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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (366)
  • 2005-2009  (366)
  • 1945-1949
  • 2008  (366)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (366)
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (366)
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  • 2005-2009  (366)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Economic Prospects 2008 : Technology Diffusion in the Developing World (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 082137365X , 9780821373668 , 9780821373651
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (201 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Economic Prospects
    Abstract: Global Economic Prospects 2008: Technology Diffusion in the Developing World examines the state of technology in developing countries and the pace with which it has advanced since the early 1990s. It reveals both encouraging and cautionary trends. On the one hand, the pace of technological progress in developing countries has been much faster than in high-income countries-reflecting increased exposure to foreign technology as a result of linkages with high-skilled diasporas and the opening of these countries to international trade and foreign direct investment.On the other hand, the technology gap remains large, and the domestic factors that determine how quickly technologies spread within developing countries often stymie progress, especially among low-income countries. This year's Global Economic Prospects comes on the heels of an extended period of strong growth and a 15 year period of strong performance in much of the developing world, which has contributed to substantial declines in global poverty. While high oil prices and heightened market volatility may signal a coming pause in this process, over the longer term continued technological progress should continue to push back poverty. "Rapid technological progress in developing countries has been central to the reduction of poverty in recent decades. While the integration of global markets has played and will continue to play a key role in this, future success will increasingly depend on strengthening technical competencies and the business environment for innovative firms in developing countries
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Doing Business 2009 (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821376102
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (195 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Doing Business
    Abstract: Comparing business regulation in 181 economies. Doing Business 2009 is the sixth in a series of annual reports comparing business regulations in 181 economies. Doing Business 2009 measures regulations affecting 10 areas of everyday business: Starting a business - steps, time, cost, and minimum capital to register a new business. Enforcing contracts - steps, time, and cost to enforce a commercial contract. Employing workers - indices of employment law rigidities cost of economic redundancies. Getting credit - extent of credit information sharing and creditor rights. Closing a business - steps, time, and cost to close down a business recovery rate for creditor. Registering property - steps, time, and cost to transfer ownership of commercial real estate. Protecting investors - indices on disclosure, investor suits, and standing in court. Dealing with construction permits - steps, time, and cost of business inspections and licensing. Paying taxes - statutory rates, number of taxes paid, and number of hours spent on preparing tax returns. Trading across borders - steps, time, and number of documents necessary to export and import. Doing Business 2009 updates all sets of indicators, ranks economies on their overall ease of doing business, and analyzes reforms to business regulation - identifying identifying which countries are improving the most. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what reforms have worked, where and why. Doing Business 2009 focuses on how complex business regulations can impact business growth and job creation
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Differentiation and articulation in tertiary education systems : a study of twelve African countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821375466 , 9780821375464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 170 p) , 25 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no. 145
    Keywords: Education, Higher ; Education, Higher
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2008 (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821374303 , 9780821374313 , 9780821374306
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (229 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2008 is one of a series of pocket-sized books intended to provide a quick reference to development data on different topics. The Little Data Book on Private Sector Development 2008 provides data for more than 20 key indicators on business environment and private sector development in a single page for each of the World Bank member countries and other economies with populations of more than 30,000. These more than 200 country pages are supplemented by aggregate data for regional and income groupings
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Land Rental Markets In The Process of Rural Structural Transformation : Productivity And Equity Impacts In China (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Rental Markets In The Process of Rural Structural Transformation
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Distribution Of Income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Equalization ; Labor Policies ; Land Use ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mandates ; Migration ; Moral Hazard ; Political Economy ; Productivity ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transaction Costs ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The importance of land rental for overall economic development has long been recognized in theory, yet empirical evidence on the productivity and equity impacts of such markets and the extent to which they realize their potential has been scant. Representative data from China's nine most important agricultural provinces illustrate the impact of rental markets on households' economic strategies and welfare, and the productivity of land use at the plot level. Although there are positive impacts in each of these dimensions, transaction costs constrain participation by many producers, thus preventing rental markets from attaining their full potential. The paper identifies factors that increase transaction costs and provides a rough estimate of the productivity and equity impacts of removing them
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Land Reforms, Poverty Reduction, And Economic Growth : Evidence From India (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Reforms, Poverty Reduction, And Economic Growth
    Keywords: Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Recognition of the importance of institutions that provide security of property rights and relatively equal access to economic resources to a broad cross-section of society has renewed interest in the potential of asset redistribution, including land reforms. Empirical analysis of the impact of such policies is, however, scant and often contradictory. This paper uses panel household data from India, together with state-level variation in the implementation of land reform, to address some of the deficiencies of earlier studies. The results suggest that land reform had a significant and positive impact on income growth and accumulation of human and physical capital. The paper draws policy implications, especially from the fact that the observed impact of land reform seems to have declined over time
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    What Matters to African Firms? : The Relevance of Perceptions Data (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gelb, Alan What Matters to African Firms?
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth ; Access To Credit ; Access To Finance ; Access to Finance ; Corruption ; Discrimination ; Earnings ; Economic Cooperation ; Emerging Markets ; Entrepreneurs ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; International Bank ; Microfinance ; Multinationals ; Private Sector Development ; Sales Growth
    Abstract: Can perceptions data help us understand investment climate constraints facing the private sector? Or do firms simply complain about everything? In this paper, the authors provide a picture of how firms' views on constraints differ across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys database, they find that reported constraints reflect country characteristics and vary systematically by level of income-the most elemental constraints to doing business (power, access to finance, ability to plan ahead) appear to be most binding at low levels of income. As countries develop and these elemental constraints are relaxed, governance-related constraints become more problematic. As countries move further up the income scale and the state becomes more capable, labor regulation is perceived to be more of a problem-business is just one among several important constituencies. The authors also consider whether firm-level characteristics-such as size, ownership, exporter status, and firms' own experience-affect firms' views on the severity of constraints. They find that, net of country and sector fixed effects and firm characteristics, firms' views do reflect their experience as evidenced by responses to other questions in surveys. The results suggest that there are both country-level and firm-level variations in the investment climate. Turning to the concept of "binding constraints," the Enterprise Surveys do not generally suggest one single binding constraint facing firms in difficult business climates. However, there do appear to be groups of constraints that matter more at different income levels, with a few elemental constraints being especially important at low levels and a few regulatory constraints at high levels, but a difficult range of governance-related constraints at intermediate levels. Adjusting to a constraint does not mean that firms then do not recognize it-for example, generator-owning firms are not distinguishable from other firms when ranking electricity as a constraint. Overall, firms do appear to discriminate between constraints in a reasonable way. Their views can provide a useful first step in the business-government consultative process and help in prioritizing more specific behavioral analysis and policy reforms
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Affordability And Subsidies In Public Urban Transport : What Do We Mean, What Can Be Done? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estupinan, Nicolas Affordability And Subsidies In Public Urban Transport
    Keywords: Air ; Public Transport ; Public Transport Subsidies ; Public Transport Subsidy ; Rural Infrastructure ; Safety ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Projects ; Transport Sector ; Transport Subsidies ; Urban Transport ; Air ; Public Transport ; Public Transport Subsidies ; Public Transport Subsidy ; Rural Infrastructure ; Safety ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Projects ; Transport Sector ; Transport Subsidies ; Urban Transport ; Air ; Public Transport ; Public Transport Subsidies ; Public Transport Subsidy ; Rural Infrastructure ; Safety ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Projects ; Transport Sector ; Transport Subsidies ; Urban Transport
    Abstract: Subsidy policies on public urban transport have been adopted ubiquitously. In both developed and developing countries, subsidies are implemented to make transport more affordable. Despite their widespread implementation, there are virtually no quantitative assessments of their distributional incidence, making it impossible to determine if these instruments are pro-poor. This paper reviews the arguments used to justify subsidy policies in public urban transport. Using different tools to quantitatively evaluate the incidence and distributive impacts of subsidy policy options, the paper analyzes the findings of a series of research papers that study urban public transport subsidy policies in developed and developing countries. The available evidence indicates that current public urban transport subsidy policies do not make the poorest better off. Supply-side subsidies are, for the most part, neutral or regressive; while demand-side subsidies perform better-although many of them do not improve income distribution. Considering that the policy objective is to improve the welfare of the poorest, it is imperative to move away from supply-side subsidies towards demand-side subsidies and to integrate transport social concerns into wider poverty alleviation efforts, which include the possibility of channeling subsidies through monetary transfer systems or through other transfer instruments (food subsidies, health services and education for the poor). The general conclusion of the paper is that more effort should be devoted to improve the targeting properties of public urban transport subsidies using means-testing procedures to ensure a more pro-poor incidence of subsidies
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Human Capital And University-Industry Linkages' Role In Fostering Firm Innovation : An Empirical Study of Chile And Colombia (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Marotta, Daniela Human Capital And University-Industry Linkages' Role In Fostering Firm Innovation
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Education ; Email Address ; Human Capital ; Innovation ; Innovation ; Innovation Program ; Internationalisation ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Manufacturing ; Private Sector Development ; R & D ; Rural Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technological Innovation ; Web ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Education ; Email Address ; Human Capital ; Innovation ; Innovation ; Innovation Program ; Internationalisation ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Manufacturing ; Private Sector Development ; R & D ; Rural Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technological Innovation ; Web ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Education ; Email Address ; Human Capital ; Innovation ; Innovation ; Innovation Program ; Internationalisation ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Manufacturing ; Private Sector Development ; R & D ; Rural Development ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technological Innovation ; Web
    Abstract: A firm's absorptive capacity, human capital and linkages with knowledge institutions have been shown to increase the firm's probability of innovating in OECD economies. Despite its importance for national- and firm-level competitiveness, few papers examine the impact of the same variables for firms innovation in Latin America. This paper investigates the link between firm innovation and its absorption capacity as proxied by the presence of a R&D department, the firm's human capital, and its interaction with research centers and universities. We analyze the case of Chilean and Colombian manufacturing firms using data from innovation surveys. A probit regression model is applied to identify the determinants of innovation activity. We find that collaboration with university and research institutions is associated with an increase in the probability of introducing a new product in Chilean and Colombian firms of 29 and 44 percent, respectively, and it can increase up to 58 percent in the case of Colombian firms interacting with research centers. Moreover, firms whose employees have a higher level of education, or whose managers/supervisors have a higher (perceived) level of knowledge, are more likely to innovate. Although the estimates could be affected by biases and suffer from shortcomings in data, the findings suggest that policies and incentives to increase firm-level human capital and industry-university linkages are important to increase innovation in Latin America
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard Regulatory Cooperation, Aid For Trade And The General Agreement On Trade In Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Best Market ; Business Practice ; Developing Countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Free Trade ; Growth Rate ; International Cooperation ; International Economics & Trade ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Regulators ; Technological Change ; Trade and Services ; World Trade
    Abstract: This paper discusses what could be done to expand services trade and investment through a multilateral agreement in the World Trade Organization. A distinction is made between market access liberalization and the regulatory preconditions for benefiting from market opening. The authors argue that prospects for multilateral services liberalization would be enhanced by making national treatment the objective of World Trade Organization services negotiations, thereby clarifying the scope of World Trade Organization commitments for regulators. Moreover, liberalization by smaller and poorer members of the World Trade Organization would be facilitated by complementary actions to strengthen regulatory capacity. If pursued as part of the operationalization of the World Trade Organization's 2006 Aid for Trade taskforce report, the World Trade Organization could become more relevant in promoting not just services liberalization but, more importantly, domestic reforms of services policies
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Where To Sell ? : Market Facilities And Agricultural Marketing (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shilpi, Forhad Where To Sell ?
    Keywords: Access To Market ; Commercialization ; Cost Increases ; Gross Domestic Product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Price ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Sale ; Sales ; Total Sales ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access To Market ; Commercialization ; Cost Increases ; Gross Domestic Product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Price ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Sale ; Sales ; Total Sales ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access To Market ; Commercialization ; Cost Increases ; Gross Domestic Product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Access ; Market Price ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Sale ; Sales ; Total Sales ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the effect of facilities and infrastructure available at the market place on a farmer's decision to sell at the market using a comprehensive survey of farmers, markets and villages conducted in Tamil Nadu, India in 2005. The econometric estimation shows that the likelihood of sales at the market increases significantly with an improvement in market facilities and a decrease in travel time from the village to the market. The results suggest that wealth reduces a farmer's cost of accessing market facilities more than it increases her/his opportunity cost of leisure. The wealthy farmers are able to capture a disproportionate share of the benefits of facilities available at congested markets. The policy simulation, however, shows that the marginal benefits from an improvement in market facilities will favor poorer farmers in the context of India
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    (UN)Bundling Public-Private Partnership Contracts In The Water Sector : Competition In Auctions And Economies of Scale In Operation (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Iimi, Atsushi (UN)Bundling Public-Private Partnership Contracts In The Water Sector
    Keywords: Competitive Bidding ; Industry ; Local Water ; Municipal Water ; Private Participation ; Sewerage Services ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Conservation ; Water Districts ; Water Resources ; Water Sector ; Water Services ; Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Utilities ; Water and Industry ; Competitive Bidding ; Industry ; Local Water ; Municipal Water ; Private Participation ; Sewerage Services ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Conservation ; Water Districts ; Water Resources ; Water Sector ; Water Services ; Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Utilities ; Water and Industry ; Competitive Bidding ; Industry ; Local Water ; Municipal Water ; Private Participation ; Sewerage Services ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Urban Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Conservation ; Water Districts ; Water Resources ; Water Sector ; Water Services ; Water Supply ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Utilities ; Water and Industry
    Abstract: In public-private partnership transactions in the water sector, one of the alleged concerns is that there is little market competition at the auction stage. This paper casts light on a tradeoff between the competition effect at the auction level and potential economies of scale in service operation. If the authorities design a large-scale public-private partnership water transaction, it is expected to exploit operational scale economies. But the competition effect may have to be sacrificed. The paper shows a risk that the selection of the contract size could be a very restrictive condition that excludes many prospective bidders. Moreover, the paper quantifies the optimal size of public-private partnership contracts in the sector by estimating a cost function. The analysis shows that economies of scale exist but tend to diminish quickly as production increases. When the amount of water sold exceeds about 40 million m3, the statistical significance of economies of scale disappears. And there is no rationale for auctioning the water operation with annual water delivery of more than 400 million m3 under a single contract
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aid, Growth, And Real Exchange Rate Dynamics (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Devarajan, Shantayanan Aid, Growth, And Real Exchange Rate Dynamics
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Extreme Poverty ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Incentive Effects ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomic Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Productivity ; Open Economy ; Private Sector Development ; Productivity ; Savings ; Side Effects
    Abstract: Devarajan, Go, Page, Robinson, and Thierfelder argued that if aid is about the future and recipients are able to plan consumption and investment decisions optimally over time, then the potential problem of an aid-induced appreciation of the real exchange rate (Dutch disease) does not occur. In their paper, "Aid, Growth and Real Exchange Rate Dynamics," this key result is derived without requiring extreme assumptions or additional productivity story. The economic framework is a standard neoclassical growth model, based on the familiar Salter-Swan characterization of an open economy, with full dynamic savings and investment decisions. It does require that the model is fully dynamic in both savings and investment decisions. An important assumption is that aid should be predictable for intertemporal smoothing to take place. If aid volatility forces recipients to be constrained and myopic, Dutch disease problems become an issue
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  • 14
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    On Measuring The Benefits of Lower Transport Costs (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Jacoby, Hanan G On Measuring The Benefits of Lower Transport Costs
    Keywords: High transport ; Infrastructure investment ; Road ; Road improvement ; Road projects ; Rural infrastructure ; Rural roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; High transport ; Infrastructure investment ; Road ; Road improvement ; Road projects ; Rural infrastructure ; Rural roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; High transport ; Infrastructure investment ; Road ; Road improvement ; Road projects ; Rural infrastructure ; Rural roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure
    Abstract: Despite large amounts invested in rural roads in developing countries, little is known about their benefits. This paper derives an expression for the willingness-to-pay for a reduction in transport costs from the canonical agricultural household model and uses it to estimate the benefits of a hypothetical road project. Estimation is based on novel cross-sectional data collected in a small region of Madagascar with enormous, yet plausibly exogenous, variation in transport cost. A road that essentially eliminated transport costs in the study area would boost the incomes of the remotest households-those facing transport costs of about USD 75/ton-by nearly half, mostly by raising non-farm earnings. This benefit estimate is contrasted to one based on a hedonic approach
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  • 15
    Online Resource
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    Upgrading The Investment Policy Framework of Public Pension Funds (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (68 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Vittas, Dimitri Upgrading The Investment Policy Framework of Public Pension Funds
    Keywords: Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency ; Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency ; Alternative asset ; Asset classes ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; International Bank ; Investment Policy ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment strategies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Private Sector Development ; Reserves ; Transparency
    Abstract: Public pension funds have the potential to benefit from low operating costs because they enjoy economies of scale and avoid large marketing costs. But this important advantage has in most countries been dissipated by poor investment performance. The latter has been attributed to a weak governance structure, lack of independence from government interference, and a low level of transparency and public accountability. Recent years have witnessed the creation of new public pension funds in several countries, and the modernization of existing ones in others, with special emphasis placed on upgrading their investment policy framework and strengthening their governance structure. This paper focuses on the experience of four new public pension funds that have been created in Norway, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. The paper discusses the safeguards that have been introduced to ensure their independence and their insulation from political pressures. It also reviews their performance and their evolving investment strategies. All four funds started with the romantic idea of operating as 'managers of managers' and focusing on external passive management but their strategies have progressively evolved to embrace internal active management and significant investments in alternative asset classes. The paper draws lessons for other countries that wish to modernize their public pension funds
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  • 16
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    Online Resource
    Decentralization And The Provision of Public Services : Framework And Implementation (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kim, Aehyung Decentralization And The Provision of Public Services
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Federalism ; Income distribution ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Local government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Privatization ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Services ; Public service provision ; Revenue sources ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Federalism ; Income distribution ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Local government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Privatization ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Services ; Public service provision ; Revenue sources ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Decentralization ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Federalism ; Income distribution ; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations and Local Finance Management ; Local government ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Privatization ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Services ; Public service provision ; Revenue sources
    Abstract: This paper discusses decentralization (administrative, fiscal and political) of government in public service provision. It aims to facilitate understanding among practitioners, policy makers, and scholars about what decentralization entails in practice compared to theory. A review of the empirical literature and experience of decentralization is presented. The paper highlights issues that policy makers in developing and transitional countries should be aware of when reforming government, considering their unique political and economic environment. The author argues that decentralization produces efficiency gains stemming from inter-jurisdictional competition, enhanced checks and balances over the government through voting at the subnational level, and informational advantages due to proximity to citizens. By contrast, arguments against decentralization include the risk of an increased level of corruption, coordination problems stemming from multiple layers of government, low capacity of subnational government, and unproductive inter-jurisdictional competition. Decentralization itself does not render increased government effectiveness in public service provision. Instead, the effectiveness of government largely depends on the quality of human capital and institutions
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  • 17
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    Poisoning The Mind : Arsenic Contamination And Cognitive Achievement of Children (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Asadullah, Mohammad Niaz Poisoning The Mind
    Keywords: Achievement of Children ; Cognitive skills ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational participation ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Learning outcomes ; Population Policies ; Primary data ; Reading ; School survey ; Schooling ; Secondary school ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Solid Waste Management ; Achievement of Children ; Cognitive skills ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational participation ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Learning outcomes ; Population Policies ; Primary data ; Reading ; School survey ; Schooling ; Secondary school ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Solid Waste Management ; Achievement of Children ; Cognitive skills ; Education ; Education for All ; Educational participation ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Learning ; Learning outcomes ; Population Policies ; Primary data ; Reading ; School survey ; Schooling ; Secondary school ; Tertiary Education ; Urban Solid Waste Management
    Abstract: Bangladesh has experienced the largest mass poisoning of a population in history owing to contamination of groundwater with naturally occurring inorganic arsenic. Continuous drinking of such metal-contaminated water is highly cancerous; prolonged drinking of such water risks developing diseases in a span of just 5-10 years. Arsenicosis-intake of arsenic-contaminated drinking water-has implications for children's cognitive and psychological development. This study examines the effect of arsenicosis at school and at home on cognitive achievement of children in rural Bangladesh using recent nationally representative school survey data on students. Information on arsenic poisoning of the primary source of drinking water-tube wells-is used to ascertain arsenic exposure. The findings show an unambiguously negative and statistically significant correlation between mathematics score and arsenicosis at home, net of exposure at school. Split-sample analysis reveals that the effect is only specific to boys; for girls, the effect is negative but insignificant. Similar correlations are found for cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes such as subjective well-being, that is, a self-reported measure of life satisfaction (also a direct proxy for health status) of students and their performance in primary-standard mathematics. These correlations remain robust to controlling for school-level exposure
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  • 18
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    Competition And Demographics (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Competition And Demographics
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Knowledge for Development ; Labor Policies ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market competition ; Markets and Market Access ; Price setting ; Private Sector Development ; Product markets ; Retail ; Retail stores ; Retailing ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spread ; Suppliers ; Tying
    Abstract: Mainstream economics views demographic changes in the structure of households as of little relevance for the behavior of firms or the functioning of markets. The present paper dispels this view by arguing that changes in the number of non-workers could affect the intensity with which consumers search for best prices and therefore the level of competition. The author also analyzes the relationship between income and competition, which some studies suggest is negative. The author argues that the negative relationship is most likely due to the demographic factors discussed
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  • 19
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    Chile : A Strategy To Promote Innovative Small And Medium Enterprises (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Goldberg, Mike Chile
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business development ; Competitiveness ; E-Business ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information system ; Innovation ; Institution ; Medium Enterprises ; Microfinance ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Supervision ; Web
    Abstract: With its strong export orientation and emphasis on competitiveness, the Chilean economic model has been the envy of its neighbors for more than a decade. However, there are underlying vulnerabilities. Historically, exports have been concentrated in mining and agriculture, sectors dominated by large firms that do not generate a large share of employment. Small and medium enterprises play a key role in employment generation and economic decentralization in Chile, yet their employment was stagnant between 2000 and 2004. Based on work completed in 2003, this study provides a review of the Chilean government's substantial investment in programs that support small and medium enterprises. This review of government programs confirms the importance of coordination and an overarching strategy, in the form of a National Innovation System, led by a single institution. The review also finds that demand-driven programs were more likely to be sustainable. Finally, the study demonstrates that Chile (and other countries with many support programs for small and medium enterprises in place) needs an integrated management information system to analyze, assess, coordinate, and streamline the program portfolio for small and medium enterprises in the future
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  • 20
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    The Effects of Local Environmental Institutions On Perceptions of Smoke And Fire Problems In Brazil (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wertz-Kanounnikoff, Sheila The Effects of Local Environmental Institutions On Perceptions of Smoke And Fire Problems In Brazil
    Keywords: Climate change ; Developed countries ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Kuznets ; Environmental issues ; Environmental policy ; Environmental problem ; Environmental problems ; Land use ; Sustainable Development ; Climate change ; Developed countries ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Kuznets ; Environmental issues ; Environmental policy ; Environmental problem ; Environmental problems ; Land use ; Sustainable Development ; Climate change ; Developed countries ; Environment ; Environmental ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Kuznets ; Environmental issues ; Environmental policy ; Environmental problem ; Environmental problems ; Land use ; Sustainable Development
    Abstract: Environmental concern in developing countries has risen rapidly over the past decade. At the same time, decentralization and civic participation in environmental policy-making have also burgeoned. This paper uses data from the Brazilian Municipal Environmental Survey 2001 to examine the causal effect of municipio (county) level environmental institutions on perceptions about environmental problems in Brazil. Consistent with models of public choice, the analysis assumes that the existence of an environmental secretary or an environmental council is related to characteristics of the municipio population. To control for endogeneity - the possibility that the presence of environmental institutions merely signals constituents' tastes rather than influences municipal actions - the authors construct a system of equations that identifies the causal impact of the institutions. Estimation via a trivariate probit model allows for correlation of unobserved determinants of problem perception, presence of an environmental secretary, and presence of an environmental council. The results suggest that the presence of environmental secretaries has a strong, highly significant, positive causal effect on environmental problem perception. Presence of local environmental councils with civic participation has a significant but weaker impact on environmental problem perception. The authors conclude that local environmental institutions indeed shape local environmental awareness and that participatory institutions can influence local government
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  • 21
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    The Effectiveness of Policies To Control A Human Influenza Pandemic : A Literature Review (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dutta, Arin The Effectiveness of Policies To Control A Human Influenza Pandemic
    Keywords: Air travel ; Avian Flu ; Containment ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Influenza ; Influenza Pandemic ; Influenza outbreaks ; Outbreak ; Pandemic influenza ; Population Policies ; Preparedness planning ; Strains ; Transmission ; Air travel ; Avian Flu ; Containment ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Influenza ; Influenza Pandemic ; Influenza outbreaks ; Outbreak ; Pandemic influenza ; Population Policies ; Preparedness planning ; Strains ; Transmission ; Air travel ; Avian Flu ; Containment ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Influenza ; Influenza Pandemic ; Influenza outbreaks ; Outbreak ; Pandemic influenza ; Population Policies ; Preparedness planning ; Strains ; Transmission
    Abstract: The studies reviewed in this paper indicate that with adequate preparedness planning and execution it is possible to contain pandemic influenza outbreaks where they occur, for viral strains of moderate infectiousness. For viral strains of higher infectiousness, containment may be difficult, but it may be possible to mitigate the effects of the spread of pandemic influenza within a country and/or internationally with a combination of policies suited to the origins and nature of the initial outbreak. These results indicate the likelihood of containment success in 'frontline risk' countries, given specific resource availability and level of infectiousness; as well as mitigation success in 'secondary' risk countries, given the assumption of inevitable international transmission through air travel networks. However, from the analysis of the modeling results on interventions in the U.S. and U.K. after a global pandemic starts, there is a basis for arguing that the emphasis in the secondary risk countries could shift from mitigation towards containment. This follows since a mitigation-focused strategy in such developed countries presupposes that initial outbreak containment in these countries will necessarily fail. This is paradoxical if containment success at similar infectiousness of the virus is likely in developing countries with lower public health resources, based on results using similar modeling methodologies. Such a shift in emphasis could have major implications for global risk management for diseases of international concern such as pandemic influenza or a SARS-like disease
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  • 22
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    Does Poverty Research In Russia Follow The Scientific Method? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael Does Poverty Research In Russia Follow The Scientific Method?
    Keywords: Education ; Information Security and Privacy ; Literature ; Papers ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Research findings ; Researchers ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Scientific journals ; Scientific knowledge ; Scientific papers ; Scientific research ; Scientists ; Social science ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Information Security and Privacy ; Literature ; Papers ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Research findings ; Researchers ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Scientific journals ; Scientific knowledge ; Scientific papers ; Scientific research ; Scientists ; Social science ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Information Security and Privacy ; Literature ; Papers ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Research findings ; Researchers ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Scientific journals ; Scientific knowledge ; Scientific papers ; Scientific research ; Scientists ; Social science ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: This paper presents the first critical review of literature on poverty published in Russia between 1992 and 2006. Using a dataset of about 250 publications in Russian scientific journals, the authors assess whether the poverty research in Russia satisfies the general criteria of a scientific publication and if such studies could provide reliable guidance to the Russian government as it maps out its anti-poverty policies. The findings indicate that only a small proportion of papers on poverty published in Russia in 1992-2006 follow the universally-recognized principles of the scientific method. The utility of policy advice based on such research is questionable. The authors also suggest steps that could, in their view, improve the quality of poverty research in Russia
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  • 23
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    How To Interpret The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring : Human Capital Deepening, Inequality Increasing, Or Waste of Resources? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dang, Hai-Anh How To Interpret The Growing Phenomenon of Private Tutoring
    Keywords: Academic performance ; Education ; Education for All ; Education programs ; Educational achievement ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Instruction ; Levels of education ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; Student achievement ; Tertiary Education ; Tutoring ; Tutoring programs ; Academic performance ; Education ; Education for All ; Education programs ; Educational achievement ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Instruction ; Levels of education ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; Student achievement ; Tertiary Education ; Tutoring ; Tutoring programs ; Academic performance ; Education ; Education for All ; Education programs ; Educational achievement ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Instruction ; Levels of education ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Schools ; Secondary Education ; Student achievement ; Tertiary Education ; Tutoring ; Tutoring programs
    Abstract: Private tutoring is now a major component of the education sector in many developing countries, yet education policy too seldom acknowledges and makes use of it. Various criticisms have been raised against private tutoring, most notably that it exacerbates social inequalities and may even fail to improve student outcomes. This paper surveys the literature for evidence on private tutoring-the extent of the tutoring phenomenon, the factors that explain its growth, and its cost-effectiveness in improving student academic performance. It also presents a framework for assessing the efficiency and equity effects of tutoring. It concludes that tutoring can raise the effectiveness of the education system under certain reasonable assumptions, even taking into account equity concerns, and it offers guidance for attacking corruption and other problems that diminish the contributions of the tutoring sector
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  • 24
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    Online Resource
    The Extent of The Market And Stages of Agricultural Specialization (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Emran, M. Shahe The Extent of The Market And Stages of Agricultural Specialization
    Keywords: Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Access to markets ; Agriculture ; Commercialization ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marketing ; Markets and Market Access ; Political Economy ; Price risk ; Relevant market ; Sales ; Spread ; Thin market ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper provides empirical evidence of nonlinearity in the relationship between crop specialization in a village economy and the extent of the market (size of the urban market) relevant for the village. The results suggest that the portfolio of crops in a village economy becomes more diversified initially as the extent of the market increases. However, after the market size reaches a threshold, the production structure becomes specialized again. This evidence on the stages of agricultural diversification is consistent with the stages of diversification identified in the recent literature for the economy as a whole and also for the manufacturing sector. The evidence highlights the importance of improving farmers' access to markets through investment in transport infrastructure and removal of barriers to trading
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  • 25
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    License To Sell : The Effect of Business Registration Reform On Entrepreneurial Activity In Mexico (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bruhn, Miriam License To Sell
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Business Registration ; Business entry ; Business in Development ; Business regulation ; Businesses ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Labor Policies ; License ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Uses ; Web ; Business Environment ; Business Registration ; Business entry ; Business in Development ; Business regulation ; Businesses ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Labor Policies ; License ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Uses ; Web ; Business Environment ; Business Registration ; Business entry ; Business in Development ; Business regulation ; Businesses ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Economic development ; Labor Policies ; License ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Results ; Social Protections and Labor ; Uses ; Web
    Abstract: This paper studies the effect of business registration regulation on economic activity using micro-level data. The identification strategy exploits the fact that a recent business registration reform in Mexico was introduced in different municipalities at different points in time. Using panel data from the Mexican employment survey, I find that the reform increased the number of registered businesses by 5 percent in eligible industries. This increase was due to former wage earners opening businesses. Former unregistered business owners were not more likely to register their business after the reform. Moreover, employment in eligible industries went up by 2.8 percent, and people who were previously unemployed or out of the labor force were more likely to work as wage earners after the reform. Finally, the results imply that the competition from new entrants lowered prices by 0.6 percent and decreased the income of incumbent businesses by 3.2 percent
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  • 26
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    Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds In Australia (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Thompson, Graeme Risk-Based Supervision of Pension Funds In Australia
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Pension ; Pension Funds ; Pension System ; Pension fund ; Pension systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential Regulation ; Risk management ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper examines the development of risk-based supervision of pension funds in Australia. The large number of pension funds has meant that since the inception of pension fund supervision in the early 1990's the regulator has sought to identify high risk funds and focus its attention on these funds. However, the regulator developed a more sophisticated risk-rating model, known as PAIRS/SOARS, in 1992 in order to apply a more disciplined and consistent ratings methodology. Four reasons are given for the move towards more sophisticated risk-based supervision: 1) creation of an integrated supervisor which allowed the use of techniques used in banking and insurance to be adopted for pension fund; 2) the need to better use available supervisory resources; 3) several pension fund failures; and 4) concerns about industry weaknesses. Supervisory techniques used particularly in the banking industry, such as universal licensing, 'fit and proper' assessment, and risk management requirements were adopted for the pension sector between 2004 and 2006. The paper provides an outline of the PAIRS/SOARS risk-rating model which was also adopted. It observes that the approach provides an analytical discipline to risk assessment, strengthens the link between risk assessment and supervisory response, and allows better targeting of supervisory resources
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  • 27
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    Heterogeneous Quality Firms And Trade Costs (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Helble, Matthias Heterogeneous Quality Firms And Trade Costs
    Keywords: Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Aggregate demand ; Common Carriers Industry ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free trade ; Income levels ; Industry ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Per capita income ; Product differentiation ; Productivity ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: There is increasing empirical evidence that vertical product differentiation is an important determinant of international trade. However, the economic literature so far has solely focused on the case in which quality trade stems from differences between countries. No studies investigate the role of quality trade between similar economies. This paper first develops a simple theoretical trade model that includes vertical product differentiation in a heterogeneous-firm framework. The model yields three main predictions for trade between similar economies. First, exported goods are of higher quality than goods sold on the domestic market. Second, larger economies have on average higher export qualities compared with smaller economies. Third, with increasing trade costs higher quality goods are exchanged. For all three effects, strong empirical support is found using detailed export trade data of the United States and 15 European Union countries
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  • 28
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    Measuring financial protection in health (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam Measuring financial protection in health
    Keywords: Chemotherapy ; Community health ; Families ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health care ; Health outcomes ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Medicines ; Patients ; Workers ; Chemotherapy ; Community health ; Families ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health care ; Health outcomes ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Medicines ; Patients ; Workers ; Chemotherapy ; Community health ; Families ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Policy ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health care ; Health outcomes ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Medicines ; Patients ; Workers
    Abstract: Health systems are not just about improving health: good ones also ensure that people are protected from the financial consequences of receiving medical care. Anecdotal evidence suggests health systems often perform badly in this respect, apparently with devastating consequences for households, especially poor ones and near-poor ones. Two principal methods have been used to measure financial protection in health. Both relate a household's out-of-pocket spending to a threshold defined in terms of living standards in the absence of the spending: the first defines spending as catastrophic if it exceeds a certain percentage of the living standards measure; the second defines spending as impoverishing if it makes the difference between a household being above and below the poverty line. The paper provides an overview of the methods and issues arising in each case, and presents empirical work in the area of financial protection in health, including the impacts of government policy. The paper also reviews a recent critique of the methods used to measure financial protection
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  • 29
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    Social Exclusion And The Gender Gap In Education (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lewis, Maureen Social Exclusion And The Gender Gap In Education
    Keywords: Completion rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Female education ; Gender ; Gender Gap ; Gender and Education ; Girls ; Human Development ; Learning ; Primary Education ; Primary school ; Primary school completion ; Schooling ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social development ; Completion rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Female education ; Gender ; Gender Gap ; Gender and Education ; Girls ; Human Development ; Learning ; Primary Education ; Primary school ; Primary school completion ; Schooling ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social development ; Completion rates ; Disability ; Education ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Female education ; Gender ; Gender Gap ; Gender and Education ; Girls ; Human Development ; Learning ; Primary Education ; Primary school ; Primary school completion ; Schooling ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social development
    Abstract: Despite a sharp increase in the share of girls who enroll in, attend, and complete various levels of schooling, an educational gender gap remains in some countries. This paper argues that one explanation for this gender gap is the degree of social exclusion within these countries, as indicated by ethno-linguistic heterogeneity, which triggers both economic and psycho-social mechanisms to limit girls' schooling. Ethno-linguistic heterogeneity initially was applied to explaining lagging economic growth, but has emerged in the literature more recently to explain both civil conflict and public goods. This paper is a first application of the concept to explain gender gaps in education. The paper discusses the importance of female education for economic and social development, reviews the evidence regarding gender and ethnic differences in schooling, reviews the theoretical perspectives of various social science disciplines that seek to explain such differences, and tests the relevance of ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity in explaining cross-country differences in school attainment and learning. The study indicates that within-country ethnic and linguistic heterogeneity partly explains both national female primary school completion rates and gender differences in these rates, but only explains average national learning outcomes when national income measures are excluded
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  • 30
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    Evo, Pablo, Tony, Diego, and Sonny : General Equilibrium Analysis of the Illegal Drugs Market (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chumacero, Romulo A Evo, Pablo, Tony, Diego, and Sonny
    Keywords: Consumers ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; General Equilibrium Analysis ; Government expenditures ; Growth rate ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Optimization ; Production function ; Production functions ; Utility function ; Consumers ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; General Equilibrium Analysis ; Government expenditures ; Growth rate ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Optimization ; Production function ; Production functions ; Utility function ; Consumers ; Consumption ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equilibrium ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; General Equilibrium Analysis ; Government expenditures ; Growth rate ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Optimization ; Production function ; Production functions ; Utility function
    Abstract: This paper presents a general equilibrium model for the production, trafficking, and consumption of illegal drugs which endogenously determines relative prices and quantities. The model is calibrated to characterize the market for cocaine and is used to analyze the effects of three types of policies: making the illegal activities riskier, increasing the penalties for conducting illegal activities, and legalizing previously illegal activities. Assessing the effects of these policies using the powerful tool of a general equilibrium model provides illuminating (and in cases surprising) results
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  • 31
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    Financing Lifelong Learning (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Oosterbeek, Hessel Financing Lifelong Learning
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Education ; Education finance ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Higher education ; Human Development ; Income contingent loans ; Knowledge economy ; Lifelong Learning ; Literature ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education ; Access to Finance ; Education ; Education finance ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Higher education ; Human Development ; Income contingent loans ; Knowledge economy ; Lifelong Learning ; Literature ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education ; Access to Finance ; Education ; Education finance ; Education for All ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Higher education ; Human Development ; Income contingent loans ; Knowledge economy ; Lifelong Learning ; Literature ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: This paper describes and analyzes different financial schemes to promote lifelong learning. Considered are financial instruments to stimulate successful early learning, financial aid schemes and subsidization mechanisms. Theoretical analyses about funding of early learning have mainly focused on vouchers. Yet, the available empirical evidence is more ambiguous about the effects of vouchers than about the effects of conditional cash transfers and financial incentives for pupils and teachers. Positive effects of financial incentives to pupils are not restricted to high ability pupils, as low ability students also seem to benefit. The evidence regarding the effects of subsidy forms is limited. The most prominent knowledge gaps regarding the effects of various financing schemes related to lifelong learning are the effects of vouchers in compulsory education; financial aid schemes for students; and entitlements and individual learning accounts
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  • 32
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    Making Poor Haitians Count : Poverty in Rural and Urban Haiti Based on the First Household Survey for Haiti (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Making Poor Haitians Count
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Agricultural development ; Extreme poverty ; Extreme poverty line ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural area ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Agricultural development ; Extreme poverty ; Extreme poverty line ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural area ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Agricultural development ; Extreme poverty ; Extreme poverty line ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural area ; Rural areas
    Abstract: This paper analyzes poverty in Haiti based on the first Living Conditions Survey of 7,186 households covering the whole country and representative at the regional level. Using a USD1 a day extreme poverty line, the analysis reveals that 49 percent of Haitian households live in absolute poverty. Twenty, 56, and 58 percent of households in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively, are poor. At the regional level, poverty is especially extensive in the northeastern and northwestern regions. Access to assets such as education and infrastructure services is highly unequal and strongly correlated with poverty. Moreover, children in indigent households attain less education than children in nonpoor households. Controlling for individual and household characteristics, location, and region, living in a rural area does not by itself affect the probability of being poor. But in rural areas female headed households are more likely to experience poverty than male headed households. Domestic migration and education are both key factors that reduce the likelihood of falling into poverty. Employment is essential to improve livelihoods and both the farm and nonfarm sector play a key role
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  • 33
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    Linking African Smallholders To High-Value Markets : Practitioner Perspectives On Benefits, Constraints, And Interventions (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Henson, Spencer Linking African Smallholders To High-Value Markets
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Rural Development ; Smallholder ; Smallholder farmers ; Smallholder participation ; Smallholders ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Rural Development ; Smallholder ; Smallholder farmers ; Smallholder participation ; Smallholders ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Access to Finance ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Development assistance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Bank ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market development ; Markets and Market Access ; Rural Development ; Smallholder ; Smallholder farmers ; Smallholder participation ; Smallholders ; Social Protections and Labor ; Supply chain ; Supply chains
    Abstract: This paper provides the results of an international survey of practitioners with experience in facilitating the participation of African smallholder farmers in supply chains for higher-value and/or differentiated agricultural products. It explores their perceptions about the constraints inhibiting and the impacts associated with this supply chain participation. It also examines their perceptions about the factors affecting the success of project and policy interventions in this area, about how this success is and should be measured, and about the appropriate roles for national governments, the private sector, and development assistance entities in facilitating smallholder gains in this area. The results confirm a growing 'consensus' about institutional roles, yet suggest some ambiguity regarding the impacts of smallholder participation in higher-value supply chains and the appropriateness of the indicators most commonly used to gauge such impacts. The results also suggest a need to strengthen knowledge about both the 'old' and 'new' sets of constraints (and solutions) related to remunerative smallholder inclusion, in the form of the rising role of standards alongside more long-standing concerns about infrastructure and logistical links to markets
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  • 34
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    Insurers : Too Many, Too Few, Or "Just Right"? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Thorburn, Craig Insurers
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; MARKET SHARE ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market conditions ; Market development ; Market entry ; Market risk ; Market risk assessments ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Price wars ; Private Sector Development ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; MARKET SHARE ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market conditions ; Market development ; Market entry ; Market risk ; Market risk assessments ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Price wars ; Private Sector Development ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gross domestic product ; MARKET SHARE ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market conditions ; Market development ; Market entry ; Market risk ; Market risk assessments ; Markets and Market Access ; Monopolies ; Monopoly ; Price wars ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In many markets, industry and policymakers agree that there may be too many insurers. In others, the consensus is that there could be benefit from more competition. But this broad consensus is often supported by evidence that is more qualitative, anecdotal, or judgmental despite being unanimous. What is less clear, however, is how far consolidation or liberalization will go, how fast, and when it will end. This paper presents some initial observations from a cross-country data set and proposes that individual country results can be interpreted against this data set to inform expectations regarding trends in competition, concentration and consolidation, to inform analysis of the sector, for individual firm strategic planning and wider market risk assessments. A "natural level" for measures is suggested as a starting hypothesis. Further consideration is then made of the role of absolute market size, stage of market development, and differentials between life and non life segments. Analysis of the natural level, adjusted for market conditions, can then be used to develop preliminary views on current and expected market dynamics, strategic planning, and to inform policy, regulatory and supervisory priorities
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  • 35
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    Determinants of Remittances : Recent Evidence Using Data On Internal Migrants In Vietnam (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Niimi, Yoko Determinants of Remittances
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; Internal Migrants ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Vulnerability ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; Internal Migrants ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Vulnerability ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Impact of migration ; Internal Migrants ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: This paper examines the determinants of remittance behavior for Vietnam using data from the 2004 Vietnam Migration Survey on internal migrants. It considers how, among other things, the vulnerability of a migrant's life at the destination, their link to relatives back home, and the time spent at the destination affect remittances. The paper finds that migrants act as risk-averse economic agents and send remittances back to the household of origin as part of an insurance exercise in the face of economic uncertainty. Remittances are also found to be driven by a migrant's labor market earnings level. The paper highlights the important role of remittances in providing an effective means of risk-coping and mutual support within the family
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  • 36
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    The Historical Foundations of The Narcotic Drug Control Regime (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Buxton, Julia The Historical Foundations of The Narcotic Drug Control Regime
    Keywords: Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cannabis ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Narcotic ; Narcotic Drug ; Narcotic Drug Control ; Narcotic drugs ; Narcotics ; Opium trade ; Pharmaceuticals Industry ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Psychotropic Substances ; Social Development ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cannabis ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Narcotic ; Narcotic Drug ; Narcotic Drug Control ; Narcotic drugs ; Narcotics ; Opium trade ; Pharmaceuticals Industry ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Psychotropic Substances ; Social Development ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cannabis ; Cocaine ; Conflict and Development ; Crime ; Crime and Society ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Industry ; Narcotic ; Narcotic Drug ; Narcotic Drug Control ; Narcotic drugs ; Narcotics ; Opium trade ; Pharmaceuticals Industry ; Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacoeconomics ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Psychotropic Substances ; Social Development
    Abstract: This paper outlines the institutional history of the international narcotic drug control regime. It details the evolution of the control system, from its foundations at the beginning of the twentieth century - a period of mass, unregulated narcotic drug use - to the current period. The paper argues that the contemporary control model is ill-positioned to address the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of the global narcotics trade. The persistence of anachronistic guiding first principles, specifically the utopian idea of prohibition, is identified as the key impediment to the adoption of a more humane and effective policy approach. But while there is growing pressure for a revision of founding ideas, this is not supported by a host of powerful actors that includes the United States
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  • 37
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    Trade Remedies And Non-Market Economies : Economic Implications of The First US Countervailing Duty Case On China (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhao, Longyue Trade Remedies And Non-Market Economies
    Keywords: Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization ; Bilateral trade ; Capacity building ; Debt Markets ; Development policies ; Dumping ; Economic Implications ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic efficiency ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; ITC ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Trade Law ; Trade policy ; WTO ; World Trade Organization
    Abstract: In 2007, the United States Department of Commerce altered a 23-year old policy of not applying the countervailing duty law to non-market economies, and initiated eight countervailing and antidumping duty investigations on Chinese imports. The change brings heated debate on trade remedy policies and issues of non-market economies. This study focuses on the first countervailing duty case on imported coated free sheet paper from China and analyzes the implications of this test case for United States-China bilateral trade, and industrial policies in transitioning market economies. The paper also provides a brief review of the economics of subsidies, World Trade Organization rules on subsides and countervailing measures, and United States countervailing duty laws applied to non-market economies. While recently acceded countries should review their domestic development policies from the perspective of economic efficiency and comply with the World Trade Organization rules, it is also important to further clarify the issues of non-market economies under the multilateral trading system, and pay keen attention to the rules negotiations in the current World Trade Organization Doha Development Round
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  • 38
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    Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, S. Niggol Differential Adaptation Strategies By Agro-Ecological Zones In African Livestock Management
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources ; Agriculture ; Animal ; Animal species ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Dairy ; Dairy cattle ; Environment ; Farmer ; Livestock ; Livestock Management ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock operation ; Livestock ownership ; Peri-Urban Communities ; Rural Development ; Rural Urban Linkages ; Sheep ; Urban Development ; Wildlife Resources
    Abstract: This paper examines how farmers have adapted their livestock operation to the current climate in each agro-ecological zone in Africa. The authors examine how climate has affected the farmer's choice to raise livestock or not and the choice of animal species. To measure adaptation, the analysis regresses the farmer's choice on climate, soil, water flow, and socio-economic variables. The findings show that climate does in fact affect the farmer's decision about whether to raise livestock and the species. The paper also simulates how future climates may alter these decisions using forecasts from climate models and the estimated model. With a hot dry scenario, livestock ownership will increase slightly across all of Africa, but especially in West Africa and high elevation agro-ecological zones. Dairy cattle will decrease in semi-arid regions, sheep will increase in the lowlands, and chickens will increase at high elevations. With a mild and wet scenario, however, livestock adoption will fall dramatically in lowland and high latitude moist agro-ecological zones. Beef cattle will increase and sheep will fall in dry zones, dairy cattle will fall precipitously and goats will rise in moist zones, and chickens will increase at high elevations but fall at mid elevations. Livestock adaptations depend on the climate scenario and will vary across the landscape. Agro-ecological zones are a useful way to capture how these changes differ from place to place
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  • 39
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    Assessing Asset Indices (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (63 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Filmer, Deon Assessing Asset Indices
    Keywords: Privater Konsum ; Affiliated organizations ; Assets ; Debt Markets ; Durable goods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Public Disclosure ; Statements ; Yield ; Affiliated organizations ; Assets ; Debt Markets ; Durable goods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Public Disclosure ; Statements ; Yield ; Affiliated organizations ; Assets ; Debt Markets ; Durable goods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditures ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Income ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor market ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Public Disclosure ; Statements ; Yield
    Abstract: This paper compares how results using various methods to construct asset indices match results using per capita expenditures. The analysis shows that inferences about inequalities in education, health care use, fertility, child mortality, as well as labor market outcomes are quite robust to the specific economic status measure used. The measures-most significantly per capita expenditures versus the class of asset indices-do not, however, yield identical household rankings. Two factors stand out in predicting the degree of congruence in rankings between per capita expenditures and an asset index. First is the extent to which per capita expenditures can be explained by observed household and community characteristics. In settings with small transitory shocks to expenditure, or with little measurement error in expenditure, the rankings yielded by the alternative approaches are most similar. Second is the extent to which expenditures are dominated by individually consumed goods such as food. Asset indices are typically derived from indicators of goods which are effectively public at the household level, while expenditures are often dominated by food, an almost exclusively private good. In settings where private goods such as food are the main component of expenditures, asset indices and per capita consumption yield the least similar results, although adjusting for economies of scale in household expenditures reconciles the results somewhat
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  • 40
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    Beyond Aid : New Sources And Innovative Mechanisms For Financing Development In Sub-Saharan Africa (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ratha, Dilip Beyond Aid
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating ; Access to Finance ; Access to capital ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bonds ; Credit enhancement ; Creditworthiness ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Debt relief ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Immunization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market access ; Private Sector Development ; Remittances ; Sovereign rating
    Abstract: Given Sub-Saharan Africa's enormous resource needs for growth, poverty reduction, and other Millennium Development Goals, the development community has little choice but to continue to explore new sources of financing, innovative private-to-private sector solutions, and public-private partnerships to mobilize additional international financing. The paper suggests several new instruments for improving access to capital. An analysis of country creditworthiness suggests that many countries in the region may be more creditworthy than previously believed. Establishing sovereign rating benchmarks and credit enhancement through guarantee instruments provided by multilateral aid agencies would facilitate market access. Creative financial structuring, such as the International Financing Facility for Immunization, would help front-load aid commitments, although these may not result in additional financing in the long run. Preliminary estimates suggest that Sub-Saharan African countries can potentially raise USD 1-3 billion by reducing the cost of international migrant remittances, USD 5-10 billion by issuing diaspora bonds, and USD 17 billion by securitizing future remittances and other future receivables. African countries that have recently received debt relief however need to be cautious when resorting to market-based borrowing
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  • 41
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    A Gendered Assessment of The Brain Drain (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Docquier, Frederic A Gendered Assessment of The Brain Drain
    Keywords: Access to education ; Brain Drain ; Developing countries ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender gap ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immigration ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Access to education ; Brain Drain ; Developing countries ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender gap ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immigration ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Access to education ; Brain Drain ; Developing countries ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender gap ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Immigration ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies
    Abstract: This paper updates and extends the Docquier-Marfouk data set on inter-national migration by educational attainment. The authors use new sources, homogenize definitions of what a migrant is, and compute gender-disaggregated indicators of the brain drain. Emigration stocks and rates are provided by level of schooling and gender for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000. The data set can be used to capture the recent trend in women's skilled migration and to analyze its causes and consequences for developing countries. The .findings show that women represent an increasing share of the OECD immigration stock and exhibit relatively higher rates of brain drain than men. The gender gap in skilled migration is strongly correlated with the gender gap in educational attainment at origin. Equating women's and men's access to education would probably reduce gender differences in the brain drain
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  • 42
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    Migration, Sorting And Regional Inequality : Evidence From Bangladesh (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shilpi, Forhad Migration, Sorting And Regional Inequality
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Using household level data from Bangladesh, this paper examines the differences in the rates of return to household attributes over the entire welfare distribution. The empirical evidence uncovers substantial differences in returns between an integrated region contiguous to the country's main growth centers, and a less integrated region cut-off from those centers by major rivers. The evidence suggests that households with better observed and unobserved attributes (such as education and ability) are concentrated in the integrated region where returns are higher. Within each region, mobility of workers seems to equalize returns at the lower half of the distribution. The natural border created by the rivers appears to hinder migration, causing returns differences between the regions to persist. To reduce regional inequality in welfare in Bangladesh, the results highlight the need for improving connectivity between the regions, and for investing in portable assets of the poor (such as human capital)
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  • 43
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    Dollar A Day Revisited (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Dollar A Day Revisited
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper presents the first major update of the international "USD 1 a day" poverty line, first proposed in 1990 for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new data set of national poverty lines we find that a marked economic gradient only emerges when consumption per person is above about USD 2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is USD 1.25, which we propose as the new international poverty line. Relative poverty appears to matter more to developing countries than has been thought. Our proposed schedule of relative poverty lines is bounded below by USD 1.25, and rises at a gradient of USD 1 in USD 3 when mean consumption is above USD 2.00 a day
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  • 44
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    Use of Modern Medical Care For Pregnancy And Childbirth Care : Does Female Schooling Matter? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (68 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Somanathan, Aparnaa Use of Modern Medical Care For Pregnancy And Childbirth Care
    Keywords: Childbirth ; Extended families ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health care ; Health outcomes ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Population Policies ; Pregnancy ; Siblings ; Childbirth ; Extended families ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health care ; Health outcomes ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Population Policies ; Pregnancy ; Siblings ; Childbirth ; Extended families ; Gender ; Gender and Health ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health care ; Health outcomes ; Health services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Hospitals ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Population Policies ; Pregnancy ; Siblings
    Abstract: Controversy exists over whether the estimated effects of schooling on health care use reflect the influence of unobserved factors. Existing estimates may overstate the schooling effect because of the failure to control for unobserved variables or may be downwardly biased due to measurement error. This paper contributes to the resolution of this debate by adopting an instrumental variable approach to estimate the impact of female schooling on maternal health care use. A school construction program in Indonesia in the 1970s is used to construct an instrumental variable for education. The choice between use and non-use of maternal health services is estimated as a function of schooling and other variables. Data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey are used for this paper. Standard regression models estimated in the paper indicate that each additional year of schooling does indeed have a significant, positive effect on maternal health care use. Instrumental variable estimates of the schooling effect are larger. The results suggest that schooling has a positive impact on maternal health care use even after eliminating the effect of unobserved variables and measurement error. This paper moves beyond previous work on the impact of education on health care use by adopting an IV approach to address the problem of endogeneity and measurement error. IV methods have been used widely in the labour economics literature to examine the impact of schooling on wages and other labour market outcomes but rarely to estimate the effect of schooling on health outcomes
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  • 45
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    The anatomy of China's export growth (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amiti, Mary The anatomy of China's export growth
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gini coefficient ; International Economics & Trade ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Profit margins ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gini coefficient ; International Economics & Trade ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Profit margins ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export growth ; Exports ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; Gini coefficient ; International Economics & Trade ; Living standards ; Natural resources ; Private Sector Development ; Profit margins ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Value added
    Abstract: Decomposing China's real export growth, of over 500 percent since 1992, reveals a number of interesting findings. First, China's export structure changed dramatically, with growing export shares in electronics and machinery and a decline in agriculture and apparel. Second, despite the shift into these more sophisticated products, the skill content of China's manufacturing exports remained unchanged, once processing trade is excluded. Third, export growth was accompanied by increasing specialization and was mainly accounted for by high export growth of existing products (the intensive margin) rather than in new varieties (the extensive margin). Fourth, consistent with an increased world supply of existing varieties, China's export prices to the United States fell by an average of 1.5 percent per year between 1997 and 2005, while export prices of these products from the rest of the world to the United States increased by 0.4 percent annually over the same period
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  • 46
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    Instrumental Variables Regressions With Honestly Uncertain Exclusion Restrictions (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kraay, Aart Instrumental Variables Regressions With Honestly Uncertain Exclusion Restrictions
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Benchmark ; Bilateral trade ; Consumers ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Econometrics ; Economic Theory & Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Growth rate ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per capita incomes ; Property rights ; Statistical & Mathematical Sciences ; Access to Finance ; Benchmark ; Bilateral trade ; Consumers ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Econometrics ; Economic Theory & Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Growth rate ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per capita incomes ; Property rights ; Statistical & Mathematical Sciences ; Access to Finance ; Benchmark ; Bilateral trade ; Consumers ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Econometrics ; Economic Theory & Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Growth rate ; Human capital ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Per capita incomes ; Property rights ; Statistical & Mathematical Sciences
    Abstract: The validity of instrumental variables (IV) regression models depends crucially on fundamentally untestable exclusion restrictions. Typically exclusion restrictions are assumed to hold exactly in the relevant population, yet in many empirical applications there are reasonable prior grounds to doubt their literal truth. In this paper I show how to incorporate prior uncertainty about the validity of the exclusion restriction into linear IV models, and explore the consequences for inference. In particular I provide a mapping from prior uncertainty about the exclusion restriction into increased uncertainty about parameters of interest. Moderate prior uncertainty about exclusion restrictions can lead to a substantial loss of precision in estimates of structural parameters. This loss of precision is relatively more important in situations where IV estimates appear to be more precise, for example in larger samples or with stronger instruments. The author illustrates these points using several prominent recent empirical papers that use linear IV models
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  • 47
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    HIV/AIDS, Climate Change And Disaster Management : Challenges For Institutions In Malawi (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Suarez, Pablo HIV/AIDS, Climate Change And Disaster Management
    Keywords: AIDS pandemic ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Demand for services ; Disaster preparedness ; Disasters ; Environment ; HIV AIDS ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Monitoring & Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Urban Development ; Urban development ; Vulnerability ; AIDS pandemic ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Demand for services ; Disaster preparedness ; Disasters ; Environment ; HIV AIDS ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Monitoring & Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Urban Development ; Urban development ; Vulnerability ; AIDS pandemic ; Climate Change ; Climate change ; Demand for services ; Disaster preparedness ; Disasters ; Environment ; HIV AIDS ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health Monitoring & Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Progress ; Urban Development ; Urban development ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: Southern African institutions involved in disaster management face two major new threats: the HIV/AIDS pandemic (eroding organizational capacity and increasing vulnerability of the population), and climate change (higher risk of extreme events and disasters). Analyzing the combined effects of these two threats on six disaster-related institutions in Malawi, the authors find evidence of a growing gap between demand for their services and capacity to satisfy that demand. HIV/AIDS leads to staff attrition, high vacancy rates, absenteeism, increased workload and other negative effects enhanced by human resources policies and financial limitations. Many necessary tasks cannot be carried out adequately with constraints such as the 42 percent vacancy rate in the Department of Poverty and Disaster Management Affairs, or the reduction of rainfall stations operated by the Meteorological Service from over 800 in 1988 to just 135 in 2006. The authors highlight implications of declining organizational capacity for climate change adaptation, and formulate recommendations
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  • 48
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    Benchmarking Financial Development (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Benchmarking Financial Development
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bond ; Bond market ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial markets ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; International bank ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Access to Finance ; Bond ; Bond market ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial markets ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; International bank ; Private Sector Development ; Returns ; Access to Finance ; Bond ; Bond market ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory & Research ; Economic development ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial markets ; Financial system ; Financial systems ; International bank ; Private Sector Development ; Returns
    Abstract: Capitalizing on recent improvements in the availability of cross-country financial sector data, this paper proposes a standard methodology for benchmarking the policy component of financial development. Systematic controls are introduced to isolate main structural country characteristics and a principal components analysis is used to help identify a parsimonious set of ten "core" outcome indicators from a broader set of twenty seven potential indicators covering different dimensions of development in both financial institutions and financial markets. Such a broad-based approach helps reveal important determinants and regularities of the process of financial development. The paper also identifies some of the main data gaps that will need to be filled to allow further progress in financial benchmarking looking forward
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  • 49
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    Oil Intensities And Oil Prices : Evidence For Latin America (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Alaimo, Veronica Oil Intensities And Oil Prices
    Keywords: Climate change ; Crude oil ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Fossil fuel consumption ; Gross domestic product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Net oil ; Oil ; Oil Refining & Gas Industry ; Oil consumption ; Oil prices ; Climate change ; Crude oil ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Fossil fuel consumption ; Gross domestic product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Net oil ; Oil ; Oil Refining & Gas Industry ; Oil consumption ; Oil prices ; Climate change ; Crude oil ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Fossil ; Fossil fuel ; Fossil fuel consumption ; Gross domestic product ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Net oil ; Oil ; Oil Refining & Gas Industry ; Oil consumption ; Oil prices
    Abstract: Crude oil prices have dramatically increased over the past years and are now at a historical maximum in nominal terms and very close to it in real terms. It is difficult to argue, at least for net oil importers, that higher oil prices have a positive impact on welfare. In fact, the negative relationship between oil prices and economic activity has been well documented in the literature. Yet, to the extent that higher oil prices lead to lower oil consumption, it would be possible to argue that not all the effects of a price increase are negative. Climate change concerns have been on the rise in recent years and fossil fuel consumption is generally viewed as one of the main causes behind it. Thus this paper explores whether higher oil prices contribute to lowering oil intensities (that is, oil consumption per unit of gross domestic product). The findings show that following an increase in oil prices, OECD countries tend to reduce oil intensity. However, the same result does not hold for Latin America (and more generally for middle-income countries) where oil intensities appear to be unaffected by oil prices. The paper also explores why this is so
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  • 50
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    The Impact of Cash Transfers On School Enrollment : Evidence From Ecuador (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Oosterbeek, Hessel The Impact of Cash Transfers On School Enrollment
    Keywords: Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs ; Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs ; Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence about the impact on school enrollment of a program in Ecuador that gives cash transfers to the 40 percent poorest families. The evaluation design consists of a randomized experiment for families around the first quintile of the poverty index and of a regression discontinuity design for families around the second quintile of this index, which is the program's eligibility threshold. This allows us to compare results from two different credible identification methods, and to investigate whether the impact varies with families' poverty level. Around the first quintile of the poverty index the impact is positive while it is equal to zero around the second quintile. This suggests that for the poorest families the program lifts a credit constraint while this is not the case for families close to the eligibility threshold
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  • 51
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    Cyclical Movements In Unemployment And Informality In Developing Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bosch, Mariano Cyclical Movements In Unemployment And Informality In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers ; Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers ; Adjustment process ; Formal labor market ; Job ; Jobs ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor markets ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Worker ; Workers
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the cyclical properties of worker flows in Brazil and Mexico, two important developing countries with large unregulated or "informal" sectors. It generates three stylized facts that are critical to the accurate modeling of the sector and which suggest the need to rethink the approaches to date. First, the unemployment rate is countercyclical essentially because job separations of informal workers increase dramatically in recessions. Second, the share of formal employment is countercyclical because of the difficulty of finding formal jobs from inactivity, unemployment and other informal jobs during recessions rather than because of increased separation from formal jobs. Third, flows from formality into informality are not countercyclical, but, if anything, pro-cyclical. Together, these challenge the conventional wisdom that has guided the modeling the sector that informal workers are primarily those rationed out of the formal labor market. They also offer a new synthesis of the mechanics of the cyclical adjustment process. Finally, the paper offers estimates of the moments of worker flows series that are needed for calibration
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  • 52
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    Minority Status And Labor Market Outcomes : Does India Have Minority Enclaves? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Das, Maitreyi Bordia Minority Status And Labor Market Outcomes
    Keywords: Education ; Educational Policy and Planning ; Employment ; Employment outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor market ; Labor market outcomes ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Population Policies ; Previous work ; Primary education ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Education ; Educational Policy and Planning ; Employment ; Employment outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor market ; Labor market outcomes ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Population Policies ; Previous work ; Primary education ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Education ; Educational Policy and Planning ; Employment ; Employment outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Labor ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor market ; Labor market outcomes ; Labor markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Population Policies ; Previous work ; Primary education ; Public Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper uses data from the 61st Round of the National Sample Survey to understand the employment outcomes of Dalit and Muslim men in India. It uses a conceptual framework developed for the US labor market that states that ethnic minorities skirt discrimination in the primary labor market to build successful self-employed ventures in the form of ethnic enclaves or ethnic labor markets. The paper uses entry into self-employment for educated minority groups as a proxy for minority enclaves. Based on multinomial logistic regression, the analysis finds that the minority enclave hypothesis does not hold for Dalits but it does overwhelmingly for Muslims. The interaction of Dalit and Muslim status with post-primary education in urban areas demonstrates that post-primary education confers almost a disadvantage for minority men: it does not seem to affect their allocation either to salaried work or to non-farm self-employment but does increase their likelihood of opting out of the labor force - and if they cannot afford to drop out, they join the casual labor market. Due to the complexity of these results and the fact that there are no earnings data for self-employment, it is difficult to say whether self-employment is a choice or compulsion and whether builders of minority enclaves fare better than those in the primary market
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  • 53
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    So You Want To Quit Smoking : Have You Tried A Mobile Phone? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Labonne, Julien So You Want To Quit Smoking
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cigarettes ; Consumption ; Crime and Society ; E-Business ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price increases ; Private Sector Development ; Smokers ; Smoking ; Smoking behavior ; Social Development ; Social welfare ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Use and Control ; Tobacco consumption ; Tobacco taxes ; Tobacco use ; Adolescent Health ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cigarettes ; Consumption ; Crime and Society ; E-Business ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price increases ; Private Sector Development ; Smokers ; Smoking ; Smoking behavior ; Social Development ; Social welfare ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Use and Control ; Tobacco consumption ; Tobacco taxes ; Tobacco use ; Adolescent Health ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Cigarettes ; Consumption ; Crime and Society ; E-Business ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Price increases ; Private Sector Development ; Smokers ; Smoking ; Smoking behavior ; Social Development ; Social welfare ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Use and Control ; Tobacco consumption ; Tobacco taxes ; Tobacco use
    Abstract: Tobacco use, which is rising quickly in developing countries, kills 5.4 million people a year worldwide. This paper explores the impacts of mobile phone ownership on tobacco consumption. Indeed, mobile phone ownership could affect tobacco consumption because individuals might pay for their communication with money they would have spent on tobacco. Using panel data from 2,100 households in 135 communities of the Philippines collected in 2003 and 2006, the analysis finds that mobile phone ownership leads to a 20 percent decline in monthly tobacco consumption. Among households in which at least one member smoked in 2003, purchasing a mobile phone leads to a 32.6 percent decrease in tobacco consumption per adult over the age of 15. This is equivalent to one less pack of 20 cigarettes per month per adult. The results are robust to various estimation strategies. Further, they suggest that this impact materializes through a budget shift from tobacco to communication
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  • 54
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    Bidder Asymmetry In Infrastructure Procurement : Are There Any Fringe Bidders? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Bidder Asymmetry In Infrastructure Procurement
    Keywords: Affiliated ; Affiliated organizations ; Auction ; Auctions ; Bid ; Bidders ; Bidding ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Procurement ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International development ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public disclosure ; Affiliated ; Affiliated organizations ; Auction ; Auctions ; Bid ; Bidders ; Bidding ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Procurement ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International development ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public disclosure ; Affiliated ; Affiliated organizations ; Auction ; Auctions ; Bid ; Bidders ; Bidding ; Competition ; Debt Markets ; E-Business ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Government Procurement ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International development ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Private Sector Development ; Public disclosure
    Abstract: Asymmetric auctions are among the most rapidly growing areas in the auction literature. The potential benefits from improved auction efficiency are expected to be enormous in public procurement auctions related to official development projects. Entrant bidders are considered a key to enhance competition in an auction and break potential collusive arrangements among incumbent bidders. Asymmetric auction theory predicts that weak (fringe) bidders would bid more aggressively when they are faced with a strong (incumbent) opponent. Using official development assistance procurement data, this paper finds that in the major infrastructure sectors, entrants submitted systematically aggressive bids in the presence of an incumbent bidder. The findings also show that a high concentration of incumbents in an auction would harm auction efficiency, raising procurement costs. The results suggest that auctioneers should encourage fringe bidders to actively participate in the bidding process while maintaining the quality of the projects. This is conducive to enhancing competitive circumstances in public procurements and improving allocative efficiency
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  • 55
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    Multidimensionality And Renegotiation : Evidence From Transport-Sector Public-Private-Partnership Transactions In Latin America (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Multidimensionality And Renegotiation
    Keywords: Costs ; Debt Markets ; Diesel ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Policies ; Railway ; Railway industry ; Road ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Diesel ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Policies ; Railway ; Railway industry ; Road ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Costs ; Debt Markets ; Diesel ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure development ; Policies ; Railway ; Railway industry ; Road ; Transparency ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: Multidimensional auctions are a natural and practical solution when auctioneers pursue more than one objective in their public-private-partnership transactions. However, it is difficult to achieve auction efficiency with multiple award criteria. Using auction data from road and railway concessions in Latin America, the probability of renegotiation this paper estimates by a two-stage least squares technique with a binary selection in the first-stage regression. The findings show that auctioneers tend to adopt the multidimensional format when the need for social considerations, such as alleviation of unemployment, is high. This implies that such political considerations could hinder efficiency and transparency in auctions. The analysis also shows that the renegotiation risk in infrastructure concessions increases when multidimensional auctions are used. Rather, good governance, particularly anti-corruption policies, can mitigate the renegotiation problem
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  • 56
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    What Does "Entrepreneurship" Data Really Show? : A Comparison of The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor And World Bank Group Datasets (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Acs, Zoltan J What Does "Entrepreneurship" Data Really Show?
    Keywords: Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance ; Governments ; Information Security and Privacy ; Interest ; Labor ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Statistical and Mathemati ; Taxation ; Taxes ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance ; Governments ; Information Security and Privacy ; Interest ; Labor ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Statistical and Mathemati ; Taxation ; Taxes ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Business Environment ; Business in Development ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; E-Business ; Employment ; Entrepreneurship ; Finance ; Governments ; Information Security and Privacy ; Interest ; Labor ; Microfinance ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Science and Technology Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Statistical and Mathemati ; Taxation ; Taxes
    Abstract: This paper compares two datasets designed to measure entrepreneurship. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor dataset captures early-stage entrepreneurial activity; the World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey dataset captures formal business registration. There are a number of important differences when the data are compared. First, GEM data tend to report significantly greater levels of early-stage entrepreneurship in developing economies than do the World Bank data. The World Bank data tend to be greater than GEM data for developed countries. Second, the magnitude of the difference between the datasets across countries is related to the local institutional and environmental conditions for entrepreneurs, after controlling for levels of economic development. A possible explanation for this is that the World Bank data measure rates of entry in the formal economy, whereas GEM data are reflective of entrepreneurial intent and capture informality of entrepreneurship. This is particularly true for developing countries. Therefore, this discrepancy can be interpreted as the spread between individuals who could potentially operate businesses in the formal sector - and those that actually do so: In other words, GEM data may represent the potential supply of entrepreneurs, whereas the World Bank data may represent the actual rate of entrepreneurship. The findings suggest that entrepreneurs in developed countries have greater ease and incentives to incorporate, both for the benefits of greater access to formal financing and labor contracts, as well as for tax and other purposes not directly related to business activities
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  • 57
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    The World Bank's Early Reflections On Development : A Development Institution Or A Bank? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Alacevich, Michele The World Bank's Early Reflections On Development
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collections ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governments ; Housing ; Interest ; Lending ; Loans ; Principal ; Projects ; Urban development ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collections ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governments ; Housing ; Interest ; Lending ; Loans ; Principal ; Projects ; Urban development ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Collections ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governments ; Housing ; Interest ; Lending ; Loans ; Principal ; Projects ; Urban development
    Abstract: Until the late 1960s, the World Bank presented itself as an institution devoted to making sound and directly productive project loans. Yet, during its very early years, some discussions developed inside the Bank regarding the possibility of issuing different types of loans, namely (i) loans aimed at tackling social issues ("social loans"), and (ii) loans aimed at providing foreign currency to address disequilibria in the balance of payments ("impact loans"). This paper brings together historical analysis and theories of organization development to study the housing issue as a case in point. The analysis reveals that the Bank was unwilling to lend for housing programs not because these were not sound - in fact, they were - but because they were geared toward achieving social welfare objectives and were not directly linked to productive investment projects, such as dams, power stations, and railroads. This early decision had a significant impact on the subsequent development of the Bank's view of policy-making: it locked the institution into a particular lending pattern, and deprived it of important intellectual resources. It was not until the late 1960s that the Bank began to take social issues into consideration, rather late compared with other multilateral institutions
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    The Market For Retirement Products In Australia (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brunner, Gregory Gordon The Market For Retirement Products In Australia
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial markets ; Financial savings ; Financial systems ; Home ownership ; International bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor Policies ; Life insurance ; Life insurance companies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pension ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Prudential regulation ; Safety net ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Australia introduced a mandatory retirement savings scheme in 1992. This built on pre-existing voluntary occupational plans. The new scheme has been very successful in expanding coverage and mobilizing large financial savings that are equal to close to 100 percent of GDP. However, Australia does not impose restrictions on payout options. The payout phase used to be dominated by lump sum withdrawals, which accounted for 80 percent of benefit payments as recently as 2002. But pension payments increased in recent years and now represent 45 percent of total payments. The vast majority of these pension payments take the form of term annuities and allocated annuities. The latter are similar to phased withdrawals in Chile but run for fixed terms of up to 25 years rather than for lifetime terms. The demand for life annuities and lifetime phased withdrawals is very limited. The paper discusses the factors that have shaped the pattern of demand for retirement products, including the availability of the universal age pension and the effect of clawback provisions, the impact of the high level of home ownership, and the widespread preference of retiring workers for reliance on self-annuitization. The paper also reviews the prudential regulation of superannuation funds and life insurance companies
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    Community Participation In Public Schools : The Impact of Information Campaigns In Three Indian States (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Pandey, Priyanka Community Participation In Public Schools
    DDC: 370
    Keywords: Education ; Education for All ; Education sector ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Human development ; Human resource development ; Learning ; Learning outcomes ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Schools ; Teacher ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education ; Workers ; Education ; Education for All ; Education sector ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Human development ; Human resource development ; Learning ; Learning outcomes ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Schools ; Teacher ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education ; Workers ; Education ; Education for All ; Education sector ; Effective Schools and Teachers ; Human development ; Human resource development ; Learning ; Learning outcomes ; Papers ; Primary Education ; Schools ; Teacher ; Teachers ; Tertiary Education ; Workers
    Abstract: This study evaluates the impact of a community-based information campaign on school performance from a cluster randomized control trial. The campaign consisted of eight to nine public meetings in each of 340 treatment villages across three Indian states to disseminate information to the community about its state mandated roles and responsibilities in school management. The findings from the first follow-up 2-4 months after the campaign show that providing information through a structured campaign to communities had a positive impact in all three states. In two states there was a significant and positive impact on reading (14-27 percent) in one of the three grades tested; in the third state there was a significant impact on writing in one grade (15 percent) and on mathematics in the other grade tested (27 percent). The intervention is associated with improvement in teacher effort in two states. Some improvements occurred in the delivery of certain benefits entitled to students (stipend, uniform, and mid day meal) and in process variables such as community participation in each of the three states. Follow-up research needs to examine whether there is a systematic increase in learning when the impact is measured over a longer time period and whether a campaign sustained over a longer time is able to generate greater impact on school outcomes
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  • 60
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    Almost Random : Evaluating A Large-Scale Randomized Nutrition Program In The Presence of Crossover (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Linnemayr, Sebastian Almost Random
    Keywords: Breastfeeding ; Child diseases ; Child nutrition ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Intervention ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Nutritional status ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant women ; Public health ; Breastfeeding ; Child diseases ; Child nutrition ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Intervention ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Nutritional status ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant women ; Public health ; Breastfeeding ; Child diseases ; Child nutrition ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Intervention ; Mortality ; Nutrition ; Nutritional status ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant women ; Public health
    Abstract: Large-scale randomized interventions have the potential to uncover the causal effect of programs applying to a large population, thereby improving on the insights gained from currently dominant smaller randomized studies. However, the external validity gained through larger interventions typically implies less supervision and often comes at the cost of some deviation from the randomization plan. This paper investigates the impact of the Nutrition Enhancement Program, which aims to improve child nutrition in Senegal based on a large-scale randomized community intervention. The analysis explicitly deals with deviation from the planned treatment and suggests approaches for combining ex-post adjustments such as propensity score matching with the randomized treatment plan. The authors do not detect a strong overall program impact on the outcome measure of weight-for-age based on planned treatment status, but do find an impact on the youngest children. Moreover, the project impact is clearer when the analysis considers treatment crossover using alternative estimators of two-stage least-squares and propensity score matching. The findings underscore the importance of addressing the shortcomings of large-scale randomization interventions in a systematic manner in order to understand the selection process that can guide further implementation of such projects, as well as to expose the true, causal effect of such programs
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    The Little Data Book on Information and Communication Technology 2008 (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821374028 , 9780821375600 , 9780821374023
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (230 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: Now in its second edition, the Little Data Book on Information and Communication Technology 2008 presents at-a-glance tables for over 140 economies showing the most recent national data on key indicators of information and communications technology (ICT), including access, quality, affordability, efficiency, sustainability, and applications
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  • 62
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    Global Development Finance 2008 (Vol I. Review, Analysis, and Outlook) (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821373889 , 9780821373897 , 9780821373880
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (155 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: Global Development Finance - the World Bank's annual report on the external financing of developing countries - provides monitoring and analysis of development finance, identifying key emerging trends and policy challenges in international financial flows that are likely to affect the growth prospects of developing countries. As major financial institutions currently recognize losses from the U.S. subprime mortgage market crisis and rebuild their balance sheets through a more conservative approach to lending and risk management, the central theme of this year's report will be the market for international bank credit to developing countries.It is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. Vol I: Analysis and Outlook reviews recent trends in financial flows to developing countries. Vol II. Summary and Country Tables* includes comprehensive data for 138 countries, as well as summary data for regions and income groups. Also available on CD-ROM, with more than 200 historical time series from 1970 to 2007, and country group estimates for 2008
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    Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project : Global Learning Strategy (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Water and Sanitation Program
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The purpose of this learning strategy is to develop a structured process of generating, sharing, capturing, and disseminating knowledge about what works in scaling up and sustaining sanitation programs. The authors are undertaking this learning process in order to enable evidence-based decisions by policy-makers and implementation of large-scale programs. The learning in this project will benefit not only current stakeholders but also future stakeholders interested in and committed to promoting and implementing effective large-scale sanitation programs. The remainder of this strategy paper is divided into five sections: project background; learning goals and principles; learning culture, tools, and platforms; learning process; and organizational aspects of learning
    DOI: 10.1596/28242
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    Information and Service Delivery : Case Studies from Kenya and Ethiopia (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This monograph probes the role of information in service delivery by focusing on key sectors in Kenya and Ethiopia. Findings from comparative studies done in 2005-06 in the health, education, and water and sanitation sectors plus public and private partnerships (PPPs) illustrate the significance of information access to delivery of quality services. Linking information access to service delivery is instructive to deepen institutional reforms around transparency and governance. This volume contends that three constraints-governance, trust, and technology deficits-impede information flows for service delivery in Ethiopia and Kenya. Although these constraints are formidable, the cases reveal that reforms in the governance arena have began to make a difference in the domain of service delivery. Using local researchers for this study has contributed to the World Bank's vision and mission of strengthening knowledge production by local institutions, particularly in Africa, where the low rate of the input of indigenous voices in the development debates is a growing concern. Augmenting the corpus of knowledge about African issues by Africans also fits into the objective of capacity building: providing local experts the opportunities to research and highlight experiences on the ground. As more countries embark on public sector reforms that deepen transparent information mechanisms and better service delivery, the need for more of these studies will increase. What the authors of this study have articulated is a rich research agenda that ties information access and service provision-research that should help advance policy dialogue with actors involved in public sector and governance reforms
    DOI: 10.1596/28278
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    The Role of Local Institutions in Adaptation to Climate Change (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This review focuses on the role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change. It does so under the belief that climate impacts will affect disadvantaged social groups more disproportionately, and that local institutions centrally influence how different social groups gain access to and are able to use assets and resources. It suggests that adaptation to climate change is inevitably local and that institutions influence adaptation and climate vulnerability in three critical ways: a) they structure impacts and vulnerability, b) they mediate between individual and collective responses to climate impacts and thereby shape outcomes of adaptation, and c) they act as the means of delivery of external resources to facilitate adaptation, and thus govern access to such resources. In focusing on local institutions, the review fills two glaring gaps in the existing understanding about institutions and climate change: the lack of middle-range theories of adaptation practices to help frame policy debates, and the absence of comparative empirical studies of adaptation to support policy interventions. To contribute to middle-range theoretical knowledge about climate change the review develops a conceptual framework to understand and classify the adaptation practices of the rural poor, view the institutional structuring of adaptation, and examine the types of external support interventions that local institutions inevitably channel. The review proposes a focus on different forms of mobility, storage, diversification, communal pooling, and market exchange in rural settings as the basic mechanisms through which households address riskiness of livelihoods. Using the familiar typology of public, private, and civil society institutions the review proposes an institutional linkages framework that highlights the role of institutional partnerships in facilitating adaptation and drawing from social network analysis it presents a conceptual toolkit to analyze institutional partnerships and their impacts on resource access of vulnerable social groups. In examining the role of institutions in channeling financial, information and technological, leadership, and policy interventions into rural areas, the review highlights that institutions are critical leverage points through which to determine the direction and magnitude of flows of resources to different social groups
    DOI: 10.1596/28274
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    Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Latin America and the Caribbean (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This study on Latin America is based on a sample of eight countries, comprising the big four economies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico; Colombia and Ecuador, two of the poorest South American tropical countries; the Dominican Republic, the largest Caribbean economy; and Nicaragua, the poorest country in Central America. Together, in 2000-04, these countries accounted for 78 percent of the region's population, 80 percent of the region's agricultural value added, and 84 percent of the total gross domestic product (GDP) of Latin America. The key characteristics of these economies-which account for only 4.5 percent of worldwide Gross Domestic Product (GDP), but 7.7 percent of agricultural value added and more than 10 percent of agricultural and food exports. The table reveals the considerable diversity within the region in terms of stages of development, relative resource endowments, comparative advantages and, hence, trade specialization, and the incidence of poverty and income inequality. This means that these countries represent a rich sample for comparative study. Nicaragua's per capita income is only one-seventh the global average, while the incomes of Colombia and Ecuador are one-third of this average. By contrast, the per capita incomes of Argentina and Chile average just one-eighth below and that of Mexico is one eighth above the global average. Only Argentina, Brazil, and Nicaragua are well above the global average in endowments of agricultural land per capita; the Dominican Republic and Ecuador are well below this average; and Chile, Colombia, and Mexico are a little less than one-third above the average
    DOI: 10.1596/28190
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    Simulating the Effects of Supply and Demand Elasticities on Political-Economic Equilibrium (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Wallace's (1962) pioneering study brought to agricultural economics a focus on the role of supply and demand elasticity's in determining the efficiency with which agricultural policy transfers income among interest groups. His discussion provides key insights into what I call the "consequences of policy" side of current models of political economy. Becker's (1983) and Grossman and Helpman's (1994) models, both famously seminal in the political economy literature, have such "consequences" sides, and therefore when agricultural policy is examined in their models' frameworks, market elasticity's play key roles. These two models have also "causes of policy" sides, which describe interest groups' abilities to create political pressure. Wallace aim is to provide a theoretical review and exposition of the effects of elasticity's on redistribution efficiency, and in turn on distortional policies in political economic equilibrium. He demonstrates how models of actual political economies might be built and used to derive theoretical predictions about how market elasticity's affect policy and income transfers. Applying similar models to examine real world political economies can provide testable hypotheses about how market parameters affect distortional policies
    DOI: 10.1596/28277
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    Annual Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Europe's Transition Economies (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This working paper summarizes annual estimates of covered product Nominal Rate of Assistance (NRAs), for each of the focus economies of Europe's transition economies, their key distortion indicators defined in Anderson et al. (2008), and provides some summary statistics for the region's estimates. Four tables are provided for each country: (a) the NRA to individual farm products covered in the study and their weighted average, using as weights production valued at undistorted prices; (b) the RRA to producers of agricultural tradable, again using as weights production valued at undistorted prices, and the component parts of the RRA calculation; (c) the weights themselves for individual covered farm products and for the residual non-covered group of products, shown as percentages and so they sum to 100 percent; and (d) the trade status of each covered product each year. The NRA in the case of a product having just its output price distorted by government policies is the percentage by which the domestic producer price exceeds the price that would prevail under free markets, that is, the border price appropriately adjusted to account for differences in product quality, transport costs, processing costs, etc. A negative value indicates the domestic price is below that comparable border price
    DOI: 10.1596/28193
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    Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The story of agricultural policy in Northeast Asia over the past 50 years illustrates the dramatic changes that can occur in distortions to agricultural incentives faced by producers and consumers at different stages of economic development. In this study of Japan, the Republic of Korea (the southern part of the peninsula, hereafter referred to as Korea) and the island of Taiwan, China (hereafter referred to as Taiwan), the authors estimate the degree of distortions for key agricultural products as well as for the agricultural sector as a whole over a period when these economies transitioned from low- or middle- to high-income status the beginning of the so-called East Asian economic miracle of dramatic industrial development. The three economies in terms of the nature of their economies, including their resource endowments that determined the course of their modern economic growth and development. The evolution of agricultural policies in the three economies is then reviewed before discussing how to measure distortions to agricultural incentives using the methodology from Anderson et al. (2008), the focus of which is on nominal and relative rates of assistance. Implications of empirical findings for policy reforms in the three economies are discussed in the final section, where the authors also identify lessons for later-developing economies experiencing similar structural transformations in the course of their economic growth. Statistical observations are found to be consistent with the hypothesis that the success of rapid industrialization that advanced these economies to the middle-income stage resulted in declines in agriculture's comparative advantage associated with the growing income disparity between farmers and employees in non-agricultural sectors
    DOI: 10.1596/28189
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    Peru : Institutional and Financial Framework for Development of Small Hydropower (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Papers
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Peru is favored by a stable and growing economy and the availability of indigenous sources of energy for electricity generation, hydro and natural gas. Installed capacity in Peru in 2006 was 6658 MW, of which 48 percent was hydro-based. However, regarding new investment in generation, there is reason for concern. Demand growth over the past five years has been 5-10 percent, with no signs of slowing down. At the rate of 10 percent demand growth, 400 MW of new generation capacity is necessary each year, representing at least US
    DOI: 10.1596/28103
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    Chile : Toward a Cohesive and Well Governed National Innovation System (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Institutional and Governance Review
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Chile is increasingly looking to innovation as a pillar of its competitiveness and an engine of growth to close the income gap with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) economies. The country has doubled its per capita income since the 1990s. The growth slowdown in the late 1990s and early 2000s, however, raised concerns about that the old sources of growth. While the rate of growth has picked up again, spurred by a favorable external environment, there is an increased awareness of the importance of innovation to growth and a desire to move toward a more diversified and knowledge-based economy, following the example of other successful resource-rich economies such as Australia and Finland. Higher government commitments to innovation have raised new challenges. The remaining of the report is structured as follows. Chapter two discusses the importance of innovation to Chile's economy and highlights the need to define innovation policy within a comprehensive framework that encompasses the entire production system. Chapter three organizes thinking around some basic governance principles for innovation systems drawing form the public governance literature, the broader innovation literature, and international experiences. Chapter four applies those principles to Chile's public institutions and agents that will be responsible for defining and implementing innovation policies. Chapter five examines the rationale and guiding principles of regional innovation policies and offers recommendations for Chile's regional innovation systems and their governance framework. Chapter six summarizes the main conclusions
    DOI: 10.1596/28202
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  • 72
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    A Note on the Indonesian Sub-National Government Surplus, 2001-2006 (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Indonesian government has devolved significant expenditure authority to sub-national units since 2001. New sub-national government expenditure assignments have been paid for by a substantial increase in intergovernmental transfers to lower levels of government. The center has decided against devolving any significant new tax authority to the regions, at least for the time being. This note examines some fundamental issues related to these unspent funds. The paper has two particular objectives. First, the paper describes the basic features of sub-national government surplus and reserves since decentralization, including their size and spatial distribution. Second, it seeks to explain the observed variation in surplus across sub-national governments, according to some standard hypotheses. The paper proceeds as follows. First, some basic information regarding the buildup and geographic distribution of sub-national reserves is offered. Second, the methodological approach to the study of sub-national government surpluses is detailed. Third, the results of the econometric examination are presented and discussed. Finally, the note closes with a summary of the main findings and a proposal for some additional research that might be useful in the continuing development of central policy in this area
    DOI: 10.1596/28246
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    Exploring Reform Options in Functional Assignment (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Public Sector Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: Considerable challenges remain in functional assignment in Indonesia - some introduced by the recent revisions, during the second round of reform in the period 2004-2007. The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has accepted the offer from donors to undertake a study to delve more deeply into the progress made to date, the challenges that remain, and the opportunities to fashion a more robust, effective and stable assignment of functions. The study aims to help the GoI and donors in exploring new avenues for reform in this field. The term functional assignment in the study denotes a broad concept that captures the overall architecture of roles between levels of government and the specific construction of functions. The robustness of functional assignment is seen to derive from the judicious choice of elements suited to the local context, particularly how these elements come together to form a sound and consistent architecture. In assessing functional assignment, the study made use of academic and other stakeholder views on both substantive issues and the capacity development approach needed to develop a policy network in this field in the future. The possible supporting role of donors is also indicated, within the discussion of each issue in the main part of the report, and in condensed form at the end of this summary
    DOI: 10.1596/28106
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    Iraq Public Expenditure and Institutional Assessment, Volume 1 : Public Financial Management in a Conflict-Affected Environment (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Financial Accountability Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The public expenditure and institutional assessment (PEIA) were motivated by a number of factors. First, both the Government of Iraq (GoI) and its international development partners have recognized the critical importance of sound management of Iraq's substantial public financial resources. Both parties support the reform and modernization of public financial management (PFM), as articulated in the International Compact for Iraq (ICI). Secondly, international experience demonstrates the importance of establishing a baseline against which progress in PFM over time can be measured. This implies the need for an assessment which provides the information necessary to measure the performance of a country's PFM system. Thirdly, the devastating circumstances in Iraq during the past 5 years have made the institutional arrangements for PFM the subject of considerable uncertainty. The PEIA can help to shape and prioritize the necessary development program. The report is organized in two main parts. Volume one contains a summary of the main issues to emerge from the public expenditure and financial accountability (PEFA) assessment and a discussion of a number of specific PFM issues of current importance to Iraq, including: capital investment budgeting (CIB), oil revenue management, the Iraq financial management information system (IFMIS), public accounting and accountability, and payroll management. Volume two contains a detailed technical analysis behind the PEFA assessment
    DOI: 10.1596/28209
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    Building on Evidence : A Situational Analysis of the HIV Epidemic and Policy Response in Honduras (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: This paper summarizes key findings of the epidemiological, response and policy synthesis analysis carried out in Honduras in 2007, as part of the preparation of the new national HIV/AIDS strategy, PENSIDA III, (National Strategic Plan to Fight HIV/AIDS - Plan Estrategico Nacional de Lucha Contra el VIH/SIDA) 2008-2012. It presents the most recent data on HIV prevalence, and the results of models that estimate sources of infection and likely patterns and trends in future prevalence. The paper also describes how these data and projections have been incorporated into the design of Honduras' response to the epidemic, grounding PENSIDA III's strategic direction in the data on the epidemic and response in Honduras, building and improving on previous experience
    DOI: 10.1596/28244
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    Global Development Finance 2008 (Complete Print Edition) (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821373900 , 9780821373910 , 9780821373903
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (431 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Global Development Finance
    Abstract: Global Development Finance-the World Bank's annual report on the external financing of developing countries-provides monitoring and analysis of development finance, identifying key emerging trends and policy challenges in international financial flows that are likely to affect the growth prospects of developing countries. As major financial institutions currently recognize losses from the U.S. subprime mortgage market crisis and rebuild their balance sheets through a more conservative approach to lending and risk management, the central theme of this year's report will be the market for international bank credit to developing countries.It is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. Vol I: Analysis and Statistical Appendix reviews recent trends in financial flows to developing countries. Vol II. Summary and Country Tables* includes comprehensive data for 138 countries, as well as summary data for regions and income groups. Also available on CD-ROM, with more than 200 historical time series from 1970 to 2006, and country group estimates for 2007
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  • 77
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    Implementing the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative : Applying Early Lessons from the Field (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821375016 , 9780821375020 , 9780821375013
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (105 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) was established as a global initiative in 2002. The EITI has since become the highest profile international standard for promoting transparency and accountability in countries dependent on oil, gas, minerals, and metals. As it is built around cooperation among governments, companies, and civil society organizations, the EITI has been called a "curious coalition" by some. However, this coalition now helps drive transparency in revenues and payments in resource-rich countries across the world as part of their good governance programs
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  • 78
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    World Development Indicators 2008 (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821373862 , 9780821373873 , 9780821373866
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (418 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Development Indicators
    Abstract: Looking for accurate, up-to-date data on development issues? World Development Indicators is the World Bank's premier annual compilation of data about development. This indispensable statistical reference allows you to consult over 900 indicators for some 150 economies and 14 country groups in more than 80 tables. It provides a current overview of the most recent data available as well as important regional data and income group analysis in six thematic sections: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. The CD-ROM editions contain 46 years of time series data, covering 1960 to 2006, and offer mapping, charting, and data export formats
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  • 79
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    Are you being served? : new tools for measuring service delivery (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821371851 , 082137186X , 9780821371855 , 9780821371862
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxv, 423 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.1
    Keywords: Data Collection methods ; Developing Countries ; Educational surveys ; Health Services Research methods ; Health facilities Quality control ; Measurement ; Medical care Quality control ; Measurement ; Quality Assurance, Health Care economics ; Quality Assurance, Health Care methods ; Quality assurance Measurement ; Data Collection methods ; Developing Countries ; Educational surveys ; Health Services Research methods ; Health facilities Quality control ; Measurement ; Medical care Quality control ; Measurement ; Quality Assurance, Health Care economics ; Quality Assurance, Health Care methods ; Quality assurance Measurement ; Data Collection ; Developing Countries ; methods ; Educational surveys ; Health Services Research ; Health facilities ; Medical care ; Quality Assurance, Health Care ; Quality Assurance, Health Care ; Quality assurance
    Description / Table of Contents: Qualitative research to prepare quantitative analysis: absenteeism among health workers in two African countries -- Use of vignettes to measure the quality of health care -- Client satisfaction and the perceived quality of primary health care in Uganda -- Health facility and school surveys in the Indonesia family life surveys -- Collecting data from service providers within the living standards measurement study -- Sharing the gain: some common lessons on measuring service delivery.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction: why measure service delivery? -- Assessment of health facility performance: an introduction to data and measurement issues -- An introduction to methodologies for measuring service delivery in education -- Administrative data is a study of local inequality and project choice: issues of interpretation and relevance -- What may be learned from project monitoring data? lessons from a nutrition program in Madagascar -- Program impact and variation in the duration of exposure -- Tracking public money in the health sector in Mozambique: conceptual and practical challenges -- Public expenditure tracking survey in a difficult environment: the case of Chad -- Lessons from school surveys in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea -- Assessment of health and education services in the aftermath of a disaster -- Ukraine school survey: design challenges, poverty linkages, and evaluation opportunities
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
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  • 80
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    Public-Private Partnerships In Transport (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Public-Private Partnerships In Transport
    Keywords: Airports ; Driving ; Railways ; Toll ; Toll Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Infrastructures ; Transport Sector ; Urban Transport ; Airports ; Driving ; Railways ; Toll ; Toll Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Infrastructures ; Transport Sector ; Urban Transport ; Airports ; Driving ; Railways ; Toll ; Toll Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Infrastructure ; Transport Infrastructures ; Transport Sector ; Urban Transport
    Abstract: This paper summarizes the evidence on the evolution of transport PPPs over the last 15 years or so. In the process, it provides a primer on the associated policy issues, including of the central role of project finance in the implementation of PPP policies and the debates on risk allocation in the design of PPPs. The paper also offers a discussion of the increasingly well recognized residual roles for the public sector in transport, with an emphasis on the regulatory debates surrounding the adoption of PPPs
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  • 81
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    Pension Institutions and Annuities in Denmark (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (73 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Andersen, Carsten Pension Institutions and Annuities in Denmark
    Keywords: Asset Liability Matching ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment Policies ; Liability ; Pension ; Pension System ; Pension Systems ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swap ; Asset Liability Matching ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment Policies ; Liability ; Pension ; Pension System ; Pension Systems ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swap ; Asset Liability Matching ; Bonds ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Systems ; Investment Policies ; Liability ; Pension ; Pension System ; Pension Systems ; Pensions ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Social Protections and Labor ; Swap
    Abstract: This paper considers the overall structure of the Danish pension system, reviews the relative role of different types of pension institutions, and discusses their asset allocation strategies and investment performance. The paper also examines the regulation and supervision of providers of pension services, the growing reliance on risk-based supervision, and the application of the so-called contribution principle. The Danish pension system includes a modest universal social pension with a supplement for low-income pensioners and near universal participation in occupational and personal pensions that are primarily based on defined contribution plans. The annuity market is well developed: 50 percent of annual contributions are allocated to the purchase of deferred annuities, while immediate annuities are also purchased at or even after retirement. However, detailed comprehensive data on the rate of annuitization are lacking. Distinct features of the Danish pension system include the widespread use of profit participating contracts with minimum guaranteed benefits and regular provision of bonuses, covering both the accumulation and payout phases, and extensive use of group deferred annuity contracts. A new traffic light system with periodic stress testing has resulted in greater emphasis on asset liability matching and hedging strategies by pension institutions and a shift in investment policies in favor of foreign bonds and long-term swap contracts
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  • 82
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    An Alternative Framework For Foreign Exchange Risk Management of Sovereign Debt (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Melecky, Martin An Alternative Framework For Foreign Exchange Risk Management of Sovereign Debt
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Debt ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Risk ; Inflation ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management ; Sovereign Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Debt ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Risk ; Inflation ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management ; Sovereign Debt ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Debt Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange Rate ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Foreign Debt ; Foreign Exchange ; Foreign Exchange Risk ; Inflation ; Interest Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Public Sector Development ; Risk Management ; Sovereign Debt
    Abstract: This paper proposes a measure of synchronization in the movements of relevant domestic and foreign fundamentals for choosing suitable currency for denomination of foreign debt. The selection of explanatory variables for exchange rate volatility is motivated using a New Keynesian Policy model. The model predicts that not only traditional optimal currency area variables, but also variables considered by the literature on currency preferences, such as money velocity, should be relevant for explaining exchange rate volatility. The findings show that measures of inflation synchronization, money velocity synchronization, and interest rate synchronization can be useful indicators for decisions on the currency denomination of foreign debt
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  • 83
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    When Do Enterprises Prefer Informal Credit? (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Safavian, Mehnaz When Do Enterprises Prefer Informal Credit?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bribes ; Capital Requirements ; Commercial Banks ; Creditors ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Finance ; Formal Financial Sector ; Informal Credit ; Informal Finance ; Working Capital ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bribes ; Capital Requirements ; Commercial Banks ; Creditors ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Finance ; Formal Financial Sector ; Informal Credit ; Informal Finance ; Working Capital ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bribes ; Capital Requirements ; Commercial Banks ; Creditors ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Finance ; Formal Financial Sector ; Informal Credit ; Informal Finance ; Working Capital
    Abstract: This paper tests the hypothesis that enterprises may forgo formal finance in lieu of informal credit by choice. They do so to avoid the additional regulatory scrutiny and harassment that engaging with the formal financial sector invites. We test this hypothesis using enterprise-level data on 3,564 enterprises in 29 countries. In this sample, enterprises finance approximately 57 percent of their working capital requirements with external finance. This external finance comes from formal sources, such as commercial banks (53 percent) and informal sources (42 percent), such as trade creditors, or family and friends. In our sample, 14 percent of enterprises rely exclusively on informal finance. We find that the likelihood of enterprises preferring to only use informal finance is inversely related to the quality of the regulatory environment, particularly the quality of tax administration and overall governance. For example, we find that when an enterprise has been asked for bribes by tax inspectors, it is 17 percent more likely to prefer informal finance
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  • 84
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    Does Corruption Impact On Firms' Ability To Conduct Business In Mauritania ? : Evidence From Investment Climate Survey Data (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francisco, Manuela Does Corruption Impact On Firms' Ability To Conduct Business In Mauritania ?
    Keywords: Korruption ; Unternehmenserfolg ; Investitionsklima ; Mauretanien ; Access to Finance ; Bribe ; Bribes ; Corruption ; Corruption Perception ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Kickbacks ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Perception Of Corruption ; Personal Gain ; Private Gain ; Public Officials ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Access to Finance ; Bribe ; Bribes ; Corruption ; Corruption Perception ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Kickbacks ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Perception Of Corruption ; Personal Gain ; Private Gain ; Public Officials ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Access to Finance ; Bribe ; Bribes ; Corruption ; Corruption Perception ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Good Governance ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Kickbacks ; Microfinance ; National Governance ; Perception Of Corruption ; Personal Gain ; Private Gain ; Public Officials ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures
    Abstract: This paper seeks to understand whether Mauritanian firms deem corruption as an obstacle to operate and grow, to identify the profile of firms that are more likely to make informal payments, and to quantify the size of these payments. The results of the analysis show that perceptions of corruption can be potentially misleading. Corruption is not considered to be one of the most taxing factors impeding the growth of firms in Mauritania. Yet, its cost to firms is significant and greater than in the comparator group countries. This means that corruption is internalized by firms and considered an accepted practice. Alternatively, firms may fear reporting corruption practices for fear of retaliation. Econometric evidence on the propensity and intensity of bribes suggests that medium-size firms suffer the most from corruption in Mauritania. Larger firms are more established and connected, do not fear exiting the market, and are less likely to be harassed. Smaller firms are less visible and may be able to escape the control of public officials by operating largely in the informal sector. Medium-size firms are the most likely to pay bribes and to pay the highest amounts as a percentage of their total annual sales, which places a heavy burden on their ability to grow
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  • 85
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    Foreign Bank Acquisitions And Outreach : Evidence From Mexico (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (43 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Foreign Bank Acquisitions And Outreach
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities ; Access to Finance ; Bank Acquisitions ; Banking Sector ; Banking Sector Development ; Banking Services ; Banking Stability ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Corporate Law ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crises ; Financial Services ; Foreign Banks ; Law and Development ; Municipalities
    Abstract: Between 1995 and 2005, foreign bank participation in Mexico rose from 2 percent of bank assets to 83 percent, as the top five largest banks were acquired by foreigners. This paper examines the link between foreign bank acquisitions and banking outreach. Using quarterly country, bank, and bank-municipality-level data, the authors find some contrasting patterns. As foreign bank participation rose due to foreign acquisitions, the number of municipalities with bank presence increased but the number of loan and deposit accounts fell for the country as a whole and for banks after they became foreign. The drop in the number of loans, however, was partially off-set by an increase in domestic bank loans. Further, the decline in loan and deposit accounts was more pronounced in more rural and poorer areas. Finally, only very rich and urban areas experienced an increase in branches after foreign acquisition
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  • 86
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    Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Distortions To Agricultural Incentives In Australia Since World War II
    RVK:
    QB 910
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; GdP ; GdP Per Capita ; Growth Rate ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multilateral Trade ; Per Capita Income ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Social Protections and Labor ; Total Factor Productivity ; Trade Negotiations ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: Australia's lackluster economic growth performance in the first four decades following World War II was in part due to an anti-trade, anti-primary sector bias in government assistance policies. This paper provides new annual estimates of the extent of those biases since 1946 and their gradual phase-out during the past two decades. In doing so it reveals that the timing of the sector assistance cuts was such as sometimes to improve but sometimes to worsen the distortions to incentives faced by farmers. The changes increased the variation of assistance rates within agriculture during the 1950s and 1960s, reducing the welfare contribution of those programs in that period. Although the assistance pattern within agriculture appears not to have been strongly biased against exporters, its reform has coincided with a substantial increase in the export orientation of many farm industries. The overall pattern for Australia is contrasted with that revealed by comparable new estimates for other high-income countries
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  • 87
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    Managing Post-Disaster Reconstruction Finance : International Experience In Public Financial Management (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fengler, Wolfgang Managing Post-Disaster Reconstruction Finance
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster ; Disaster Management ; Disasters ; Droughts ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Floods ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Disasters ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Reconstruction ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Tsunami ; Wind Storms ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster ; Disaster Management ; Disasters ; Droughts ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Floods ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Disasters ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Reconstruction ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Tsunami ; Wind Storms ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster ; Disaster Management ; Disasters ; Droughts ; Earthquakes ; Environment ; Floods ; Natural Disaster ; Natural Disasters ; Natural Disasters ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Reconstruction ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Tsunami ; Wind Storms
    Abstract: In recent years, natural and man-made disasters have confronted the international community with its most demanding reconstruction challenges since the aftermath of World War II. Managing the inflow of resources and spending those resources well have proven to be two of the main difficulties in such reconstruction projects, particularly after large-scale disasters. A central dilemma of the public financial management of reconstruction is the need for very high levels of accountability to demonstrate fiduciary credibility, while at the same time ensuring the rapid implementation of recovery programs. This paper identifies options and lessons for managing post-disaster reconstruction finance in three key areas: (i) the establishment of special institutions to manage the reconstruction process; (ii) the selection of public financial management systems with respect to the application of country systems, special fiduciary arrangements, or donor/NGO execution; and (iii) monitoring and evaluation systems. The authors synthesize the phasing of assistance and approaches in eight recent post-natural disaster reconstruction efforts (Aceh-Indonesia, Yogyakarta-Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, Colombia, Grenada, and Honduras) to help guide the priorities and options for future instances of public financial management for disaster reconstruction. The paper also compares the challenges posed by post-conflict versus post-natural disaster public financial management
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  • 88
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    Bosnia And Herzegovina 2001-2004 : Enterprise Restructuring, Labor Market Transitions And Poverty (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Tiongson, Erwin R Bosnia And Herzegovina 2001-2004
    Keywords: Displaced Workers ; Employment ; Informal Sector ; Jobs ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Local Labor Markets ; Male Workers ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Displaced Workers ; Employment ; Informal Sector ; Jobs ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Local Labor Markets ; Male Workers ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Displaced Workers ; Employment ; Informal Sector ; Jobs ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Local Labor Markets ; Male Workers ; Private Sector ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper takes stock of labor market developments in Bosnia and Herzegovina over the period 2001-2004, using the panel Living Standards Measurement Study/Living in Bosnia and Herzegovina survey. The analysis estimates a multinomial logit model of labor market transitions by state of origin (employment, unemployment, and inactivity) following the specification of widely used models of transition probabilities, and analyzes the impact of standard covariates. The results provide strong evidence that there are indeed significant differences in labor market transitions by gender, age, education, and geographic location. Using the panel structure of the multi-topic survey data, the authors find that these transitions are related to welfare dynamics, with welfare levels evolving differently for various groups depending on their labor market trajectories. The findings show that current labor market trends reflecting women's movement out of labor markets and laid-off male workers accepting informal sector jobs characterized by low productivity will lead to adverse social outcomes. These outcomes could be averted if the planned enterprise reform program creates a more favorable business environment and leads to faster restructuring and growth of firms
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  • 89
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    Enforceability of Labor Law : Evidence From A Labor Court In Mexico (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kaplan, David S Enforceability of Labor Law
    Keywords: Adjudication ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Confidence ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information Security and Privacy ; Judicial process ; Judicial system ; Law and Development ; Lawyer ; Lawyers ; Legal Products ; Legal framework ; Microfinance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trial ; Adjudication ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Confidence ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information Security and Privacy ; Judicial process ; Judicial system ; Law and Development ; Lawyer ; Lawyers ; Legal Products ; Legal framework ; Microfinance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trial ; Adjudication ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Confidence ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Information Security and Privacy ; Judicial process ; Judicial system ; Law and Development ; Lawyer ; Lawyers ; Legal Products ; Legal framework ; Microfinance ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Trial
    Abstract: The authors analyze lawsuits involving publicly-appointed lawyers in a labor court in Mexico to study how a rigid law is enforced. They show that, even after a judge has awarded something to a worker alleging unjust dismissal, the award goes uncollected 56 percent of the time. Workers who are dismissed after working more than seven years, however, do not leave these awards uncollected because their legally-mandated severance payments are larger. A simple theoretical model is used to generate predictions on how lawsuit outcomes should depend on the information available to the worker and on the worker's cost of collecting an award after trial, both of which are determined in part by the worker's lawyer. Differences in outcomes across lawyers are consistent with the hypothesis that firms take advantage both of workers who are poorly informed and of workers who find it more costly to collect an award after winning at trial
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  • 90
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    Rising Growth, Declining Investment : The Puzzle of The Philippines Breaking The "Low-Capital-Stock" Equilibrium (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Magnoli Bocchi, Alessandro Rising Growth, Declining Investment
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Agriculture ; Barriers To Entry ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Product ; Political Economy ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Access to Finance ; Agriculture ; Barriers To Entry ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Product ; Political Economy ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Access to Finance ; Agriculture ; Barriers To Entry ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Exports ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; GDP ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Marginal Product ; Political Economy ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: The economy of the Philippines is open to trade and capital inflows, and has grown rapidly since 2002. Over the last 10 years, however, domestic investment, while stagnant in real terms, has shrunk as a share of GDP. In an open and growing economy, why the decline? Three reasons explain the puzzle. First, the public sector cannot afford expanding its investment at GDP growth rates. Second, the capital-intensive private sector does not find it convenient to raise investment at the economy's pace. Third, fast-growing businesses in the service sector do not need to rapidly increase investment to enjoy rising profits. Yet, the economy keeps growing. On the demand-side, massive labor migration results in remittances that fuel consumption-led-growth. On the supply-side, free from rent-capturing regulations, a few non-capital-intensive manufactures and services boost exports. The economic system is in equilibrium at a low level of capital stock, where all economic agents have no incentive to unilaterally increase investment and the first mover bears short-term costs. As a consequence, growth is slower and less inclusive than it could be. To make it speedier and more sustainable, and to reduce unemployment and poverty, the economy needs to move to a "high-capital-stock" equilibrium. This would be attainable through better-performing eco-zones, a competitive exchange rate, greater government revenues, and fewer elite-capturing regulations
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  • 91
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    Informality Among Formal Firms : Firm-Level, Cross-Country Evidence On Tax Compliance And Access To Credit (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gatti, Roberta Informality Among Formal Firms
    Keywords: Access To Credit ; Access To External Finance ; Access to Finance ; Balance Sheets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exclusion ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Market ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Security ; Access To Credit ; Access To External Finance ; Access to Finance ; Balance Sheets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exclusion ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Market ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Security ; Access To Credit ; Access To External Finance ; Access to Finance ; Balance Sheets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Exclusion ; External Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Institutions ; Financial Market ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Security
    Abstract: The authors use firm-level, cross-county data from Investment Climate surveys in 49 developing countries to investigate an important channel through which informality can affect productivity: access to credit and external finance. Informality is measured as self-reported lack of tax compliance in a sample of registered firms that also answered questions on a large set of other characteristics. The authors find that more tax compliance is significantly associated with more access to credit both in OLS and in country fixed effects estimates. In particular, the link between credit and formality is stronger in high-formality countries. This suggests that firms' balance sheets are relatively more informative for financial institutions in environments where signal extraction is a less noisy process. The authors' results are robust to the inclusion of a wide array of correlates and to two-stage estimation
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  • 92
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    On SARS Type Economic Effects During Infectious Disease Outbreaks (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brahmbhatt, Milan On SARS Type Economic Effects During Infectious Disease Outbreaks
    Keywords: Infektionskrankheit ; Opportunitätskosten ; Verhaltensökonomik ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population
    Abstract: Infectious disease outbreaks can exact a high human and economic cost through illness and death. But, as with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in East Asia in 2003, or the plague outbreak in Surat, India, in 1994, they can also create severe economic disruptions even when there is, ultimately, relatively little illness or death. Such disruptions are commonly the result of uncoordinated and panicky efforts by individuals to avoid becoming infected, of preventive activity. This paper places these "SARS type" effects in the context of research on economic epidemiology, in which behavioral responses to disease risk have both economic and epidemiological consequences. The paper looks in particular at how people form subjective probability judgments about disease risk. Public opinion surveys during the SARS outbreak provide suggestive evidence that people did indeed at times hold excessively high perceptions of the risk of becoming infected, or, if infected, of dying from the disease. The paper discusses research in behavioral economics and the theory of information cascades that may shed light on the origin of such biases. The authors consider whether public information strategies can help reduce unwarranted panic. A preliminary question is why governments often seem to have strong incentives to conceal information about infectious disease outbreaks. The paper reviews recent game-theoretic analysis that clarifies government incentives. An important finding is that government incentives to conceal decline the more numerous are non-official sources of information about a possible disease outbreak. The findings suggest that honesty may indeed be the best public policy under modern conditions of easy mass global communications
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  • 93
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    Can China Continue Feeding Itself ? : The Impact of Climate Change On Agriculture (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia Can China Continue Feeding Itself ?
    Keywords: Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature ; Agricultural Commodities ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Changes ; Common Property Resource Development ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Forestry ; Global Environment ; Global Warming ; Greenhouse Gases ; Ipcc ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Temperature
    Abstract: Several studies addressing the supply and demand for food in China suggest that the nation can largely meet its needs in the coming decades. However, these studies do not consider the effects of climate change. This paper examines whether near future expected changes in climate are likely to alter this picture. The authors analyze the effect of temperature and precipitation on net crop revenues using a cross section consisting of both rainfed and irrigated farms. Based on survey data from 8,405 households across 28 provinces, the results of the Ricardian analysis demonstrate that global warming is likely to be harmful to China but the impacts are likely to be very different in each region. The mid latitude region of China may benefit from warming but the southern and northern regions are likely to be damaged by warming. More precipitation is beneficial to Chinese farmers except in the wet southeast. Irrigated and rainfed farmers have similar responses to precipitation but not to temperature. Warmer temperatures may benefit irrigated farms but they are likely to harm rainfed farms. Finally, seasonal effects vary and are offsetting. Although we were able to measure the direct effect of precipitation and temperature, we could not capture the effects of change in water flow which will be very important in China. Can China continue feeding itself if climate changes? Based on the empirical results, the likely gains realized by some farmers will nearly offset the losses that will occur to other farmers in China. If future climate scenarios lead to significant reductions in water, there may be large damages not addressed in this study
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  • 94
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    Fiscal Redistribution And Income Inequality In Latin America (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Goni, Edwin Fiscal Redistribution And Income Inequality In Latin America
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Income inequality in Latin America ranks among the highest in the world. It can be traced back to the unequal distribution of assets (especially land and education) in the region. But the extent to which asset inequality translates into income inequality depends on the redistributive capacity of the state. This paper documents the performance of Latin American fiscal systems from the perspective of income redistribution using newly-available information on the incidence of taxes and transfers across the region. The findings indicate that: (i) the differences in income inequality before taxes and transfers between Latin America and Western Europe are much more modest than those after taxes and transfers; (ii) the key reason is that, in contrast with industrial countries, in most Latin American countries the fiscal system is of little help in reducing income inequality; and (iii) in countries where fiscal redistribution is significant, it is achieved mostly through transfers rather than taxes. These facts stress the need for fiscal reforms across the region to further the goal of social equity. However, different countries need to place different relative emphasis on raising tax collection, restructuring the tax system, and improving the targeting of expenditures
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  • 95
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    Joseph E. Stiglitz (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hoff, Karla Joseph E. Stiglitz
    Keywords: Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor ; Adverse Selection ; Debt Markets ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics ; Efficient Outcomes ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Imperfect Information ; Incentive Problems ; Innovation ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Economy ; Markets and Market Access ; Perfect Information ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2001 Nobel Laureate in Economics, helped create the theory of markets with asymmetric information and was one of the founders of modern development economics. He played a leading role in an intellectual revolution that changed the characterization of a market economy. In the new paradigm, the price system only imperfectly solves the information problem of scarcity because of the many other information problems that arise in the economy: the selection over hidden characteristics, the provision of incentives for hidden behaviors and for innovation, and the coordination of choices over institutions
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  • 96
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    The Impact of Regional Liberalization And Harmonization In Road Transport Services : A Focus On Zambia And Lessons For Landlocked Countries (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Raballand, Gael The Impact of Regional Liberalization And Harmonization In Road Transport Services
    Keywords: Freight ; Fuel ; Fuel costs ; Road ; Road Transport ; Road Transport Market ; Road Transport Services ; Routes ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Policy ; Transport costs ; Freight ; Fuel ; Fuel costs ; Road ; Road Transport ; Road Transport Market ; Road Transport Services ; Routes ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Policy ; Transport costs ; Freight ; Fuel ; Fuel costs ; Road ; Road Transport ; Road Transport Market ; Road Transport Services ; Routes ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport Policy ; Transport costs
    Abstract: Based on a detailed empirical study, this paper argues that regional liberalization of trucking services has had an important effect on transport costs and tariffs for Zambia's economy. Zambia is a peculiar example in Southern Africa as it benefits from relatively low transport costs compared with other landlocked countries in Africa. This is mainly because of competition between Zambian and other regional, mainly South African, operators and because of South African investments in Zambia's trucking industry. As a result, the costs of operators registered in Zambia and South Africa are similar. The study also demonstrates that enhancing trucking interoperability in Southern Africa would significantly impact positively the Zambian trucking industry's competitiveness. The main measures to significantly increase trucking competitiveness in the region would more likely derive from reducing fuel costs in Zambia, improving border-post operations, and relaxing South African truck import rules
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  • 97
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    Health And Civil War In Rural Burundi (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bundervoet, Tom Health And Civil War In Rural Burundi
    Keywords: Child development ; Child labor ; Children and Youth ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic shocks ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Income ; Malnutrition ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Violence ; War ; Youth and Government ; Child development ; Child labor ; Children and Youth ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic shocks ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Income ; Malnutrition ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Violence ; War ; Youth and Government ; Child development ; Child labor ; Children and Youth ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic shocks ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Income ; Malnutrition ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Violence ; War ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper combines household survey data with event data on the timing and location of armed conflicts to examine the impact of Burundi's civil war on children's health status. The identification strategy exploits exogenous variation in the war's timing across provinces and the exposure of children's birth cohorts to the fighting. After controlling for province of residence, birth cohort, individual and household characteristics, and province-specific time trends, the authors find that children exposed to the war have on average 0.515 standard deviations lower height-for-age z-scores than non-exposed children. This negative effect is robust to specifications exploiting alternative sources of exogenous variation
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  • 98
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    Risk Sharing Opportunities And Macroeconomic Factors In Latin American And Caribbean Countries : A Consumption Insurance Assessment (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ventura, Luigi Risk Sharing Opportunities And Macroeconomic Factors In Latin American And Caribbean Countries
    Keywords: Aggregate consumption ; Aggregate income ; Consumption ; Consumption growth ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Growth rates ; Income growth ; Inequality ; Levels of investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National income ; Poverty Reduction ; Public expenditure ; Trade openness ; Aggregate consumption ; Aggregate income ; Consumption ; Consumption growth ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Growth rates ; Income growth ; Inequality ; Levels of investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National income ; Poverty Reduction ; Public expenditure ; Trade openness ; Aggregate consumption ; Aggregate income ; Consumption ; Consumption growth ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Growth rates ; Income growth ; Inequality ; Levels of investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National income ; Poverty Reduction ; Public expenditure ; Trade openness
    Abstract: This paper evaluates the degree of consumption insurance enjoyed by Latin American and Caribbean countries, with respect to various reference areas, by estimating a parameter expressing the sensitivity of a country's consumption growth to a measure of idiosyncratic shocks to income. The paper surveys common econometric implementations of "consumption insurance tests." The author proposes some econometric procedures in order to detect the actual presence of international risk sharing, as well as to assess the relative impact of idiosyncratic versus aggregate shocks. The evidence suggests that Latin American and Caribbean economies have been hit by non-diversifiable income shocks, that idiosyncratic risk is relatively more important than aggregate risk, and that some countries in the region appear to enjoy a certain amount of international risk diversification. The paper also identifies some macroeconomic factors that may be responsible for a higher or lower degree of risk pooling (such as international openness, financial depth, and credit availability). The findings show that the financial development of an economy is a crucial factor in determining the amount of risk sharing opportunities, as well as public expenditure. The preliminary results also suggest that trade openness and shocks to terms of trade play an important role in determining the degree of insurability of such risks
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  • 99
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    Mental Health Patterns And Consequences : Results From Survey Data In Five Developing Countries, Volume 1 of 1 (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Das, Jishnu Mental Health Patterns And Consequences
    Keywords: Anxiety ; Depression ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health care ; Health indicators ; Health outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Mental illness ; Morbidity ; Public health ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health care ; Health indicators ; Health outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Mental illness ; Morbidity ; Public health ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health care ; Health indicators ; Health outcomes ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Mental ; Mental Health ; Mental illness ; Morbidity ; Public health
    Abstract: The social and economic consequences of poor mental health in the developing world are presumed to be significant, yet are largely under-researched. The authors argue that mental health modules can be meaningfully added to multi-purpose household surveys in developing countries, and used to investigate this relationship. Data from nationally representative surveys in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Indonesia, and Mexico, along with special surveys from India and Tonga, show similar patterns of association between mental health and socioeconomic characteristics across countries. Individuals who are older, female, widowed, and report poor physical health are more likely to report worse mental health outcomes. Individuals living with others with poor mental health are also significantly more likely to report worse mental health themselves. In contrast, there is little observed relationship between mental health and poverty or education, common measures of socio-economic status. The results instead suggest that economic and multi-dimensional shocks such as illness or crisis can have a greater impact on mental health than overall levels of poverty. This may have important implications for social protection policy. The authors also find significant associations between poor mental health and lowered labor force participation (especially for women) and higher frequency visits to health centers, suggesting that poor mental health can have significant economic consequences for households and the health system. Finally, the paper discusses how measures of mental health are distinct from general subjective welfare measures such as happiness and indicate useful directions of future research
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  • 100
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    Annuities in Switzerland (2008)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (110 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Butler, Monika Annuities in Switzerland
    Keywords: Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System ; Annuities ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Occupational Pension Plans ; Pay-As-You-Go System ; Pension ; Pension Scheme ; Pension System ; Pensions and Retirement Systems ; Private Sector Development ; Replacement Rate ; Retirement ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Security ; Social Security System
    Abstract: Switzerland's pension system has attracted considerable attention, mainly due to its reliance on a three-pillar structure. A relatively small pay-as-you-go system (first pillar) is complemented by a mandatory, employer-based, fully funded occupational pension scheme (second pillar). The main goal of this paper is to provide a detailed description and analysis of the Swiss pension system. Particular emphasis is placed on the second pillar and its role in the provision of old age benefits within the Swiss social security system. The paper shows, for example, that a typical individual with an uninterrupted career can expect a net (after-tax) replacement rate of at least 70 percent. Occupational pension plans are highly regulated. Minimum interest rate requirements and minimum conversion rates (at which the accumulated retirement balances are transformed into annuity streams) introduce many elements of defined benefit plans into notionally defined contribution schemes. The resulting money's worth ratios are very high (with the exception of single males). Switzerland also has a high annuitization rate by international standards (approximately 80 percent). However, due to high fragmentation of the scheme and non-uniform accounting practices, some aspects of the system are not very transparent. The paper sheds light on the financial health of the pension system and the evolution of the regulatory framework in the past two decades
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