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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (1,137)
  • English  (1,116)
  • Spanish  (23)
  • 2000-2004  (1,137)
  • World Bank  (645)
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development  (492)
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3286
    Parallel Title: Available in another form New tools for studying network industry reforms in developing cuntries
    Keywords: Electric utilities Law and legislation ; Databases ; Electric utilities Privatization ; Databases ; Telecommunication Law and legislation ; Databases ; Telecommunication Privatization ; Databases ; Electric utilities Law and legislation ; Databases ; Electric utilities Privatization ; Databases ; Telecommunication Law and legislation ; Databases ; Telecommunication Privatization ; Databases
    Note: "April 21, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 11, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3290
    Parallel Title: Bertaud, Alain Analyzing building height restrictions
    Keywords: Buildings Height restrictions ; Buildings Height restrictions
    Note: "April 22, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 11, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3295
    Parallel Title: Cunningham, Wendy V The home as factory floor
    Keywords: Home labor ; Home labor
    Note: "May 6, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 10, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3299
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David The increasing selectivity of foreign aid, 1984-2002
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Economic assistance
    Note: "May 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 7, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3306
    Parallel Title: Siegel, Paul Export commodity production and broad-based rural development
    Keywords: Cocoa trade ; Coffee industry ; Exports ; Rural development ; Cocoa trade ; Coffee industry ; Exports ; Rural development
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3311
    Parallel Title: Saleh, Jahangir Property rights institutions and investment
    Keywords: Investments ; Right of property ; Investments ; Right of property
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3314
    Parallel Title: Bagwell, Kyle The case for tradable remedies in wto dispute settlement
    Keywords: World Bank ; World Bank ; World Bank ; World Bank
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3318
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Location and welfare in cities
    Keywords: Poor ; Squatter settlements ; Poor ; Squatter settlements
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3322
    Parallel Title: Serven, Luis Tango with the gringo
    Keywords: Foreign exchange administration ; Foreign exchange administration
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3326
    Parallel Title: Subbarao, K Toward an understanding of household vulnerability in rural Kenya
    Keywords: Households ; Rural poor ; Households ; Rural poor ; Kenya Rural conditions ; Kenya Rural conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3327
    Parallel Title: Lopez Acevedo, Gladys A duration analysis of CONALEP (Mexico's national technical professional school)
    Keywords: Technical education ; Technical education
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3331
    Parallel Title: Bandyopadhyay, Sushenjit Fuelwood consumption and participation in community forestry in India
    Keywords: Community forestry ; Fuelwood ; Community forestry ; Fuelwood
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3335
    Parallel Title: Bastos, Fabiano Productivity and the investment climate
    Keywords: Industrial productivity ; Investments ; Industrial productivity ; Investments
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3346
    Parallel Title: Mody, Jyothsna Achieving accountability through decentralization
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Decentralization in government
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3349
    Parallel Title: Henson, Spencer Kenyan exports of Nile perch
    Keywords: Exports ; Nile perch ; Exports ; Nile perch
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3344
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Disclosure of environmental violations and the stock market in the Republic of Korea
    Keywords: Industrial management Environmental aspects ; Offenses against the environment ; Stock exchanges ; Industrial management Environmental aspects ; Offenses against the environment ; Stock exchanges
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/21/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3357
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Poverty in the Brazilian Amazon
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty ; Pará (Brazil : State) Economic conditions ; Pará (Brazil : State) Economic conditions
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3361
    Parallel Title: Busse, Matthias Trade, environmental regulations, and the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Environmental law ; International trade ; Environmental law ; International trade
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3365
    Parallel Title: Foster, Vivien Private provision of rural infrastructure services
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Subsidies ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Subsidies ; Developing countries Rural conditions ; Developing countries Rural conditions
    Abstract: "Market-oriented reforms of infrastructure in developing countries tend to focus primarily on commercially viable services in urban areas. Nevertheless, an increasing number of countries are beginning to experiment with extending the market paradigm to infrastructure services in rural areas that are often less attractive in commercial terms. In these cases, subsidies are used to close the gap between market requirements and development needs, and are increasingly determined and allocated on a competitive basis. The authors discuss the conditions under which competition among firms for such subsidies successfully used in the telecommunications sector in a number of middle-income countries could also be applied to electricity, water and sanitation, and transportation services in lower-income countries. This paper is a product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3369
    Parallel Title: Hentschel, Jesko Using rapid city surveys to inform municipal social policy
    Keywords: Household surveys ; Household surveys ; Cali (Colombia) Social policy ; Cali (Colombia) Social policy
    Abstract: "Many developing countries assign local governments increasing responsibilities in fighting poverty. This requires local social policy to go beyond the execution of centrally designed and funded education and health programs. Hence, local governments and their partners have both an opportunity and a need to analyze key local bottlenecks for poverty reduction and social development. Drawing on an example from Cali, Colombia, Hentschel describes a tool for such policy formulation at the local level a rapid city household survey. Although the survey uses pre-coded and closed- ended questions, it is contextual in the sense that it is tailor-made to social and economic conditions in Cali. The survey places particular emphasis on collecting key quantitative information, such as household welfare and service access, as well as qualitative information, such as service evaluations and population priorities. Combining the quantitative and qualitative data allows, for example, the mapping of population budget priorities or service satisfaction levels by welfare group. Rapid city household surveys could provide an important tool for the development of local social policies. This paper "a joint product of the Human Development Sector Unit, and the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region" is part of a larger effort in the region to support local and municipal governments in the formulation of social policies"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3364
    Parallel Title: Caprio, Gerard Can the unsophisticated market provide discipline?
    Keywords: Banks and banking ; Privatization ; Banks and banking ; Privatization
    Abstract: "Caprio and Honohan question the widespread belief that market discipline on banks cannot be effective in less developed financial environments. There is no systematic tendency for low-income countries to lack the prerequisites for market discipline. Offsetting factors to the weaker market and formal information infrastructures are (1) the less complex character of banking business in low-income countries; (2) the growing internationalization of these markets through the presence of foreign banks, and through international trading of the debt and equity of locally-controlled nongovernment banks; and (3) the smaller size of the business and financial community. However, continuing dominance by public sector banks in some countries limits the likely development of market monitoring, which is clearly a cause for concern, given the disappointing record of governments around the world as monitors of their self-owned banks. Countries should build on this potential for market discipline by limiting the role of explicit deposit guarantees, reducing state ownership of banks where it is prevalent, and not putting all their eggs in the supervisory basket. Greater disclosure, for example, of how risk taking is rewarded and how rating agencies earn their fees would support the development of better market monitoring. Enhancing market discipline (pillar three) is much more likely to be of use in most developing countries than addressing the refinements of the risk-weighting system of Basel II's first pillar. This paper - a joint product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department and the Finance Team, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to provide research on what works to strengthen countries' financial systems"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3368
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael Gainers and losers from trade reform in Morocco
    Keywords: Free trade ; Free trade
    Abstract: "Ravallion and Lokshin use Morocco's national survey of living standards to measure the short-term welfare impacts of prior estimates of the price changes attributed to various trade policy reforms for cereals - the country's main foodstaple. They find small impacts on mean consumption and inequality in the aggregate. There are both gainers and losers and (contrary to past claims) the rural poor are worse off on average after trade policy reforms. The authors decompose the aggregate impact on inequality into a vertical component (between people at different pre-reform welfare levels) and a horizontal component (between people at the same pre-reform welfare level). There is a large horizontal component which dominates the vertical impact of full de-protection. The diverse impacts reflect a degree of observable heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with implications for social protection policies. This paper -a product of the Poverty Team, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the distributional impact of economywide policy reforms"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3381
    Parallel Title: Docquier, Frédéric Measuring the international mobility of skilled workers (1990-2000)
    Keywords: Labor mobility ; Skilled labor ; Labor mobility ; Skilled labor
    Abstract: "Until recently, there has been no systematic empirical assessment of the economic impact of the brain drain. Despite many case studies and anecdotal evidence, the main reason for this seems to be the lack of harmonized international data on migration by country of origin and education level. An exception is the paper by Carrington and Detragiache (1998), which provided skilled migration rates for 61 developing countries in 1990. This study relies on a set of tentative assumptions. For example, they transpose the skill structure of U.S. immigrants on the OECD total immigration stock. In this paper, Docquier and Marfouk provide new estimates of skilled workers' emigration rates for about 190 countries in 2000 and 170 countries in 1990, in both developing and industrial countries. Using various statistical sources, they revisit Carrington and Detragiache's measures by incorporating information on immigrants' educational attainment and country of origin from almost all OECD countries. The set of receiving countries is restricted to OECD nations. The authors' database covers 92.7 percent of the OECD immigration stock. In absolute terms, the authors show that the largest numbers of highly educated migrants are from Europe, Southern and Eastern Asia, and, to a lesser extent, from Central America. Nevertheless, as a proportion of the potential educated labor force, the highest brain drain rates are observed in the Caribbean, Central America, and Western and Eastern Africa. Repeating the exercise for 1990 and 2000 allows the authors to evaluate the changes in brain drain intensity. Western Africa, Eastern Africa, and Central America experienced a remarkable increase in the brain drain during the past decade. The database delivers information that is rich enough to assess the changes in the international distribution of migration rates, to test for the (push and pull) determinants per skill group, to evaluate the growth effects of migration on source and destination countries, and to estimate the relationships between migration, trade, foreign research and development, and remittances. This paper a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to measure the extent of the brain drain as part of the International Migration and Development Program"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3384
    Parallel Title: Pradhan, Menno Local conflict in Indonesia
    Keywords: Social conflict ; Social conflict ; Indonesia Economic conditions 1997- ; Regional disparities ; Indonesia Economic conditions 1997- ; Regional disparities
    Abstract: "The widespread presence of local conflict characterizes many developing countries such as Indonesia. Outbreaks of violent conflict not only have direct costs for lives, livelihoods, and material property, but may also have the potential to escalate further. Recent studies on large-scale "headline" conflicts have tended to exclude the systematic consideration of local conflict, in large part due to the absence of representative data at low levels of geographic specification. This paper is a first attempt to correct for that. Barron, Kaiser, and Pradhan evaluate a unique dataset compiled by the Indonesian government, the periodic Village Potential Statistics (PODES), which seeks to map conflict across all of Indonesia's 69,000 villages/neighborhoods. The data confirm that conflict is prevalent beyond well-publicized "conflict regions," and that it can be observed across the archipelago. The data report largely violent conflict in 7.1 percent of Indonesia's lowest administrative tier (rural desa and urban kelurahan). Integrating examples from qualitative fieldwork, the authors assess issues in the measurement of local conflict for quantitative analysis, and adopt an empirical framework to examine potential associations with poverty, inequality, shocks, ethnic and religious diversity/inequality, and community-level associational and security arrangements. The quantitative analysis shows positive correlations between local conflict and unemployment, inequality, natural disasters, changes in sources of incomes, and clustering of ethnic groups within villages. The institutional variables indicate that the presence of places of worship is associated with less conflict, while the presence of religious groups and traditional culture (adat) institutions are associated with conflict. The authors conclude by suggesting future areas of research, notably on the role of group inequality and inference, and suggest ways to improve the measurement of conflict in the village census. This paper--a product of the Public Sector Governance Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to evaluate decentralized/local governance and service delivery"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 25
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3388
    Parallel Title: Pelizzo, Riccardo Tools for legislative oversight
    Keywords: Finance, Public ; Legislative oversight ; Representative government and representation ; Finance, Public ; Legislative oversight ; Representative government and representation
    Abstract: "Parliaments are the institutions through which governments are held accountable to the electorate. They have a wide range of tools with which to carry out this oversight function, but until recently little analysis had been undertaken on the characteristics or use of such tools. Pelizzo and Stapenhurst use data for 83 countries that was collected in 2001 to investigate whether the oversight potential relates to three variables, namely the form of government (presidential, semi-presidential, or parliamentary), per capita income levels, and the level of democracy. The authors find that oversight potential is greatly affected by the form of government, per capita income levels, and levels of democracy. Countries with parliamentary forms of government, higher income levels, and which are more democratic have a greater number of oversight tools and greater oversight potential. While the oversight potential follows this general trend, the use of committees of enquiry, interpellations, and ombudsman offices follows a different pattern. The use of interpellations as an oversight tool is most common in high-income countries, less common in low-income countries, and least common in middle-income countries, while the presence of committees of enquiry and ombudsman offices is most common in middle-income countries, less common in high-income countries, and least common in low-income countries. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division, World Bank Institute--is part of a larger effort in the institute to strengthen parliamentary oversight of public finance in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3393
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Indoor air quality for poor families
    Keywords: Indoor air pollution ; Poor ; Ventilation ; Indoor air pollution ; Poor ; Ventilation
    Abstract: "Indoor air pollution (IAP) from cooking and heating is estimated to kill a million children annually in developing countries. To promote a better understanding of IAP, the authors investigate the determinants of IAP in Bangladesh using the latest air monitoring technology and a national household survey. The study concludes that IAP is dangerously high for many poor families in Bangladesh. Concentrations of respirable airborne particulates(PM10) 300 ug/m3 or greater are common in the sample, implying widespread exposure to a serious health hazard. Poor households in Bangladesh depend heavily on wood, dung, and other biomass fuels. The econometric results indicate that fuel choice significantly affects indoor pollution levels: Natural gas and kerosene are significantly cleaner than biomass fuels. However, household-specific factors apparently matter more than fuel choice in determining PM10 concentrations. In some biomass-burning households, concentrations are scarcely higher than in households that use natural gas. The results suggest that cross-household variation is strongly affected by structural arrangements cooking locations, construction materials, and ventilation practices. The authors' analysis also suggests that poor families may not have to wait for clean fuels or clean stoves to enjoy significantly cleaner air. Within their sample household population, some arrangements are already producing relatively clean conditions, even when "dirty" biomass fuels are used. Since these arrangements are already within the means of poor families, the scope for cost-effective improvements may be larger than is commonly believed. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to identify appropriate policies for the improvement of environmental quality"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3397
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B A unified framework for pro-poor growth analysis
    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic development ; Indonesia Economic policy ; Indonesia Economic policy
    Abstract: "Starting with a general impact indicator as an evaluation criterion, Essama-Nssah offers an integrative framework for a unified discussion of various concepts and measures of pro-poor growth emerging from the current literature. He shows that whether economic growth is considered pro-poor depends fundamentally on the choice of evaluative weights. In addition, the author's framework leads to a new indicator of the rate of pro-poor growth that can be interpreted as the equally distributed equivalent growth rate. This is a distribution-adjusted rate of growth that depends on the chosen level of inequality aversion. Illustrations based on data for Indonesia in the 1990s show a strong link between growth and poverty reduction in that country. A decomposition of the observed poverty outcomes reveals the extent to which changes in inequality have blunted the poverty impacts of both growth and contraction. Finally, the results also demonstrate that absolute and relative indicators of pro-poor growth can lead to conflicting conclusions from the same set of facts. This paper'--a product of the Poverty Reduction Group, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the distributional implications of economic growth"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3402
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Phasing out polluting motorcycles in Bangkok
    Keywords: Air quality management ; Motorcycles ; Air quality management ; Motorcycles
    Abstract: "Xie, Shah, Capannelli and Wang use a contingent valuation method to study the design of economic incentives to phase out polluting motorcycles in Bangkok. Like in many other cities, the government of Bangkok has been considering a series of control measures to discourage and eventually eliminate the use of heavily polluting motorcycles. Two of the possible policy instruments under consideration are charges on those polluting vehicles which are operating in the streets and compensation to those polluting vehicles which would stay off the roads. The policy research questions then include (1) what are the charges implied or compensation provided, given a policy target, and (2) what are the reactions of motorcycle owners to those charges or compensation. To answer those policy questions, the authors conducted a stochastic contingent valuation survey in Bangkok to question motorcycle owners on the likelihood they would keep or give up riding their motorcycles in the streets given certain charges or compensations. Results show that among others, about 80 percent of those motorcycles which did not pass the emission tests would be off the streets if a charge of 1,000 baht a year was levied, while under a one-time compensation of 10,000 baht, the number would be about 50 percent. The authors also estimate the average values of maximum willingness to pay (WTP) for staying on the road and minimum willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for staying off the street, and analyze the determinants of WTP and WTA. Their econometric analysis shows that, among other factors, household income, fuel costs, use of motorcycles, and/or public transit affect the value of WTP and WTA. This paper a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental policy issues in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/14/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3405
    Parallel Title: Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio A survey of securities laws and enforcement
    Keywords: Capital market Law and legislation ; Disclosure of information Law and legislation ; Insider trading in securities Law and legislation ; Securities ; Capital market Law and legislation ; Disclosure of information Law and legislation ; Insider trading in securities Law and legislation ; Securities
    Abstract: "Lopez-de-Silanes examines the theoretical and empirical literature pertaining to securities laws and their enforcement by regulators and courts to establish what is known and what is yet unclear. Recent empirical research in the field has established that law matters. Mandatory disclosure requirements, insider trading laws, safeguards against self-dealing transactions, adequate regulatory powers, and simple laws that are easily enforced aid in the development of capital markets. The debate is now focused on identifying which components of securities laws matter most and on what the optimal regulatory framework for each country should be. Although public enforcement of securities laws is important, the author finds that the largest impact comes from aspects of the law that facilitate private enforcement. This means that the development of capital markets depends crucially on creating laws that facilitate enforcement and improving court procedures that allow for a more efficient dispute resolution. This paper a product of the Global Corporate Governance Forum, Corporate Governance Department is part of a larger effort in the department to improve the understanding of corporate governance reform in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/22/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3409
    Parallel Title: Berglof, Erik Enforcement and corporate governance
    Keywords: Corporate governance ; Corporate governance ; Corporate governance ; Corporate governance
    Abstract: "Enforcement more than regulations, laws-on-the-books, or voluntary codes is key to effective corporate governance, at least in transition and developing countries. Corporate governance and enforcement mechanisms are intimately linked as they affect firms' ability to commit to their stakeholders, in particular to external investors. Berglof and Claessens provide a framework for understanding these links and how they are shaped by countries' institutional contexts. When the general enforcement environment is weak and specific enforcement mechanisms function poorly, as in many developing and transition countries, few of the traditional corporate governance mechanisms are effective. The principal consequence in these countries is a large blockholder, but there are important potential costs to this mechanism. A range of private and public enforcement 'tools' can help reduce these costs and reinforce other supplementary corporate governance mechanisms. The limited empirical evidence suggests that private tools are more effective than public forms of enforcement in the typical environment of most developing and transition countries. However, public enforcement is necessary regardless, and private enforcement mechanisms often require public laws to function. Furthermore, in some countries at least, bottom-up, private-led tools preceded and even shaped public laws. Political economy constraints resulting from the intermingling of business and politics, however, often prevent improvements in the general enforcement environment, and adoption and implementation of public laws in these countries. This paper a product of the Global Corporate Governance Forum, Corporate Governance Department is part of a larger effort in the department to help improve the understanding of corporate governance reform in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 31
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3413
    Parallel Title: Alm, James Stamp duties in Indian states
    Keywords: Stamp duties ; Stamp duties
    Abstract: "Alm, Annez, and Modi review the options for reform of stamp duties on immovable property transfers collected by Indian state governments. After briefly reviewing some of the many administrative difficulties experienced with the tax, they turn to an examination of its economic impacts. A review of stamp duties internationally indicates that Indian rates are exceptionally high, at rates often above 10 percent. Most countries' rates are less than 5 percent, including a number of low and middle-income developing countries. With these high rates, the authors find that while the tax has become the third largest revenue source for many Indian states, it imposes high compliance costs on taxpayers, has been subject to a good deal of evasion and fraud, and the distortionary impacts appear to be large, reducing the responsiveness of real estate markets in Indian cities by discouraging transactions essential to the efficient growth of cities. The authors then study the revenue implications of lowering stamp duty rates, which need to be understood if reform is to be viable. Evidence indicates that the current high duty rates, coupled with weak tax administration, lead to widespread evasion of the tax through underdeclaration. This underdeclaration of property values directly affects collection of other taxes, among them, property taxes and capital gains tax. Moreover, it indirectly affects the collection of all taxes through the impact of underdeclaration on the circulation of black money. Simulations indicate that revenues lost due to a lowering of stamp duty rates closer to international levels are quite likely to be recovered in higher collections of other taxes. However, these taxes would at least in part be collected by other levels of government. So reform could be made a more viable option through appropriately designed intergovernmental transfers. This paper a joint product of the Energy and Infrastructure Sector Unit, South Asia Region, and the Urban Unit, Transport and Urban Development Department is part of a larger effort in the Bank to to assess the impacts of alternative tax systems in urban finance"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3417
    Parallel Title: Dasgupta, Susmita Is environmentally-friendly agriculture less profitable for farmers? evidence on integrated pest management in bangladesh
    Keywords: Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Pests Control ; Agriculture Environmental aspects ; Pests Control
    Abstract: "Concerns about the sustainability of conventional agriculture have prompted widespread introduction of integrated pest management (IPM), an ecologically-based approach to control of harmful insects and weeds. IPM is intended to reduce ecological and health damage from chemical pesticides by using natural parasites and predators to control pest populations. Since chemical pesticides are expensive for poor farmers, IPM offers the prospect of lower production costs and higher profitability. However, adoption of IPM may reduce profitability if it also lowers overall productivity, or induces more intensive use of other production factors. On the other hand, IPM may actually promote more productive farming by encouraging more skillful use of available resources. Data scarcity has hindered a full accounting of IPM's impact on profitability, health, and local ecosystems. Using new survey data, Dasgupta, Meisner and Wheeler attempt such an accounting for rice farmers in Bangladesh. They compare outcomes for farming with IPM and conventional techniques, using input-use accounting, conventional production functions, and frontier production estimation. All of their results suggest that the productivity of IPM rice farming is not significantly different from the productivity of conventional farming. Since IPM reduces pesticide costs with no countervailing loss in production, it appears to be more profitable than conventional rice farming. The interview results also suggest substantial health and ecological benefits. However, externality problems make it difficult for farmers to adopt IPM individually. Without collective adoption, neighbors' continued reliance on chemicals to kill pests will also kill helpful parasites and predators, as well as exposing IPM farmers and local ecosystems to chemical spillovers from adjoining fields. Successful IPM adoption may therefore depend on institutional support for collective action. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of pesticide contamination in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/1/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3422
    Parallel Title: Foster, Vivien Toward a social policy for Argentina's infrastructure sectors
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "Argentina was a pioneer of infrastructure reform in the early 1990s. The social dimension of infrastructure services was typically overlooked in the reform process. However, social sensitivities often resurfaced in the years that followed, leading to a series of ad hoc social policy measures that cumulatively amount to US
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/1/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3429
    Parallel Title: Thomas, Timothy S Creating markets for habitat conservation when habitats are heterogeneous
    Keywords: Biodiversity conservation ; Habitat conservation ; Biodiversity conservation ; Habitat conservation
    Abstract: "A tradable development rights (TDR) program focusing on biodiversity conservation faces a crucial problem defining which areas of habitat should be considered equivalent. Restricting the trading domain to a narrow area could boost the range of biodiversity conserved but could increase the opportunity cost of conservation. The issue is relevant to Brazil, where TDR-like programs are emerging. Current regulations require each rural property to maintain a forest reserve of at least 20 percent, but nascent policies allow some tradability of this obligation. Chomitz, Thomas, and Brandão use a simple, spatially explicit model to simulate a hypothetical state-level program. They find that wider trading domains drastically reduce landholder costs of complying with this regulation and result in environmentally preferable landscapes. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of conservation"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 35
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3434
    Parallel Title: Wang, Yanling North-South technology diffusion, regional integration, and the dynamics of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis
    Keywords: Free trade ; Industrial productivity ; International economic relations ; Free trade ; Industrial productivity ; International economic relations
    Abstract: "Based on static analysis, a number of studies argue that forming a regional trade agreement is more likely to raise welfare if member countries are "natural trading partners," while other studies claim that the opposite is true. Schiff and Wang look at the argument from a dynamic viewpoint by examining the impact of North-South trade on technology diffusion and total factor productivity (TFP) in the South. Specifically, it examines the impact on TFP in the Republic of Korea, Mexico, and Poland of trade with Japan, Canada plus the United States (North America) and the European Union. Using industry-level data, they find that (1) technology diffusion and productivity gains tend to be regional: Korea benefits mainly from trade with Japan, Mexico with the United States, and Poland with the European Union; and (2) though these results suggest that the dynamic version of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis holds for all three countries, careful analysis shows that it holds for Korea and Mexico but not necessarily for Poland. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the dynamic effects of North-South regional trade blocs"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3438
    Parallel Title: Morrison, Andrew R Addressing gender-based violence in the Latin American and Caribbean region
    Keywords: Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention ; Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention ; Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention ; Women Violence against ; Women Violence against ; Prevention
    Abstract: "Morrison, Ellsberg, and Bott present an overview of gender-based violence (GBV) in Latin America, with special emphasis on good practice interventions to prevent GBV or offer services to its survivors or perpetrators. Intimate partner violence and sexual coercion are the most common forms of GBV, and these are the types of GBV that they analyze. GBV has serious consequences for women's health and well-being, ranging from fatal outcomes, such as homicide, suicide, and AIDS-related deaths, to nonfatal outcomes, such as physical injuries, chronic pain syndrome, gastrointestinal disorders, complications during pregnancy, miscarriage, and low birth-weight of children. GBV also poses significant costs for the economies of developing countries, including lower worker productivity and incomes, and lower rates of accumulation of human and social capital. The authors examine good practice approaches in justice, health, education, and multisectoral approaches. In each sector, they identify good practices for: (1) law and policies; (2) institutional reforms; (3) community-level interventions; and (4) individual behavior change strategies. The authors offer conclusions and recommendations for future work on gender-based violence: It is essential to focus on the prevention of GBV, not just on services for its survivors. Prevention is best achieved by empowering women and reducing gender disparities, and by changing norms and attitudes which foster violence. Interventions should employ a multisectoral approach and work at different levels--individual, community, institutional, and laws and policies. GBV may be common in the Latin America and the Caribbean region, but there are promising approaches available to begin working toward its elimination. This paper--a product of the Poverty Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to address issues of violence and its impact on development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/22/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3445
    Parallel Title: Clarke, George Has private participation in water and sewerage improved coverage?
    Keywords: Sewerage Case studies ; Water-supply Case studies ; Sewerage Case studies ; Water-supply Case studies
    Abstract: "Introducing private sector participation (PSP) into the water and sewerage sectors in developing countries is difficult and controversial. Empirical studies on its effects are scant and generally inconclusive. Case studies tend to find improvements in the sector following privatization, but they suffer from selection bias and it is difficult to generalize their results. To explore empirically the effects of PSP on coverage, Clarke, Kosec, and Wallsten assemble a new dataset of connections to water and sewerage services at the city and province level based on household surveys in Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. The household surveys, conducted over a number of years, allow them to compile data before and after the introduction of PSP, as well as from similar (control) regions that never privatized at all. Their analysis reveals that, in general, connection rates to piped water and sewerage improved following the introduction of PSP, consistent with the case study literature. The authors also find, however, that connection rates similarly improved in the control regions, suggesting that PSP may not have been responsible for those improvements. On the other hand, connection rates for the poorest households also tended to increase in the regions with PSP and in the control regions, suggesting that--in terms of connections at least--PSP did not harm the poor. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study the impact of infrastructure reform on poor households"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3450
    Parallel Title: Klinger, Bailey Discovery and development
    Keywords: Economic development ; New products ; Economic development ; New products
    Abstract: "Klinger and Lederman use disaggregated export data to explore the relationship between economic discovery and economic development. They find that discoveries, or episodes, when countries begin exporting a new product are not limited to so-called 'dynamic' industries. Rather, they also occur in traditional sectors such as agriculture. In addition, the data suggest discovery is a component of the stages of productive diversification that occur with development, following a consistent pattern--discovery activity peaks at the lower-middle income level and then declines. Based on this pattern, the authors show that discovery in the 1990s occurred with a higher than expected frequency in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and lower than expected frequency in Sub-Saharan Africa. Discovery is not found to be a product of structural transformation based on changing factor endowments across income levels. Beyond export growth, population, and development, there are no significant and positive relationships between the expected drivers of entrepreneurship and the frequency of discovery. Combined with the finding that higher absorptive capacity and lower barriers to entry are associated with a reduction in discovery, this suggests that market failures arising from imitation and free-riding may be inhibiting the emergence of new export products in developing countries. This paper--a product of the Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to understand the role of innovation in development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3463
    Parallel Title: Pierre, Gaelle Employment regulations through the eyes of employers
    Keywords: Business enterprises ; Labor laws and legislation ; Business enterprises ; Labor laws and legislation
    Abstract: "Pierre and Scarpetta present evidence on how employers perceive labor regulations and react when these are perceived to constrain the operation of their firm. They draw from harmonized surveys of (up to) 17,000 firms around the world and compare employers' responses with actual labor legislation. The authors find that employers' concerns about labor regulations are closely matched by the relative stringency of de jure labor laws. Countries that have, from an international perspective, tight labor regulations tend to have higher proportions of employers reporting these regulations as severe constraints. But not all firms are affected in the same way by onerous labor regulations. Medium sized firms are those whose business and prospects for growth are most negatively affected. Similarly, innovating firms are disproportionally affected by tight labor regulations. There is also clear evidence in the data that firms facing tight regulations invest more in training and make greater use of temporary employment. Small firms mainly rely on temporary employment, while medium and large firms, as well as innovating firms, tend to rely more on on-the-job training if labor regulations make hiring and firing very costly. This paper--a product of the Division, Human Development Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the effect of employment regulations on firm's performance"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/3/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 40
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3275
    Parallel Title: Javorcik, Beata K. Smarzynska Do foreign investors care about labor market regulations?
    Keywords: Investments, Foreign ; Labor laws and legislation ; Investments, Foreign ; Labor laws and legislation
    Note: "April 12, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 15, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3279
    Parallel Title: Suescun, Rodrigo Raising revenue with transaction taxes in Latin America
    Keywords: Banks and banking Taxation ; Financial institutions Taxation ; Taxation ; Banks and banking Taxation ; Financial institutions Taxation ; Taxation
    Note: "April 21, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 15, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3323
    Parallel Title: Taye Mengistae Investment climate and international integration
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; International economic integration ; Investments, Foreign ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; International economic integration ; Investments, Foreign
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3330
    Parallel Title: Canals-Cerda, Jose The dynamics of school and work in rural Bangladesh
    Keywords: Education ; Rural children Employment ; Education ; Rural children Employment
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3333
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Globalization, poverty, and inequality since 1980
    Keywords: Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3350
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Cross-sectional analyses of climate change impacts
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climatic changes ; Agriculture ; Climatic changes
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/2/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3400
    Parallel Title: Calderán, César The effects of infrastructure development on growth and income distribution
    Keywords: Economic development ; Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Economic development ; Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "Calderán and Serven provide an empirical evaluation of the impact of infrastructure development on economic growth and income distribution using a large panel data set encompassing over 100 countries and spanning the years 1960-2000. The empirical strategy involves the estimation of simple equations for GDP growth and conventional inequality measures, augmented to include, among the regressors, infrastructure quantity and quality indicators, in addition to standard controls. To account for the potential endogeneity of infrastructure (as well as that of other regressors), the authors use a variety of generalized-method-of-moments (GMM) estimators based on both internal and external instruments and report results using both disaggregated and synthetic measures of infrastructure quantity and quality. The two robust results are: (1) growth is positively affected by the stock of infrastructure assets, and (2) income inequality declines with higher infrastructure quantity and quality. A variety of specification tests suggests that these results do capture the causal impact of the exogenous component of infrastructure quantity and quality on growth and inequality. These two results combined suggest that infrastructure development can be highly effective to combat poverty. Furthermore, illustrative simulations for Latin American countries suggest that these impacts are economically quite significant and highlight the growth acceleration and inequality reduction that would result from increased availability and quality of infrastructure. This paper a joint product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Department and the Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the effects of infrastructure development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Procurement Assessment
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The Malawi Country Procurement Assessment Report is a joint undertaking between the Malawi Government and the World Bank to analyze the country procurement system and recommend appropriate actions to improve the efficiency, economy and transparency of the system. This report is divided into (a) an Executive Summary, (b) Main Report on Findings and Recommendations, and (c) Annexes. Since the preparation of the diagnostic study on Malawi's public procurement system in 1996, the Government has made good progress with establishing new - and relatively good - legal framework for procurement reform. But there has not yet been much reform (institutional, practical and oversight). In 2003, the Malawi Parliament passed a new procurement law, the Public Procurement Act of 2003, which became effective in August of that year. The new Procurement Act requires procurement regulations to provide, among things, thresholds for the use of the various procurement methods, bid and bid evaluation procedures and contract management. The analysis of the CPAR is carried out against the five basic pillars of a sound public procurement system, including: (i) a functioning legal, regulatory and institutional framework, (ii) use of modernized procurement procedures and practices; (iii) procurement proficiency of Government staff; (iv) independence of audits and recourse for complaints; and (v) inclusion of anti-corruption measures in the procurement law and application of effective sanctions. In addition, the CPAR analyses the performance of the private sector in public procurement and the procurement performance of Bank financed projects. The analysis has led to the recommendations made below, summarized in the Action Plan, to strengthen each pillar over time. Weaknesses in current procurement performance are identified as substantial delays in the procurement process, insufficient capacity, and inadequacies in procurement organization, documents and management. The continued reliance on the Interim Guidelines, which include a number of practices that are considered incompatible with internationally acceptable procurement standards, are also partially to blame for this
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 0821359363 , 9780821359365
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (202 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Abstract: The World Bank's research program has four basic objectives: to broaden the understanding of development, to assist in developing research capacity in the Bank's member countries, to improve its capacity to advise its members, and to support all aspects of its own operations. Whether these aims are achieved depends in part on how extensively Bank research is used internally and externally. In early 2004, surveys were commissioned to assess the use of publications including Bank-wide research (annual flagship publications, Policy Research Reports, Policy Research Working Papers, and the two research journals) by Bank staff and by the Bank's clients. The findings lead to four main conclusions: clients use Bank research publications frequently, Bank research publications are influential, translations are important, and for external clients the Internet is an important source of information. The World Bank Research Program reports on research projects that were initiated, under way, or completed from July 2001 through June 2003 and, for the first time, it includes summaries of large research programs. These multiyear programs undertake analysis on several broad development related issues with the aim of providing strategic directions on critical problems facing Bank clients and operations. Each program centers on a theme giving coherence to the research and its outputs. This title addresses thematic programs such as investment climate, rural development, finance and trade
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  • 49
    ISBN: 0821355635 , 0821355643
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (ix, 53 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper no.12
    DDC: 338.9/26
    Keywords: Economic development ; Information technology Economic aspects ; Internet Economic aspects ; Telecommunication Economic aspects
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-53)
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3233
    Parallel Title: Apps, Patricia Gender, time use, and models of the household
    Keywords: Households ; Time-series analysis ; Households ; Time-series analysis
    Note: "March 3, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 5, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3261
    Parallel Title: Vincent, Jeffrey R Detecting illegal trade practices by analyzing discrepancies in forest products trade statistics
    Keywords: Forest products industry Corrupt practices ; Europe ; Lumber trade Corrupt practices ; Forest products industry Corrupt practices ; Europe ; Lumber trade Corrupt practices
    Note: "April 7, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 18, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3252
    Parallel Title: Clark, Ximena Explaining U.S. immigration, 1971-98
    Keywords: United States Mathematical models Emigration and immigration ; United States Mathematical models Emigration and immigration
    Note: "March 18, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 19, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3256
    Parallel Title: Oostendorp, R. H Globalization and the gender wage gap
    Keywords: Globalization ; International trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Sex discrimination against women ; Wage differentials ; Globalization ; International trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Sex discrimination against women ; Wage differentials
    Note: "March 24, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 26, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3260
    Parallel Title: Paxson, Christina H Child health and the 1988-92 economic crisis in Peru
    Keywords: Children Health and hygiene ; Infants Mortality ; Children Health and hygiene ; Infants Mortality ; Peru Economic conditions 1968- ; Peru Economic conditions 1968-
    Note: "March 30, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 30, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3263
    Parallel Title: Jarvis, Lovell S The impact of Chilean fruit sector development on female employment and household income
    Keywords: Fruit industry ; Income ; Women Employment ; Fruit industry ; Income ; Women Employment
    Note: "April 7, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 18, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3367
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Estimating willingness-to-pay with random valuation models
    Keywords: Environmental protection ; Environmental protection ; Sevan Lake (Armenia) ; Sevan Lake (Armenia)
    Abstract: "This paper presents a case study of willingness-to-pay (WTP) estimation using random valuation models. A contingent valuation survey was conducted in Yerevan, Armenia to estimate people's WTP for the protection of Lake Sevan. Three elicitation formats - open-ended, closed-ended, and the stochastic payment card (SPC) approach - were used with split random samples. WTP models with heterogeneous errors were constructed and estimated with the survey data. The SPC approach produces a higher estimation of the mean WTP than both the open-ended and closed-ended approaches, while results from the open-ended and closed-ended elicitation formats are similar. Furthermore, contrary to research findings obtained in the United States, this study finds higher WTP estimations with mail surveys than with personal interviews. This paper - a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the economics of sustainable development in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3371
    Parallel Title: Soto, Raimundo On the measurement of market-oriented reforms
    Keywords: Free trade ; Privatization ; Free trade ; Privatization
    Abstract: "Loayza and Soto present policy and outcome-based ways of measuring the progress of market-oriented reforms in both traditional areas of first-generation reform and the areas of institutional reform that have been emphasized lately. These policy areas are the domestic financial system, international financial markets, international trade, the labor market, the tax system, public infrastructure and public firms, the legal and regulatory framework, and governance. For each of them, the authors first discuss the general principles underlying market-oriented reform. Second, they present various indicators of the policy stance in the area in question. And third, they present various outcome indicators of the policy stance. This paper is a product of Investment Climate Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the process of economic reform"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3379
    Parallel Title: Calomiris, Charles W A taxonomy of financial crisis resolution mechanisms
    Keywords: Finance, Public Case studies ; Financial crises Case studies ; Privatization Case studies ; Finance, Public Case studies ; Financial crises Case studies ; Privatization Case studies
    Abstract: "The goals of financial restructuring are to reestablish the creditor-debtor relationships on which the economy depends for an efficient allocation of capital, and to accomplish that objective at minimal cost. Costs include direct costs to taxpayers of financial assistance and the indirect costs to the economy that result from misallocations of capital and incentive problems resulting from the restructuring. Calomiris, Klingebiel, and Laeven review cases in which countries used alternative mechanisms to restructure their financial and corporate sectors. Countries typically apply a combination of tools, including decentralized, market-based mechanisms, and government-managed programs. Market-based strategies seek to strengthen the capital base of financial institutions and borrowers to enable them to renegotiate debt and resume new credit supply. Government-led restructuring strategies often include the establishment of an entity to which nonperforming loans are transferred or the government's sale of financial institutions, sometimes to foreign entrants. Market-based mechanisms can, in principle, resolve coordination problems that countries face in the wake of massive debtor and creditor insolvency, with acceptably low direct and indirect costs, particularly when those mechanisms are effective in achieving the desirable objective of selectivity. However, these mechanisms depend for their success on an efficient judicial system, a credible supervisory framework and authority with sufficient enforcement capacity, and a lack of corruption in implementation. Government-managed programs may not seem to depend as much on efficient legal and supervisory institutions for their success, but in fact these approaches, in particular the transfer of assets to government-owned asset management companies, also depend on effective legal, regulatory, and political institutions for their success. Further, a lack of attention to incentive problems when designing specific rules governing financial assistance can aggravate moral hazard problems, unnecessarily raising the costs of resolution. These results suggest that policymakers in emerging market economies with weak institutions should not expect to achieve the same level of success in financial restructuring as other countries, and that they should design resolution mechanisms accordingly. Despite the theoretical attraction of some complex market-based mechanisms, simpler mechanisms that afford quick resolution of outstanding debts that improve financial system competitiveness, and that offer little discretion to governments, are most effective. This paper--a product of the Financial Sector and Operations Policy Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to study the containment and resolution of financial crises"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3383
    Parallel Title: Hamilton, Kirk Air pollution during growth
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Economic development ; Air Pollution ; Economic development
    Abstract: "New research on urban air pollution casts doubt on the conventional view of the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. This view holds that pollution automatically increases until societies reach middle-income status because poor countries have neither the institutional capacity nor the political commitment necessary to regulate polluters. Some policymakers and researchers have cited this model (called the "environmental Kuznets curve," or EKC) when arguing that developing countries should "grow first, clean up later." However, new evidence suggests that the EKC model is misleading because it mistakenly assumes that strong environmental governance is not possible for poor countries. As the authors show in this paper, the empirical relationship between pollution and income becomes much weaker when measures of governance are added to the analysis. Their results also suggest that previous research has underestimated the effect of geographic vulnerability (climate and terrain factors) on air quality. The authors find that weak governance and geographic vulnerability alone can account for the crisis levels of air pollution in many developing country cities. When these factors are combined with income and population effects, the authors have a sufficient explanation for the fact that some cities already have air quality comparable to levels in OECD urban areas. To summarize, their results suggest that the maxim "grow first, clean up later" is too simplistic. Appropriate urban growth strategies can steer development toward cities with lower geographic vulnerability, and governance reform can reduce air pollution significantly, long before countries reach middle-income status. This paper--a joint product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group, the Environment Department, and the Global Environment Facility--is part of a larger effort in the Bank to understand governance and pollution"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3387
    Parallel Title: Powell, Andrew Basel II and developing countries
    Keywords: Basel II ; Basel II ; Bank capital Standards ; Bank capital Standards
    Abstract: "Despite recently announced delays, Basel II--the new standard for bank capital--is due to be completed this year for implementation in the 13 Basel Committee member countries by the end of 2006. Should the other 170 plus member countries of the World Bank also adopt Basel II? Basel II was not written with developing countries in mind, but that does not necessarily mean that there is nothing in it for developing countries or that it can be ignored. Basels I and II represent a wide "Sea of Standards." Powell suggests five alternative island-standards and five navigational tools to help countries choose their preferred island within the sea. He suggests that for some developing countries, the standardized approach will yield little in terms of linking regulatory capital to risk, but that countries may need many years of work to adopt the more advanced internal rating-based approach. The author then proposes a centralized rating-based approach as a transition measure. He also makes proposals regarding a set of largely unresolved cross-border issues. This paper--a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department--is part of a larger effort in the department to inform policymakers on banking regulation and supervision"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3391
    Parallel Title: Jensen, Jesper The impact of liberalizing barriers to foreign direct investment in services
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Free trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Free trade ; Investments, Foreign
    Abstract: "Jensen, Rutherford, and Tarr use a computable general equilibrium model of the Russian economy to assess the impact of accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), which encompasses improved market access, tariff reduction, and reduction of barriers against multinational service providers. They assume that foreign direct investment in business services is necessary for multinationals to compete well with Russian business service providers, but cross-border service provision is also present. The model incorporates productivity effects in both goods and services markets endogenously through a Dixit-Stiglitz framework. As a result, the estimated gains from WTO accession are much larger than would be obtained from a typical model with perfect competition. The ad valorem equivalent of barriers to foreign direct investment have been estimated based on detailed questionnaires completed by specialized research institutes in Russia. The authors estimate that Russia will gain about 7.2 percent of the value of Russian consumption in the medium run from WTO accession and up to 24 percent in the long run. They estimate that the largest gains to Russia will derive from liberalization of barriers against multinational service providers. Piecemeal and systematic sensitivity analysis shows that their results are robust. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the impact of liberalization of barriers against foreign direct investment in services sectors"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 62
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3404
    Parallel Title: Levine, Ross The corporate governance of banks
    Keywords: Banks and banking ; Banks and banking Government policy ; Corporate governance ; Banks and banking ; Banks and banking Government policy ; Corporate governance
    Abstract: "Levine examines the corporate governance of banks. When banks efficiently mobilize and allocate funds, this lowers the cost of capital to firms, boosts capital formation, and stimulates productivity growth. So, weak governance of banks reverberates throughout the economy with negative ramifications for economic development. After reviewing the major governance concepts for corporations in general, the author discusses two special attributes of banks that make them special in practice: greater opaqueness than other industries and greater government regulation. These attributes weaken many traditional governance mechanisms. Next, he reviews emerging evidence on which government policies enhance the governance of banks and draws tentative policy lessons. In sum, existing work suggests that it is important to strengthen the ability and incentives of private investors to exert governance over banks rather than to rely excessively on government regulators. These conclusions, however, are particularly tentative because more research is needed on how legal, regulatory, and supervisory policies influence the governance of banks. This paper a product of the Global Corporate Governance Forum, Corporate Governance Department is part of a larger effort in the department to improve the understanding of corporate governance reform in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/22/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3410
    Parallel Title: Musalem, Alberto R Pension funds and national saving
    Keywords: Pension trusts ; Saving and investment ; Pension trusts ; Saving and investment
    Abstract: "Murphy and Musalem conduct an empirical study of the effect of the accumulation of pension fund financial assets on national saving using a panel of 43 industrial and developing countries. The authors find evidence suggesting that the accumulation of pension fund financial assets might increase national saving when these funds are the result of a mandatory pension program. By contrast, national saving might be unaffected when pension funds are the result of a public program implemented to foster voluntary pension saving. This paper is a product of the Human Development Group, Middle East and North Africa Region. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "Contractual Savings Institutions and National Saving."--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3412
    Parallel Title: Feenstra, Robert C Export variety and country productivity
    Keywords: Exports Case studies ; Industrial productivity Case studies ; International trade Case studies ; Product differentiation Case studies ; Exports Case studies ; Industrial productivity Case studies ; International trade Case studies ; Product differentiation Case studies
    Abstract: "Feenstra and Kee study the link between export product variety and country productivity based on data from 34 industrial and developing countries, from 1982 to 1997. They measure export product variety by the share of U.S. imports on the set of goods exported by each sampled country relative to the world. It is a theoretically sound index which is consistent with within-country GDP maximization, as well as cross-country comparison. The authors construct country productivity based on relative endowments and product variety. Increases in output product variety improve country productivity as the new mix of output may better use resources of the economy and improve allocative efficiency. Such effects depend on the elasticity of substitution in production between the different varieties. The more different the varieties are in terms of production, the more efficient it is to use the endowments of the economy when a new variety is available, which leads to productivity gains. In addition, as suggested in the literature, export product variety depends on trade costs, such as tariffs, distance, and transport costs. Such trade cost variables are used as instruments to help the authors identify the effects of export variety on country productivity. Empirical evidence supports their hypothesis. Overall, while export variety accounts for only 2 percent of cross-country productivity differences, it explains 13 percent of within-country productivity growth. A 10 percent increase in the export variety of all industries leads to a 1.3 percent increase in country productivity, while a 10 percentage point increase in tariffs facing an exporting country leads to a 2 percent fall in country productivity. This paper a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to study the link between trade and productivity"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3416
    Parallel Title: Bayraktar, Nihal Foreign bank entry, performance of domestic banks, and sequence of financial liberalization
    Keywords: Banks and banking ; Banks and banking, Foreign ; Finance ; Banks and banking ; Banks and banking, Foreign ; Finance
    Abstract: "The openness or internationalization of financial services is a complex issue because it is closely related to structural reforms in the domestic financial sector with some perceived implications for macroeconomic stability. Bayraktar and Wang investigate the impact of foreign bank entry on the performance of domestic banks and how this relationship is affected by the sequence of financial liberalization. Their data set is constructed from the BankScope database, including 30 industrial and developing countries, and covering the period from 1995 to 2002. The authors apply panel data regressions by pooling all countries together, and by grouping countries according to the sequence of their financial liberalization. One observation based on descriptive analysis is that the degree of openness to foreign bank entry varies a great deal, which is not correlated with average income levels or with GDP growth. Second, the sequence of financial liberalization matters for the performance of the domestic banking sector: After controlling for macroeconomic variables and grouping countries by their sequence of liberalization, foreign bank entry has significantly improved domestic bank competitiveness in countries that liberalized their stock market first. In these countries, both profit and cost indicators are negatively related to the share of foreign banks. Countries that liberalized their capital account first seem to have benefited less from foreign bank entry compared with the other two sets of countries. This paper a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division, World Bank Institute is part of a larger effort in the institute to develop materials for capacity building on trade in financial services"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3420
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Have consumers benefited from the reforms in the electricity distribution sector in Latin America?
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "Estache and Rossi bring new empirical evidence on the impact of the choice of ownership and regulatory regime on firms' productivity and prices paid by consumers. They collect the evidence from a sample of electricity distribution companies in Latin America. The authors rely on estimations of labor and operation and maintenance (O&M) input requirement functions using alternative econometric approaches. Their main conclusions are: Private firms perform better (approximately 30 percent) than public firms. The regulatory regimes matter, so that price-cap regulated firms do better than rate-of-return regulated firms, and firms regulated under hybrid regimes have intermediate performance. Private firms operating under rate of return are at most as efficient as public firms. There is no clear pattern of differences in electricity prices according to the regulatory regime. Final prices fell in general but the drop did not match the productivity gains, implying that the operators and the state share some of the gains in the form of rents and higher tax revenue, respectively. This paper--a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to promote analytical work on emerging policy issues in infrastructure service delivery"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/1/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3425
    Parallel Title: Blom, Andreas Can student loans improve accessibility to higher education and student performance?
    Keywords: Education, Higher ; Student loans ; Education, Higher ; Student loans
    Abstract: "Financial aid to students in tertiary education can contribute to human capital accumulation through two channels--increased enrollment and improved student performance. Canton and Blom analyze the quantitative importance of both channels in the context of a student loan program (SOFES) implemented at private universities in Mexico. With regard to the first channel, enrollment, results from the Mexican household survey indicate that financial support has a strong positive effect on university enrollment. Given completion of upper secondary education, the probability of entering higher education rises 24 percent. The authors use two data sources to investigate the second channel, student performance. They analyze administrative data provided by SOFES using a regression-discontinuity design, and survey data enable them to perform a similar analysis using a different control group. Empirical results suggest that SOFES recipients show better academic performance than students without a credit from SOFES. However, the results cannot be interpreted as a purely causal impact of the student loan program, since the impacts also could reflect (self-) selection of students. This paper--a product of the Human Development Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to measure and evaluate the impact of the unit's programs"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/5/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3431
    Parallel Title: Loayza, Norman Financial development, financial fragility, and growth
    Keywords: Financial services industry ; Intermediation (Finance) ; Financial services industry ; Intermediation (Finance)
    Abstract: "Loayza and Rancire study the apparent contradiction between two strands of the literature on the effects of financial intermediation on economic activity. On the one hand, the empirical growth literature finds a positive effect of financial depth as measured by, for instance, private domestic credit and liquid liabilities (for example, Levine, Loayza, and Beck 2000). On the other hand, the banking and currency crisis literature finds that monetary aggregates, such as domestic credit, are among the best predictors of crises and their related economic downturns (for example, Kaminski and Reinhart 1999). The authors account for these contrasting effects based on the distinction between the short- and long-run impacts of financial intermediation. Working with a panel of cross-country and time-series observations, they estimate an encompassing model of short- and long-run effects using the Pooled Mean Group estimator developed by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (1999). Their conclusion from this analysis is that a positive long-run relationship between financial intermediation and output growth coexists with a mostly negative short-run relationship. The authors further develop an explanation for these contrasting effects by relating them to recent theoretical models, by linking the estimated short-run effects to measures of financial fragility (namely, banking crises and financial volatility), and by jointly analyzing the effects of financial depth and fragility in classic panel growth regressions. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the sources of growth and volatility"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3460
    Parallel Title: Sakellariou, Chris N Schooling and labor market impacts of a natural policy experiment
    Keywords: Education ; Labor market ; Education ; Labor market
    Abstract: "Patrinos and Sakellariou use a nationally representative household survey to estimate returns to schooling in Venezuela from instrumental variables based on a supply-side intervention in the education market. These estimates apply to a subgroup of liquidity-constrained individuals, in the spirit of the Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE) literature. Returns to schooling estimates which apply to a subgroup of individuals affected by the policy intervention may be more interesting from a policy perspective than the return to the 'average' individual. The authors use an instrument based on the 1980 education reform (the Organic Law of Education) which provided for nine years of compulsory basic education. They also obtain alternative estimates using father's education as an instrument, in an attempt to derive high and low estimates of returns to schooling in Venezuela. The estimates are consistent with recent findings suggesting that the effect of education, at least for certain subgroups affected by a policy intervention, is as large or larger than what is suggested by OLS estimates. This paper--a product of the Education Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to estimate the labor market outcomes of education"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3468
    Parallel Title: Briceño-Garmendia, Cecilia Infrastructure services in developing countries
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public investments ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public investments
    Abstract: "Briceno, Estache, and Shafik review the evidence on the state of infrastructure in the developing world, emphasizing the investment needs and the emerging policy issues. While their assessment is seriously constrained by data gaps, they provide useful insights on the main challenges ahead, emphasizing that, in addition to the widely discussed access problems, the poorest also face major affordability and service quality issues which were not well addressed by the reforms of the 1990s. The authors make a case for a stronger commitment of the international community to generate the information needed to assess and monitor infrastructure needs and policies. This paper--a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network--is part of a larger effort in the network to upgrade economic and policy work in infrastructure"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/3/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3245
    Parallel Title: Gradstein, Mark Educational expansion
    Keywords: Education ; Education and globalization ; Education ; Education and globalization
    Note: "March 17, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 17, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3253
    Parallel Title: Rutkowski, Jan Firms, jobs, and employment in Moldova
    Keywords: Job creation ; Labor market ; Unemployment ; Job creation ; Labor market ; Unemployment
    Note: "March 18, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 19, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3257
    Parallel Title: Burgess, Robin Toward a microeconomics of growth
    Keywords: Economic development ; Microeconomics ; Economic development ; Microeconomics
    Note: "March 24, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 26, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3273
    Parallel Title: Tressel, Thierry Boosting productivity via innovation and adoption of new technologies
    Keywords: Industrial productivity ; Labor supply Effect of technological innovations on ; Technological innovations ; Industrial productivity ; Labor supply Effect of technological innovations on ; Technological innovations
    Note: "April 12, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 15, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3277
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus W Does greater accountability improve the quality of delivery of public services?
    Keywords: Corruption ; Corruption
    Note: "April 21, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 15, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3185
    Parallel Title: Foster, Vivien Does infrastructure reform work for the poor?
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) Government policy ; Poor ; Privatization ; Infrastructure (Economics) Government policy ; Poor ; Privatization
    Note: "January 7, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 7, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3189
    Parallel Title: Vodopivec, Milan Do market pressures induce economic efficiency?
    Keywords: Competition ; Free trade ; Industrial efficiency ; Industries ; Competition ; Free trade ; Industrial efficiency ; Industries
    Note: "January 15, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 16, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3243
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Competing concepts of inequality in the globalization debate
    Keywords: Equality ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poor ; Equality ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poor
    Note: "March 17, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 17, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3247
    Parallel Title: Laeven, Luc The political economy of deposit insurance
    Keywords: Deposit insurance Case studies ; Deposit insurance Case studies
    Note: "March 17, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 17, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3250
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip What does political economy tell us about economic development and vice versa?
    Keywords: Decision making ; Economic development ; Separation of powers ; Decision making ; Economic development ; Separation of powers
    Note: "March 18, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 18, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3254
    Parallel Title: Yilmaz, Serdar Decentralization or fiscal autonomy?
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Fiscal policy ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations ; Decentralization in government ; Fiscal policy ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations
    Note: "March 18, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 19, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3284
    Parallel Title: Gonzales, Christian Y Bargaining for a new fiscal pact in Mexico
    Keywords: Fiscal policy ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations ; Fiscal policy ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations
    Note: "May 6, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 11, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3288
    Parallel Title: Domaç, Ilker Is there room for foreign exchange interventions under an inflation targeting framework?
    Keywords: Foreign exchange rates ; Foreign exchange rates ; Inflation targeting ; Inflation targeting ; Foreign exchange rates ; Foreign exchange rates ; Inflation targeting ; Inflation targeting
    Note: "April 22, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 11, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3292
    Parallel Title: Burns, Phil Regulatory instruments and their effects on investment behavior
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Investments ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Investments
    Note: "April 22, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 10, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3296
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Youth at risk, social exclusion, and intergenerational poverty dynamics
    Keywords: Poor youth ; Poor youth
    Note: "May 6, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 10, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3366
    Parallel Title: Chen, Derek Hung Chiat Knowledge and development
    Keywords: Economic development ; Intellectual capital ; Economic development ; Intellectual capital
    Abstract: "Chen and Dahlman assess the effects of knowledge on economic growth. By using an array of indicators, each of which represents an aspect of knowledge, as independent variables in cross-section regressions that span 92 countries for the period 1960 to 2000, they show that knowledge is a significant determinant of long-term economic growth. In particular, the authors find that the stock of human capital, the level of domestic innovation and technological adaptation, and the level of information and communications technologies (ICT) infrastructure all exert statistically significant positive effects on long-term economic growth. More specifically with regard to the growth effects of the human capital stock, they find that an increase of 20 percent in the average years of schooling of a population tends to increase the average annual economic growth by 0.15 percentage point. In terms of innovation, the authors find that a 20 percent increase in the annual number of USPTO patents granted is associated with an increase of 3.8 percentage points in annual economic growth. Lastly, when the ICT infrastructure, measured by the number of telephones per 1,000 persons, is increased by 20 percent, they find that annual economic growth tends to increase by 0.11 percentage point. This paper a product of the Global Knowledge and Learning Division, World Bank Institute, is part of a larger effort in the Institute to assess the effects of knowledge on economic development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3370
    Parallel Title: Lea, Michael J Mortgage securities in emerging markets
    Keywords: Housing Finance ; Mortgage-backed securities ; Housing Finance ; Mortgage-backed securities
    Abstract: "Despite its recognized economic and social importance, housing finance often remains underdeveloped in emerging economies. Residential lending remains small, poorly accessible, and depository-based. Lenders remain vulnerable to significant credit, liquidity, and interest rate risks. As a result, housing finance is relatively expensive and often rationed. The importance of developing robust systems of housing finance is paramount as emerging economy governments struggle to cope with population growth, rapid urbanization, and rising expectations from a growing middle class. The capital markets in many economies can provide an attractive and potentially large source of long-term funding for housing, and solutions to better allocate part of the risks. The advent of institutional investors is creating large and rapidly growing pools of funds that may facilitate the development of mortgage-related securities. Despite such a strong appeal, there are significant barriers to the development of mortgage securities in emerging markets. Their success is dependent on many factors, starting with a strong legal and regulatory framework and liberalized financial sector, and including a developed primary mortgage market. The experience in developing mortgage securities in emerging markets has been mixed. Chiquier, Hassler, and Lea review the experience of introducing mortgage securities in emerging markets and explore the policy issues related to this theme. This paper - a product of the Financial Sector Operations and Policy Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to provide housing finance information"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/6/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3428
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Who suffers from indoor air pollution?
    Keywords: Indoor air pollution ; Indoor air pollution
    Abstract: "In this paper the authors investigate individuals' exposure to indoor air pollution. Using new survey data from Bangladesh, they analyze exposure at two levels--differences within households attributable to family roles, and differences across households attributable to income and education. Within households, they relate individuals' exposure to pollution in different locations during their daily round of activity. The authors find high levels of exposure for children and adolescents of both sexes, with particularly serious exposure for children under 5. Among prime-age adults, they find that men have half the exposure of women (whose exposure is similar to that of children and adolescents). They also find that elderly men have significantly lower exposure than elderly women. Across households, they draw on results from their previous paper (Dasgupta and others, 2004), which relate pollution variation across households to choices of cooking fuel, cooking locations, construction materials, and ventilation practices. They find that these choices are significantly affected by family income and adult education levels (particularly for women). Overall, the authors find that the poorest, least-educated households have twice the pollution levels of relatively high-income households with highly-educated adults. For children in a typical household, pollution exposure can be halved by adopting two simple measures--increasing their outdoor time from 3 to 5 or 6 hours a day, and concentrating outdoor time during peak cooking periods. The authors recognize that weather and other factors may intervene occasionally, and that child supervision outdoors may be difficult for some households. However, the potential benefits are so great that neighbors might well agree to pool outdoor supervision once they became aware of the implications for their children's health. This paper--a product of the Infrastructure and Environment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental health issues in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3432
    Parallel Title: Demombynes, Gabriel Growth, inequality, and simulated poverty paths for Tanzania, 1992-2002
    Keywords: Poverty ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Although Tanzania experienced relatively rapid growth in per capita GDP in the 1995-2001 period, household budget survey (HBS) data show only a modest and statistically insignificant decline in poverty between 1992 and 2001. To assess the likely trajectory of poverty rates over the course of the period, changes in poverty are simulated using unit-record HBS data and national accounts growth rates under varying assumptions for growth rates and inequality changes. To this end the projection approach of Datt and Walker (2002) is used along with an extension that is better suited to taking into account distributional changes observed between the two household surveys. The simulations suggest that following increases in poverty during the economic slowdown of the early 1990s, recent growth in Tanzania has brought a decline in poverty, particularly in urban areas. Unless recent growth is sustained, the country will not meet its 2015 Millennium Development Goal (MDG). Poverty reduction is on track in urban areas, but reaching the MDG target for bringing down poverty in rural areas, where most Tanzanians live, requires sustaining high growth in rural output per capita. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management 2 Team, Africa Technical Families--is part of a larger effort in the Tanzania country team to investigate the relation between economic growth and poverty reduction"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3437
    Parallel Title: Majnoni, Giovanni Bank capital and loan loss reserves under Basel II
    Keywords: Basel II ; Basel II ; Bank reserves ; Loan loss reserves ; Bank reserves ; Loan loss reserves
    Abstract: "Majnoni, Miller, and Powell propose an integrated approach to minimum bank capital and loan loss reserves regulation. They break new ground in two main areas. First, the authors provide an explicit measurement of the credit loss distribution for a sample of emerging countries providing a benchmark for discussing the appropriate calibration of new regulatory capital and loan loss provision requirements for non-G10 countries. Second, on normative grounds, they propose a simplified version of the "internal rating based" (IRB) approach as a transition tool that, while retaining a risk-based definition of solvency ratios, implies reduced supervisory monitoring costs and could therefore be of interest to emerging countries where supervisory resources are particularly scarce. This paper--a product of the Finance Cluster Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the effects of bank capital regulation"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/22/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3439
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Elections, special interests, and the fiscal costs of financial crisis
    Keywords: Elections ; Financial crises ; Fiscal policy ; Elections ; Financial crises ; Fiscal policy
    Abstract: "Keefer proposes a new approach to explain why the costs of crisis are greater in some countries than in others. He begins with the premise that many crises result from the willingness of politicians to cater to special interests at the expense of broad social interests. A parsimonious model predicts that the less costly it is for average citizens to expel politicians, the more veto players there are; the less important are exogenous shocks, and the more difficult it is for politicians and special interests to forge credible agreements, the lower the costs of crisis are. Though these predictions differ from those in the literature, empirical evidence presented shows that they explain the fiscal costs of financial crisis, even after controlling for the financial sector policies believed to contribute most to the efficient prevention and resolution of financial crisis. This paper--a product of the Growth and Investment Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the political economy of good policy"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/22/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3442
    Parallel Title: Estache, Antonio Emerging infrastructure policy issues in developing countries
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; Poor ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Poor
    Abstract: "Estache reviews the recent economic research on emerging issues for infrastructure policies affecting poor people in developing countries. His main purpose is to identify some of the challenges the international community, and donors in particular, are likely to have to address over the next few years. He addresses six main issues: (1) the necessity of infrastructure in achieving the Millennium Development Goals; (2) the various dimensions of financing challenges for infrastructure; (3) the debate on the relative importance of urban and rural infrastructure needs; (4) the debate on the effectiveness of infrastructure decentralization; (5) what works and what does not when trying to target the needs of the poor, with an emphasis on affordability and regulation challenges; and (6) the importance of governance and corruption in the sector. The author concludes by showing how the challenges identified define a relatively well integrated agenda for both researchers and the international infrastructure community. This paper,a product of the Office of the Vice President, Infrastructure Network,is part of a larger effort in the network to stimulate more analytical assessments of emerging issues in the sector"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/17/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3446
    Parallel Title: Walque, Damien de The long-term legacy of the Khmer Rouge period in Cambodia
    Keywords: Education ; Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Education ; Fertility, Human ; Mortality ; Cambodia Politics and government 1975-1979 ; Cambodia Politics and government 1975-1979
    Abstract: "De Walque studies the long-term impact of genocide during the period of the Khmer Rouge (1975-79) in Cambodia and contributes to the literature on the economic analysis of conflict. Using mortality data for siblings from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey in 2000, he shows that excess mortality was extremely high and heavily concentrated during 1974-80. Adult males had been the most likely to die, indicating that violent death played a major role. Individuals with an urban or educated background were more likely to die. Infant mortality was also at very high levels during the period, and disability rates from landmines or other weapons were high for males who, given their birth cohort, were exposed to this risk. The very high and selective mortality had a major impact on the population structure of Cambodia. Fertility and marriage rates were very low under the Khmer Rouge but rebounded immediately after the regime's collapse. Because of the shortage of eligible males, the age and education differences between partners tended to decline. The period had a lasting impact on the educational attainment of the population. The education system collapsed during the period, so individuals--especially males--who were of schooling age during this interval had a lower educational attainment than the preceding and subsequent birth cohorts. This paper--a product of the Public Services Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the consequences of conflict"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3449
    Parallel Title: Saggi, Kamal Does it matter where you come from?
    Keywords: Capitalists and financiers ; Investments, Foreign ; Capitalists and financiers ; Investments, Foreign
    Abstract: "Javorcik, Saggi, and Spatareanu use a firm-level panel data set from Romania to examine whether the nationality of foreign investors affects the degree of vertical spillovers from foreign direct investment. Investors' country of origin may matter for spillovers to domestic producers in upstream sectors (supplying intermediate inputs) in two ways. First, the share of intermediate inputs sourced by multinationals from a host country is likely to increase with the distance between the host and the source economy. Second, the sourcing pattern is likely to be affected by preferential trade agreements that cover some but not other source economies. In this case, the Association Agreement signed between Romania and the European Union (EU) implies that inputs sourced from the EU are subject to a lower tariff than inputs sourced from America or Asia. Moreover, while for European investors intermediate inputs sourced from home country suppliers comply with the rules of origin and thus can be exported to the EU on preferential terms, this would not be the case for home country suppliers of American or Asian multinationals. Therefore, one would expect that American and Asian investors source more from Romania than EU investors and thus present greater potential for vertical spillovers. The empirical analysis produces evidence in support of the authors' hypothesis. They find a positive association between the presence of American and Asian companies in downstream sectors and the productivity of Romanian firms in the supplying industries. Further, the productivity of Romanian firms in the supplying sectors is negatively correlated with operations of European investors in downstream sectors. The differences between the effects associated with investors of different origin are statistically significant. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to study the effects of foreign direct investment on developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3282
    Parallel Title: Shah, Anwar Fiscal decentralization in developing and transition economies
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Decentralization in government ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations ; Decentralization in government ; Decentralization in government ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations ; Intergovernmental fiscal relations
    Note: "May 21, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 11, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3186
    Parallel Title: Knack, Stephen F Donor fragmentation and bureaucratic quality in aid recipients
    Keywords: Altruism ; Bureaucracy ; Civil service ; Economic assistance ; Altruism ; Bureaucracy ; Civil service ; Economic assistance
    Note: "January 15, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 16, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3193
    Parallel Title: Konan, Denise Eby Quantifying the impact of services liberalization in a developing country
    Keywords: Free trade ; Service industries Privatization ; Service industries ; Free trade ; Service industries Privatization ; Service industries
    Note: "January 16, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 20, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3197
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B Building and running general equilibrium models in eViews
    Keywords: Equilibrium (Economics) ; Policy sciences ; Equilibrium (Economics) ; Policy sciences
    Note: "January 26, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 26, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3234
    Parallel Title: Edmonds, Eric V Product market integration and household labor supply in a poor economy
    Keywords: Reismarkt ; Reis ; Export ; Importquote ; Arbeitsangebot ; Haushaltsökonomik ; Vietnam ; Reispreis ; Labor supply ; Rice Prices ; Labor supply ; Rice Prices
    Note: "March 3, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 5, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3238
    Parallel Title: Chaudhuri, Sumanta Moving people to deliver services
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Foreign workers ; Service industries ; Foreign workers ; Service industries
    Note: "March 11, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 12, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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