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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The emergence of strategic budget initiatives (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: The growth of strategic budget initiatives – such as gender budgeting and green budgeting - has been a prominent trend in OECD countries. This is driven by a desire to use the budget to help deliver transformational change in relation to key policy priorities demanding a whole-of-government response. This paper outlines the emergence of strategic budget initiatives across OECD countries and offers some preliminary observations on how these initiatives are being designed and implemented.
    DOI: 10.1787/8053099b-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Addressing Inequality in Budgeting : Lessons from Recent Country Experience (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264996526 , 9789264451674 , 9789264920927
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (183 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Budgetinzidenz ; Kanada ; Frankreich ; Irland ; Italien ; Südkorea ; Niederlande ; Neuseeland ; Schweden ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: In many countries, public expenditure, including transfers, plays a major role in reducing income inequality. The report reviews the various ways that budgeting can be used to this end. A first includes taking a broad approach to results-based budgeting, taking social and distributional goals into consideration. A second relies on integrating distributional impact analysis directly into the budget process. The report discusses the concrete experience of eight OECD countries in this area, analysing how they are integrating distributional impact assessment in spending and budgeting decisions. Finally, it discusses the tools, frameworks and data that are needed to take distributional considerations into account as part of evidence-informed policy making.
    DOI: 10.1787/ea80d61d-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Independent fiscal institutions : A typology of OECD institutions and a roadmap for Latin America (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (35 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1789
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: The paper reviews the diverse experience of OECD countries in establishing and running independent fiscal institutions, offering insights that could be useful for Latin American countries seeking to set-up and strengthen those institutions in the region. Through cluster analysis, we identify different types of OECD independent fiscal institutions and draw practical lessons from cases studies. We also identify key features that could serve as a road map for Latin American countries in their efforts to establish or enhance independent fiscal institutions.
    DOI: 10.1787/cbeaa057-en
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Breaking the Vicious Circles of Informal Employment and Low-Paying Work (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264700079 , 9789264352063 , 9789264592322
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (166 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Informelle Wirtschaft ; Niedriglohn ; Schwarzarbeit ; Qualifikation ; Soziale Mobilität ; Education ; Economics ; Development
    Kurzfassung: This report adds two perspectives on informality. First, it disassembles the mechanics of the deleterious links between informal employment, low-paying work and low skills. It shows that informal employment is highly persistent, and that the vulnerability of informal workers is passed on to their children in the absence of adequate education, skills and social protection policy. Second, the report underscores the double burden of informality and low-paying work that a large share of workers in developing and emerging economies carry, and as such calls for policy solutions that go beyond the formalisation agenda and embrace the goal of social justice.
    DOI: 10.1787/f95c5a74-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Scaling-up infrastructure investment to strengthen sustainable development in Brazil (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1790
    Schlagwort(e): Infrastrukturinvestition ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Brasilien ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Infrastructure investment has been low in Brazil over the last decades, leaving significant gaps in all infrastructure sectors. To close these gaps, public investment will need to increase and become more effective, while additional private resources need to be mobilised. Improving strategic planning and effectively translating it into budget allocations over time would increase the quality of infrastructure projects. Promoting foreign participation in public procurement would raise competition and value for public money, while strengthening the governance of SOEs would enhance the quality of infrastructure services. Minimising policy and judicial risks would help to leverage more private infrastructure financing, including at longer maturities, while ensuring an adequate risk sharing between public and private actors.
    DOI: 10.1787/47d65b26-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Handbook on the Compilation of Household Distributional Results on Income, Consumption and Saving in Line with National Accounts Totals (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264343115 , 9789264396784 , 9789264782051
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (203 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Privater Konsum ; Sparen ; Privater Haushalt ; Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung ; Einkommensverteilung ; OECD-Staaten ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This publication presents guidance for the compilation of distributional results on household income, consumption and saving consistent with national accounts totals. These results are a key input for evidence-based policies targeting inequality and fostering inclusive growth, providing insights into key dimensions of material well-being across household groups. The results complement existing inequality measures by including elements that are often lacking from micro statistics and by providing inequality measures consistent with macroeconomic aggregates, broadening the scope for analyses, while also capturing households and transactions that are typically underrepresented in micro data. Moreover, while the estimates do require a number of statistical choices and assumptions, they have a high degree of international comparability because of the common methodology and their alignment to national accounts results. The handbook provides an overview of the conceptual framework underlying the distributional results and discusses various aspects in relation to the compilation and presentation of the distributional results. It aims to assist compilers in deriving high-quality distributional results and to provide users with more insights into the main benefits of these results as well as into the way that the results have been derived.
    DOI: 10.1787/5a3b9119-en
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Secretary-General Report to G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors on the Work of the Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (Brazil, February 2024) (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (15 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This report presents developments of the work of the Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (IFCMA) to the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, and reflect on the IFCMA’s achievements one year on from its launch in February 2023.
    DOI: 10.1787/77e97c92-en
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Fostering Catastrophe Bond Markets in Asia and the Pacific (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264407848 , 9789264352001 , 9789264803077
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (138 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: The Development Dimension
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Finance and Investment ; Development ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: As climate change increases exposure to natural disasters, countries need new solutions to mitigate risks of natural hazards. For many in Asia and the Pacific, mobilising existing resources is not enough: they need to consider a grand design of disaster risk financing strategies. Catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) can be an effective, market-based financing tool for the region. While the global CAT bond market has grown steadily since the 1990s, it remains weakly developed in Asia and the Pacific. Its successful development there requires robust purpose-built legal frameworks; developed general bond markets, especially in local currency; appropriate capacity building; and data-driven pricing models. This report explores each of these conditions along with policy suggestions for fostering them, and discusses the development of multi-country CAT bonds in Asia and the Pacific.
    DOI: 10.1787/ab1e49ef-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Fully realising the economic potential of women in Australia (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1793
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Gender inequalities in Australia have steadily declined, but remain particularly visible in the labour market. Women in Australia have lower employment rates, hourly wages and hours worked than their male counterparts. Childbirth is particularly disruptive for their labour market experience. Reforms to the tax and benefits system, childcare and parental leave arrangements are all needed to reduce the barriers to female labour participation of mothers. At the same time, ensuring the adequacy of unemployment benefits will support the living standards of many low-income women given that they have become an increasing share of recipients. Single mothers face particularly high poverty risk and would also benefit from more robust arrangements around child support payments from non-custodial parents.
    DOI: 10.1787/3470e5d8-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Achieving the transition to net zero in Australia (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (57 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1794
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Australia has committed to achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and more recently outlined a more ambitious intermediate target for emission reductions by 2030. However, achieving these targets will be challenging given a historical reliance on coal generation and the presence of significant mining and agriculture sectors. It will require a rapid transformation of the electricity grid, significant emissions reductions in highly-polluting sectors such as industry and agriculture, and sufficient offsets generated by “negative emissions” technologies and practices to counterbalance any emissions that cannot be fully eliminated. At the same time, Australia is particularly vulnerable to the physical impacts of climate change, as the driest inhabited continent on the planet with the majority of the population living on the coasts. Further significant reforms are required to meet the emission reduction goals, support the reallocation of workers and adapt to climate change.
    DOI: 10.1787/9a56c9d2-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    A new measurement approach for identifying high-polluting jobs across European countries (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (26 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1795
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper develops a novel classification of high-polluting occupations for a large sample of European countries. Unlike previous efforts in the literature, the classification exploits country-level data on air polluting emission intensity by industry. The country-level data allows to capture important cross-country differences, due to differences in technology and in production focus. Applying the new classification to European Labour Force Survey data shows that, on average across the countries covered, about 4% of workers are employed in high-polluting jobs, ranging from 9% in Czechia and the Slovak Republic to around 2% in Austria. These shares do not exhibit any clear decreasing trend over the past decade. High-polluting jobs are unequally distributed, being over-represented among men, workers with lower and medium educational attainment and those living in rural areas.
    DOI: 10.1787/f5127e4c-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    An ocean of data : The potential of data on vessel traffic (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2024/02
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Rising uncertainties and geo-political tensions, together with increasingly complex trade relations have increased the demand for monitoring global trade in a timely manner. Although it was primarily designed to ensure vessel safety, information from the Automatic Information System, which allows for the tracking of vessels across the globe, is particularly well suited for providing insights on port activity and maritime trade developments, which accounts for a large share of global trade. Data are available in quasi real time but need to be pre-processed and validated. This paper contributes to existing research in this field in two major ways. First, it proposes a new methodology to identify ports, at a higher level of granularity than in past research. Second, it builds indicators to monitor port congestion and trends in maritime trade flows and provides more granular information to better understand those flows. Those indicators will still need to be refined, by complementing the AIS database with additional data sources, but already provide a useful source of information to monitor trade, at the country and global levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/34b7a926-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD performance budgeting framework (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (9 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The OECD Performance Budgeting Framework provides four building blocks to guide countries in strengthening their approach to performance budgeting. These are (i) tools and methods for developing meaningful performance information, (ii) accountability and transparency, (iii) a strong enabling environment, and (iv) the use of performance information to inform decisions around the budget.
    DOI: 10.1787/247e9dcb-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 14
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Making the grass greener : The role of firm’s financial and managerial capacity in paving the way for the green transition (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (72 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1791
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Despite the ambitious carbon reduction targets set by policy makers worldwide, current investments fall well short of the net-zero emissions scenario. This paper analyses the factors holding back corporate green investment, with a particular focus on the role of firm capacity – specifically financing constraints and weak green management practices – and its interaction with environmental policy. Combining a variety of econometric techniques, including panel data models, difference-in-differences settings and instrumental variable approaches, our cross-country analysis on large listed companies shows that: i) both financing constraints and a lack of green managerial capacity reduce firms’ probability of investing in green technologies, leading to higher emission intensity; ii) well-designed environmental policies can mitigate these impacts. A case study using more granular data on Portuguese firms further shows that: iii) green investment is more elastic to financing conditions than other types of investment; iv) investment in integrated technologies is more sensitive to financing conditions and to managerial capacity compared to end-of-pipe solutions. Lastly, the paper discusses a wide range of policy options that may be considered to foster the green transition through upgrading firms’ capacity.
    DOI: 10.1787/cdffe7eb-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Digital adoption during COVID-19 : Cross-country evidence from microdata (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (70 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2024/03
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: The COVID-19 pandemic caused an unprecedented global economic downturn, affecting productivity, business dynamics, and digital technology adoption. Using a comprehensive commercial database from Spiceworks Ziff Davis, this study analyses the firm-level drivers of digitalisation during the pandemic across 20 European countries. The findings show that a considerable share of firms introduced new digital technologies during the COVID-19 crisis. Notably, firms that were larger, more digitalised, and more productive before the pandemic were more likely to introduce new digital technologies in 2020 and 2021. Additionally, firms with pre-existing complementary technologies had a higher likelihood of adopting digital applications that gained momentum during the pandemic (such as digital commerce, collaborative software, cloud, and analytics). These patterns may increase polarisation among the best-performing firms and the rest of the business population. Public policy can play a key role in fostering an inclusive digital transformation in the post-pandemic era.
    DOI: 10.1787/f63ca261-en
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Targeting public spending: Means-testing and user charging (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2024 | number:3
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2024
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper argues that countries will need to better assess potential savings in the provision of universal benefits and providing services free to all at the point of delivery. Instead, programmes will need to be targeted at those truly in need, and services only free to those with limited ability to pay. It draws an analogy to the progressivity of the tax system where those with greater means pay higher taxes. A similar philosophy should be the basis of government spending. It highlights examples of the application of means-testing and user charging for key areas including retirement benefits, health care and education. The paper is meant to stimulate discussion among Senior Budget Officials.
    DOI: 10.1787/2f0da72b-en
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  • 17
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Knowledge exchange and collaboration between universities and society in Italy : The ITA.CON Project (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.47
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Rafforzare l’impatto sociale delle università italiane: Il progetto ITA.CON
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Italy
    Kurzfassung: In today's knowledge-driven societies, universities play a crucial role in fostering innovation and sustainable growth within their ecosystems. Improving knowledge exchange and collaboration (KEC) activities within the Italian university system is essential for societal progress, well-being, and enhancing the productivity of firms of different sizes and stages of development and generate value for society. This document offers a reform roadmap proposal for policies to enhance the knowledge exchange and collaboration system between universities and society in Italy.
    DOI: 10.1787/ae130814-en
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    A Roadmap towards Circular Economy of North Macedonia (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264832619 , 9789264815957 , 9789264377301
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Schlagwort(e): Environment ; Economics ; Albania
    Kurzfassung: This roadmap is designed to aid North Macedonia’s government in establishing a solid policy foundation for a successful transition to a circular economy. As an EU candidate country, North Macedonia has pledged to align with European climate objectives, endorsing the Sofia Declaration on the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans, with a particular focus on the circular economy transition. Acknowledging the pivotal role of this transition in national and regional development and actively addressing challenges posed by climate change, reliance on imported raw materials and increased waste, North Macedonia is ready for a strategic framework and concrete actions to initiate this transformative process. Derived from a comprehensive diagnostic of North Macedonia’s circular economy landscape, the roadmap strategically integrates existing policy initiatives, fostering synergies across sectors, measures and involved actors. It emphasises five key areas – circular business models for SMEs, construction, biomass and food, textile industry and mining and metallurgy – revealing over 40 policy recommendations. These recommendations, supported by a monitoring framework, are poised to be a cornerstone for propelling North Macedonia towards a more sustainable and circular future.
    DOI: 10.1787/1973c88c-en
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Lost in the green transition? Measurement and stylized facts (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1796
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Greening the economy entails jobs contracting in “high-polluting” economic activities and expanding in environment-friendly activities. Minimizing the corresponding transition costs is crucial to accelerate decarbonisation and reduce displacement costs for affected workers. Using individual-level labour force data for a large sample of European countries, this paper finds that the shares of green and high-polluting jobs remained approximately stable between 2009 and 2019, hinting at a slow or yet-to-come green transition in labour markets. Green and high-polluting jobs are unequally distributed across socioeconomic groups: women are under-represented in both green and high-polluting jobs, while green jobs are associated with higher educational attainment, and high-polluting jobs with lower educational attainment. Equally important from a policy perspective, the results show that high-polluting jobs are concentrated in rural areas. These results are confirmed by analyzing labour market transitions: for instance, while women are more likely to transition from study to job, they are significantly less likely to get a green job. Overall, the results suggest that well designed and targeted policies are needed to support efficient and inclusive labour market transitions in the greening economy: to minimize scarring effects for displaced workers, help individuals’ upskilling and reskilling, and support the matching between workers and jobs in higher demand.
    DOI: 10.1787/dce1d5fe-en
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Towards more accurate, timely, and granular product-level carbon intensity metrics : A scoping note (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches Papers no.1
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Vers des indicateurs de l’intensité carbone des produits plus granulaires, plus précis et disponibles plus rapidement : Note exploratoire
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This scoping note presents a high-level overview of the main approaches to, and challenges faced when, calculating product-level carbon intensity metrics, including those applicable to collecting and verifying information across the supply chain. Though the analysis focuses on approaches used in emissions-intensive trade-exposed sectors (EITE), the findings also have broader relevance to other sectors. As part of the analysis, challenges relating to computing sector-level carbon intensity metrics are also considered, particularly as inputs to product-level metrics.
    DOI: 10.1787/4de3422f-en
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The OECD-UNSD Multinational Enterprise Information Platform (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (44 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2024/01
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: The OECD and the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) have developed jointly the new Multinational Enterprise Information Platform (MEIP). MEIP is built on past OECD and UN efforts to compile statistics on the scale and scope of the international activities of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). The new platform uses publicly available data to gather information on the world’s 500 largest MNEs in a timely manner, facilitating a comprehensive view of their physical and digital presence. It also includes a monitoring tool for large events such as Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A). The platform also provides a valuable benchmark for National Statistical Offices (NSOs) and researchers, allowing them to compare the national presence of an individual MNE to the global presence. Information on MNEs and their global network can also be visualised in a user-friendly dashboard.
    DOI: 10.1787/b7d90a06-en
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  • 22
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    Online-Ressource
    Addressing demographic headwinds in Japan: A long-term perspective (2024)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (56 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1792
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Japan faces serious demographic headwinds. Under current fertility, employment and immigration rates, the population would fall by 45% by 2100 and employment by 52%. Given the challenges of a shrinking and ageing population, the government has pledged to “create a children-first economic society and reverse the birth rate decline”. One priority is to strengthen the weak financial position of youth, which leads many to delay or forgo marriage and children. Making it easier to combine paid work and family is also critical so that women are not forced to choose between a career and children. Policies should also cut the cost of raising children, the key obstacle to couples achieving their desired number of children. Given the challenge of reversing fertility trends, Japan needs to prepare for a low-fertility future by raising productivity and employment, particularly among women and older people. Breaking down labour market dualism, which disproportionately affects youth, women and older people, is a priority. Abolishing the right of firms to set a mandatory retirement age (usually at 60) and raising the pension eligibility age would also promote employment. Foreign workers are helping ease labour shortages, but more needs to be done to attract foreign talent. A comprehensive approach is needed to raise fertility, the employment rates of women and older persons and inflows of foreign workers.
    DOI: 10.1787/96648955-en
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  • 23
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    Medium-term and top-down budgeting in OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:3
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (24 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: This paper, based on preliminary results of the 2023 OECD SBO Survey on Budget Frameworks, takes stock of OECD countries’ practices in top-down and medium-term budgeting. It shows that OECD countries’ fiscal frameworks can be characterised by strong reliance on multiple fiscal rules or objectives for enforcing fiscal discipline, with medium-term and top-down budgeting not used yet to their full potential in some countries. Drawing on the OECD Spending Better Framework, this paper advises that countries that wish to strengthen their fiscal frameworks reinforce the processes and institutions that underpin effective medium-term and top-down budgeting systems. Central to this is producing and publishing more regularly baseline projections of government expenditures and setting credible multi-year expenditure ceilings that serve as stringent guidelines for budget planning, while also allowing for some degree of flexibility under clearly defined conditions.
    DOI: 10.1787/39425570-en
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  • 24
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    Applying good budgeting practices to health (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 2 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: This journal article presents a set of high-level good budgeting practices in the health sector. The purpose of these good practices is to support countries in assessing their own budgeting arrangements for health, and in designing budgeting reforms. The article builds on 10 years of work by the OECD Joint Network of Senior Budget and Health Officials.
    DOI: 10.1787/b280297f-en
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  • 25
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    Rise of non-standard policy Instruments: Can budgeting catch up? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 3 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:3
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (17 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 3
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:3
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: For implementing their economic and social policies, governments have traditionally relied on direct spending but increasingly use “non-standard” policy instruments, such as loans and guarantees. However, in many OECD countries, loans and guarantees are not yet submitted to the same scrutiny than direct spending as part of the budget process, and future costs associated with the use of these policy instruments are often not estimated, nor provisioned, making them appear initially costless. In turn, this generates risks of potentially biased budgetary decision making, deviations from medium-term spending plans and limited transparency. Considering experiences of OECD countries, this paper advises that budget offices take a leading role in proposing budgetary treatments for loans and guarantees that ensure an even-level playing field with traditional spending and put considerations of efficiency of spending above optimisation of short-term fiscal outcomes.
    DOI: 10.1787/b58f0956-en
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  • 26
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    Gender budgeting and intersectionality (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 2 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: The economic and fiscal costs of gender inequalities, such as the gender employment gap, are high. Intersectional analysis improves understanding of gender gaps and the measures needed to address them. This paper looks at how gender budgeting can be expanded to include intersectional analysis, allowing for consideration of how gender inequalities intersect with inequalities based on race, socioeconomic class, sexual orientation and disability. It provides examples from governments that have started to incorporate an intersectional approach to gender budgeting. It also highlights the main benefits and challenges associated with intersectional analysis and considers what governments can do to support an intersectional approach to gender budgeting.
    DOI: 10.1787/ffdf0ba7-en
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  • 27
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    A framework for working effectively across public agencies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 2 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:2
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 2
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:2
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finance and Investment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: This paper outlines key issues and provides insights to government leaders looking to design and implement initiatives that require joint working across public agencies. The first part of this paper defines key concepts and explores the benefits and related costs of cross-agency initiatives. The second discusses various contextual elements that need to be considered when making decisions about how to design cross-agency initiatives, including the nature of the objectives, the systems of government, and relationships among potential partners. The third section looks at different models across four fundamental elements: governance; people (team support), funding, and performance monitoring. The final section looks at some of the main systemic elements that can support cross-agency initiatives success.
    DOI: 10.1787/c6b0d3a7-en
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  • 28
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    Costing policy proposals: Guidelines for independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD Journal on Budgeting Vol. 23, no. 1 | volume:23 | year:2023 | number:1
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.)
    Titel der Quelle: OECD Journal on Budgeting
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 23, no. 1
    Angaben zur Quelle: volume:23
    Angaben zur Quelle: year:2023
    Angaben zur Quelle: number:1
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides good-practice guidelines for parliamentary budget officials and independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) that estimate the costs of policy proposals. It covers topics including which costs to capture, how to handle behavioural responses and macroeconomic feedback, how to communicate results, and how to work with stakeholders. It also contains a section on the special considerations for costing election platforms.
    DOI: 10.1787/4e5cd3db-en
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  • 29
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Spain 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264811577
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Perfiles nacionales de cáncer: España 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Spanien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Spain ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Spain as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/260cd4e0-en
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  • 30
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Slovak Republic 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264316010
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Onkologický profil krajiny: Slovenská Republika 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Slowakei ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Slovak Republic ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in the Slovak Republic as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/01a8d361-en
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  • 31
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Poland 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264835733
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Krajowe profile dotyczące nowotworów: Polska 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Polen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Poland ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Poland as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/04cfc3ee-en
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  • 32
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Greece 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264864450
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (19 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Προφίλ χωρών για τον καρκίνο: Ελλάδα 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Griechenland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Greece ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Greece as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/30b7e1f9-en
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  • 33
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Malta 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264462298
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Malta ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Malta ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Malta as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/cff97a9a-en
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  • 34
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Denmark 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264612785
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Kræftlandeprofil: Danmark 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Dänemark ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Denmark ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Denmark as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/ee590fe8-en
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  • 35
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Cyprus 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264499614
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Προφίλ χωρών για τον καρκίνο: Κύπροσ 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Zypern ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Cyprus ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Cyprus as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/86732eb6-en
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  • 36
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    Competition, regulation and growth in a digitized world : Dealing with emerging competition issues in digital markets (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (42 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1752
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Digital markets have raised a number of new competition challenges. Ex-post competition policy appears not to be able to address them in their entirety and with the necessary speed. There is considerable consensus, among academics and policy-makers, that ex-ante regulatory policies are needed to avoid competition being stifled in these markets, with a negative impact on productivity and innovation. As a result, major OECD economies are discussing or have approved regulatory proposals with the aim to foster contestability and fair trade in digital markets.
    DOI: 10.1787/1b143a37-en
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  • 37
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    Sensitivity of capital and MFP measurement to asset depreciation patterns and initial capital stock estimates (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2023/01
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper discusses the sensitivity of capital and multifactor productivity (MFP) measurement to asset depreciation patterns and initial capital stock estimates. Applying the same depreciation rates in the US as in other G7 countries would reduce the US net investment rate and net capital stock by up to one third and increase US GDP by up to 0.5%. Capital and MFP growth would be less affected. Estimating initial capital stocks often involves assuming constant investment growth, but this leads to unreliable results. Relying on average K/Y ratios across countries works well for the US, but this might not be the case for other countries due to the international dispersion in K/Y ratios. Two main recommendations for statistical agencies emerge from this analysis. First, they should regularly review asset depreciation patterns to ensure that measured differences across countries are well justified. Second, they should backcast investment series as much as possible before relying on stationarity assumptions to estimate initial capital stocks.
    DOI: 10.1787/92498395-en
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  • 38
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Bulgaria 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264515642
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Профили на държавите по отношение на рака: България 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Bulgarien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Bulgaria ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Bulgaria as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/f6915046-en
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  • 39
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    Confronting the energy crisis: Changing behaviours to reduce energy consumption (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (16 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Schlagwort(e): Energieeinsparung ; Energiekonsum ; Energieversorgung ; Energiepolitik ; Kriegsfolgen ; Ukraine ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The current energy crisis calls for energy saving measures to accompany long-term technical and structural solutions. However, a range of barriers makes it hard for consumers to change their energy consumption. Changing behaviour is the result not only of responses to prices but also of expectations, habits, and biases. Policy makers should factor in these behavioural aspects when designing energy saving measures. The choice of message that policymakers send to consumers, how and when the information is provided to households and through which channels can make a difference in changing consumption behaviours. Moreover, it is crucial that the right incentives and policies are in place to ensure that behavioural changes can effectively take place. The effectiveness of energy saving measures should also be monitored to gauge evolutions in behaviours and identify solutions to behavioural barriers.
    DOI: 10.1787/5664e8a9-en
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  • 40
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    Quantifying industrial strategies across nine OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.150
    Schlagwort(e): Industriepolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Industrial policy has resurfaced prominently in academic and policy discussions in the wake of major shocks and long-term trends. However, quantifying industrial strategies across countries remains difficult. The ‘Quantifying Industrial Strategies’ (QuIS) project measures industrial policy expenditures by gathering and harmonising publicly available data, based on a new methodology. This report summarises the composition of industrial strategies in the first nine participating countries in terms of expenditures, priorities, and policy instruments for the period 2019-21. The report finds that industrial policies are sizeable, with 1.5% of GDP in grants and tax expenditures, and with an important heterogeneity across countries in terms of strategic priorities; industrial strategies mainly rely on sectoral instruments, representing on average 29% of grants and tax expenditures; and green instruments are important and rose significantly in six out of nine countries between 2019 and 2021.
    DOI: 10.1787/5f2dcc8e-en
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  • 41
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    Assessment of policies, programmes and regulations relating to MSME and start-up development in Abu Dhabi (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (69 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.40
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Industry and Services ; United Arab Emirates
    Kurzfassung: Strengthening the performance and economic contribution of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) and start-ups is central to Abu Dhabi’s goal of creating a more diversified and competitive economy. This report provides an assessment of policies, programmes and regulations relating to MSME and start-up development in Abu Dhabi. The assessment is structured around six thematic areas: i) access to finance, ii) the availability of skills and capabilities, iii) access to markets, iv) the business environment, v) innovation and digitalisation, and vi) future opportunities for MSME and start-up development. For each thematic area, an analysis of existing issues, challenges and policy approaches is provided, in addition to policy recommendations and relevant examples of international policy practices. The report was prepared by the OECD Secretariat and external experts based on information gathered by the OECD in Abu Dhabi in the form of written documentation, questionnaire responses, stakeholder interviews and roundtable meetings as well as desk research on policy practices in other countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9b92546e-en
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  • 42
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    Better jobs and incomes in Bulgaria (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (52 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1759
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Bulgaria
    Kurzfassung: The shrinking number of workers due to smaller young cohorts entering the labour market and large-scale outward migration are undermining Bulgaria’s growth prospects, the sustainability of its social institutions and society more widely. Bulgaria needs to provide more support for families and make staying in the country more attractive by raising productivity, fostering the creation of more good-quality formal jobs and reinforcing the social safety net. Bulgarian women have high activity rates, a high share in management jobs and a low wage gap with men, but all this translates into high opportunity costs for educated women of having children. Policies, including access to affordable quality childcare countrywide, more egalitarian burden sharing with men and greater incentives to get back to work, would help reduce those costs. Women from disadvantaged backgrounds should be offered a career path through upgrading skills and lifelong learning. Inactivity rates among the working age population should be addressed by reforms to the social welfare system that would improve activation and through targeted measures. Vulnerable groups, including ethnic minorities, are disadvantaged in multiple ways and need tailored measures to escape poverty, acquire skills and integrate into the labour market.
    DOI: 10.1787/38d07f99-en
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  • 43
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    Public policy uses of the SEEA stocks and flows accounts (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2023/02
    Schlagwort(e): Energy ; Environment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The System of Environmental Economic Accounting Central Framework (SEEA CF) was adopted in 2012. In one decade, it has expanded to 92 countries, including most OECD countries. However, there is still work to be done by national statistics producers to increase the use of SEEA statistics. This paper focuses on the SEEA stocks and flows accounts, providing examples of where they are already used to support public policy making in high-priority areas such as climate change, environmental sustainability, the circular economy, and management of ecosystems and freshwater, as well as feeding into indicators, dashboards and other frameworks. Although these examples show that SEEA statistics are already informing public policy making in many countries, there are still important “influence gaps”. The second part of this paper discusses why these gaps exist and what can be done about them.
    DOI: 10.1787/116778b3-en
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  • 44
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    Corporate cost of debt in the low-carbon transition : The effect of climate policies on firm financing and investment through the banking channel (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1761
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper assesses to what extent markets with sophisticated investors and large firms price transition risks due to climate policies. The analysis exploits longitudinal data on firms’ economic and environmental performances - as measured by emission intensity, patenting activity in mitigation technologies, and ESG scores – and syndicated loan data. It provides three main results. First, firms with good environmental performance (in terms of emission intensity or patenting activity in mitigation technologies) benefit from a significantly lower cost of debt as climate-change mitigation policies become more stringent. Second, ESG scores and their environmental pillar are not sufficiently informative to assess and price domestic climate policy risks. Third, more stringent mitigation policies encourage investment in green firms by reducing the cost of debt: an increase of about EUR 10/t CO2 in carbon taxes raises investment by about 12% for firms with high patenting activity in mitigation technologies while it decreases investment by about 11% for firms with high emission intensity. The paper discusses policies to improve the available information on firms’ environmental performance metrics so as to enable investors who are smaller and less sophisticated than those participating in the syndicated-loan market to assess firms’ climate transition risks and to allocate capital in line with emission reduction targets.
    DOI: 10.1787/35a3fbb7-en
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  • 45
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    The green side of productivity : An international classification of green and brown occupations (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Productivity Working Papers no.33
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper describes the methodology used for crosswalking occupation-based measures of Green (“environmentally friendly”) and Brown (“polluting”) jobs from the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system to the International Standard Occupation Classification (ISCO) 08 at the most detailed (4-digit) level. The original, task-based Greenness scores by Vona et al. (2018) are provided at the 8-digit SOC level, and the industry-based Brownness measures are provided in 6-digit SOC. Crosswalking these measures requires several choices in terms of weighting and aggregating, which this paper describes in detail. The robustness of the resulting measures to the different weighting options and underlying assumption is tested using Linked Employer-Employee data from Portugal. An empirical application to the Productivity-Greenness link at the firm level shows the robustness of this link to different weighting choices, and confirms that all of the different measures derived are consistent in measuring the Greenness of jobs.
    DOI: 10.1787/a363530f-en
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  • 46
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    Innovative agro-food industries in the EU Outermost Regions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Development Policy Papers no.49
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Development ; Agriculture and Food ; France ; Portugal ; Spain
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides an overview of agro-food value chains in the EU Outermost Regions (EU ORs). It assesses emerging trends, discusses opportunities and challenges, reviews the policy frameworks and tools that can strengthen the beneficial participation of EU ORs in international agro-food value chains, and proposes priority actions. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions.
    DOI: 10.1787/0d615c8d-en
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  • 47
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    How does corporate taxation affect business investment? : Evidence from aggregate and firm-level data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (61 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1765
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Taxation
    Kurzfassung: Business investment in OECD countries has remained weak, in particular since the 2008 global financial crisis. At the same time, the cost of capital has significantly and steadily decreased over the last thirty years, reflecting a fall in both interest rates and corporate tax rates. This raises the question of whether business investment still responds to the cost of capital and thus whether corporate tax policy can support investment. This paper analyses trends in business investment and in the cost of capital in OECD countries over the past three decades. Then, it investigates empirically the sensitivity of business investment to corporate taxation, and how this sensitivity varies across firm, investment and tax-design characteristics. Panel regressions at the firm and industry levels confirm that business investment rates are negatively related to corporate taxation, measured by country-level forward-looking effective tax rates. However, the tax sensitivity of business investment has fallen significantly since the global financial crisis. It also differs significantly across firms, assets, and corporate tax design characteristics. Overall, the estimation results suggest that a nuanced and granular approach to corporate tax policy, accounting for heterogeneity in tax sensitivity, is needed to support investment effectively. The paper discusses possible policy options, including the reduction of non-profit taxes, the use of targeted corporate income tax instruments, and the use of more generous capital allowances where they may induce strong investment responses.
    DOI: 10.1787/04e682d7-en
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  • 48
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    CO2 emissions from global shipping : A new experimental database (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2023/04
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Energy ; Environment ; Transport
    Kurzfassung: The shipping industry is essential for international trade, but it is also an important source of CO2 emissions. To make progress towards climate targets, countries need to monitor CO2 emissions from vessels owned by their ship operator companies. However, most shipping activity takes place outside national borders, making it more difficult to monitor than activity taking place within countries. The OECD's experimental database on OECD.stat provides a new source of data for CO2 emissions from global shipping, which is available monthly in near real time. This data will help national statistics producers to compile their Air Emission Accounts (AEAs) for the System of Environmental Economic Accounting (SEEA). This Working Paper presents some initial results from the new data source and describes how they were produced. The method is based on granular and timely ship-level data provided by the United Nations Global Platform, and it uses a bottom-up estimation approach to produce results broken down by country and type of ship.
    DOI: 10.1787/bc2f7599-en
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  • 49
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    Supply-chain disruptions and new investment policies in the post-COVID-19 world : Initial insights from project-level data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2023/01
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: The COVID 19 pandemic has inflicted a series of shocks on the global economy, not least impacting global trade and investment. During the same time, several countries adopted new foreign direct investment (FDI) related policies. This paper presents novel preliminary evidence on the effects of these new FDI policies and COVID-19-related supply-chain disruptions on cross-border investment. It employs, among others, granular data on FDI policies and investment projects undertaken in a wide range of sectors in 175 host economies worldwide by investors from 46 home countries. It finds that a combination of FDI policies and COVID-19-related measures has a statistically significant and economically meaningful negative effect on the probability of a new cross-border greenfield investment project occurring during the sample period. The effect is the strongest in sectors with high R&D intensity.
    DOI: 10.1787/5fcc2892-en
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  • 50
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    Reaching net zero while safeguarding competitiveness and social cohesion in Germany (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1768
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: Germany intends to reach climate neutrality in 2045, tripling the speed of emission reductions that was achieved between 1990 and 2019. Soaring energy prices and the need to replace Russian energy imports have amplified the urgency to act. Various policy adjustments are needed to ensure implementation and achieve the transition to net zero cost-effectively. Lengthy planning and approval procedures risk slowing the expansion of renewables, while fossil fuel subsidies and generous tax exemptions limit the effectiveness of environmental policies. Germany should continue to rely on carbon pricing as a keystone of its mitigation strategy and aim to harmonise prices across sectors and make them more predictable. Carbon prices will be more effective if complemented by well-designed sectoral regulations and subsidies, especially for boosting green R&D, expanding sustainable transport and electricity network infrastructure, and decarbonising the housing sector. Subsidies for mature technologies and specific industries should be gradually phased out. Using carbon tax revenue to compensate low-income households and improve the quality of active labour market policies would help to support growth and ensure that the transition does not weaken social cohesion.
    DOI: 10.1787/5bf13192-en
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  • 51
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    From local to national: Delivering and financing effective long-term care (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.45
    Schlagwort(e): Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Economics ; Employment ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: This study provides an in-depth examination of the fiscal and governance decentralisation of long-term care (LTC) across OECD countries, offering projections of future fiscal burdens of LTC spending across levels of government. With rapid population ageing and a decrease in the supply of informal care, LTC spending has increased significantly. The paper introduces a novel methodology to estimate LTC expenditures across different government levels, including central and subnational governments. By analysing country cases, it explores the responsibilities assigned to each government level and the implications for service delivery and intergovernmental coordination. The study also discusses the overall anticipated increase of LTC expenditure to 2.3% of GDP by 2040, identifying the most impacted countries. This research contributes to our understanding of LTC systems, highlights the challenges of increasing LTC costs and provides insights for optimising governance and fiscal expenditure.
    DOI: 10.1787/578b296f-en
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  • 52
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    Labour market and education reforms are needed to create more and better jobs in Türkiye (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1782
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Türkiye
    Kurzfassung: The Turkish economy grew strongly over the past two decades and created many jobs. However, given its young and growing workforce, Türkiye needs to ramp up efforts to achieve high-quality formal job creation. A sizeable share of the workforce, mostly female workers, does not actively participate in the labour market. While informality has decreased significantly, it is still widespread and entrenches productivity differences across firms. Rigid labour market rules, particularly the high severance pay but also minimum wages, impede formal job creation. More flexible labour markets should be part of a comprehensive reform programme that shifts job loss protection to a broader-based unemployment insurance scheme, supported by well-designed activation policies. While educational attainment has risen impressively, a growing number of vacancies, significant skill mismatches and a low level of adult skills highlight the need to address the quality of education and to improve on the matching of talent to jobs.
    DOI: 10.1787/54657452-en
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  • 53
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    Improving the business environment to accelerate convergence in Croatia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1783
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Raising productivity growth is central to closing the gap with the incomes and well-being enjoyed in many OECD countries. Croatia has internationally competitive firms, and a dynamic economy with many young and potentially productive firms. However, overall performance has been limited by the presence of many less productive firms and more productive firms that often fail to grow. This likely reflects a business environment that weakens competitive pressures and makes investments more costly and risky. Reducing the burdens of lengthy and unpredictable regulatory procedures, resolving legal disputes faster with a more efficient judicial system, and improving public sector integrity, will be key for boosting productivity growth. Developing public equity markets and expanding R&D support would improve access to finance for young and innovative firms. State-owned enterprises play a comparatively large role in Croatia’s economy but tend to underperform financially and in delivering goods and services. Improving their governance, by strengthening the state’s oversight and governance arrangements, can improve outcomes. This Working Paper relates to the 2023 OECD Economic Survey of Croatia.
    DOI: 10.1787/3c89c005-en
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  • 54
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    Employment dynamics across firms during COVID-19 : The role of job retention schemes (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (67 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1788
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper analyses employment dynamics across firms during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of job retention schemes (JRS) in shaping these dynamics. It relies on a novel collection of high-frequency harmonised micro-aggregated statistics, computed using administrative data on employment and wages from electronic payroll records across 12 countries linked to monthly information on policy support during COVID-19, as well as on a new indicator of JRS de-jure generosity. The analysis highlights four key findings: i) the employment adjustment margins varied over time, adjusting mainly through the intensive margin in 2020, while both the intensive and the extensive margins contributed to employment changes in 2021; ii) the reallocation process remained productivity enhancing, although to a lower extent on average compared to 2019; iii) JRS were successful in their purpose of cushioning the effect of the crisis on employment growth and firm survival; iv) JRS support did not distort the productivity-enhancing nature of reallocation.
    DOI: 10.1787/33388537-en
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  • 55
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    Environmental policy stringency and CO2 emissions : Evidence from cross-country sector-level data (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (36 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1773
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Environment
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides empirical evidence on the short and long-term sectoral effect of environmental policy stringency on CO2 emissions, exploiting longitudinal data covering 30 OECD countries and more than 50 sectors. The analysis relies on the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS) index, a composite index tracking climate change and air pollution mitigation policies. Estimates obtained from panel regressions suggest that more stringent environmental policies are associated with lower emissions, that the effect builds over time and differs across sectors depending on their fossil fuel intensity. A one unit increase in the EPS index (about one standard deviation), is associated with 4% lower CO2 emissions in the sector with median fossil fuel intensity after two years and by 12% after 10 years. For sectors in the top decile of the fossil fuel intensity distribution, the estimates point to a decline in emissions by 11% after two years and 19% after ten years. Environmental policies targeted at energy, manufacturing and transport sectors have the largest potential impact on emissions. Illustrative policy scenarios based on these results indicate that achieving emission reductions consistent with net-zero targets will require raising the stringency of environmental policies more drastically and rapidly than in the past.
    DOI: 10.1787/53ddcef7-en
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  • 56
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    Addressing labour market challenges for sustainable and inclusive growth in Israel (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (59 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1787
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Israel
    Kurzfassung: High employment growth has sustained Israel’s high GDP growth in recent decades, but demographic change and labour market duality put future growth at risk. Policy action is required to stimulate employment and raise labour productivity, especially among population groups with weaker labour market outcomes. A particular concern is closing employment gaps of Haredim and Arab Israelis and ensuring gender equality in the workplace, which would simultaneously improve opportunities for all Israelis and the aggregate labour productivity of the economy. This will require setting appropriate work incentives and providing better support for working parents; improving skills at all stages of the learning cycle; as well as increasing mobility and improving reallocation towards high-productivity jobs and firms, in particular in the high-tech sector.
    DOI: 10.1787/dcdb1283-en
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  • 57
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    Gender diversity in senior management and firm productivity : Evidence from nine OECD countries (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (31 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Productivity Working Papers no.34
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This paper investigates the link between gender diversity in senior management and firm-level productivity. For this purpose, it constructs a novel cross-country dataset with information on firms’ senior management group and other firm characteristics, covering both publicly listed and unlisted firms in manufacturing and non-financial market services across nine OECD countries. The main result from the analysis is that productivity gains from increasing gender diversity in senior management are highest among firms with low initial diversity. Increasing the female share to the sample average of 20% in firms with initially lower shares would increase aggregate productivity by around 0.6%. This suggests that improving women’s access to senior management positions matters not only for equity but could yield significant productivity gains.
    DOI: 10.1787/58ad664a-en
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  • 58
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    The cost of job loss in carbon-intensive sectors: Evidence from Germany (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1774
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Employment ; Germany
    Kurzfassung: The green transformation of the economy is expected to lead to a sharp reduction in employment in carbon-intensive industries. For designing policies to support displaced workers, it is crucial to better understand the cost of job loss, whether there are specific effects of being displaced from a carbon-intensive sector and which workers are most at risk. By using German administrative labour market data and focusing on mass layoff events, we estimate the cost of involuntary job displacement for workers in high carbon-intensity sectors and compare it with the displacement costs for workers in low carbon-intensity sectors. We find that displaced workers from high carbon-intensity sectors have, on average, higher earnings losses and face stronger difficulties in finding a new job and recovering their earnings. Our results indicate that this is mainly due to human capital specificity, the regional clustering of carbon-intensive activities and higher wage premia in carbon-intensive firms. Workers displaced in high carbon-intensity sectors are older, face higher local labour market concentration and have fewer outside options for finding jobs with similar skill requirements. They have a higher probability to switch occupations and sectors, move to occupations that are more different in terms of skill requirements compared to the pre-displacement job, and are more likely to change workplace districts after displacement. Women, older workers and those with vocational degrees as well as workers in East Germany, experience particularly high costs in case they are displaced from high carbon-intensity sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/6f636d3b-en
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  • 59
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    Identifying and tracking climate change mitigation strategies : A cluster-based assessment (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1786
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This paper identifies different types of climate change mitigation strategies countries adopted over the last two decades and assesses the policy synergies they might generate. The analysis exploits the rich policy repository of the OECD’s Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework (CAPMF). This is the most comprehensive and harmonised mitigation policy database to date, covering more than 120 policy instruments and 50 countries over 2000-20. Statistical cluster analysis yields four types of mitigation strategies, which differ in the variety and stringency of mitigation policies. Until the mid-2000s mitigation strategies were similar and based on few policies and low overall stringency. They started to differentiate in the mid-2000s and then in the mid-2010s as some countries enlarged the variety of policy instruments and raised stringency. Regression results indicate that emissions are negatively associated with the overall stringency of the country’s mitigation strategies. Moreover, this relationship is stronger for mitigation strategies comprising a larger set of instruments, pointing to larger policy synergies.
    DOI: 10.1787/a23b43c5-en
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  • 60
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    Economic Policy Making to Pursue Economic Welfare : OECD Report for the G7 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This OECD report, prepared for the 2023 Japan Presidency of the G7, takes stock of the limitations of GDP as an economic indicator and provides an overview of initiatives to overcome them, both within the system of national accounts and through the development of multidimensional well-being dashboards. It also provides examples of efforts to better integrate multidimensional well-being concepts in policy strategy, design and implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/ccc5634c-en
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  • 61
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    Critical Minerals Market Review 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264455955
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (83 p.)
    Schlagwort(e): Kritische Metalle ; Mineral ; Rohstoffvorkommen ; Welt ; Energy ; Statistik
    Kurzfassung: The inaugural edition of the Critical Minerals Market Review provides a major update on the investment, market, technology and policy trends of the critical minerals sector in 2022 and an initial reading of the emerging picture for 2023. Through in-depth analyses of clean energy and mineral market trends, this report assesses the progress made by countries and businesses in scaling up future supplies, diversifying sources of supply, and improving sustainable and responsible practices. It also examines major trends for individual minerals and discusses key policy implications. The report will be followed by a forthcoming analysis that will feature comprehensive demand and supply projections for key materials and a number of deep-dives on key issues. It also makes available an online tool, the Critical Minerals Data Explorer, which allow users to explore interactively the latest IEA projections.
    DOI: 10.1787/9cdf8f39-en
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  • 62
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Luxembourg 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264570740
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Profils sur le cancer par pays : Luxembourg 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Luxemburg ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Luxembourg ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Luxembourg as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/6c6cdb7d-en
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  • 63
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    Policies to strengthen the resilience of global value chains : Empirical evidence from the COVID-19 shock (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (43 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.141
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Widespread supply disruptions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine have raised concerns among policy makers that globalised value chains expose domestic production to shocks from abroad. This paper uses new indicators of global value chain dependencies and exogenous pandemic shocks to econometrically estimate the effects of supply disruptions abroad on domestic output. The results suggest that the adverse effects of supply disruptions are particularly large when concentration of supplying countries and supplying firms is high. Counterfactual simulations of the econometric model suggest that diversification of suppliers would have sizeable benefits in terms of shielding domestic production against country-specific supply shocks, with partial onshoring of production having only small additional benefits. Technological innovation that reduces foreign dependencies, such as the substitution of renewable energies for fossil fuels, can have similar benefits as diversification.
    DOI: 10.1787/fd82abd4-en
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  • 64
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Austria 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264377325
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Länderprofile Krebs: Österreich 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Österreich ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Austria ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Austria as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/798b21c9-en
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  • 65
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    Health sector performance and efficiency in Ireland (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (62 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1750
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Ireland
    Kurzfassung: Overall, the health of the Irish population has improved substantially during recent decades and is quite good compared with other OECD countries. However, spending is elevated, partly reflecting a system that is strongly based on hospitals. Population ageing is exacerbating spending pressures. In addition, the health sector is dealing with past underspending, particularly in capital outlays in the years following the global financial crisis, that have constrained service delivery, contributing to substantial waiting lists and heavy pressure on staff. The government has initiated wide-ranging reforms, termed Sláintecare, with the aim of broadening the coverage of universal care, decentralising provision and enhancing the integration of primary, community and hospital care. The reforms are complicated, reflecting a healthcare system that is complex and at times opaque. This is particularly the case with the interaction of the public and private parts of the system in which private patients enjoy easier access to care, leading to concerns about a two-tier healthcare system. The creation of new regional health areas is set to support more decentralised decision-making, but information systems to track spending and reform implementation need an overhaul. The COVID-19 pandemic has diverted policy-making attention just as the reforms got underway, but stepping up the efforts to address legacy issues and move forward on the reforms is now key to meet the coming challenges while using resources effectively.
    DOI: 10.1787/6a000bf1-en
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  • 66
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    Global value chain dependencies under the magnifying glass (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (41 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.142
    Schlagwort(e): Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Policy makers are increasingly grappling with the stability implications of global value chains (GVCs), as widespread supply shortages following the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian Federation’s large-scale aggression against Ukraine have disrupted the economic recovery and contributed to high inflation. This paper provides a tool to assess vulnerabilities in GVCs by drawing a detailed map of dependencies based on new indicators constructed from the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output tables. The key findings are as follows. First, GVC dependencies increase with both the size of foreign exposures and the length of foreign value chains. Second, in some industries, such as the automotive and ICT industries, vulnerabilities from high GVC dependence are amplified by high geographic concentration of suppliers or buyers. Third, the People’s Republic of China is the most critical choke point in GVCs across a broad range of industries, both as a dominant supplier and as a dominant buyer.
    DOI: 10.1787/b2489065-en
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  • 67
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    The intergovernmental fiscal outlook and the implications of Russia’s war against Ukraine, high energy prices and inflation (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (29 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Working Papers on Fiscal Federalism no.42
    Schlagwort(e): Finanzpolitik ; Geldpolitik ; Öffentliche Finanzen ; Gemeindefinanzen ; Länderfinanzen ; Kriegsfolgen ; Energiepreis ; Inflation ; OECD-Staaten ; Energy ; Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Taxation ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: Less than two years after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s illegal, unprovoked and unjustifiable war of aggression against Ukraine has triggered the biggest military confrontation in Europe since World War II. Many OECD countries have reacted to Russia’s aggression by providing military and humanitarian aid to Ukraine and by imposing economic sanctions on Russia, which has accentuated supply chain disruptions, especially in the energy sector. A combination of these supply shocks with a demand shock caused by expansionary fiscal and monetary policies to tackle the pandemic has created inflationary pressures on a scale not seen in decades. Central banks around the world are acting to fulfil their price stability mandates by increasing interest rates and by engaging in quantitative tightening (primarily the selling of government bonds to reduce central bank balance sheets), all of which put pressure on borrowing costs at a time when governments are engaging in expansionary fiscal policy to alleviate the impact of inflation. The objective of this policy note is to examine the main consequences of this challenging environment for the fiscal stance of different levels of governments. These include the weakening outlook for government revenues in times of high expenditure pressures from a more rapid energy transition as well as high borrowing costs.
    DOI: 10.1787/3623ab61-en
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  • 68
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Lithuania 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264530119
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Su vėžiu susijusios padėties šalyje apžvalga : Lietuva 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Litauen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Lithuania ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Lithuania as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/31316f70-en
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  • 69
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Sweden 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264322066
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Landsprofiler om cancer: Sverige 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Schweden ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Sweden ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Sweden as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/7b5ff594-en
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  • 70
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Belgium 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264869905
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Landenprofiel voor Kanker: België 2023
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Profils sur le cancer par pays : Belgique 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Belgien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Belgium ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Belgium as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/9a976db3-en
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  • 71
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Croatia 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264847422
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Pregled trendova i stanja zdravstvene skrbi u području raka po zemljama: Hrvatska 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Kroatien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Croatia ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Croatia as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/372db8b8-en
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  • 72
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Hungary 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264748002
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Rákügyi országprofil: Magyarország 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Ungarn ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Hungary ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Hungary as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/ccaf0398-en
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  • 73
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Netherlands 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264642478
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Landenprofiel voor Kanker: Nederland 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Niederlande ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Netherlands ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in the Netherlands as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/89b32870-en
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  • 74
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    Subsidies to the steel industry : Insights from the OECD data collection (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers no.147
    Schlagwort(e): Stahlindustrie ; Subvention ; OECD-Staaten ; Welt ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Trade ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: This report analyses subsidies provided to steel producers by examining firm-level data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and conducting desk research. It reveals that subsidy trends persist even in the face of existing overcapacity. Between 2008 and 2020, steel companies in partner economies obtained an average of 10.7 times more subsidies per crude steel production capacity unit than their counterparts in OECD countries. These subsidies took the form of cash grants, cash awards, and cost reimbursements. The report also finds that the national context significantly influences a jurisdiction's inclination to support its steel sector and the transparency of such subsidies. Some jurisdictions have prioritised the growth of their domestic steel industry by establishing firm goals for crude steel production, export, or concentration. Meanwhile, others have engaged in international collaboration to address global challenges related to the decarbonisation of the steel industry.
    DOI: 10.1787/06e7c89b-en
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  • 75
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Ireland 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264593336
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Irland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Ireland ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Ireland as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/f31164f8-en
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  • 76
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    Canada’s transition to net zero emissions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (73 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1760
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Canada
    Kurzfassung: Canada has an ambitious plan to reduce the economy’s net emissions to zero by 2050. This will require a step change in mitigation action, with deep energy savings and near economy-wide replacement of fossil fuels with clean energy. Achieving this while minimising negative impacts on activity and living standards will be challenging. Canada is already using a range of policy instruments to propel its green transition – including carbon pricing, regulations, investment incentives, and public procurement of green technology. This Paper explores reforms that could make climate policies work better together to lock in both deep emissions reductions and strong economic growth. As with important efforts to prepare communities for the impacts of climate change, Canada’s provinces and territories will play a key role in the country’s green transition.
    DOI: 10.1787/efc1f36a-en
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  • 77
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    Transitioning to a green economy in Greece (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (75 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1757
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Greece
    Kurzfassung: A changing climate is threatening livelihoods and economic activity in Greece and the world. Transitioning to a green economy – mitigating the causes of climate change and adapting to its effects, while sustaining activity and improving well-being – is among the greatest policy challenges of the coming decades. In Greece, legacies of high emission intensity, limited fiscal space and scarce private financing amplify the challenge. Greening Greece’s energy system is at the core of this transition. This entails swiftly developing its large potential for renewable energies and adapting energy consuming sectors. A well-chosen mix of policies – including carbon pricing, public infrastructure investments, and gradually tightening regulations on minimum energy efficiency standards, while providing financial support and protecting vulnerable households – would minimise the cost of this transition. Developing insurance coverage can better protect households and firms from damages resulting from a warming climate, while limiting fiscal exposure. Engaging all stakeholders and supporting those affected by the transition will help build the consensus for implementing these policies into the long-term.
    DOI: 10.1787/77cd54d8-en
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  • 78
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    Rising energy prices and productivity: short-run pain, long-term gain? (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1755
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Soaring energy prices have raised concerns about the risks energy price shocks pose for firms’ performance and the green transition. This paper estimates the impacts of energy price changes on firms’ productivity as well as their dynamics, distinguishing between the short and medium-to-long term, using historical data. The analysis shows that following an energy price shock, firms adjust down their capacity utilisation, and their productivity declines. The estimates suggest that a 5% increase in energy prices reduces productivity by approximately 0.4% one year later. However, firms may display positive productivity gains in the medium term. Specifically, a shock corresponding to a 10% increase in energy prices is associated with an increase in productivity growth of around 0.9 p.p four years after the shock. These gains are more likely in less energy-intensive sectors, but tend not to materialise for larger shocks. There is some evidence that investment may be the channel behind productivity gains, the latter being larger for firms that had made investments in capital just before the shock.
    DOI: 10.1787/2ce493f0-en
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  • 79
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    Doing green things: skills, reallocation, and the green transition (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1763
    Schlagwort(e): Employment ; Economics
    Kurzfassung: The need to rapidly decarbonise economies raises questions about whether countries’ workforces possess the requisite skills to achieve the net zero transition as well as the capacity to redeploy workers from “brown” to “green” jobs. This paper applies a task-based framework to granular data from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) and country-specific employment sources to generate new indicators of the green skills structure of labour markets for a large number of OECD countries and non-OECD EU countries. Significant cross-country differences emerge in the underlying supply of green skill and the potential of economies to reallocate brown job workers to green jobs within their broad occupation categories. In a majority of detailed brown occupations, workers have in principle the necessary skills to transition to green jobs, with the exception of those in production occupations, who may require more extensive re-skilling. In contrast, workers from most highly automatable occupations are generally not found to have the sufficient skills to transition to green jobs, suggesting more limited scope for the net-zero transition to reinstate labour displaced by automation.
    DOI: 10.1787/286a5007-en
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  • 80
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    SMEs in the era of hybrid retail : Evidence from an OECD D4SME survey (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (74 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.41
    Schlagwort(e): KMU ; Einzelhandel ; Online-Handel ; OECD-Staaten ; Economics ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: Digitalisation has triggered a profound transformation of the retail sector, primarily composed of SMEs. While retail businesses are embracing more hybrid practices of managing online and brick-and-mortar channels, getting more traditional SME retailers fit for the hybrid era could open up new opportunities, with far reaching implications on the local economy. Through a novel survey conducted in six OECD countries (France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Spain) in co-operation with e-commerce platforms, this report provides new insights to better understand retail SMEs’ perceived advantages and challenges of operating online sales through these platforms, with a particular spotlight on hybrid SME retailers.
    DOI: 10.1787/882f30b0-en
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  • 81
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    Of bytes and trade: Quantifying the impact of digitalisation on trade (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (54 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.273
    Schlagwort(e): Digitalisierung ; Außenhandel ; Internationale Wirtschaft ; Wirkungsanalyse ; Welt ; Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides an overview of the evolving nature of digital trade and digital trade policies. It shows that digital trade has been growing faster than “non-digital” trade. By 2018, 24% of global trade (USD 5.1 trillion) could be considered digital trade. In parallel, countries have embraced digital trade provisions in trade agreements and new digital economy agreements have emerged. The empirical analysis shows that growing digital connectivity delivers a double dividend, increasing both domestic and international trade. It also shows that digital trade chapters have the potential to double the effect of trade agreements, while reductions in domestic barriers affecting digital trade have a strong export-enhancing effect, particularly in digitally-deliverable services. Overall, the results suggest that digital connectivity and digital trade policies play a significant and growing role in reducing trade costs and increasing trade across countries at all levels of development. The paper calls for wider participation and ambition in discussions at the WTO.
    DOI: 10.1787/11889f2a-en
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  • 82
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    Unleashing strong, digital and green growth in Viet Nam (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (58 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1770
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Viet Nam
    Kurzfassung: Viet Nam has been quick to recover from the downturns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, but it faces long-term economic challenges. Boosting labour productivity will be crucial to sustained high economic growth. Attracting further foreign investment and reaping the benefit of advanced technologies will require additional improvements to the business environment through simplifying administrative procedures. Levelling the playing field of competition between state-owned enterprises and private enterprises will also help to maintain Viet Nam's attraction for international investors. The country is already among the leaders of digitalisation in Southeast Asia, with strong adoption of e-commerce, telemedicine and telework. Further investment in digital skills will be key to maintain this momentum. The authorities have committed to net zero carbon emissions by 2050 and are expanding renewable energy generation capacity. A comprehensive decarbonisation plan would facilitate the transition to greener growth.
    DOI: 10.1787/78bcbbcd-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 83
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    Online-Ressource
    The Future of Rural Manufacturing (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264572225 , 9789264361850 , 9789264433472
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (182 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Rural Studies
    Schlagwort(e): Ländliche Industrie ; Slowenien ; Deutschland ; Italien ; Frankreich ; Ländlicher Raum ; Economics ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Industry and Services ; Governance
    Kurzfassung: The Future of Rural Manufacturing provides insights on the transformations that have occurred in manufacturing across rural regions in recent decades. It describes opportunities and challenges in this context, highlighting those relating to climate and demographic change and digitalisation, as well as shifting patterns in globalisation. With support from the European Commission, the project combines a wide range of both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The former examines broad trends in manufacturing performance across OECD rural (TL3) regions between 2000 and 2019, with deeper dives that draw on more granular microdata in 14 OECD countries. Case studies were conducted across 12 regions in Slovenia, Germany, Italy, and France. They comprised interviews with over 300 local, regional, and national actors across government, private sector, universities, research institutes, NGOs and non-profit community organisations. The project also benefited from foresight and futures workshops conducted in January and July 2022 with experts and policymakers across OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/e065530c-en
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  • 84
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    Online-Ressource
    Did COVID-19 accelerate the green transition? : An international assessment of fiscal spending measures to support low-carbon technologies (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (4 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Policy Briefs no.1
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Energy ; Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: Stimulus packages adopted following the COVID-19 pandemic – such as the US Inflation Reduction Act and NextGenerationEU - have been presented as an opportunity to "build back better" and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy while re-igniting the economy. But this revival of industrial policy has also raised concerns about the potential for a global green subsidy war. OECD analysed funding measures worth USD 1.3 trillion announced around the world in 2020-21 to support development and diffusion of low-carbon technologies. These measures can trigger substantial greenhouse gas emissions reductions while boosting the growth of the clean tech sector in all regions and reducing dependence over fossil fuel imports. This policy brief summarises key findings from our analysis and offers additional recommendations to policymakers.
    DOI: 10.1787/29bd5a72-en
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  • 85
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    What is the role of data in jobs in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States? : A natural language processing approach (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (45 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2023/05
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Employment ; Canada ; United Kingdom ; United States
    Kurzfassung: This paper estimates the data intensity of occupations/sectors (i.e. the share of job postings per occupation/sector related to the production of data) using natural language processing (NLP) on job advertisements in the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. Online job advertisement data collected by Lightcast provide timely and disaggregated insights into labour demand and skill requirements of different professions. The paper makes three major contributions. First, indicators created from the Lightcast data add to the understanding of digital skills in the labour market. Second, the results may advance the measurement of data assets in national account statistics. Third, the NLP methodology can handle up to 66 languages and can be adapted to measure concepts beyond digital skills. Results provide a ranking of data intensity across occupations, with data analytics activities contributing most to aggregate data intensity shares in all three countries. At the sectoral level, the emerging picture is more heterogeneous across countries. Differences in labour demand primarily explain those variations, with low data-intensive professions contributing most to aggregate data intensity in the United Kingdom. Estimates of investment in data, using a sum of costs approach and sectoral intensity shares, point to lower levels in the United Kingdom and Canada than in the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/fa65d29e-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 86
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    A better performing labour market for inclusive convergence in Croatia (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1784
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: Croatia’s labour market has made important progress over the past decade. Employment rates are rising, reducing the gap with OECD countries, and poverty has fallen. While important weaknesses remain, many dimensions of equity and working conditions are similar to OECD countries. Continuing this progress is essential for Croatia’s incomes and well-being to converge with OECD countries, to counter accelerating population ageing and to make the most of emerging opportunities, including from digitalisation and the green economy transition. For employers, filling increasingly advanced skill needs is a growing obstacle. Relatively few of the young and older adults are in work – contributing to weakening skills, lower incomes and higher poverty risks. Addressing these challenges will require dramatically expanding participation in re-skilling and adult education programmes, and raising the workforce’s flexibility, for example by strengthening active labour market policies, improving the housing market’s dynamism and making the most of immigrants’ and returned emigrants’ skills. This Working Paper relates to the 2023 OECD Economic Survey of Croatia.
    DOI: 10.1787/cafd17cd-en
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  • 87
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    Online-Ressource
    Financing SMEs for sustainability – Financial institution strategies and approaches : Results of an OECD survey of public and private financial institutions (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (40 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.46
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Industry and Services ; Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: Banks and other financial institutions have a central role to play in supporting the net zero transition of the business sector and its millions of SMEs. They are working to integrate climate considerations in various aspects of their operations, including strategy, management and financial products. This calls for the development of new internal capacities and access to SME sustainability data and assessments which are currently difficult to obtain. This policy paper presents the findings of a 2023 survey of public development banks and private financial institutions, conducted by the by the OECD Platform on Financing SMEs for Sustainability. It provides insights on financial institutions' current approaches and plans for the integration of climate considerations in their SME operations. It also provides information on the offer of finance and non-financial support for SMEs’ net zero investments and on related SME climate-related data requirements.
    DOI: 10.1787/b3fe3647-en
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  • 88
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    Entrepreneurial opportunities and working conditions of self-employed online freelancers in the platform economy : Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (21 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.45
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Employment ; Industry and Services ; Science and Technology
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the experiences of self-employed online freelancers working on digital labour platforms during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is based on interviews with freelancers and platform managers and experts in Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. Their experiences during COVID-19 reveal issues of asymmetric power vis-à-vis platforms. Notably, they reported lack of transparency and certainty in their contracts with platforms, lack of power in negotiating with clients, and limited ability to engage with clients on other platforms. In addition, they often experienced difficulties in accessing government temporary supports for businesses during the pandemic. The paper puts forward policy recommendations to address these issues.
    DOI: 10.1787/ebc310de-en
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  • 89
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    Impacts of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine on the shipping and shipbuilding markets (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (13 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Energy ; Trade ; Industry and Services ; Environment ; Transport ; Belarus ; Russian Federation ; Ukraine
    Kurzfassung: Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine has had profound effects on the maritime sector. It directly disrupted maritime activities in the Black and Azov seas, causing the suspension of Ukrainian port operations and agricultural exports. Although an export corridor temporarily resumed activities, the termination of the agreement in July 2023 continues to affect Ukrainian shipping. International sanctions against Russia and Belarus have notably targeted shipowners and shipbuilders, restricting Russian ships' access to OECD ports. These sanctions have also halted orders for Russian ship owners in OECD countries, reducing new orders and vessel completions in Russian shipyards. While global seaborne trade and ship demand remain relatively unaffected, the war has prompted longer-term impacts such as altered trading routes, changes in energy demand and costs, potential implications for maritime decarbonisation, and an increase in "dark fleet" vessels.
    DOI: 10.1787/4f925e43-en
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  • 90
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    Online-Ressource
    Economic effects of the EU’s ‘Fit for 55’ climate mitigation policies: A computable general equilibrium analysis (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (33 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1775
    Schlagwort(e): Economics
    Kurzfassung: This study analyses the economic effects of the EU's ‘Fit for 55’ climate mitigation policies using the OECD ENV-Linkage model, a dynamic, global Computable General Equilibrium model. The model projects macroeconomic, sectoral, energy and emission trends for the EU, and for the five largest EU economies separately, up to 2035. Policy scenarios combine carbon pricing with regulations to reach the ‘Fit For 55’ emission reduction target in 2030. Additional scenarios analyse i) harmonised carbon pricing across countries and sectors, ii) different forms of revenue recycling from carbon pricing, iii) the effect of the EU’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on competitiveness, and iv) the effect of Russia’s war against Ukraine on mitigation costs. Given the short time horizon of the analysis (until 2035), the model does not assess the positive economic benefits associated with fewer climate impacts and extreme climate events. ‘Fit for 55’ policies are projected to lead to a loss of GDP per capita of 2.1% in 2035 compared to the reference scenario (pre-‘Fit for 55’ policies), reflecting increasing production costs on the back of higher carbon pricing. Higher carbon pricing is also projected to lead to a loss of competitiveness in energy-intensive industries. The EU’s proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism may only partly mitigate the loss of competitiveness of energy-intensive industries. Harmonising carbon pricing across sectors would help limit the loss to GDP per capita, as a uniform carbon price is lower and allows for directing emission reduction efforts to sectors and countries with the lowest abatement costs. Finally, Russia’s war against Ukraine has not substantially increased the GDP costs of mitigation. Without the war, lower fossil fuel import prices would have led to higher fossil fuel demand, ultimately requiring more stringent mitigation action.
    DOI: 10.1787/f1a8cfa2-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 91
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    Working towards dual intent integration of Ukrainian refugees (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (11 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the War in Ukraine
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Intégration des réfugiés ukrainiens : une double approche
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Kurzfassung: As the displacement of Ukrainians in OECD countries is prolonged, additional integration support in host countries is needed for optimal outcomes, yet the nature and scope of support needed may not align with the usual integration practices as many refugees are expected to want to return to home when the situation permits. Considering the conflicting needs, adopting a dual intent approach could prepare for both indefinite stay as well as for possible return of refugees by deliberatively seeking to minimise possible return barriers.
    DOI: 10.1787/6b4c16f7-en
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  • 92
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    Online-Ressource
    Supporting persons with disabilities in entrepreneurship : Ensuring inclusion in a post COVID-19 economy (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (34 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers no.37
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Industry and Services
    Kurzfassung: This policy brief, prepared by the OECD and European Commission, explores the potential of entrepreneurship policy to support the labour market participation of people with disabilities. Disabilities vary widely in type, severity, stability, duration and time of onset, and these characteristics influence individual capacities and willingness to be active in the labour market. Self-employment can be appropriate for some in this population because it can provide more flexibility than paid employment in terms of workload, work schedule and work location, which can allow for better management of disability and lifestyle. This brief provides an overview of the policy rationale for entrepreneurship support for people with disabilities and provides a brief overview of the scale and nature of self-employment activities by people with disabilities and suggests potential actions for governments.
    DOI: 10.1787/1ea0d982-en
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  • 93
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Norway 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264640443
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Landprofil om kreft: Norge 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Norwegen ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Norway ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Norway as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/0fcf5d28-en
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  • 94
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    Online-Ressource
    Challenges to international trade and the global economy : Recovery from COVID-19 and Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (55 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.265
    Schlagwort(e): Economics ; Trade
    Kurzfassung: Amidst the recovery from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has resulted in new challenges to the global economy and to international trade. This report relies on detailed trade data to assess the impact of these two overlapping shocks on international trade and supply chains. In February 2022, global trade was approaching pre-Covid levels in absolute terms, but with a different product and geographical composition resulting in a continued sense of tension in the trading system. Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has added a new dimension of challenges as it has led to deliberate radical interruptions of trade linkages between Russia, Ukraine and many industrialised economies, with significant repercussions on prices of key commodities in the energy and agricultural sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/5c561274-en
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  • 95
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    Online-Ressource
    EU Country Cancer Profile: Italy 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264738478
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Profili sul cancro per paese: Italia 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Italien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Italy ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Italy as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/a0a66c1d-en
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  • 96
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Czech Republic 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264502550
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Onkologický profil země: Česká republika 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Tschechien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Czech Republic ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in the Czech Republic as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/c37fd099-en
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  • 97
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Germany 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264843240
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Länderprofile Krebs: Deutschland 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Deutschland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Germany as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/fcc8586e-en
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 98
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Romania 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264409217
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Profil de țară privind cancerul: România 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Rumänien ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Romania ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Romania as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/267467c6-en
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  • 99
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    Towards net zero in the Czech Republic (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (47 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.1754
    Schlagwort(e): Klimaneutralität ; Klimapolitik ; Wirtschaftspolitik ; Tschechien ; Economics ; Czech Republic
    Kurzfassung: The Czech economy is very carbon-intensive and has among the highest greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP in the OECD. Getting on the path towards net zero will require rapid emission reductions over the coming decades. Coal still makes up close to one third of the energy supply and the government has pledged to phase it out by 2033, which will require a swift expansion in the use of renewable energy sources as well as increased energy efficiency. This can be achieved by adopting a comprehensive policy package that includes widely applied carbon pricing, incentives to raise energy efficiency, spending on renewable energy and cutting red tape hindering green investments. Compensating policies and adjustment support will be essential to mitigate the socio-economic impacts of climate policies and to increase public support. Active labour market policies including higher spending on re-training for the unemployed is key to facilitate the green transition.
    DOI: 10.1787/7ce7c9dd-en
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  • 100
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    EU Country Cancer Profile: Estonia 2023 (2023)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264775176
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource (20 p.) , 21 x 28cm.
    Serie: EU Country Cancer Profiles
    Paralleltitel: Parallele Sprachausgabe Riigi vähiprofiil: Eesti 2023
    Schlagwort(e): Krebskrankheit ; Gesundheitsvorsorge ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; Gesundheitsversorgung ; Gesundheit ; Estland ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Estonia ; Statistik ; Amtliche Publikation
    Kurzfassung: This profile identifies strengths, challenges and specific areas of action on cancer prevention and care in Estonia as part of the European Cancer Inequalities Registry, a flagship initiative of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan. It provides a short synthesis of: the national cancer burden; risk factors for cancer (focusing on behavioural and environmental risk factors); early detection programmes; and cancer care performance (focusing on accessibility, care quality, costs and the impact of COVID-19 on cancer care).
    DOI: 10.1787/8434f41c-en
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