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  • 101
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mongolia 2020 Poverty Report : A Decade of Progress and Stagnation in Poverty Reduction (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Inequality ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development
    Abstract: Mongolia made notable strides in reducing poverty from 2010 to 2014, but the pace of poverty reduction slowed significantly after the 2016 economic recession. The trend of declining inequality and inclusive growth seen in the first half of the decade changed course in the latter half. Greater urbanization and narrowing geographical disparities in poverty have meant that the poor have become increasingly concentrated in urban centers, especially Ulaanbaatar. Economic volatility and uncertainty together with restrictions on face-to-face services may have led to an increase in precautionary saving among households, particularly during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. An additional issue related to the measurement of consumption in 2020 specifically is the survey-to-survey imputation approach that was used to estimate poverty and the consumption distribution due to changes in the household socio-economic survey (HSES) questionnaire. Finally, despite significant increases, social transfers have had only modest success in reducing poverty due to targeting inefficiencies. The 2020 HSES shows that impacts to employment in 2020 were not significant until the final quarter, with workers in urban areas and in the service sector more likely to be affected. While subsequent surveys will provide a clearer picture of the longer-term impacts of the pandemic, signs of potentially lasting and unequalizing effects have emerged after 2020
    DOI: 10.1596/38003
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 102
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Europe and Central Asia Economic Update, Fall 2022 (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (160 pages)
    Series Statement: Europe and Central Asia Economic Update
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Economic Forecasts ; Economic Impact ; Inequality ; Jobs ; Policy Recommendations ; Productivity ; Social Protection ; War Conflict
    Abstract: Globalization, demographic trends, the green transition, and technological innovations are transforming labor markets in Europe and Central Asia, altering their institutional and contractual arrangements, and creating disparities and vulnerabilities in the labor force. Systemic risks-economic, health, or climate-related-are also playing an increased role in driving poverty and vulnerability. Social protection systems in Europe and Central Asia will need to be reformed to address these challenges and provide adequate protection to workers and families. Countries in the region responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by implementing social protection packages with a substantial contribution of job protection policies. Analysis of the impact of these policies suggests that while job protection policies may have preserved employment in the short run, this may have come at the expense of efficiency and growth. In the long run, income protection policies may be better at addressing the needs of vulnerable groups as labor markets continue evolving. A policy package that combines a guaranteed minimum income with labor market policies that facilitate job transitions can best help countries address long-term challenges
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 103
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Outlier Detection for Welfare Analysis (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Belotti, Federico Outlier Detection for Welfare Analysis
    Keywords: Extreme Values ; Household Budget Surveys ; Incremental Trimming Curve ; Inequality ; Inequality Measure ; Influence of Extreme Survey Data ; Outlier Detection ; Outliers ; Poverty ; Poverty Measure ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Survey Data Outlier Criterion
    Abstract: Extreme values are common in survey data and represent a recurring threat to the reliability of both poverty and inequality estimates. The adoption of a consistent criterion for outlier detection is useful in many practical applications, particularly when international and intertemporal comparisons are involved. This paper discusses a simple, univariate detection procedure to flag outliers in the distribution of any variable of interest. It presents outdetect, a Stata command that implements the procedure and provides useful diagnostic tools. The output of outdetect compares statistics-with focus on inequality and poverty measures-obtained before and after the exclusion of outliers. Finally, the paper carries out an extensive sensitivity exercise, where the same outlier detection method is applied consistently to per capita expenditure across more than 30 household budget surveys. The results are clear-cut and provide a sense of the influence of extreme values on poverty and inequality estimates
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-10231
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 104
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in the Philippines : Past, Present, and Prospects for the Future (2022)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty and Policy ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In the past three decades, the Philippines has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty. Driven by high growth rates and structural transformation, the poverty rate fell by two-thirds, from 49.2 percent in 1985 to 16.7 percent in 2018. By 2018, the middle class had expanded to nearly 12 million people and the economically secure population had risen to 44 million. This report is intended to inform public debate and policymaking on inequality in the Philippines. It synthesizes core findings from background analyses of the patterns of inequality and poverty and provides policy pointers. The analysis uses a wealth of data from a variety of sources (detailed in Appendix A). In what follows, section two discusses the poverty and inequality impacts of COVID-19. Section three analyzes what has been driving poverty and inequality over the past three decades. Section four discusses the structural causes of current inequality; and section five examines how they affect recovery patterns. The last section discusses how policy can promote equality and inclusive recovery
    DOI: 10.1596/38346
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 105
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Bangladesh Systematic Country Diagnostic, 2021 Update (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Education ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This World Bank Group Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) 2021 Update presents a diagnostic of Bangladesh's growth and poverty reduction since the previous diagnostic in 2015. It identifies emerging opportunities and challenges for the next decade as the country recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, graduates from least-developed-country (LDC) status, and aspires to become an upper middle-income country (UMIC) by 2031. This SCD Update identifies four frontier challenges that, if tackled properly, can enable the country to accelerate its transition. This SCD Update identifies eight priorities to tackle these four frontier challenges
    DOI: 10.1596/36563
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 106
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    South Africa : Social Assistance Programs and Systems Review (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment and Unemployment ; Grants ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Inclusion ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Despite being an upper middle income country, South Africa's high inequality and the long-lasting legacies of apartheid mean that the country is faced with numerous development challenges, many of which are characteristic of countries with much lower incomes. This paper focuses on social assistance and, specifically, the system of social grants in South Africa. This report aims to review the social assistance system in South Africa to first understand how it functions and what kinds of benefits it provides through which programs, and what tools and systems it uses to do so. Second, it reviews the performance of the system in terms of coverage, targeting, benefit incidence, adequacy, cost-effectiveness, and outcomes. Third, it assesses the extent to which the system is aligned and equipped to address the so called "triple challenge" of poverty, inequality, and unemployment as shown by data. It also reviews the limitations in the design, delivery systems, and institutional coordination at different administrative levels. Based on the analysis, this paper provides some recommendation for what adjustments and improvement the South African social assistance system could undertake in the next fi ve years in order to better align the system address the structural causes of poverty and inequality in addition to providing relief and income support. The report concludes and provides some policy and programme recommendations for the future
    DOI: 10.1596/36514
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 107
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Lake Chad Regional Economic Memorandum : Technical Paper 3. Estimating the Spillover Economic Effects of Foreign Conflict - Evidence from Boko Haram (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade
    Abstract: Violent conflicts present a formidable threat to regional economies. Throughout the world, border regions in many countries are possibly impacted by the cross-border economic effects of regional insurgencies in neighboring countries or national state failures, id est "bad neighbors". This raises two questions. First, what is the magnitude of the spill-over economic effects of foreign conflict and what are the channels through which they operate Second, what policies can governments adopt in the potentially exposed regions to mitigate such spill-over effects. In this paper, we adopt a difference-in-difference (DiD) framework leveraging the unexpected rise of the Boko Haram insurgency in Northeastern Nigeria in 2009 to study its economic effects in neighboring areas in Cameroon, Chad and Niger that were not directly targeted by Boko Haram activities. We find strong cross-border economic effects that are likely driven by reduced trade activities, not the diffusion of conflict. Factors of local economic resilience to this foreign conflict shock then include trade diversification and political and economic securitization. More generally, conflicts, if they have regional economic effects, may necessitate regional responses
    DOI: 10.1596/36574
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 108
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade, Internal Migration, and Human Capital : Who Gains from India's IT Boom? (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Ghose, Devaki Trade, Internal Migration, and Human Capital: Who Gains from India's IT Boom?
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Digital Economy ; Education ; Education and Digital Divide ; Education For the Knowledge Economy ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Labor Markets ; Labor Mobility ; Labor Skills ; Migration ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Social Protections and Labor ; Trade
    Abstract: How do trade shocks affect welfare and inequality when human capital is endogenous? Using an external information technology demand shock and detailed internal migration data from India, this paper first documents that both information technology employment and engineering enrollment responded to the rise in information technology exports. Information technology employment responded more when nearby regions had a higher share of college-age population. The paper then develops a quantitative spatial equilibrium model featuring two new channels: higher education choice and differential costs of migrating for college and work. The framework is used to quantify the aggregate and distributional effects of the information technology boom and perform counterfactuals. Without endogenous education, the estimated aggregate welfare gain from the export shock would have been about a third as large and regional inequality twice as large. Reducing barriers to mobility for education, such as reducing in-state quotas for students at higher education institutes, would substantially reduce inequality in the gains from the information technology boom across districts
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9738
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  • 109
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Opportunities for Youth and Women's Participation in Ghana's Labour-intensive Public Works Program (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Employment ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Ghana's public works program, Labour-Intensive Public Works (LIPW), was initiated in 2010 with the goal of providing short-term employment opportunities to the poorest and building community assets. Public works programs have the potential to promote social inclusion by benefiting vulnerable groups, particularly youth and women. The LIPW program in its operational design, included provisions to support women workers, including having on-site creches and latrines and provided flexibility of employment so that women could easily access the program. Although, the program did not exclude qualified youth, operational designs did not lay emphasis on youth engagement. The LIPW program could be positioned as a youth employment avenue, as well as promoting social inclusion and enhancing the overall well-being of its beneficiaries. As such, this study reviews the operational opportunities within the Ghana LIPW program design targeting women and youth and provides recommendations for enhancing social inclusion for these groups in future programming. This study will be useful for public works program implementers, as well as policy makers, looking to boost social inclusion within their programming
    DOI: 10.1596/36202
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  • 110
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Remarks at Media Roundtable during Annual Meetings 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immunizations ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: World Bank Group President David Malpass discussed a broad range of development issues, including the economic outlook, growth, vaccines, debt, climate, and trade. World Bank financing operations will be addressed at the annual meeting as well as our climate change action plan, which aims to help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve adaptation. We expect global growth of 5.7 percent in 2021 and 4.4 percent in 2022, these are very similar to our projections in the June Global Economic Prospects report. Incoming high-frequency data point to slowing momentum in global activity amid persistent supply chain bottlenecks and COVID-19 surges. Moreover, the global recovery remains dramatically uneven. The outlook is challenging for much of the developing world with lagging vaccination rates, rising inflation, limited policy support, too few jobs, and shortages that extend to food, water, and electricity. As of mid-2021, over half of IDA countries, those are the world's poorest countries, are in external debt distress or at high risk of it. A comprehensive approach, including debt reduction, swifter restructuring and more transparency is needed to help countries assess and manage their external debt risks and work toward sustainable debt levels and terms. These are fundamental to supporting health systems, education, and infrastructure and creating growth, investment, and prosperity. Enhanced and accelerated implementation of the Common Framework will be critical in achieving this much-needed debt transparency and sustainability
    DOI: 10.1596/36487
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  • 111
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Policy Recommendations on Accelerating Inclusive Employment of Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Disability ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Equity and Development ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Stigma
    Abstract: Disability-inclusive development directly responds to the World Bank's twin goals of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity. Disability and poverty are inherently linked, with persons with disabilities having poorer health outcomes; lower education achievements; less economic participation; and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities. Poverty may also increase the risk of disability, by leading to the onset of health conditions associated with disabilities, such as malnutrition; low birth weight; lack of clean water and sanitation; and unsafe work and living conditions. The development challenges faced by persons with disabilities need to be addressed through a multisectoral and multidimensional approach that entails measures to improve accessibility and equality of opportunity; promotes participation and inclusion; and increases respect for the autonomy and dignity of persons with disabilities. Ensuring the social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities in Bangladesh remains a challenge. To break the cycle of disability exclusion and poverty for persons with disabilities and their households, access to work and or livelihoods is essential. This note provides a set of recommendations to support the equitable participation and inclusion of women and men with disabilities in the labor market through a variety of mechanisms, including legislative policies; education and skills development; self and wage employment; social protection; accessibility; and the importance of changing attitudes
    DOI: 10.1596/36521
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  • 112
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Risks to Poverty, Vulnerability, and Inequality from COVID-19 : Nepal Light Poverty Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Living Standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Nepal made significant progress on poverty and shared prosperity over the period 1996-2010, despite low domestic growth. With consistently high rates of vulnerability and exposure to a range of shocks, the risk of falling back into poverty has remained an enduring feature of the welfare narrative in Nepal. The past decade, from 2010 to 2020, has been characterized by a series of economic shocks that took place against a background of a prolonged political transition towards federalism in Nepal. These shocks were also correlated with declines in economic growth. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis, which started in March 2020, is the latest in the series of economic shocks over the last decade which has adversely affected Nepal's economy and labor market; and it is likely to have had adverse welfare effects. However, the lack of data on welfare dynamics during this period has made it difficult to track the impacts of these shocks on households, workers and firms. This light poverty assessment is organized as follows: Section 1 describes the data challenges, and highlights the evolution of measures of non-monetary welfare, pre-COVID; section 2 provides an overview of the impacts of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Nepal; and section 3 highlights the role of pre-existing vulnerabilities and structural issues in making the Coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis more costly to welfare in the short run, and in potentially deepening inequalities in the longer run
    DOI: 10.1596/36358
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  • 113
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Double Burden of Female Protracted Displacement : Survey Evidence on Gendered Livelihoods in El Fasher, Darfur (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Stojetz, Wolfgang The Double Burden of Female Protracted Displacement: Survey Evidence on Gendered Livelihoods in El Fasher, Darfur
    Keywords: Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender and Social Policy ; Inequality ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Livelihoods ; Poverty Reduction ; Protracted Displacement ; Social Cohesion ; Social Development
    Abstract: During protracted displacement, women and girls often face serious gender-specific challenges and vulnerabilities, including adverse norms and institutional barriers. Yet, quantitative evidence on gendered drivers and differentials during protracted displacement remains scarce. Using survey data from 18,533 displaced and non-displaced individuals in El Fasher, Sudan, this paper documents that livelihood outcomes are signiFicantly shaped by strong and complex intersectionality between long-term displacement and gender. Being female and being a long-term displaced person have separate negative impacts on work and welfare. Therefore, being a long-term displaced woman is particularly challenging: internally displaced women work more than non-internally displaced women but are poorer, on average. For men, there is no such difference in employment between the internally displaced and non-internally displaced. These outcomes are the result of the 'double burden of female displacement': women are disadvantaged by norms and institutions both at their destination (due to being a displaced person) and their place of origin (due to their gender). The double burden is strongest for older displaced women. In contrast, protracted displacement can be an opportunity for younger displaced women. Future policies should address the challenges stemming from the intersectionality of gender and displacement and develop targeted programs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9824
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  • 114
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fair Inheritance Taxation (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Decerf, Benoit Fair Inheritance Taxation
    Keywords: Compensation ; Fairness ; Inequality ; Inheritance Tax ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Responsibility ; Tax Exemption ; Tax Law ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This paper studies the optimal taxation of bequests in a model in which agents have heterogeneous preferences over their consumption and the net-of-tax bequest received by their heir. The bequest left by an individual depends on both her degree of altruism and the bequest received from her parents. First, the paper studies two principles that are at the heart of the debates on taxing inheritances: (1) children should not be penalized by the lack of altruism of their parents, and (2) parents should be free to choose their bequests. Only one social welfare function satisfies these two principles, together with Pareto efficiency and a separability principle. Second, the paper studies the shape of the inheritance tax scheme that maximizes this social welfare function. It shows that in the aggregate, the inheritance tax must collect money (redistributed through a non-negative demogrant). Moreover, small bequests cannot be taxed (they can potentially be subsidized), while bequests that are larger than those of the most altruistic individuals who did not receive bequests from their parents should be taxed as much as efficiency permits
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9804
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  • 115
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    In Someone Else's Shoes : Promoting Prosocial Behavior Through Perspective Taking (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Rodriguez Chatruc, Marisol In Someone Else's Shoes: Promoting Prosocial Behavior Through Perspective Taking
    Keywords: Altruism ; Inequality ; Migration ; Nationalities and Ethnic Groups ; Perspective Thinking ; Poverty Reduction ; Prejudice ; Social Development ; Trust
    Abstract: Can taking the perspective of an out-group reduce prejudice and promote prosociality Building on insights from social psychology, this paper studies the case of Colombian natives and Venezuelan immigrants. This was done by conducting an online experiment in which natives were randomly assigned either to play an online game that immersed them in the life of a Venezuelan migrant or to watch a documentary about Venezuelans crossing the border on foot. Relative to a control group, both treatments increased altruism towards Venezuelans and improved some attitudes, but only the game significantly increased self-reported trust
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9866
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  • 116
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    Estimating Poverty in Kinshasa by Dealing with Sampling and Comparability Issues (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Batana, Yele Maweki Estimating Poverty in Kinshasa by Dealing with Sampling and Comparability Issues
    Keywords: Comparability Issues ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Inequality ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Map ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Reduction ; Propensity Score ; Robustness Analysis ; Sampling Errors ; Urban Poverty
    Abstract: This paper proposes monetary poverty and inequality estimates for Kinshasa using a new Kinshasa household survey implemented in 2018. Given the obsolescence of the sampling frame, the survey was sampled using satellite imagery. However, the collection of data in the field was affected by sampling errors that are likely to compromise the representativeness of the sample. After addressing these sampling issues and dealing with some comparability issues with the 2012 survey, the paper shows that poverty and inequality increased significantly during 2012-18 in Kinshasa. Poverty has increased in the city by 12 percentage points, from 53 to 65 percent, partly due to the loss of purchasing power following the sharp depreciation in 2017. Other explanatory factors include demographic factors, human capital, and spatial factors. The deterioration in well-being also appears to have been exacerbated by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic through decline in labor and nonlabor income and disruptions in goods and services markets and public services
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9858
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  • 117
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    The Macroeconomy after Tariffs (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Furceri, Davide The Macroeconomy after Tariffs
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Exchange Rate ; Inequality ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output ; Productivity ; Tariffs ; Trade Balance ; Trade Policy ; Unemployment
    Abstract: What does the macroeconomy look like in the aftermath of tariff changes This paper estimates impulse response functions from local projections using a panel of annual data that spans 151 countries over 1963-2014. Tariff increases are associated with persistent, economically and statistically significant, declines in domestic output and productivity, as well as higher unemployment and inequality, real exchange rate appreciation and insignificant changes to the trade balance. Output and productivity impacts are magnified when tariffs rise during expansions and when they are imposed by more advanced or smaller (as opposed to developing or larger) economies; effects are asymmetric, being larger when tariffs go up than when they fall. While firmly establishing causality is always a challenge, the results are robust to a large number of perturbations to the baseline methodology, and hold using both macroeconomic and industry-level data
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9854
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  • 118
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    Uganda Systematic Country Diagnostic Update (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Sustainability
    Abstract: Since the 2015 SCD, some economic progress had been shared and progress in poverty reduction was achieved, but the COVID-19 crisis has in part reversed these developments. Uganda's broad development narrative has not changed significantly since the 2015 SCD, with the COVID-19 crisis further aggravating the existing challenges. Improvements in economic developments have slowed over the past five years compared to peers, with a particularly sharp deceleration in real per capita GDP growth. Addressing the inequality of opportunities, which is pervasive in Uganda, is key for the postCOVID recovery. The SCD Update revisits the priority areas and actions for Uganda today, based on the latest developments and analysis of constraints
    DOI: 10.1596/36734
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  • 119
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    Malaysia Economic Monitor, December 2021 : Staying Afloat (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor
    Abstract: Following the surge in COVID-19 infections in Q3 2021, Malaysia is gradually emerging from the worst wave of the pandemic. As a result, the Malaysian economy is expected to be on a recovery path next year. In the near-term, it is key to ensure that targeted support measures remain in place. The Malaysia Economic Monitor (MEM) consists of two parts. Part 1 presents a review of recent economic developments and a macroeconomic outlook. Part 2 focuses on a selected special topic that is key to Malaysia's medium-term development prospects and to the achievement of shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/36795
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  • 120
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    Indirect Tax Incidence in Brazil : Assessing the Distributional Effects of Potential Tax Reforms (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lara Ibarra, Gabriel Indirect Tax Incidence in Brazil: Assessing the Distributional Effects of Potential Tax Reforms
    Keywords: Distributional Impact ; Effective Tax Rate ; Fiscal Incidence ; Indirect Tax ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Tax Burden ; Tax Reform ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Value Added Tax
    Abstract: Using recent expenditure survey data, this paper investigates the incidence of all indirect taxes in Brazil. It applies a novel approach to estimate the effective tax rate by computing the specific cumulative taxes levied on thousands of items available in the data set. The findings show that for every RD 100 of indirect tax revenue, the first and second deciles pay RD 2 and RD 3, respectively, while the ninth and tenth deciles pay RD 16 and RD 33, respectively. Meanwhile, indirect taxes represent between 23 and 45 percent of income among the poorest households. Simulations of a value-added tax reform suggest that it could be inequality reducing both horizontally and vertically. A flat value-added tax accompanied by excise taxes on fuel items, alcohol, and tobacco would also lead to lower decreases in expenditures. Households would spend 2.8 percent less on average, with those in the bottom (top) decile spending 7.0 percent (1.5 percent) less
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9891
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    Educational Underachievement Among Boys and Men (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Education ; Educational Attainment ; Educational Sciences ; Gender ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: This report takes stock of educational underachievement among boys and men, examines the evidence on contributing factors, and explores what has been done to address the phenomenon. While female underrepresentation in secondary and tertiary education remain a significant issue in some, particularly low-income, countries, more than 100 countries have lower levels of male secondary and tertiary education enrollment and completion. Learning poverty rates-the proportion of children unable to read and understand a simple text at 10 years of age-are higher for boys than for girls in all regions and almost all countries of the world. Across various grades and subjects, in many countries boys tend to have poorer learning outcomes than girls, with substantial differences in some countries, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, as regularly demonstrated in international assessments of student learning. For high-income countries, this is not a new development-it has been readily acknowledged and discussed in the literature since the 1990s. What has become increasingly common is the observance of this gap in middle-income countries as well
    DOI: 10.1596/37484
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 122
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    Enhancing Access to Finance for EAC Women Cross-Border Traders (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Inequality ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This report was commissioned by the World Bank Group's (WBG) financial inclusion support framework program, with financial support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and with technical support from the East African Business Council to provide a diagnostic assessment of the women cross-border trade landscape across the East African Community (EAC). The diagnostic study identified policy and firm-level barriers that limit women's bankability and financial access generally and during the current Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The objective of this study is to understand the constraints women cross-border traders in the EAC face in accessing finance and carrying out their operations. The study aims to draw insights from prior research, focus-group discussions (FGDs) with women cross-border traders, key stakeholder interviews, and data requests from commercial banks. This report is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two describes the approach employed for the research; chapter three summarizes the macroeconomic, sociodemographic, and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise (MSME) landscape of the partner states; chapter four breaks down the structure of trade across the EAC countries; chapter five provides the demand-side findings; chapter six details the supply-side findings; and chapter seven summarizes the key recommendations. Chapter eight includes annexes, including an East African Business Council (EABC) brief on the impact of COVID-19 on the EAC as of April 24, 2020
    DOI: 10.1596/36209
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 123
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    Gender Discrimination in Hiring : Evidence from an Audit Experiment in Uzbekistan (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Muradova, Sevilya Gender Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from an Audit Experiment in Uzbekistan
    Keywords: Audit Experiment ; Discrimination ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Hiring Bias ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper studies gender discrimination in hiring through an experiment that randomly assigned fictitious resumes to job advertisements in Uzbekistan. The experiment focused on positions commonly advertised in the local context, such as accountants, office managers, information technology specialists, welders, call center operators, and drivers in the capital city. With the single exception of the applicant's gender (signaled by the person's name), the resumes were identical within each job category. The study finds strong evidence of prevalent and economically significant gender discrimination in response rates. Despite identical qualifications, we find that in female-dominated professions, women were 185 percent more likely to get a callback than men, and in male-dominated professions, men were 79 percent more likely to get a callback than women. The findings suggest strong gender discrimination in hiring practices in Uzbekistan
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9784
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  • 124
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    Individual Wealth and Time Use : Evidence from Cambodia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Hasanbasri, Ardina Individual Wealth and Time Use: Evidence from Cambodia
    Keywords: Asset Ownership ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Household Survey ; ICT Economics ; Inequality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Labor ; Poverty Reduction ; Time Allocation ; Time Use ; Wealth
    Abstract: A better understanding of how individual wealth and time use are linked-across paid, unpaid, and leisure activities-is important for targeting widespread gender inequalities in time allocation, as well as in accessing economic opportunities. The lack of reliable, individual-level data on asset ownership across different subpopulations, however, has limited discussions of these issues in the literature. Using a unique nationally representative survey from Cambodia, this paper shows that individual wealth, as measured through self-reported ownership of physical and financial assets, is significantly associated with time allocation to different activities. The role of asset ownership in time use is also stronger, particularly among women, vis-a-vis the competing proxies for socioeconomic status. Ownership of financial accounts, motorized vehicles, and mobile phones-all of which can improve access to networks, markets, and services-is associated with less time in unpaid work, and in some cases greater time in paid work, specifically among women in off-farm jobs. There are also distinct gender differences in how men and women shift their time away from leisure and childcare, highlighting the importance of social norms in choices over time use. The analysis highlights the utility of integrated, intra-household, individual-disaggregated data collection on asset ownership, time use, and employment in lower-income contexts
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9765
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  • 125
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    Climate Shocks, Vulnerability, Resilience and Livelihoods in Rural Zambia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Ngoma, Hambulo Climate Shocks, Vulnerability, Resilience and Livelihoods in Rural Zambia
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Resilience ; Climate Shocks ; Environment ; Inequality ; Livelihoods ; Living Standards ; Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Farmers ; Sustainable Land and Crop Management ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: To what extent do the behavioral choices of Zambian smallholder farmers influence the negative effects of climate shocks, and what impact do these choices have on vulnerability and resilience? This paper uses nationally representative, three-wave household-level panel data to investigate these questions. The empirical estimation employs an instrumental variable probit regression model, which also controls for the endogeneity of key choice variables. There are four main empirical findings. First, droughts are the most prevalent climate shock rural smallholder farmers in Zambia face, but the extent of exposure differs spatially, with the Southern and Western Provinces being the hardest hit. Nationally, about three-quarters of all smallholder farmers are vulnerable and only about one-quarter are resilient. Second, increased climate shocks correlate with both increased vulnerability and reduced resilience, with short- and long-term deviations in seasonal rainfall worsening vulnerability and resilience. Third, higher asset endowments and education level of the household head reduce vulnerability and increase resilience among smallholder farmers. Female-headed households are more vulnerable and less resilient, on average. Fourth, the use of climate-smart agricultural practices-namely, minimum tillage and use of inorganic fertilizers or hybrid maize seed-significantly improves household resilience in the short term. The paper draws two main policy implications from the findings. First, the results point to an urgent need to invest in research and development for climate shock-tolerant crop varieties and in broader climate-smart agricultural technologies to scale out and scale up context-specific practices through innovative digital platforms. Second, more investment is needed in risk mitigation strategies such as weather indexed insurance, targeted social cash transfers and how to make these work effectively for smallholder farmers. Other important complementary elements include investment in innovative digital platforms that can facilitate timely delivery of climate information services and facilitating asset accumulation and education that can enable farmers to improve climate shock resilience over time
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9758
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 126
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    Warlords, State Failures, and the Rise of Communism in China (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Huang, Zhangkai Warlords, State Failures, and the Rise of Communism in China
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Armed Conflict ; Communism ; Conflict and Development ; Famine ; Food Security ; Geography ; Governance ; Inequality ; National Governance ; State Failure ; Warlord
    Abstract: This paper documents that the spread of communism in China was partly caused by state failures in the early 20th century. It finds that famines became more frequent after China fell into warlord fragmentation, especially for prefectures with less rugged borders and those facing stronger military threat. The relation between topography and famines holds when using historical border changes to instrument border ruggedness. More people from famine-inflicted prefectures died in the subsequent decades for the communist movement, but not for the Nationalist Army. There is evidence that famines exacerbated rural inequality, which pushed more peasants to the side of the communists
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9754
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    Multidimensional Poverty in Malaysia : Improving Measurement and Policies in the 2020s (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: It has long been recognized that poverty is multidimensional, comprising not only insufficient income but also deprivations in access to basic services, the quality of living conditions, personal security, and other aspects of well-being. Since 2010 there has been rapid growth in the development and use of quantitative measures of multidimensional poverty. This paper analyzes the construction and use of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in Malaysia, which the Malaysian government introduced in its national development plan for 2015-2020. It examines avenues for improving the relevance of the MPI in policy discourse by setting deprivation thresholds of the various MPI dimensions (health, education, living conditions, income) at levels more appropriate for an upper-middle-income country such as Malaysia. Recent national survey data are used to estimate the quantitative impact of incrementally adjusting the thresholds of indicators in the current MPI. The potential for new indicators is also explored, drawing from the MPIs used in other middle- and high-income countries. The role of the MPI for informing and monitoring anti-poverty policies is discussed, focusing on unpacking the dimensions of poverty embedded in the MPI, so that policies are better matched to the deprivations observed
    DOI: 10.1596/36541
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    Sri Lanka Poverty Update : Background Report to Sri Lanka Poverty Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Inequality ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Sri Lanka has made strong progress in reducing poverty and sharing prosperity among the less well-off in recent years. The poverty rate using the World Bank's 3.20 Dollars poverty line (in 2011 purchasing power parity) declined from 16.2 percent in 2012/13 to 11 percent in 2016, a reduction that compares favorably to regional peers. Extreme poverty is almost eliminated. Gains were also made in nonmonetary measures of welfare, including access to basic services, housing conditions, and asset ownership. Growth was inclusive but less pro-poor: per capita consumption growth of the bottom 40 percent of the consumption distribution accelerated to an annualized 4.2 percent but was still below the population averageof 4.7 percent between 2012/13 and 2016. A significant increase in labor income, particularly from nonfarm sectors, is the major factor behind progress. The economy is steadily transitioning toward industry and services, and sectors such as construction and trade led job creation in recent years. Wage growth has also been strong. The expansion in services was underpinned by a booming tourism sector, as tourist arrivals quadrupled between 2009 and 2016. Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth was mainly driven by gains in labor productivity, though most of the productivity growth came from increases in within-sector productivity rather than from reallocation effects. This implies that most of the labor movement occurred from agriculture toward other sectors with low productivity. Agriculture did not contribute to poverty reduction as it had in the previous decade because stagnating productivity and a reversal of favorable prices slowed agricultural income growth
    DOI: 10.1596/36456
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    Chad Poverty Assessment : Investing in Rural Income Growth, Human Capital, and Resilience to Support Sustainable Poverty Reduction (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Food Security ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Nutrition ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction ; Remittances ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: This poverty assessment aims to inform poverty-focused policymaking in Chad. The report examines recent trends in poverty, inequality, and other social indicators and identifies key constraints on poverty reduction. Although agriculture, pastoralism, and related activities provide livelihoods for about 80 percent of the population, the capital-intensive oil sector drives macroeconomic growth, exports, and fiscal revenues. Eliminating poverty and boosting shared prosperity in Chad will require robust and sustained interventions along three strategic axes: (i) economic diversification, with a focus on the rural sector; (ii) building resilience to multidimensional shocks; and (iii) accelerating human capital formation. Chad faces enormous challenges, and the effectiveness of its poverty reduction efforts will hinge on factors that extend beyond economic policy, including the reestablishment of peace and security through improved governance, as well as a comprehensive effort to address the country's profound gender disparities
    DOI: 10.1596/36443
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    Measuring Women and Men's Work : Main Findings from a Joint ILO and World Bank Study in Sri Lanka (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Employment ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Rural Development ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Between 2017 and 2019, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Bank, in collaboration with the Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) of Sri Lanka, completed a pilot study in Sri Lanka with the goal of developing guidance on good practice in the measurement of women and men's work through household surveys. The study was designed to enable a comparison of the outcomes of two types of household surveys, namely, the labour force survey (LFS) and the multitopic living standards survey (MLSS). This new framework recognizes that people may engaged in multiple working activities within the same period, thereby enabling a complete accounting all work performed. An additional important development was the adoption of an extended set of labour underutilization indicators to supplement the unemployment rate. This report presents a first summary set of the findings of the pilot study. The findings are being used to generate guidance on the measurement of labour across different types of household surveys. While highlighting issues of measurement, the report also emphasizes the valuable data that can be generated if the guidelines and standards are implemented, such as the more comprehensive measurement of all the working contributions of men and women
    DOI: 10.1596/36257
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    South Africa Social Assistance Programs and Systems Review : Policy Brief (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment
    Abstract: South Africa's social assistance system represents a major intervention by government in addressing the deprivation amongst the country's population. The system is extensive in terms of both the number of people it covers, directly and indirectly, as well as in terms of the amount of scarce resources it consumes. This brife summarizes findings and recommendations from a study that assesses the performance of South Africa's social assistance programs and systems, based on recent national household survey data and program administrative information, in three broad thrusts. Firstly, the study provides a sense of the operation of the social assistance system, the types of benefits it provides through its key programmes, and the tools and administrative systems that support its functioning. Secondly, it reviews the performance of the social assistance system in terms of coverage, targeting, benefit incidence, adequacy, cost-effectiveness, and outcomes. Thirdly, it assesses the extent to which the system is aligned with and equipped to address the so-called "triple challenge" of poverty, inequality, and unemployment as shown by data, and reviews some limitations in the design, delivery systems, and institutional coordination at different administrative levels
    DOI: 10.1596/36338
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    Fair and Welfare-Consistent Global Income Poverty Measurement : Theory and Application (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Decerf, Benoit Fair and Welfare-Consistent Global Income Poverty Measurement: Theory and Application
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Income Poverty ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Reduction ; Relative Poverty ; Welfare-Consistency
    Abstract: There is growing support for the idea that global income poverty should be assessed with a measure accounting for both own income and relative income. The trade-off that such a measure makes between own income and relative income is the key question. Non-paternalism requires that this trade-off be welfareconsistent, that is, related to individual preferences. This paper studies the implications of requiring that the poverty measure makes a fair and welfare-consistent aggregation of individual preferences. The results provide support for the absolute and relative global lines proposed in the literature but rule out the use of classical poverty indexes. In particular, the paper finds that the ubiquitoushead-count ratio violates a minimal welfare-consistency property. The paper shows empirically that using a modification of the head-count ratio that satisfies this property has major implications for the evaluation of global poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9844
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    A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Admasu, Yeshwas A Multi-Country Analysis of Multidimensional Poverty in Contexts of Forced Displacement
    Keywords: Economics and Gender ; Female-Headed Household ; Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender Inequality ; Inequality ; Internal Displacement ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary Poverty ; Multidimensional Poverty ; Multidimensional Poverty Index ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Refugee
    Abstract: Despite the many simultaneous deprivations faced by forcibly displaced communities, such as food insecurity, inadequate housing, or lack of access to education, there is little research on the level and composition of multidimensional poverty among them, and how it might differ from that of host communities. Relying on household survey data from selected areas of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan, this paper proposes a Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) that captures the overlapping deprivations experienced by poor individuals in contexts of displacement. Using the MPI, the paper presents multi-country descriptive analysis to explore the relationships between multidimensional poverty, displacement status, and gender of the household head. The results reveal significant differences across displaced and host communities in all countries except Nigeria. In Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Sudan, female-headed households have higher MPIs, while in Somalia, those living in male-headed households are more likely to be identified as multidimensionally poor. Lastly, the paper examines mismatches and overlaps in the identification of the poor by the MPI and the USD 1.90/day poverty line, confirming the need for complementary measures when assessing deprivations among people in contexts of displacement
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9826
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    Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement : A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Admasu, Yeshwas Multidimensional Poverty, Gender, and Forced Displacement: A Multi-Country, Intrahousehold Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Gender Norms ; Inequality ; Internally Displaced Persons ; Multidimensional Poverty ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper examines multidimensional poverty among forcibly displaced populations, using a gendered lens. Although past studies have explored poverty in forcibly displaced contexts, and others have looked at the relationship between multidimensional poverty and gender, none has brought together these three issues-multidimensional poverty, forcibly displaced persons, and gender. A tailored measure of multidimensional poverty is developed and applied for refugees and internally displaced populations in five Sub-Saharan African settings substantially affected by forced displacement-Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. The gendered analysis builds on prior analysis of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) by examining individual-level deprivations of women and men in forcibly displaced households and host communities, as well as synthesizing intrahousehold dynamics of multidimensional poverty in forcibly displaced communities. The results provide insights into the educational constraints of boys and girls living in forcibly displaced households, the labor market inequalities experienced by men and women in these communities, and their differential access to legal documentation and employment as part and parcel of the forced displacement experience
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9823
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    How Have Firms Fared in Times of COVID-19 in Addis Ababa? : Evidence from Eight Rounds of High-Frequency Phone Surveys (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Well-Being ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Layoffs ; Microenterprises ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Small and Medium Size Enterprises ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic and its negative economic effects create a need for timely data and evidence to help monitor and mitigate the social and economic impacts of the crisis. To monitor the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures on formal firms in Ethiopia and inform the policy response, the World Bank, in collaboration with the government, is implementing a high-frequency phone survey of firms (HFPS-F). The HFPS-F interviews a sample of firms in Addis Ababa every three weeks for a total of eight survey rounds. This high-frequency follow-up allows for a better understanding of the effects of and responses to the COVID-19 pandemic on firm operations, hiring and firing, and expectations of future operations and labor demand in order to better tailor and implement interventions and policy responses and monitor their effects
    DOI: 10.1596/36664
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    How COVID-19 Continues to Affect Lives of Refugees in Kenya : Rapid Response Phone Survey Rounds 1 to 5 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Refugees
    Abstract: Understanding the socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on refugees is important to inform targeted policy responses. The arrival of COVID-19 disrupted lives across all countries and communities, creating unprecedented challenges for the world. As of August 2021, there have been more than 200,000 cases in Kenya, with more than 4,000 deaths. In response, the Government of Kenya (GoK) has imposed a range of restrictions to curb the spread of the pandemic. However, this has inadvertently resulted in socioeconomic effects on the population in Kenya, including those in refugee settlements. Data from the Rapid Response Phone Surveys (RRPS) will be essential in providing information to monitor and mitigate the impact of the pandemic. For refugee and surrounding host communities, which span the humanitarian development nexus, this type of data is particularly important as comparatively there is the least data globally for these populations have. The Kenya COVID-19 RRPS aims to fill socioeconomic data gaps by providing evidence to inform targeted policy and programmatic response. With face-to-face data collection no longer a feasible option due to high infection rates and government restrictions, phone surveys emerged as an alternative for rapid and frequent data collection. The World Bank in collaboration with the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, are implementing Rapid Response Phone Surveys for (i) Kenyan and refugee households, (ii) micro-enterprises run by young entrepreneurs, and (iii) formal enterprises. This note provides findings and makes policy recommendations based on five waves of data collection for Kenyan and refugee households. The RRPS data is unique as it allows to draw a picture of the socioeconomic situation of all major refugee groups in Kenya during the COVID-19 pandemic, covering camp and urban refugees as well as stateless persons in the same as Kenyan nationals. Kenyan nationals residing in urban areas were selected as the comparison group throughout this report, as densely populated areas, such as Kenya's urban areas and refugee camps, were differently affected by the pandemic and thus this comparison is relatively easily made
    DOI: 10.1596/36651
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    Niger Investing in Human Capital, Agricultural Productivity, and Social Protection for Faster Poverty Reduction : A Poverty Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Inequality ; Nutrition ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Niger earns its foreign exchange mainly from uranium and gold, which has limited domestic economic linkages. Distant second, livestock export also provide important revenue to the country. Overall, most of the labor force is employed in a low productivity and shock prone rainfed agricultural sector. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic growth slowdown is estimated to have pushed up to an additional people into poverty. Niger is further beset by vast infrastructure gaps, intensifying terrorism attacks domestically, persisting conflict in the Sahel region, and intensifying environmental pressures. Robust poverty reduction and steady gains in shared prosperity will require investments to bolster human capital, interventions to increase agricultural productivity and develop the rural economy, and mitigate vulnerability to shocks both at the household and community levels. The effectiveness of these interventions will hinge on improved governance, successful conflict resolution, and enhanced security. This poverty assessment aims to strengthen the analytical foundation for poverty-reduction policies and interventions in Niger
    DOI: 10.1596/36590
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    Nowcasting Global Poverty (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Mahler, Daniel Gerszon Nowcasting Global Poverty
    Keywords: Inequality ; Machine Learning ; Nowcasting ; Poverty ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper evaluates different methods for nowcasting country-level poverty rates, including methods that apply statistical learning to large-scale country-level data obtained from the World Development Indicators and Google Earth Engine. The methods are evaluated by withholding measured poverty rates and determining how accurately the methods predict the held-out data. A simple approach that scales the last observed welfare distribution by a fraction of real GDP per capita growth-a method that departs slightly from current World Bank practice-performs nearly as well as models using statistical learning on 1,000+ variables. This GDP-based approach outperforms all models that predict poverty rates directly, even when the last survey is up to five years old. The results indicate that in this context, the additional complexity introduced by applying statistical learning techniques to a large set of variables yields only marginal improvements in accuracy
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9860
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  • 139
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    Inequality under COVID-19 : Taking Stock of High-Frequency Data for East Asia and the Pacific (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Kim, Lydia Y Inequality under COVID-19: Taking Stock of High-Frequency Data for East Asia and the Pacific
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Inequality ; Pandemic Impact ; Poverty ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: While the distributional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been well-documented in high-income countries, studies in low- and middle-income countries have been relatively rare due to data limitations. This paper uses pre-pandemic household welfare data and high-frequency household phone survey data from seven middle-income countries in East Asia and the Pacific, spanning May 2020 to May 2021, to analyze the distributional impacts of the pandemic and their implications for equitable recovery. The results indicate that employment impacts at the extensive margin have been large and widespread across the welfare distribution during times of stringent mobility restrictions (low mobility). When mobility restrictions have been relaxed, however, employment impacts have been larger among poorer workers who have found it more difficult to return to employment. Data on the loss of labor income also suggests that the pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities. In addition to being more susceptible to employment and income shocks, poorer households in East Asia and the Pacific are at higher risk of experiencing long-term scarring from the pandemic - due to rising food insecurity, increased debt, distress sale of assets, and fewer distance/interactive learning opportunities for their children. Taken together, the findings indicate that inequality has worsened during the pandemic, raising concerns about the prospects for an inclusive recovery in the absence of appropriate policy measures
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9859
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  • 140
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    How Will Vietnam Blossom? : Reforming Institutions for Effective Implementation (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Vietnam's development aspiration to become a high-income country by 2045 has not changed in recent years, but the pathways to achieve that status have. First, the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with the forces of deglobalization and higher recognition of the country's vulnerability to external shocks, especially climate change, has unleashed undercurrents that pose significant challenges to Vietnam's current growth model. Second, the accumulated challenges of an uneven implementation record of the past 35 years have left Vietnam's institutions underprepared to address more complex development challenges, many of which are cross-cutting in nature, such as climate change and support of a higher-income society. The Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCD) Update will analyze how these two challenges-one contemporary and one historic-are expected to reorient the country's development priorities and what Vietnam needs to do differently to achieve its development aspiration
    DOI: 10.1596/36797
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  • 141
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    Capturing What Matters : Essential Guidelines for Designing Household Surveys (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Demographic And Health Survey ; Gender ; ICT Applications ; Inequality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Living Standards ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The World Bank is an international leader in the methodology and implementation of household surveys, working in close partnership with national statistics offices (NSOs) around the world. This guidebook is a consolidation of field-tested best practices to implement, improve, and modernize nationally representative multi-topic household surveys for monitoring welfare and poverty. Offered as a reference guide for task team leaders (TTLs) within the World Bank, the guidebook is intended as a powerful tool for any survey practitioners (such as NSOs, development partners, educators, researchers, and students) implementing household surveys in low- and middle-income countries. This guidebook starts with survey design, the first step in any survey undertaking, with careful attention given to minimizing non-sampling errors. Subsequent sections are sampling; questionnaire modules, which form the core of this guidebook; followed by geographic information systems (GIS); computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI); and finally, documentation and dissemination of the resulting data
    DOI: 10.1596/36763
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  • 142
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    Microdata Collection and Openness in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) : Introducing the MENA Microdata Access Indicator (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ekhator-Mobayode, Uche Eseosa Microdata Collection and Openness in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Introducing the MENA Microdata Access Indicator
    Keywords: Census Data ; Consumer Survey ; Data Openness ; Data Transparency ; Demographic and Health Survey ; E-Government ; Governance ; Household Survey ; ICT Data and Statistics ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Inequality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Living Standards ; Living Standards Measurement Survey ; Microdata ; National Statistical Office ; Official Statistics ; Poverty Estimate ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Statistical Indicators
    Abstract: This paper uses a "mystery client" approach and visits the websites of national statistical offices and international microdata libraries to assess whether foundational microdata sets for countries in the Middle East and North Africa region are collected, up to date, and made available to researchers. The focus is on population and economic censuses, price data and consumption, labor, health, and establishment surveys. Following the exercise, a new microdata access indicator that measures the degree of opennes of microdata and the ease with which microdata users can understand and navigate the websites of national statistical offices is presented. The results show that about half of the expected core data sets are being collected and that only a fraction is made available publicly. As a consequence, many summary statistics, including national accounts and welfare estimates, are outdated and of limited relevance to decision makers. Additional investments in microdata collection and publication of the data once collected are strongly advised. National statistical offices in the region should make considerable improvements to the outlook of their websites to make them more user friendly. Specifically, microdata libraries and updated survey calendars should be a standard feature of the websites to ensure easy access to available microdata
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9892
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  • 143
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    Distributional Impacts of COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa Region (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (278 pages)
    Series Statement: MENA Development Report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Growth ; Health ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor ; Micro Simulations ; Pandemic ; Phone Surveys ; Poverty ; Unemployment ; Welfare
    Abstract: COVID-19 is one of multiple crises to have hit the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in the decade following the Arab Spring. War, oil price declines, economic slowdowns, and now a pandemic are tearing at the social fabric of a region characterized by high rates of unemployment, high levels of informality, and low annual economic growth. The economic costs of the pandemic are estimated at about USD 227 billion, and fiscal support packages across MENA are averaging 2.7 percent of GDP, putting pressure on already weak fiscal balances and making a quick recovery challenging. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, MENA was the only region in the world experiencing increases in poverty and declines in life satisfaction. Distributional Impacts of COVID-19 in the Middle East and North Africa Region investigates how COVID-19 changed the welfare of individuals and households in the region. It does so by relying on phone surveys implemented across the region and complements these with microsimulation exercises to assess the impact of COVID-19 on jobs, income, poverty, and inequality. The two approaches complement and corroborate each other's results, thereby making the findings more robust and richer. This report's results show that, in the short run, poverty rates in MENA will increase significantly and inequality will widen. A group of 'new poor' is likely to emerge that may have difficulty recovering from the economic consequences of COVID-19. The report adds value by analyzing newly gathered primary data, along with projections based on newly modeled micro- and macrosimulations, and by identifying key issues that policy makers should focus on to enable a quick, inclusive, and sustained economic recovery
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  • 144
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    Poverty and Gender in Malawi : A Background Paper for the 2021 Malawi Poverty Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Food Security ; Gender ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The paper, which serves as a gender background paper for the 2021 Malawi Poverty Assessment, is structured as follows. It first presents the data and empirical strategy. Chapter two presents poverty data and discusses the intersection of poverty and gender. Poverty by household composition is essential for understanding gendered differences in poverty. From there, chapter three explores gender disparities in economic opportunities, following the analytical framework cited earlier. The authors will then move to potential drivers of economic outcomes: endowments (chapter four) and agency (chapter five). The last section offers conclusions
    DOI: 10.1596/37070
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  • 145
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    From Jobs to Careers : Apparel Exports and Career Paths for Women in Developing Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (178 pages)
    Series Statement: South Asia Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Apparel Industry ; Careers ; Development ; Female Labor Force ; Glass Ceilings ; Inequality ; Jobs ; Poverty ; Welfare ; Women
    Abstract: An oft-cited strategy to advance economic development is to further integrate developing countries into global trade, particularly through global value chains, bolstered by the expansion of female-intensive industries to bring more women into the formal labor force. As a result, a frequent debate centers on whether the apparel industry--the most female-intensive and globally engaged manufacturing industry--can be a key player in this strategy. In recent decades, the apparel industry has shifted production to low-wage developing countries, increasing the demand for women, closing male-female wage gaps, and bringing women into the formal labor force from agriculture and informal work. But is an apparel-led export strategy sufficient to induce a broader transition from jobs women do to survive to careers promising stable employment and a sense of identity? 'From Jobs to Careers' answers this question by focusing on seven countries where apparel plays a vital role in their export baskets--Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Vietnam. It finds that the apparel industry indeed can serve as a launching pad to bring more women into the labor market. For this approach to work, however, complementary policies must tackle the barriers that hinder women's pursuit of long-term workforce participation and better-paid occupations. Key policy recommendations include increasing the participation of female production workers in export-oriented apparel manufacturing and associated industries, upgrading within manufacturing-related industries, boosting access to education, and breaking glass ceilings. The report also seeks to shift the paradigm of how we think of women in the labor force by stressing the importance of their transition from jobs to careers--the so-called 'quiet revolution.'
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  • 146
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    Loud and Clear : Effective Language of Instruction Policies for Learning (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Curriculum and Instruction ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Part 1 addresses why we should care about LoI (Language of Instruction) issues and the major challenges involved. Its four sections are entitled: (i) why should we care (ii) how big is the problem (iii) the role of political economy; and (iv) diverse LoI contexts. Part 2 presents existing solutions (in section 5) and proposes a detailed way forward for the WB Education Global Practice (section 6). It should be noted that the paper does not claim to possess or propose a complete set of technical solutions for the myriad of difficult policy issues involved. By enhancing engagement and devoting adequate resources to the problem, existing solutions will be deployed, and new solutions devised. Increased partnership and knowledge sharing will be part of this, as will be the testing of innovative approaches. The new approach will involve learning at the individual and institutional level, with an intensity of engagement commensurate with the urgency of the issue
    DOI: 10.1596/37892
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  • 147
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    Algeria Economic Update - Fall 2021 : Restoring the Algerian Economy after the Pandemic (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Economic Recovery ; Environment ; Hazard Risk Management ; Inequality ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Algeria is enjoying temporarily breathing space, as hydrocarbon prices reach new highs and the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic eases. After peaking during the summer, the number of daily Coronavirus (COVID-19) cases plummeted in the Fall, while the vaccination campaign accelerated. Meanwhile, global oil and gas prices are reaching levels unseen since before the 2014 oil crisis, allowing for a gradual recovery in crude oil production quotas, and a surge in natural gas production and exports. Surging hydrocarbon exports revenues are contributing to a marked decline in external financing needs and to the short-term stabilization in growing domestic financing needs. Meanwhile, the economic recovery in non-hydrocarbon sectors lost steam, remaining largely incomplete, while inflationary risks are materializing. Absent decisive implementation of the reform agenda, the economic outlook points to a fragile recovery, and to deteriorating fiscal and external balances in the medium-term. Algeria's intact dependance on hydrocarbon revenues, the spread of new Coronavirus (COVID-19) variants and the pace of the announced reform effort remain the key sources of risks to the outlook
    DOI: 10.1596/37048
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  • 148
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    Women's Economic Participation, Time use, and Access to Childcare in Urban Bangladesh (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Tas, Emcet O Women's Economic Participation, Time use, and Access to Childcare in Urban Bangladesh
    Keywords: Access of Poor To Social Services ; Childcare ; Female Labor Force Participation ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Secondary Childcare ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions ; Time Use
    Abstract: This study documents the labor market outcomes and time-use patterns of women in urban Bangladesh. Using survey data collected in 2018 in low-income neighborhoods of Dhaka, the paper finds that women with children aged 0-5 years have lower likelihood of labor market participation, lower likelihood of working, and lower likelihood of being an earner, compared to women with no children and women with children aged 6 years or older. While this motherhood penalty affects all mothers, those who have young children but have no access to childcare support face the largest penalty. Time-use patterns confirm these findings, indicating that mothers of young children with no access to childcare spend less time on market work, more time on unpaid work, and less time on leisure or other activities. In addition, they are more likely to perform childcare as a secondary activity along with other paid and unpaid work, which may have implications for their productivity and the quality of care provided to children. The paper proposes entry points to ease the double burden of paid and unpaid care work on mothers in urban areas, where the availability and affordability of formal childcare services is low, and community-based or other informal care arrangements are not common
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9735
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  • 149
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    Learning Poverty Updates and Revisions : What's New? (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Education ; Education For All ; Inequality ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The July 2021 release of learning poverty estimates involves several changes to the data underlying the country-level learning poverty figures. This document provides details of the key changes made. Some country-level estimates have changed or become available for the first time due to new data from recent assessments: TIMSS 2019, PASEC 2019, and SEA-PLM 2019. In cases where new assessment data call for a change to the learning poverty estimates, the corresponding enrollment data used for learning poverty calculations have also been updated so that the enrollment year is as close as possible to the assessment year, depending on data availability. In the latest release, country-level estimates of learning poverty are available for 120 countries
    DOI: 10.1596/36082
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  • 150
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    Towards a More Inclusive Economy : Understanding the Barriers Sudanese Women and Youth Face in Accessing Employment Opportunities (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The report is organized as follows. After a brief description of the analytical framing and methodology in section two, section three presents the history and demographics of the labor market in Sudan, focusing on indicators by gender and age across the three main sectors of employment: services, agriculture, and industry. Section four examines formal institutions: the institutional setting, service delivery, and laws and regulations as they relate to economic opportunities. Section five examines informal institutions, where the social norms and networks can be a barrier to women's and youth's full economic participation. Section six analyzes how the market is supporting or constraining economic activity, which includes a closer look at the labor market itself and access to assets. Section seven discusses how all of these aspects are considered when it comes to the household- and individual-level decision-making that directly affects women's and youth's accumulation of human capital, overall agency, and, ultimately, their economic opportunities. Section eight concludes with considerations for policy and action
    DOI: 10.1596/36104
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  • 151
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    Distributional Impacts of Taxes and Benefits in Post-Soviet Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Fuchs, Alan Distributional Impacts of Taxes and Benefits in Post-Soviet Countries
    Keywords: Benefits ; Fiscal Incidence ; Former Soviet Union ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post-Soviet Countries ; Poverty Reduction ; Redistribution ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Welfare State
    Abstract: This study compares the distributional impacts of the main tax and social spending programs in eight countries of the former Soviet Union (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, and Ukraine) by applying a state-of-the-art fiscal incidence analysis based on the Commitment to Equity methodology. The region is highly interesting due to a unique combination of strong elements of path dependency (socialist legacies) with radical liberalization and welfare state retrenchment. The study examines the actual outcomes in terms of inequality and poverty and assesses the extent to which these outcomes can be attributed to various welfare state policies in these countries. It examines the extent to which taxes and social spending are progressive (whether the average transfer declines with income) and equalizing (whether they reduce inequality). In contrast to the majority of fiscal incidence studies, which are typically limited to the assessment of the impact of direct taxes and transfers, the study estimates the cumulative impact of the tax-benefit system as a whole, including direct and indirect taxes, cash transfers, and transfers in kind such as public education and health care
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9795
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  • 152
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    Cash Transfers and Formal Labor Markets : Evidence from Brazil (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Gerard, Francois Cash Transfers and Formal Labor Markets: Evidence from Brazil
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Employment and Unemployment ; Formal Employment ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Cash transfer programs have expanded widely in developing countries and have been credited for sizable reductions in poverty. However, their potential disincentive effects on beneficiaries' labor supply have spurred a heated policy debate. This paper studies the impact of a large-scale program Bolsa Familia in Brazil on local labor markets in a context where such concerns could be particularly strong: eligibility is means-tested and the paper focuses on the formal labor market, where earnings are more easily verifiable. Yet, the analysis finds that an expansion of Bolsa Familia increased local formal employment, using variation in the size of the reform across municipalities. The evidence is consistent with multiplier effects of cash transfers in the local economy, which dominate potential negative effects on formal labor supply among beneficiaries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9778
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  • 153
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    Intervention Size and Persistence (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (67 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Kondylis, Florence Intervention Size and Persistence
    Keywords: Access Of Poor To Social Services ; Beneficiary Targeting ; Cash Transfers ; Cost Effectiveness ; Graduation ; Household Consumption ; Inequality ; Intervention Design ; Long-Run Impact ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Trap ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Do larger interventions improve longer run outcomes more cost effectively? And should poverty traps motivate increasing intervention size? This paper considers two approaches to increasing intervention size in the context of temporary unconditional cash transfers - larger transfers (intensity), and adding complementary graduation program interventions (scope). It does so leveraging 38 experimental estimates of dynamic consumption impacts from 14 developing countries. First, increasing intensity decreases cost effectiveness and does not affect persistence of impacts. This result can be explained by poverty traps or decreasing marginal return on investment in a standard buffer stock model. Second, increasing scope increases impacts and persistence, but reduces cost effectiveness at commonly evaluated time horizons and increases heterogeneity. In summary, larger interventions need not have more persistent impacts, and when they do, this may come at the expense of cost effectiveness, and poverty traps are neither necessary nor sufficient for these results
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9769
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  • 154
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    Gendered Laws, Informal Origins, and Subsequent Performance (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (41 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Hyland, Marie Gendered Laws, Informal Origins, and Subsequent Performance
    Keywords: Discriminatory Law ; Enterprise Development and Reform ; Entrepreneurship ; Female-Owned Business ; Firm Performance ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Gender and Social Development ; Gender Discrimination ; Inequality ; Informal Sector ; Labor Force Participation ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Discrimination ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development Law ; Women Entrepreneurs
    Abstract: This research explores the relationship between laws that discriminate on the basis of gender and the probability that a female-owned business begins operating in the informal sector. This is achieved by tracing the origins of formal businesses surveyed in the World Bank Enterprise Surveys and merging this with information on the level of legal equality between genders as measured by the Women, Business and the Law database. In addition, the research explores whether starting a business informally has any differential effect on subsequent firm performance depending on the gender of the owner(s). The results show that gender discriminatory laws increase the likelihood that firms with female owners will begin operations in the informal sector; as expected, this does not hold for enterprises that are solely owned by men. Furthermore, the research provides evidence that firms that began operations informally have poorer performance years later-a relationship that exists both for firms with female owners and for firms fully owned by men. The results show notable variation by region
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9766
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  • 155
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    Future of Food : Building Stronger Food Systems in Fragility, Conflict, and Violence Settings (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: Achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals is impossible without addressing fragility, conflict, and violence (FCV), especially as two thirds of the extreme poor are projected to live in such situations by 2030. Conflicts as well as climatic and natural hazards displace millions of people each year. Strengthening food systems can be an essential lever of change that contributes to ending poverty while maintaining and restoring peace. This paper focuses on how stabilizing and improving food systems can have a positive impact in FCVs settings, not just by preventing hunger, but by creating employment and increasing shared prosperity, which may contribute to greater peace. It reflects the four pillars of the World Bank Group Strategy for Fragility, Conflict, and Violence 2020-2025 - promote prevention, remain engaged in crisis situations and conflict, help countries transition out of fragility, and mitigate spillover impacts. To strengthen food systems across the spectrum of FCV settings, the paper highlights four key areas of focus for practitioners: (i) strengthening governance and institutional capacity by supporting food programs such as those that focus on the welfare of the entire population, rather than just a fraction of it; (ii) preventing and responding to food crises to avoid not only hunger, but also people sliding deeper into poverty; (iii) growing the private sector through agribusiness development, inclusive jobs in agricultural value chains, particularly for women and youth, and rural livelihoods to break the cycle of intergenerational poverty common in FCV settings; and (iv) reducing conflict risk and environmental fragility through resilient and sustainable resource management in ways that help build government legitimacy. This paper is rich in practical and tested examples across FCV settings from around the world and makes a strong case for providing development support and assistance in these challenging environments. By setting food systems up for success, governments can invest in the essential foundations of peace and prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/36497
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  • 156
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    Unlocking Egypt's Potential for Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth : Eqypt Systematic Country Diagnostic Update (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Growth ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Debt ; Public Investment ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Transparency
    Abstract: Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCDs) analyze the most critical constraints and opportunities to ending extreme poverty and promoting shared prosperity in a sustainable manner. The first SCD for Egypt was published in 2015. A lot has happened since then, so this SCD Update takes advantage of a longer stretch of reforms and newer data up to 2019 to identify and again assess the set of priorities through which Egypt can most effectively and sustainably achieve the goals of poverty reduction and shared prosperity
    DOI: 10.1596/36437
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  • 157
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    Agricultural Productivity, Diversification and Gender : Background Report to Sri Lanka Poverty Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Identifying opportunities to increase agricultural productivity and incomes is an important priority for rural development. Progress toward poverty reduction continued in recent years, but the contribution of the agriculture sector was weak, mainly because productivity improvements were relatively limited. Using detailed individual-level data on agricultural activities, this paper analyzes agricultural production patterns and associated productivity of farm households. Particular attention is paid to (i) diversification toward higher-value, export-oriented crops as a means to increase productivity and earnings; and (ii) gender differences in farming activities and outcomes. The role of structural factors such as access to land is also considered. There are three key findings in this paper. First, diversified farmers, especially those with a crop mix that is focused on export crops or other high-value crops have higher productivity and earnings. The productivity of paddy cultivation is significantly lower than that of other crops, leading to low earnings. Second, production patterns and productivity levels differ distinctively between men and women farmers. Female farmers have higher productivity, as measured by output value per acre, which is mainly explained by their smaller plot size and a crop mix that consists of higher-value crops. However, despite higher productivity, overall farm incomes are lower among female farmers, mainly due to lower access to land. Third, once land size and crop mix are accounted for, unequal access to resources eventually leads to a male productivity advantage, referred to as conditional advantage, after differential access to resources is controlled for via multivariate analysis. Policies to increase the crop mix toward higher-value, export-oriented crops and to equalize access to resources, including land and agricultural inputs, could help improve productivity and income, and reduce gender disparities
    DOI: 10.1596/36536
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  • 158
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    Building an Equitable Society in Colombia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Fiscal Policy ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Finance ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Social Protections and Labor ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Colombia's high level of inequality is a core constraint to economic growth and social progress. The country has one of the highest levels of income inequality in the world, the second highest among 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), and the highest among all OECD countries. The disparities in income across adults grow from gaps that open early in life in opportunities for high-quality childhood development, education, and health care services. Inequality in access to good jobs further amplifies these gaps, making Colombia among the countries where inequalities are the most persistent across generations. Longstanding inequality across regions overlaps with the large gaps in welfare between Afro-descendants and indigenous Colombians and the rest of the population. The COVID-19 pandemic has further amplified disparities and threatens to have prolonged negative effects, but this is just one of many potential extreme shocks, including climate change, related disruptions, that could substantially widen the inequality gaps. Current tax and transfer policies at best have only a modest positive impact on these imbalances, so there is clearly ample potential to improve the redistributive role of fiscal policy in Colombia. Policy reforms across many areas could help to chart a more equitable future for the country
    DOI: 10.1596/36535
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  • 159
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    Poverty Imputation in Contexts without Consumption Data : A Revisit with Further Refinements (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (123 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Dang, Hai-Anh H Poverty Imputation in Contexts without Consumption Data: A Revisit with Further Refinements
    Keywords: Asset Wealth ; Demographic and Health Survey ; Educational Achievement ; Employment ; Household Survey ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Reduction ; Survey-To-Survey Imputation
    Abstract: A key challenge with poverty measurement is that household consumption data are often unavailable or infrequently collected or may be incomparable over time. In a development project setting, it is seldom feasible to collect full consumption data for estimating the poverty impacts. While survey-to-survey imputation is a cost-effective approach to address these gaps, its effective use calls for a combination of both ex-ante design choices and ex-post modeling efforts that are anchored in validated protocols. This paper refines various aspects of existing poverty imputation models using 14 multi-topic household surveys conducted over the past decade in Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Vietnam. The analysis reveals that including an additional predictor that captures household utility consumption expenditures-as part of a basic imputation model with household-level demographic and employment variables-provides poverty estimates that are not statistically significantly different from the true poverty rates. In many cases, these estimates even fall within one standard error of the true poverty rates. Adding geospatial variables to the imputation model improves imputation accuracy on a cross-country basis. Bringing in additional community-level predictors (available from survey and census data in Vietnam) related to educational achievement, poverty, and asset wealth can further enhance accuracy. Yet, there is within-country spatial heterogeneity in model performance, with certain models performing well for either urban areas or rural areas only. The paper provides operationally-relevant and cost-saving inputs into the design of future surveys implemented with a poverty imputation objective and suggests directions for future research
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9838
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  • 160
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    Differences in Household Composition : Hidden Dimensions of Poverty and Displacement in Somalia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Hanmer, Lucia C Differences in Household Composition: Hidden Dimensions of Poverty and Displacement in Somalia
    Keywords: Displaced People ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Poverty ; Host Community ; Household Composition ; Inequality ; Internal Displacement ; Involuntary Resettlement Law ; Law and Development ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Little is known about how gender inequality influences poverty rates of forcibly displaced people. This paper uses a nationally representative survey to analyze poverty among internally displaced people and non-displaced people in Somalia. More than half of internally displaced people's households and 47 percent of non-displaced people's households are female headed. Although poverty rates are higher among internally displaced people than non-displaced people (77 versus 66 percent), male-headed households are poorer than female-headed ones among both groups. Extending the analysis beyond headship to demographic characteristics and by the gender and number of earners provides a more nuanced picture. Demographic characteristics are strongly associated with poverty rates for internally displaced people but not for non-displaced people. Having more income earners reduces poverty risk for all households. For internally displaced people's households, the largest decrease in poverty risk is associated with having more female earners, while having more male earners is associated with the lowest poverty for nondisplaced people's households. The analysis highlights that poverty reduction policies and programs must cover all households and lift barriers to women's economic opportunities. Programs that respond to women's care responsibilities and address barriers to women's economic opportunities are especially important for internally displaced people
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9818
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  • 161
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    Women's Economic Empowerment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo : Obstacles and Opportunities (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Educational Attainment ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender and Rural Development ; Inequality ; Land Tenure ; Poverty Reduction ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: The aim of this report is to identify binding constraints to women's economic empowerment in the DRC and identify promising entry points to unbind these constraints. This report makes three core contributions. It provides: i) a comprehensive picture of gender gaps across the country, ii) an in-depth analysis of underlying drivers of the observed gender gaps, and iii) concrete policy and programmatic guidance on how to close the gender gaps
    DOI: 10.1596/36703
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  • 162
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    Ukraine : Building Climate Resilience in Agriculture and Forestry (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Forestry Management ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Ukraine has made impressive progress on key reforms and restored macro-financial stability, but weak growth and poverty remain a concern. Despite these economic challenges, Ukraine recognizes climate change as the most consequential factor this century, affecting the economy and future generations. This study is the first detailed assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on Ukraine, with a focus on agriculture, a key driver of the economy and jobs. The analysis provides an insight into the spatial dimension of climate change, how these changes would be experienced in different oblasts in the country. This report is supported by four background technical reports on climate projections, impact on agriculture, impact on forests and distributional analysis. In addition, climate datasets of over two terabytes generated for this assessment are housed at the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Kyiv. The results of this study are expected to inform Ukraine's national adaptation strategy, which is now being finalized. This study also paves the way for the development of sub-national and sectoral adaptation strategies with the spatially disaggregated information that has been generated for all oblasts
    DOI: 10.1596/36939
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  • 163
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    Republic of Zambia Social Protection and Jobs Public Expenditure Review 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Inequality ; Informal Sector ; Labor Markets ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Poverty ; Public Sector Development ; Public Spending ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) has an ambitious long-term vision for the nation and its people, operationalized through the national development plans. A rapid increase in public spending financed through borrowing, due to lack of a concomitant increase in public revenue, meant a ballooning of nondiscretionary spending in lieu of discretionary spending. Overall poverty is estimated to have consistently increased since 2015 and, in fact, has rapidly increased in 2020 driven by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Natural disasters and market fluctuations have been a common feature of the Zambian context even before COVID-19, with natural disasters becoming more prominent in rural areas and disproportionately affecting poorer households. Human capital has shown significant improvements in terms of health outcomes and education access, but without similar gains in quality of education, Zambia lags behind regional peers, and the poor are worst off. COVID-19's negative effects will not only affect those that are directly impacted, but will be felt across the population and, in many cases, across generations, eroding decades of progress in human capital. Jobs and economic inclusion (JEI) programs are being implemented across seven ministries, with little coordination and minimal coverage
    DOI: 10.1596/36893
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  • 164
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    Uganda Economic Update, 18th Edition, December 2021 : Putting Women at the Center of Uganda's Economic Revival (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: Uganda's economy was recovering well, up until the second wave of COVID-19 infections and subsequent lockdown in mid-2021. Since then, activity has rebounded - much like after the first lockdown - but the country is likely to still face a stop-start recovery until there is wider coverage of the COVID-19 vaccine. Notwithstanding this recovery, there has been a rise in poverty and - with the shift back to agriculture for some workers - an increase in household vulnerabilities. We have also seen a widening of inequalities, which have been most severe in the education sector, where schools have now been fully or partially closed for longer than any other country in the world. As a result, Uganda has a long way to go in its quest to build-back-better. Eighteenth Uganda Economic Update includes the special topic of Putting Women at the Center of Uganda's Economic Revival. In line with the structure of earlier editions of the Uganda Economic Update series, this report reviews recent economic developments - with particular attention paid to the effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic - provides an outlook for the macro-economy, and then delves into the special topic
    DOI: 10.1596/36825
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  • 165
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    Mind the Gap : Disparities in Assessments of Living Standards using National Accounts and Household Surveys (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Prydz, Espen Beer Mind the Gap: Disparities in Assessments of Living Standards using National Accounts and Household Surveys
    Keywords: Household Expenditure ; Household Income ; Household Survey ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; National Accounts ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Estimates of average per capita consumption and income from national accounts differ substantially from corresponding measures of consumption and income from household surveys. Using a new compilation of more than 2,000 household surveys matched to national accounts data, this study finds that the gaps between the data sources are larger and more robust than previously established. Means of household consumption estimated from surveys are, on average, 20 percent lower than corresponding means from national accounts. The gap with gross domestic product per capita is nearly 50 percent. The gaps have increased in recent decades and are largest in middle-income countries, where annualized growth rates for consumption surveys are systematically lower than national accounts growth rates. The paper shows that the gaps in measures across these two sources have implications for assessments of economic growth, poverty, and inequality. The study finds that typical survey measures of consumption and income may exaggerate poverty reduction and underestimate inequality
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9779
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  • 166
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    Mobile Broadband Internet, Poverty and Labor Outcomes in Tanzania (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Bahia, Kalvin Mobile Broadband Internet, Poverty and Labor Outcomes in Tanzania
    Keywords: Broadband ; Consumption ; Employment and Unemployment ; Inequality ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Internet Access ; Labor Force Participation ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits ; Welfare
    Abstract: What are the impacts of expanding mobile broadband coverage on poverty, household consumption and labor market outcomes in developing countries? Who benefits from improved coverage of mobile internet? To respond to these questions, this paper applies a difference-in-differences estimation using panel household survey data combined with geospatial information on the rollout of mobile broadband coverage in Tanzania. The results reveal that being covered by 3G networks has a large positive effect on total household consumption and poverty reduction, driven by positive impacts on labor market outcomes. Working age individuals living in areas covered by mobile internet witnessed an increase in labor force participation, wage employment, and non-farm self-employment, and a decline in farm employment. These effects vary by age, gender and skill level. Younger and more skilled men benefit the most through higher labor force participation and wage employment, while high-skilled women benefit from transitions from self-employed farm work into non-farm employment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9749
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  • 167
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    Rapid Consumption Method and Poverty and Inequality Estimation in South Sudan Revisited (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Inequality ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper presents updated poverty and inequality estimates from the South Sudan High Frequency Survey (HFS) consumption data. The HFS uses the Rapid Consumption Methodology (RCM), which skips part of consumption module, to save interview time due to the volatile security situation. The previous methodology adopted the Multivariate Normal Regression (MI-MVN) method to impute the skipped consumption data, but it produced improper consumption data like negative total consumption values for some households. Instead, the new methodology uses the Two-Part multiple imputation (MI) method, and improved the reliability of imputed consumption data, although there is still room for improvement. In addition, the new methodology adopts the latest consumer price index (CPI) and purchasing power parities (PPPs). Lastly, this paper updates the inequality estimates, which the previous method overestimated. As a result of all the above adjustments, South Sudan's national poverty headcount rate in 2016-17 is 76.4 percent, which is 5.6 percentage points lower than the previous estimate of 82 percent. Inequality, as measured by the national Gini coefficient, is 44.1 percent, around 3 percentage points higher than the previous estimate of 41.0 percent
    DOI: 10.1596/36540
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  • 168
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    Mozambique 2021 Systematic Country Diagnostic : Coming Together for a Better Future (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Systematic Country Diagnostics
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Employment and Unemployment ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Job Creation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Debt ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In the last five years, since the last Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) was written in 2016, Mozambique experienced several severe shocks affecting economic growth, poverty reduction, and stability. These events have changed the context for policy making in Mozambique, calling for a greater focus on governance and accountability, productivity, social safety nets, and a stronger social contract. Despite these new challenges, most of the development trials that were already relevant when the last SCD was written in 2016, remain relevant today
    DOI: 10.1596/36438
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  • 169
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    Republique de Cote d'Ivoire 2021-2030 - Sustaining High, Inclusive, and Resilient Growth Post COVID-19 : A World Bank Group Input to the 2030 Development Strategy (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Development Policy Review
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Business Environment ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty Reduction ; Urban Planning ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: This report, initiated at the request of His Excellency President Alassane Ouattara to Hafez M. H. Ghanem, the World Bank Group Regional Vice President for Eastern and Southern Africa, is the first country application of the new regional strategy, Supporting Africa's Transformation. Albert Zeufack, the Chief Economist of the World Bank Group Africa Region, led a team to synthesize knowledge and experience from Cote d'Ivoire and across the world. The report incorporates the perspective of the new International Development Association agenda, Jobs and Economic Transformation, and addresses three operational objectives for Cote d'Ivoire: create sustainable and inclusive growth by maintaining macroeconomic stability, fighting corruption, advancing digital transformation, and maximizing private finance; strengthen human capital by empowering women, reducing child mortality and stunting, and improving education, health, and social protection; build resilience against fragility and climate change. The National Development Plan 2016-20 consolidated promarket reforms and reaffirmed the ambition to reach upper-middle-income status. Cote d'Ivoire is embarking on a strategy to sustain strong gross domestic product (GDP) growth through 2030 while rapidly reducing poverty. Cote d'Ivoire's aspiration of becoming an emerging market economy with low levels of poverty requires a long period of strong and inclusive growth. The report analyzes growth trajectories and identifies the investments needed to achieve and sustain desired levels of growth, along with the corresponding financing needs. It discusses the opportunities presented by the country's surplus labor, young population, and huge diversification potential
    DOI: 10.1596/36454
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  • 170
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    Chad : The Economic Benefits of a Post-COVID-19 Gender-Equitable Society (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Inequality ; Maternal Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: This report examines the extent of gender gaps and their economic impact in Chad. It proposes policies for improving gender equality, taking into account the challenges posed by COVID-19. Although the Government of Chad has taken actions designed to boost gender equality, significant challenges persist. Child marriage is widespread among girls, reducing girls' education and resulting in one of the highest rates of early childbearing worldwide. Girls reaching adulthood have, on average, lower literacy, education levels, wages, and agricultural productivity compared to men. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to exacerbate gender gaps both in adolescence and in adulthood. According to the results ofestimations from a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, reducing gender inequality could potentially increase per capita GDP by up to 13.5 percent by 2050 (i.e., a real rate of return to investment of 9 percent per year) compared to baseline levels. To boost gender equality, the Government should focus on reforms intended to: i) enhance the productivity for adult women; ii) increase learning outcomes for girls; and iii) reduce the prevalence of child marriage and early childbearing
    DOI: 10.1596/36444
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  • 171
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    Sri Lanka Poverty Assessment : Accelerating Economic Transformation (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Inequality ; Informal Sector ; Job Creation ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Sri Lanka has an impressive track record of reducing poverty and sharing prosperity more broadly. A dynamic decade that spurred post-war growth and continued with a process of economic transformation led to a productivity boost and labor reallocation from agriculture to industry and services. The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have resulted in a significant reversal of welfare gains. Before COVID-19, poverty reduction was mainly driven by increased labor earnings from nonfarm sectors. New jobs were created in these sectors but there are concerns about their quality. Progress in improving agricultural earnings was slow; and the performance of social protection continued to be weak-these trends held back further progress in economic transformation and poverty reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/36455
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  • 172
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    Living Conditions in Grenada : Poverty and Equity Update (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Health ; Housing ; Human Opportunity Index ; Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This poverty and equity report provides updated poverty and inequality statistics from the Grenada Survey of Living Conditions and Household Budget Survey (SLCHBS) conducted between 2018 and 2019 by the Central Statistical Office of Grenada. The SLCHBS 2018-2019 is the third in a series of household surveys. The previous SLCHBS was done in 2008-2009 and is used in this report as a benchmark for trends comparison. The objective of these surveys is to assess the state of living conditions in Grenada, examine poverty and inequality trends, and develop a basket of goods and services that can be used to estimate the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the country. The survey contains information on household expenditures, housing conditions, demographics, education, health, food security, safety and crime, persons with disabilities, and labor market indicators
    DOI: 10.1596/36330
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  • 173
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    The Intergenerational Effects of Economic Sanctions (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (58 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Moeeni, Safoura The Intergenerational Effects of Economic Sanctions
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Sanctions ; Education ; Inequality ; Intergenerational Effect ; International Affairs ; International Economics and Trade ; Poverty ; School Enrollment ; Secondary Education ; Synthetic Control Method ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: While economic sanctions are successful in achieving political goals, can hurt the civilian population. These negative effects could be even more detrimental and long-lasting for future generations. This study estimates the effects of economic sanctions on children's education by exploiting the United Nations sanctions imposed on Iran in 2006. Using the variation in the strength of sanctions across industries and difference-in-differences with synthetic control analyses, this study finds that the sanctions decreased children's total years of schooling by 0.1 years and the probability of attending college by 4.8 percentage points. Moreover, households reduced education spending by 58 percent- particularly on school tuition. These effects are larger for children who were exposed longer to the sanctions. The results imply that sanctions have a larger effect on the income of children than their parents. Therefore, ignoring the effects of sanctions on future generations significantly understates their total economic costs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9836
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  • 174
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    The Risk that Travels with You : Links between Forced Displacement, Conflict and Intimate Partner Violence in Colombia and Liberia (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Kelly, Jocelyn TD The Risk that Travels with You: Links between Forced Displacement, Conflict and Intimate Partner Violence in Colombia and Liberia
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Forced Displacement ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender-Based Violence ; Inequality ; Intimate Partner Violence ; Marriage ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Cohesion ; Violence Against Girls ; Violence Against Women
    Abstract: In 2020, the United Nations reported the highest number of displaced persons ever recorded; more than half of this population was comprised of women and girls. Displacement and conflict substantially heighten the risk of gender-based violence, including intimate partner violence, for women and girls. The current study aims to examine the links between conflict, forced displacement, and intimate partner violence in two different conflict-affected settings: Colombia and Liberia. This paper draws on population-based data measuring intimate partner violence, combined with political science data on political violence. The findings show that forced displacement is highly and significantly associated with increased lifetime and past-year intimate partner violence. Displaced women in Colombia and Liberia have between 40 and 55 percent greater odds of experiencing past-year intimate partner violence compared with their nondisplaced counterparts. In each country, both conflict and displacement were independently and significantly associated with past-year intimate partner violence. Recognizing the increased prevalence of intimate partner violence for women who have been displaced is vital to providing effective assistance. As part of humanitarian, state, and peacebuilding efforts, displaced and conflict-affected women should be able to access a range of assistance services to help them heal from the impacts of the violence
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9825
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    Targeting for Social Safety Nets : Evidence from Nine Programs in the Sahel (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Schnitzer, Pascale Targeting for Social Safety Nets: Evidence from Nine Programs in the Sahel
    Keywords: Benefit Allocation ; Cash Transfers ; Community-Based Targeting ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; SAHEL ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Safety Nets ; Targeting Social Programs
    Abstract: Proxy-Means Testing (PMT) and Community-Based Targeting (CBT) are among the most widely used methods for poverty targeting in low-income settings. This paper analyzes household data from nine programs implemented in the Sahel region using a harmonized approach to compare PMT and CBT selection as conducted in practice, once geographical targeting has been applied. The results show that the targeting performance measured depends critically on the definition of the targeting objectives, share of beneficiaries selected, and indexes used to evaluate targeting. While PMT performs better in reaching the poorest households based on per capita consumption, it differs little from CBT, or a random or universal allocation of benefits when distances to poverty lines are considered. When aiming to identify food insecure households, most PMT and CBT targeting schemes perform no better than a random allocation of benefits. On the other hand, targeting costs represent only a small share of budgets. Overall, the results emphasize the need to study programs as implemented in practice instead of relying on simulations of targeting performance, as widely used by practitioners and academics. Taken together, the findings suggest that while there may be a need to select households resulting from budget constraints, PMT and CBT contribute little to poverty or food insecurity reduction efforts in poor and homogeneous settings
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9816
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    Tajikistan Country Gender Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Employment ; Gender ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Life Expectancy ; Migration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Tajikistan has a lot to show in terms of creating an enabling policy framework for gender equity, yet large gendered challenges remain. The global COVID-19 outbreak is impacting economies around the world, including Tajikistan, in an unprecedented manner and aggravates existing gender challenges. This report is presenting achievements made and challenges still to be addressed in view of gender-equity in Tajikistan, based on a desk study covering using most recent material from Tajikistan national sources, the World Bank, development partners and others. It is oriented towards key strategic objectives of the World Bank Group (WBG) Gender Strategy for the period of FY17-FY23 with relevance for the Tajikistan context
    DOI: 10.1596/36657
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    Malaysia Country Gender Note 2021 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Gender Assessment
    Keywords: Educational Attainment ; Employment ; Gender ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Life Expectancy ; Maternal Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Malaysia Country Gender Diagnostic Note will serve as a guide to identify the priority areas for the World Bank country office in Malaysia to address the gender equality challenges in meeting the country's aspirations and next stage of development, particularly in the areas of inclusive growth and sustainability. This diagnostic builds on the first review that was completed in 2018, and aims to understand the changes from 2017 to 2020, especially with regards to the impact of the pandemic on gender issues. This note has strived to obtain the most current data. Where 2019 to 2020 micro-data is not available, this diagnostic is based on data and analysis drawn from published reports using data obtained from the Department of Statistics Malaysia. The diagnostic commences with a review of Malaysia's performance in gender indicators in global indices, and documents areas of progress and areas where Malaysia is lagging in comparison to Southeast Asian (SEA) neighbors and selected countries in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, as well as aspirational high-income nations. The diagnostic follows the framework of the 2012 World Development Report on Gender Equality and Development, and focuses on three priority areas: human endowments, voice and agency, and economic opportunities. This note also considers the changes in Government and national policies, and on pertinent emerging issues. Malaysia scores poorly in gender-related indicators, although it performs fairly well on a number of human development indicators in international indices. Since the previous Gender Diagnostic Note 2018, Malaysia's performance in the global gender indices has not changed significantly. For example, in the Women, Business and Law Report 2021, Malaysia maintained its score at 50 and comes in the bottom 20th percentile. When compared to regional comparators and aspirational high-income economies, Malaysia is underperforming
    DOI: 10.1596/36658
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    How COVID-19 Continues to Affect Livelihoods in Kenya : Rapid Response Phone Survey Rounds 1 to 5 (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Coping Strategies ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Employment ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Understanding the socioeconomic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is important to inform policy responses. The arrival of COVID-19 disrupted lives across all countries and communities, creating unprecedented challenges. As of August 2021, there have been more than 200 million cases globally, with more than 4 million deaths. Throughout the pandemic, governments have adopted measures to curb the spread of the virus, which inadvertently resulted in socioeconomic impacts. To shape and accelerate the recovery, it is important to better understand the implications of the pandemic and its associated restrictions. The strict containment measures that were put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya had negative socioeconomic impacts. With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya in March 2020, a range of containment measures were introduced by the Government of Kenya (GoK). These included the promotion of social distancing practices, restrictions on public gatherings, night curfews, shutting down learning institutions, and limits on public transport passenger capacities. Despite this, the number of cases reached 200,000 in August 2021, with more than 4,000 deaths. People were facing job losses, rising food insecurity, and worsening health and education outcomes. Understanding and quantifying the repercussions of the pandemic, particularly on different sub-groups of the population, can help to inform policies and improve targeting
    DOI: 10.1596/36650
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  • 179
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    The Distributional Impact of COVID-19 Fiscal Policies on Households, with Emphasis on Da Nang City (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Fiscal Policy ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Income ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This note will examine the distributional and efficiency issues associated with the fiscal response to the COVID-19 (coronavirus) crisis in Da Nang city and nationally in Vietnam. More specifically, we look at the social assistance (cash transfer) programs. Did these programs efficiently reach people who were the most in need Was the amount of support and the duration of programs sufficient Based on the World Bank COVID-19 monitoring surveys, national-level results indicate that cash transfer programs may have ended prematurely and were not received by the poorest groups or by those who lost their jobs due to pandemic-related factors. Official data also show that the scope of the implementation was smaller than planned, both in the number of new beneficiaries who received access and in terms of the amount spent
    DOI: 10.1596/36606
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  • 180
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    Strengthening the Link between Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Mali : A Poverty Assessment (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Poverty Assessment
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Gender ; Health ; Human Capital ; Inequality ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This poverty assessment aims to strengthen the analytical foundation for poverty-reduction policies and interventions in Mali. In recent years, important gains have been made across multiple dimensions of household welfare, but poverty in Mali remains widespread and extreme. The COVID-19 induced crisis has reversed much of the progress in poverty reduction achieved in Mali over the last decade. Rural poverty in Mali is strongly associated with employment in low-productivity agricultural activities, large family sizes, and high dependency ratios. Income inequality has increased in recent years, and geographical disparities in wellbeing have widened
    DOI: 10.1596/36587
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  • 181
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    Getting Real? : The Uneven Burden of Inflation across Households in Turkey (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Baez, Javier E Getting Real? The Uneven Burden of Inflation across Households in Turkey
    Keywords: Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Labor Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Inflation is typically measured using aggregate price indices that are based on bundles of goods and services sold or consumed by the "median" agent. In the case of households, in particular, budget shares vary substantially across income and demographic groups. Assessing how inflation behaves at the household level requires understanding how heterogenous changes in consumer prices affect household choices and well-being differently. In recent years, price increases have been particularly high in Turkey, with double-digit inflation starting in 2017 and intensifying in 2018 and 2020 due to exchange rate volatility, macroeconomic instability, and the economic disruption brought about by Covid-19. This paper calculates income-decile price indices to examine the inflation experience across income groups and discusses their implications for household welfare. Households in the first decile allocate nearly 70 percent of their budget to food and housing, twice as much as the corresponding share for the typical household in the upper decile. Inflation measures that consider these heterogeneities in expenditures show a higher burden for the poor in recent inflation episodes driven by rapid increases in food prices (2013, 2015 and 2019). In 2015, for instance, 342,000 additional people would have been deemed poor (an increase of 4.2 percent) had the poverty calculations taken into account the actual inflation experience of poor and vulnerable households. A methodological extension of the World Bank's upper-middle-income poverty line (USD 5.50 2011 purchasing power parity) that takes into consideration the inflation experience of the bottom deciles yields higher poverty rates for Turkey every year between 2011 and 2020
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9869
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  • 182
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    Does Race and Gender Inequality Impact Income Growth? (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Marrero, Gustavo A Does Race and Gender Inequality Impact Income Growth?
    Keywords: Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Inequality ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Race Inequality
    Abstract: Using Integrated Public Use Microdata Series-United States micro-census data from 1960 to 2010, this paper examines whether racial and Gender income disparities beget inequality by differentially impacting the growth prospects of the poor, the middle class, and the rich. Racial and Gender inequality is found to be bad for income growth of the poor, but not for that of the rich. An investigation into the channels of this effect suggests that higher racial and Gender inequality is associated with lower human capital accumulation among the poor and a reduction in the quality of their jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9865
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  • 183
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    Profiling Living Conditions of the DRC Urban Population : Access to Housing and Services in Kinshasa Province (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Batana, Yele Maweki Profiling Living Conditions of the DRC Urban Population: Access to Housing and Services in Kinshasa Province
    Keywords: Communities and Human Settlements ; Housing ; Inequality ; Informal Settlements ; Multidimensional Poverty ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Spatial Inequality ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing ; Urban Housing and Land Settlements ; Urban Poverty
    Abstract: This paper examines living conditions-mainly access to infrastructure and basic services-in Kinshasa, by focusing on how they vary within the city and how they are related to household characteristics. First, drawing on a household survey conducted in the capital province in 2018, the paper shows that many Kinshasa residents live with substandard housing and inadequate levels of access to infrastructure and basic services. Second, the level and quality of access to basic services are highly correlated with residents' consumption and education levels, as well as their neighborhood characteristics. Third, despite the presence of negative externalities from the high population density, poor households benefit from living in dense neighborhoods by gaining a minimum level of access. The paper argues that it is imperative to increase the supply of affordable housing to lessen the inequality of access to services in Kinshasa
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9857
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  • 184
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    Rural Poverty Reduction and Economic Transformation in China : A Decomposition Approach (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Lugo, Maria Ana Rural Poverty Reduction and Economic Transformation in China: A Decomposition Approach
    Keywords: Decomposition ; Growth Elasticity ; Inequality ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Structural Transformation
    Abstract: Rural poverty in China fell from 96 percent in 1980 to less than 1 percent of the population in 2019. Using PovcalNet data for China and a set of comparable countries, this paper estimates growth-poverty elasticities. It finds that China stands out for its record of sustained, fast growth, rather than because of an unusually high growth-poverty elasticity. In addition, changes in mean consumption, rather than changes in the distribution, drive Poverty Reduction. Furthermore, until 2010, changes in inequality attenuated the impact of growth on poverty. The paper also studies which channels mattered the most for rural Poverty Reduction by applying a decomposition framework to multiple rounds of Chinese Household Income Project surveys conducted in 1988, 1995, 2002, 2007, 2013, and 2018. The findings show that broad-based, labor-intensive growth in agriculture was initially the main driving force for rural Poverty Reduction, followed by the expansion of non-agriculture sectors. As the country's poverty rate approached 10 percent by 2007, transfers from migrant workers and, later, public transfers became the major drivers of further rural Poverty Reduction. Throughout the period, the fall in the demographic dependency rate also played a significant role. As China's living standards continue to rise, the official definition of poverty will have to adjust to the higher minimum. Continued structural transformation and the inclusive growth agenda retain crucial importance for sustained Poverty Reduction
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9849
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  • 185
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    Early Lessons from Social Protection and Jobs Response to COVID-19 in Middle East and North Africa Countries (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Protection and Labor Discussion Papers
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development ; Social Insurance ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Countries in the Middle E ...
    DOI: 10.1596/36801
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    The Wealth of Today and Tomorrow (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Access To Education ; Education ; Education Finance ; Education Reform ; Educational Attainment ; Inequality ; Primary Education
    Abstract: Good education for all is the key to a better long-term future for the Sahel region. Education improves employability and incomes, narrows gender gaps, lifts families out of poverty, strengthens institutions, and yields benefits that echo to the next generation. The good news is that the region has taken the important first steps toward building this future. Many more children have been able to access education over the past 15 years: enrollment in the region has nearly doubled in primary education and tripled in secondary education. And governments have launched numerous initiatives and announced high-level commitments in support of education. Still, many children remain out of school, and those who are in school learn far less than they should. Of the region's primary-school-age children, 40 percent are out of school. Furthermore, the region's learning poverty rate is 88 per-cent-meaning that only 12 percent of children are enrolled in school and able to read and comprehend an age-appropriate passage by late primary age. Access is lower at other levels of education: enrollment is below 56 percent in lower secondary throughout the Sahel G5 and between 2 and 10 percent in pre-primary and tertiary. All these contributing factors result in low education attainment in the Sahel region and therefore low productivity. In Niger, for example, 72 percent of current working-age adults have no education at all. In every Sahel country, fewer than 50 percent of adult females are literate, compared with 59 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa as a whole and 80 percent in low- and middle-in-come countries. This figure drops to 23 percent for females living in the Sahel rural areas. Even among the youngest segment of the labor force-youth aged 15-24, reading and writing performance in the Sahel is relatively low, with literacy rates ranging from 45 to 66 percent, while the average in Sub-Saharan Africa is 77 percent. Additionally, the poorest children and youth, and those affected by conflict, who most need a good education to have a chance in life, suffer the most from failings in education access and quality. The upper secondary enrollment rate is only 5 percent for the poorest rural girls, versus 100 percent for urban boys in the wealthiest quintile
    DOI: 10.1596/36725
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    Pieces for Development : Policy Notes for Chile (2021)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Decentralization ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Resources Management ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: There is no doubt that more sustainable, resistant, and beneficial growth would benefit Chile and its inhabitants. However, this is a difficult and complex issue, with several interconnecting pieces and many different opinions about the best way to achieve this. At the same time, the experience of other countries shows that certain pieces must be in their place in order to achieve this objective. Chile has incorporated several pieces in this puzzle. However, some critical pieces are still needed in order to overcome this challenge. These notes seek to make recommendations about what some of those pieces can be and how to integrate them to complete the puzzle of Chile's development
    DOI: 10.1596/36466
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  • 188
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    Women Empowerment for Poverty and Inequality Reduction in Sudan (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Food Security ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender and Social Policy ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Women's Empowerment
    Abstract: Several key gender issues likely act as an impediment to poverty reduction and shared prosperity in Sudan. While many of these issues are common across countries in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, some of them are accentuated by the status of Sudan as a fragile state. Fragility and conflict negatively affect men and women in different ways, resulting in gender-specific disadvantages. While men are often disproportionately affected by the direct effects of conflict (for example, death and disability), women and girls are affected by a range of constraints and protection challenges that fragility and conflict pose. These issues include disrupted access to basic social services and infrastructure, lower access to productive assets, displacement, and increased exposure to gender-based violence (GBV). This study aims to examine how gender equality has evolved in Sudan during the last decade, by looking at different dimensions. These include the accumulation of endowment in all its forms (human capital [education and health] and physical capital), access to economic opportunities (labor market opportunities and access to income-generating activities), access to services (water, sanitation, and electricity), and voice/representation to make decision at all levels. The study will highlight the areas in which gender inequality persists and propose policies to reduce gender inequality in Sudan
    DOI: 10.1596/36106
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    Dynamically Identifying Community Level COVID-19 Impact Risks : Uzbekistan (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors build a new database of highly spatially disaggregated indicators related to risk and resilience to the social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan. The outbreak disproportionately affects groups, the elderly, the poor, those living in areas under lockdown, and families who rely on remittance income are all examples of groups that are especially vulnerable to effects of the crisis in Uzbekistan. The authors assemble indicators summarizing concentrations of these and other risk factors at the lowest administrative level in the country, neighborhood-sized units called mahallas. Local official administrative statistics (published for the first time in this study) are combined with monthly panel survey data from the ongoing Listening to the Citizens of Uzbekistan project to produce an overall risk index, which is decomposable by dimension or risk factor to inform targeted and issue-specific responses. We then demonstrate a process for updating key indicators (such as employment or remittance flows) on a monthly basis using linked survey data combined with small area estimation techniques. These neighborhood-level results are intended to improve resource allocation decisions and are particularly relevant in Uzbekistan where local representatives are responsible for implementing key social and economic programs to respond to the outbreak
    DOI: 10.1596/34925
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  • 190
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    Thailand Economic Monitor, January 2020 : Productivity for Prosperity (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Economic Growth ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Investment ; Productivity ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Thailand's economic growth slowed to 2.4 percent in Q3 2019, driven by cyclical factors, notably weak external demand and heightened global uncertainty. The downturn has also exposed structural constraints, which is reflected in the sluggish growth of public and private investments. TheGovernment has responded swiftly to the growth slowdown, through accommodative monetary policies and countercyclical fiscal stimulus. Going forward, additional policies to enhance the effectiveness of the stimulus, with a focus on implementing major public investment projects andimproving the efficiency of public investment management could maximize the growth impact. In the long term, structural reforms such as enhancing competition in the domestic economy, increasing openness, and promoting an eco-system for firm innovation in order can boost productivity
    DOI: 10.1596/33196
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    Agricultural Productivity and Poverty in Rural Sudan (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Extension ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Inequality ; Irrigation ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section two describes the state of the rural population in Sudan, by first discussing the spatial distribution of poverty across the states as well as changes in poverty levels between 2009 and 2014-15. It also describes the profile of poor rural households using characteristics such as their incomes, consumption, and assets. Section three focuses on the practice of agriculture in Sudan. It documents the agriculture-specific characteristics of households, such as choice of crops, use of inputs, irrigation, plot size, and credit access. We use these characteristics to illustrate the profile of rural farmers in Sudan and identify differences between poor and non-poor farmers. Section four describes agricultural yields across Sudan and relates these measures of farm productivity to the previously described farm characteristics to identify constraints to agricultural productivity. Section five concludes with a summary of the main findings and policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/36105
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    Is the Sudan Cash Transfer Program Benefiting the Poor? Evidence from the Latest Household Survey (2020)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Cash Transfers ; Inequality ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The objective of this note is to assess the extent to which the CT program is benefiting intended poor households and the appropriateness of the benefit level under the current inflation situation for poverty reduction. This assessment is needed now more than ever as the impending reforms will require having an appropriate system in place for social safety net delivery for the poor and vulnerable. If CT programs are to reach and aid the poor, then ensuring a correlation between poverty and program beneficiaries must be prioritized. Are current beneficiaries of the Sudan CT program, poor households? If targeting is weak, and the answer to the question is no, then scaling up the existing CT program may not achieve its poverty reduction objective. The note proceeds as follows. Section two presents an overview of Sudan's CT program, including background details, targeting approach used, the number of beneficiaries and the cash transfer amount. Section three shows the extent to which the CT program is benefiting intended poor households based on evidence from the latest household survey data. Section four evaluates the value of the cash transfer, proposing a correct amount required to lift households out of poverty. Section five concludes this note, and additionally, proposes a number of policy recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/36081
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    The Labor Market and Poverty in Sudan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Education ; Food Security ; Gender ; Incentives ; Inequality ; Labor Market ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Using the most recent household survey data, this paper examines the characteristics of Sudan's labor market as it relates to poverty outcomes. Several important aspects of the labor market are analyzed, including the relationship between labor market indicators and the demographic structure of the population, geographic location, education, and gender. It highlights the significant differences in labor market outcomes depending on the structure and distribution of the population and Sudan's labor market's many challenges across different dimensions, including demography, gender, and geography. The four key messages can be summarized as follows: first, Sudan is at the verge of entering the earl-dividend stage of the demographic transition. Sudan's population, while still very young, is on track to enter into the early-dividend stage of the demographic transition within just a few years, raising the stakes for job creation and investment in human capita. Second, while we find evidence for an increase in employment and labor force participation at the national level, this increase seems to be driven by seasonal labor in agriculture and increasing economic hardship, respectively. In urban areas, however, unemployment increased sharply, especially among youth. And despite the overall increase in employment and labor force participation, Sudan's labor market still underperforms in comparison to its peers. Third, Sudan's labor market is characterized by large gender disparities, including in terms of employment opportunities and pay. Finally, we find no signs of the beginnings of a structural transformation over the time-period author study; agriculture remains the mainstay of a large majority of employed Sudanese. Rather, labor productivity and real wages outside of agriculture declined markedly between 2009 and 2014, especially in sectors with links to the oil economy. The paper offers policy insights to enhance the role of the labor market in reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity in Sudan, key among which are 1) encouraging private sector growth, 2) overcoming gender discrimination in the labor market, 3) investing in agriculture and re-storing price incentives, and 4) further expanding access to quality education
    DOI: 10.1596/36101
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    Shocks and Household Welfare in Sudan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Environment ; Inequality ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Resilience
    Abstract: The Sudanese economy has faced several shocks over the years, sometimes resulting in devastating impacts on the economy and the welfare of Sudanese households. The sources of these shocks vary, ranging from weather-related shocks such as droughts and floods to the global financial crisis and commodity price hikes. In the absence of effective social protection programs, exposure of households to frequent shocks lowers their ability to escape poverty, pushing households slightly above the poverty line back into poverty and sliding poor households deeper into poverty. This paper applies this framework to examine the impact of shocks on the welfare of Sudanese households and explore coping strategies typically utilized by households to mitigate the negative effects of shocks. The paper uses the 2009 National Baseline Household Survey (NBHS) and the 2014-15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS) to document the main types of shocks that Sudanese households are exposed to and describe the profile of Sudanese households likely to be vulnerable and/or resilient to shocks. To complement this analysis, the paper uses the most recent round of the data collected in 2014/15 (containing information on idiosyncratic shocks) together with data on covariate shocks such as rainfall and conflict obtained from other sources to estimate the impact of shocks on household welfare. Since the impact of shocks on household welfare is likely to be multidimensional, various indicators of household welfare such as consumption, poverty status, assets, dietary quality, and diversity are considered in the paper. Results from the analysis are used to highlight the state of social protection in Sudan and discuss the need for an expansion of the existing system
    DOI: 10.1596/36099
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 195
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    Mapping Poverty in Sudan (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Inequality ; Living Standards ; Poverty Assessment ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This report aims to map poverty and inequality in Sudan and would be representative of the 18 states and 131 localities of Sudan. The poverty mapping technique is based on a small area estimation (SAE) technique developed by the World Bank to derive estimates of geographic poverty and inequality. It combines data from the 2014-15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS) and the 2008 Population and Housing Census data to build spatially disaggregated poverty maps. Although household surveys usually include measures of income and wealth, they are not representative beyond the state level. Yet, allowing lower levels of disaggregation is important for policy interventions, particularly for countries like Sudan that have state governments, which manage the activities of the state while reporting to the federal government. This study uses a model of household expenditure from a survey data set to estimate household welfare at the lower levels and apply it to the census data set which does not provide information on household income or expenditure. These maps illustrate the information gains provided by SAE, show there is a substantial spatial heterogeneity within the localities, and highlight the small areas most likely to exhibit the highest risk of poverty
    DOI: 10.1596/36102
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  • 196
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    Fuel Subsidy Reform in Sudan : An Assessment of the Direct Welfare Impact on Households (2019)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy and Poverty Alleviation ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This paper investigates the distributional direct welfare impact on households resulting from fuel subsidy removal. Note that this analysis focuses only on the direct distributional impact. A fuller understanding of the impact of fuel subsidies removal involves analyzing the indirect impact as well. Unfortunately, analysis of the distributional effect of fuel subsidies removal or fuel price increases is heavily constrained by the lack of appropriate data in Sudan. We do not have access to the relevant input-output table that describes the number of monetary transfers between sectors of the economy, making it impossible to simulate the indirect effect of fuel price increases on prices in other sectors. Therefore, the estimated impacts in this paper should be considered as the lower bound of the potential impact, as the overall impact will be higher when indirect impacts are factored. The paper is organized as follows. Section two examines the empirical evidence on the impact of fuel subsidy removal. Section three discusses the methodology and data used in this study. Section four presents an analysis of the welfare impact of fuel subsidies removal. Section 5, the conclusion, provides some suggestions on the way forward. The results from this work would inform policy dialogue with the Government of Sudan regarding the overall economic reforms that are being considered for stabilization of the economy
    DOI: 10.1596/36100
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  • 197
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    Education, Health and Poverty in Sudan (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Child Health ; Child Mortality ; Early Child and Children's Health ; Education ; Education Finance ; Health Economics and Finance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Stunting
    Abstract: Sudan's medium-term national development policy framework is embodied in the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (IPRSP). The paper was formulated in 2012 in the context of immense political upheaval due to the separation of the North (now Sudan) and South Sudan in 2011, which resulted in substantial loss (about 75 percent) in oil revenue and Sudan's total revenue. To this end, Sudan launched a Five-Year Development Plan (2012-2016) to serve as a growth-oriented strategy with a primary focus on sustainable development and poverty reduction in the medium term. The IPRSP aims to reduce poverty through rapid, sustainable, and shared economic growth. Developing human resources is one of the four broad pillars of the IPRSP, which recognizes the role of investment in human development to build and enhance the population capabilities through education and better health. The Government of Sudan is now preparing the full PRSP that outlines a medium- to long-term plan for poverty reduction. This aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the World Bank Group's twin goals to eliminate extreme poverty (with US1.90 dollars per day as the poverty line) and boost shared prosperity by 2030. The paper proceeds as follows. Section two presents the results of selected education outcomes, linking them with poverty. Section three focuses on the link between health outcomes and poverty in Sudan. Section four provides a summary of the main findings and policy options
    DOI: 10.1596/36097
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  • 198
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    Sudan : Welfare Impacts of Recent Food Price Hikes, November 2017-July 2018 (2018)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Consumption ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: With the end of the oil economy in 2011, Sudan's regime of subsidies for wheat and fuel became increasingly unsustainable. The loss of oil revenues in the wake of the secession of South Sudan in 2011 resulted in severe macroeconomic imbalances, including a substantial budget deficit, pressure on the exchange rate, increases in the inflation rate, and the emergence of a system of multiple exchange rates. Despite an increase in the fiscal cost of these subsidies due to downward pressure on the Sudanese Pound (SDG) and except for incremental price hikes for electricity and fuel, both wheat and fuel subsidies remained largely in place until the end of last year. This policy note aims to estimate the level and incidence of welfare effects of increasing staple food prices between October 2017 and July 2018. Combining household-level data from the first round of the National Household Budget and Poverty Survey 2014/15 and monthly wholesale prices collected in up to six major markets throughout the country, this note evaluates the distributional effects of recent price hikes. Future subsidy reforms should pay close attention to typical food price fluctuations over the year: ideally, reforms are implemented shortly after sowing and before the main harvest season. Food prices typically fluctuate substantially in Sudan over the course of the year. Fuel subsidy reforms should be timed to take advantage of this pattern, which would most likely mean that they should be initiated directly after the sowing season and before the beginning of the harvest season so that prices remain stable at this point
    DOI: 10.1596/36098
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  • 199
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    When Growth Is Not Enough : Explaining the Rigidity of Poverty in the Dominican Republic (2017)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464810374
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (178 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Poverty
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Poverty
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Migration ; Inequality ; Skills ; Growth ; Labor Market
    Abstract: The Dominican Republic stands out as a fast growing economy that has not been able to generate a commensurate reduction in poverty. Three reasons have been raised before to explain this conundrum: (i) a labor market that does not translate productivity gains into salary increases; (ii) a domestic economy with weak inter-sectoral linkages; (iii) and a public sector that does not spend enough nor particularly well to reduce poverty. In addition, the country remains largely exposed to natural disasters and exogenous shocks that, if not mitigated properly, may affect the sustainability of growth in the medium and longer terms. This book assembles a collection of empirical analyses that explore three complementary hypotheses that could help understand why the Dominican Republic continues, to this date, experiencing high economic growth rates with limited poverty reduction. The first hypothesis is concerned with testing whether the observed pattern of fast economic growth cum persistent poverty in the DR is partly driven by a poverty methodology that does not account for price variation that affects distinctly the consumption patterns of low-income and better-off households. If that hypothesis holds, the DR may face a situation in which household income for households at the bottom of the distribution is underestimated. The second hypothesis tests whether the pattern of specialization in the DR might be such that it does not favor unskilled labor. If that hypothesis holds, then returns to capital are probably much higher than returns to labor which would be an indication that the DR has had a comparative advantage in products that are capital intensive instead of labor-intensive. The third hypothesis investigates whether poverty and wage inequality in the DR are affected not only by immigration but also by emigration. The contribution of the volume, therefore, lies in precisely offering a more careful exploration of specific issues around common explanations for the shortcomings of the DR in reducing poverty on a faster basis
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1036-7
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 200
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    LAC Poverty and Labor Brief, February 2014 : Social Gains in the Balance - A Fiscal Policy Challenge for Latin America and the Caribbean (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464802911
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (68 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Commitment to equity ; Equity ; Fiscal policy ; Human opportunity index ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Shared prosperity
    Abstract: In 2012, the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region continued its successful drive to reduce poverty and build the middle class. Poverty reduction was accompanied by strong income growth of the bottom 40 percent of the population, the World Bank's indicator of shared prosperity. However, the recent economic slowdown and stagnation in inequality decline suggest that future social gains may be more difficult to achieve. Given the modest prospects ahead, the region's poverty reduction strategy needs to focus on restoring growth and preserving macroeconomic stability, while reinforcing the ability of less advantaged groups to participate in and contribute to growth. This report assesses two relevant policy areas: equity of fiscal policy and equal access to basic goods and services for children that open the opportunity for them to lead lives of their choosing. Drawing on results from the Commitment to Equity project, the report shows that fiscal policy remains an underused instrument in terms of level and incidence of taxation and spending. The Human Opportunity Index underscores that opportunities are expanding for children in the region, but large gaps remain in access and quality
    Note: Description based on print version record
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0291-1
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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