement
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 15, no. 3, p. 51-67
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: National planners struggle to formulate policies which will enable mass higher and universal tertiary education systems to meet diverse needs for lifelong learning in a knowledge society. Institutional leaders experience ambiguity and stress in seeking an identity appropriate to their particular university in a contradictory policy environment which gives mixed messages. With high levels of stress, multiple conflicting demands and scarce resources, there is a natural but short-sighted tendency to manage more tightly and prescriptively as a way of trying to ensure productivity and accountability. This analysis from a large, broad-based and deliberately innovative Australian university examines these tensions. The new RMIT leadership has set out by transparent and participatory means to diagnose its environment, restate its mission and strengthen internal and external partnership to do its work. Networking and engagement are essential for a knowledgemaking and knowledge-using institution to learn and contribute effectively. However, contradiction and uncertainty in the policy environment, which reflect wider societal ambiguities, make this a daunting task...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v15-art23-en
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  • 99
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    Papers on Official Development Assistance (ODA) (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 5-35
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 5-35
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: When large-scale aid programmes to developing countries began in the 1950s and 1960s, new concepts and definitions were required to measure and compare donors’ efforts. One of the key contributions of the Development Assistance Committee was to codify the notion of foreign aid under the name "official development assistance" (ODA). The DAC developed the ODA definition in the late 1960s and gave it its final form in 1972. The documents below discuss what the definition means in practice, which countries are eligible for ODA, and what progress donors have made towards achieving the UN target for ODA of 0.7% of their national income...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v3-art27-en
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  • 100
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    Fiscal Relations across Government Levels (2003)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 155-229
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les relations financières entre l'État et les collectivités locales
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 155-229
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Despite its apparent advantages, devolution of fiscal responsibilities has not proceeded evenly over the past two decades. Decentralisation can strengthen the democratic process, allow governments to tailor the supply of public goods to local preferences and introduce some competition across jurisdictions, thus raising public sector efficiency. It can, however, entail efficiency losses and make it difficult to implement redistributive policies. On the spending side, local provision may fail to exploit economies of scale and internalise territorial spillovers – a serious issue since few public goods are purely local by nature. On the revenue side, few tax bases can be exploited by sub-national governments without risking making national objectives difficult to achieve and raising serious distributive concerns. This paper, which is largely based on country experiences in mitigating the potential drawbacks of decentralisation while obtaining most of its benefits, provides a framework for assessing fiscal relations across levels of government...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art5-en
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