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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (322)
  • BVB
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (322)
  • Agriculture  (301)
  • Economics
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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (322)
  • BVB
Material
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Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fiuratti, Frederico Are Regional Fiscal Multipliers on EU Structural and Investment Fund Spending Large? A Reassessment of the Evidence
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Covid-19 Economic Recovery Package ; Environment ; EU Economies ; European Union ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Fiscal Multiplier ; Green Issues ; Monetary Union ; Short-Term Regional Fiscal Stimulus ; Social Risk Management ; Sustainable Green Growth
    Abstract: The European Commission's "NextGenerationEU" COVID-19 recovery package has underscored interest in the size of regional fiscal multipliers in Europe. While the objective of these funds is the long-term transformation toward more sustainable green growth and digitalization in EU economies, several recent papers have also focused on their short-term stimulatory effects and have estimated large short-term regional multipliers on historical EU structural and investment fund spending. This has contributed to a view that EU funds can boost growth substantially not only in the long term, but also in the short term in countries receiving large flows, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper reevaluates the evidence by estimating regional short-term multipliers using recent data on EU fund spending and a leave-one-out predicted disbursement schedule instrument. In contrast with much of the recent literature, there is little evidence of large relative GDP multipliers at either the national or subnational level in the short term. This is despite a strong response of regional investment to EU funds, which often increases euro for euro. The results suggest that expectations should be tempered on using EU structural and investment funds as a tool for short-term regional fiscal stimulus, and instead policy makers may want to focus on the long-term benefits of EU funds, in line with their original purpose
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Social Analysis
    Keywords: Access and Equity in Basic Education ; Access To Education ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Impact ; Covid-19 Impact ; Education ; Food Security ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital Accumulation and Utilization ; Inclusive Development ; Long-Term Economic Growth ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This report is undertaken as a part of the Human Capital Project (HCP), a globalinitiative of the World Bank Group that aims to increase governments' awarenessof the importance of investing in people (World Bank date of publication not identifiedb). One of the maincomponents of the HCP is a cross-country metric--the Human Capital Index (HCI). The HCI estimates the amount of human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate by the age of 18, thus highlighting how current health and education outcomes shape the work productivity of the next generation. Moreover, given the cumulative nature of human capital, the HCI has clear milestones across the entire human life cycle: at birth, children need to survive; during childhood, they need to be well-nourished; at school age, they must complete all schooling and active adequate learning levels; and in adulthood, they need to stay in good health. Finally, the HCI includes a result: a score that ranges from 0 to 1. A country where an average child has virtually no risk of being stunted or dying before age five, receives high-quality education, and becomes a healthy adult, would have an HCI close to 1. Conversely, when the risk of being ill-nourished or prematurely dying is high, access to education is limited, and the quality of learning is low, the HCI would approach zero
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Wollburg, Philip The Impacts of Disasters on African Agriculture: New Evidence from Micro-Data
    Keywords: Agricultural Research ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Crop Agriculture Disaster Risk ; Disaster Loss and Damage ; Drought Losses ; Flood Loss ; Survey Data
    Abstract: Disasters affect millions of people each year and cause economic losses worth many billions of dollars globally. Reporting on disaster impacts in research, policy, and news primarily relies on macro statistics based on disaster inventories. The macro statistics suggest that a relatively small share of disaster damages accrues in Africa. This paper, instead, uses detailed survey micro-data from six African countries to quantify disaster damages in one key sector: crop agriculture. The micro-data reveals much higher damages and more people affected than the macro statistics would indicate. On average, 36 percent of the agricultural plots in the sample suffer crop losses due to adverse climatic events. In the countries and time period analyzed, these losses reduced total crop production by an average of 29 percent. Importantly, many of these losses are underreported or undetected in key disaster inventories and therefore elude macro statistics. In the case of droughts and floods, the economic losses recorded in the micro-data are USD 5.1 billion higher than in the macro statistics, affecting 145 million to 170 million people, more than four times as many as the macro statistics suggest. The difference stems mostly from smaller and less severe but frequent adverse events that are not recorded in disaster inventories
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agriculture Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Cassava ; Food ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Loans ; Marketing ; Plantain ; Value Chain
    Abstract: The main objective of the report is to develop business models on farming and/or processing of cassava, maize and plantain in Cote d'Ivoire that would help financial institutions to gain better knowledge of the value chains, to design appropriate financing products and to streamline the loan decision process for women-led cooperatives. This report has been produced hand in hand with a financial evaluation tool, to assess the profitability of lending to various cooperatives engaged these select value chains. In addition, detailed financial models have been prepared to assess the cash flow projections of the cooperatives, which could be used in the loan decision process. A marketing strategy plan has also been prepared, which aims at guiding financial institutions in their lending initiatives to cooperatives operating in the various value chains. It is vital for financial institutions to have the right marketing approach, so that cooperatives with a suitable profile can enter their pipeline as potential clients for lending
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Milivojevic, Lazar Natural Disasters and Fiscal Drought
    Keywords: Agricultural Impact ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate-Fiscal Nexus ; Fiscal Sustainability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Structural Resilience
    Abstract: This paper examines to what extent slowdowns in economic growth after natural disasters are accompanied by widening fiscal deficits and corresponding pressures on public debt. Empirical analysis based on exogenous measures of physical disaster intensity shows that natural disasters lead not only to output losses but also to further deterioration of countries' fiscal positions. The effects are persistent and driven by developments in emerging markets and developing economies. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is used to show the propagation mechanism of an extreme event that affects agricultural productivity. The model features farmers endowed with land with time-varying productivity subject to economic and weather conditions. Simulation results illustrate the climate-fiscal nexus existence and highlight the role of structural resilience in limiting the impact of natural disasters
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alfani, Federica Job Displacement and Reallocation Failure: Evidence from Climate Shocks in Morocco
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climatic Shock ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Drought ; Employment and Unemployment ; Evapotranspiration Precipitation Index (SPEI) ; Gender and Climate Change ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Job Displacement ; Migration ; Resettlement ; Social Development ; Unemployment ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: This paper investigates the effects of severe drought shocks in Morocco's agriculture sector. Using a staggered difference-in-differences design, the estimates show that climatic shocks produced job displacement of about 6.5 percentage points for workers who were exposed to severe drought events. Overall, about 45 percent of these workers remained unemployed, generating a partial reallocation failure. The effects are significant only for severe and extreme shocks; they last for at least five years, and are more pronounced among females and the least educated workers
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Edjigu, Habtamu Uncertainty in Preferential Trade Agreements: Impact of AGOA Suspensions on Exports
    Keywords: Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (ACGOA) ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Apparel and Textile Exports ; Export Decline ; Export Uncertainty ; Free Trade Agreement ; International Economics and Trade ; Preferential Trade Agreement ; Reciprocity
    Abstract: This study examines the impact of the abrupt suspension of African Growth and Opportunity Act benefits on exports from eligible African countries. The study uses a triple difference-in-differences estimation that controls for both country- and product-level export changes. The results suggest that the suspension of the African Growth and Opportunity Act has had a considerable negative impact on the level of exports to the United States. The impact appears to be bigger for countries with a high African Growth and Opportunity Act utilization rate. The suspension is associated with a 39 percent decline in exports to the United States. At the product level, the suspension hurt apparel and textile exports, leading to a decline of their exports by about 88 percent. Understanding the impact of withdrawing access to a nonreciprocal trade agreement is particularly important now, as the European Union began negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements with African countries, as a sign of a shift to reciprocity; the United States is considering a similar path of negotiating free trade agreements with individual African countries. These developments underscore the need to prepare for a post-African Growth and Opportunity Act period with more reciprocity, as trade uncertainty is becoming rampant
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dizon, Felipe Water Constraints to Agricultural Productivity in Bhutan
    Keywords: Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Agriculture Census Data ; Agriculture Productivity ; Agriculture Research ; Farming Science ; Irrigation ; Irrigaton and Crop Yield
    Abstract: This paper uses two years of agriculture census data to build a panel dataset that consists of all the small towns in Bhutan. This dataset is used to estimate the impact of irrigation gaps and drought on the yields of paddy, maize, and other crops. The paper compares the estimated impacts from a panel fixed effects model and a spatial first differences model. The findings show that irrigation gaps reduce paddy yields and droughts reduce maize yields. Estimates from the spatial first differences model are found to be consistent relative to those from the panel fixed effects model. The paper further finds that water constraints reduce yields of vegetable crops, and other constraints, such as labor shortages, wild animals, insects, and diseases, also reduce the yields of cereal crops
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (55 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arroyo Marioli, Francisco Trading Places: Fundamentals, Speculation, and Information in US Corn Markets
    Keywords: Agricultural Demand ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Commodities ; Corn Markets ; Corn Price Volatility ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Inflation ; Information Acquisition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market Efficiency
    Abstract: What explains the surge and plunge commodity markets have undergone in the past 20 years Are speculators to be blamed Do prices reflect full information These are the main questions addressed in this paper, in the context of the corn market. This paper formulates and calibrates two quantitative models of corn prices formation. The first model is designed to explain prices in the long run (annual frequency), while the second model applies to prices in the short run (quarterly frequency). For the long-run analysis, the paper finds that deviations of theoretical prices from observed ones are very small after 1996, and before 1996 they can be explained by government intervention. For the short-run analysis, the model is designed to mimic the typical seasonality seen in agricultural markets, incorporate supply and demand shocks as well as news shocks, and allows for speculative storage decisions. The paper finds that demand and supply fundamentals can account for around 52 percent of past price changes from 1975 to 2016. The model also estimates the impact of information shocks to explain an additional 18 percent of quarterly deviations. Finally, it finds that at least 30 percent of short-run price changes seem to have explanations other than supply or demand fundamentals or information, demonstrating that when analyzing quarterly data, prices do not always closely track fundamentals
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  • 10
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Agriculture Infrastructure ; Climate Change ; Climate Resilient Investment ; Energy ; Energy Infrastructure ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Resilient Infrastructure ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Transport
    Abstract: This Compendium Volume presents a series of guidance notes and more detailed complementary technical notes that offer practical insights in support of enhancing the climate resilience of infrastructure investment projects in Sub-Saharan Africa. This first introductory chapter starts with an overview of the investment conditions and climatic context in the region, followed by a description of the scope of this Compendium Volume and individual notes, target audiences, and a roadmap for users of the contents covered in this Volume
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bedi, Tara Shifting Spousal Decision-Making Patterns: Whom you Target in an Agricultural Intervention Matters
    Keywords: Africa Gender Innovation Lab ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Family Agriculture ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender Difference ; Gendered Decision Making ; Innovation Fund ; Rural Development ; Targeting Agriculture Interventions
    Abstract: Does it matter whether poverty reduction programs target the female or male spouse? A randomized controllled trial in Ethiopia is used to study the differential impacts of easing information and financial constraints on agricultural productivity and household welfare, using data from 1,214 households in two regions of Ethiopia. The program targeted the husband, the wife, or both in a married household. The results indicate that the targeted spouse determines the type and channel of impacts. Targeting both spouses increased agricultural productivity in the short run and the monetary value of small ruminants and poultry in the long run, with a marginal positive impact on nonfood expenditure. Targeting only the female spouse resulted in increased business income from businesses with female involvement. This consequently increased household use of formal savings devices. This is in line with female preferences outside agriculture and for off-farm activities, and it results in little impact on agricultural productivity, despite an increase in women's access to extension services. Targeting only the male spouse has no impact on household savings or expenditure even though it increases men's wage income. The results suggest that the sharing of knowledge about the intervention changed household decisions. This would explain the different outcomes when both spouses were targeted, rather than only one
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (84 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ghose, Devaki Fertilizer Import Bans, Agricultural Exports, and Welfare: Evidence from Sri Lanka
    Keywords: Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Agriculture Export ; Chemical Fertilizer and Food Production ; Chemical Fertilizer Ban ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmental Governance ; Fertilizer-Dependent Crops ; Fertilizers ; Fertilizers and Agricultural Chemicals Industry ; Import Ban ; Industry ; Non-Tariff Trade Measures ; Organic Farming Transition
    Abstract: This paper quantifies the value of fertilizer for agricultural production and trade in a developing economy where agriculture is centrally important by using an unprecedented natural experiment whereby the government of Sri Lanka imposed an abrupt and unexpected ban on the imports of all chemical fertilizers in May 2021. The analysis combines novel high-frequency firm-level trade data, detailed agricultural ground production data, crop yield estimates from state-of-the-art remote sensing techniques, and dynamic event study designs. The findings show that the fertilizer ban led to dramatic declines in agricultural production, fertilizer imports, and exports of fertilizer-dependent crops. Using a quantitative trade model, the paper finds that the ban's welfare effects were equivalent to a 1.5 percent income reduction on average, with losses disproportionately concentrated on landowners (whose income is tied to agriculture) relative to workers and on regions specialized in the cultivation of relatively fertilizer-intensive crops. The findings quantify the equilibrium value of fertilizer in agriculture, an important estimate for any fertilizer-related policy (such as fertilizer subsidies) and for the public debate on the costs and benefits of environmental regulation more generally
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Producer Organizations ; Agriculture ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Rural Development ; Ginger Farming Value Chain ; Informality ; Labor Markets ; Poverty Reduction ; Shea Butter Production Value Chain ; Smallholder Farmers ; Women in Agriculture Value Chains
    Abstract: Good quality jobs are key to accelerating poverty reduction and strengthening social cohesion in Togo. While Togo has made significant progress in creating more good quality jobs, with robust growth performance in the past decade, several jobs-related challenges remain. Togo's labor market is characterized by high levels of informality and underemployment, low productivity, and low-quality jobs. This difficult situation is compounded by the demographic trend of large cohorts of young people entering the labor market every year. As a result of this trend, it is estimated that, beginning in 2024, Togo will need to create 200,000 new jobs every year to absorb the influx of new entrants into the labor market. As described in the companion document to this report, Togo Jobs Diagnostic, a holistic approach to creating more and better jobs should be applied looking at the macro-, demand-, and supply side constraints. Solutions should focus on creating new jobs, improving job quality and productivity, and ensuring access to employment for vulnerable segments of the population
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agriculture Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Financing ; Green Growth ; Policy Implementation
    Abstract: This report focuses on the agri-food sector in North Macedonia and investigates the potential and necessary actions for adopting a green growth trajectory. Agri-food is a key sector in need of transformation to achieve green growth in the country. The sector has great economic importance, and it is vulnerable to climate change and other environmental risks, which will compound current sector inefficiencies, including declining competitiveness. This report aims to assess: (i) the actions needed to re-focus agricultural support priorities in a manner that reflects green growth ambitions; (ii) policy financing implications; and (iii) the availability and capacity of effective policy implementation mechanisms. Finally, the potential impacts of greening agriculture support on farm efficiency are assessed and discussed
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (31 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dizon, Felipe Climate Change, Urban Expansion, and Food Production
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture ; Agriculture Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation ; Crops and Climate ; Food and Climate Change ; Food Insecurity ; Food Security ; Land Use and Agriculture ; Livestock Farming ; Urban Expansion
    Abstract: Where and how cities grow will influence food production and the risks to food production. This paper estimates the overlap of future urban expansion in 2040 and 2100 with current crop and livestock production under different climate scenarios. First, it finds that urban areas will expand most into areas with fruits, vegetables, and chickens, and urban areas will expand most under a scenario with significant challenges to climate change mitigation. Second, the share of food producing areas that will overlap with urban expansion will be largest in Africa, particularly under a scenario of significant challenges to climate change adaptation. Third, across all scenarios, urban expansion is likely to take place in areas with higher crop or livestock production, but even more so when there are significant challenges to both mitigation and adaptation
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (23 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nguyen, Linh The Effect of Agricultural Input Subsidies on Productivity: A Meta-Analysis
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Research ; Agricultural Subsidies ; Agriculture ; FARM Income ; Improvedruralliving Standards ; Subsidized Fertilizer and Agricultural Yield ; Systematic Agriculture Subsidy Review
    Abstract: This paper systematically analyzes the effect of agricultural input subsidies in developing countries on yield and income, using a meta-analysis. From three databases, the analysis identifies 12 studies with 32 estimated effects on yield and 23 estimated effects on income. The findings show that programs that provide subsidized fertilizer and improved seeds are associated with average increases of 18 percent in yields and 16 percent in farming household incomes. These findings suggest that agricultural subsidies can lead to increased yields and contribute to improved living standards
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dasgupta, Susmita Identifying and Monitoring Priority Areas for Methane Emissions Reduction
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture Methane Pollution ; Environment ; Environmental Case Study ; Global Methane Pledge ; Methane Emission Reduction ; Oil Production Pollution ; Pollution Management and Control ; Rice Production Methane ; Satellite Methane Data
    Abstract: This paper identifies high-priority areas for methane emissions reduction and estimates recent emissions changes in those areas using atmospheric concentration data from the European Space Agency's Sentinel-5P satellite platform. The modeling approach is illustrated with three case studies: landfills in Spain (Madrid), irrigated rice production in India (Karnal district, Haryana state), and oil production in Iraq (Al Amarah district, Maysan governorate). For each case, the paper estimates two change models by fixed effects: the monthly trend in methane concentration from January 2019 to November 2022, and the difference between mean concentration in 2022 and the previous three years. The paper estimates the change models for 775 high-priority areas and finds that cases with decreasing methane emissions are outnumbered four to one by cases with increasing emissions. The paper also analyzes trends in high-priority areas for seven major methane source sectors (agricultural soils, livestock, gas, oil, coal, landfills, and wastewater) and finds only two where emissions decreases outnumber increases (gas and oil). Among World Bank income groups, decreases outnumber increases in high-income economies but increases are hugely dominant in the other three groups. The paper concludes with a presentation of summary emissions trend reports for all 775 high-priority areas, with accompanying maps and an Excel file. As satellite-based monitoring becomes more widely employed, such reports will provide a useful template for judging further progress toward fulfillment of the Global Methane Pledge
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Deininger, Klaus Impact of the Russian Invasion on Ukrainian Farmers' Productivity, Rural Welfare, and Food Security
    Keywords: Agricultural Production ; Agriculture ; Armed Conflict Impact on Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Credit Markets ; Farm Profitability ; Food Security ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post-Conflict Agricultural Reconstruction ; Rural Impact of War ; Rural Welfare
    Abstract: Data from 2,251 small and medium-size farms for 2021 and 2022 show that area reductions in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine remained limited. However, worsening terms of trade reduced farm profitability, implying that 46 percent of farms had a negative cash flow and 54 percent (67 percent in the 50-120 hectare group) were credit constrained in 2022, implying that longer term effects may be more adverse. Total factor productivity varies significantly across size groups but is not significantly different between formal and informal farms in the same size group. This suggests that limited transferability of land use rights that are disproportionately used by smaller farms may be one reason for low productivity. Improving transferability of land, digital access to markets, and mortgage lending could thus trigger investment and growth in higher value products by small and medium-size farms to solidify Ukraine's comparative advantage in agriculture and improve rural living conditions in the context of reconstruction
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Jedwab, Remi The Effects of Climate Change in the Poorest Countries: Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad
    Keywords: Adaptation ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Aridification ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Land Supply ; Land Use ; Natural Disasters ; Rural Decline ; Shrinkage of Lakes ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development ; Water Supply
    Abstract: Empirical studies of the economic effects of climate change largely rely on climate anomalies for causal identification purposes. Slow and permanent changes in climate-driven geographical conditions, that is, climate change as defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, have been relatively less studied, especially in Africa, which remains the most vulnerable continent to climate change. This paper focuses on Lake Chad, which used to be the 11th largest lake in the world. Lake Chad, which is the size of El Salvador, Israel, or Massachusetts, slowly shrank by 90 percent for exogenous reasons between 1963 and 1990. While the water supply decreased, the land supply increased, generating a priori ambiguous effects. These effects make the increasing global disappearance of lakes a critical trend to study. For Cameroon, Chad, Nigeria, and Niger-25 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa's population- the paper constructs a novel data set tracking population patterns at a fine spatial level from the 1940s to the 2010s. Difference-in-differences show much slower growth in the proximity of the lake, but only after the lake started shrinking. These effects persist two decades after the lake stopped shrinking, implying limited adaptation. Additionally, the negative water supply effects on fishing, farming, and herding outweighed the growth of land supply and other positive effects. A quantitative spatial model used to rationalize these results and estimate aggregate welfare losses, which accounts for adaptation, shows overall losses of about 6 percent. The model also allows studying the aggregate and spatial effects of policies related to migration, land use, trade, roads, and cities
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (107 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kondylis, Florence Learning from Self and Learning from Others: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh
    Keywords: Agricultural Extension ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural Technology Adoption ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Bayesian Learning Model ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Demonstration Plot ; Saline-Resistant Seed ; Teaching Farm Methods
    Abstract: Can decentralizing demonstration accelerate learning about new technologies This paper randomizes access to a fixed demonstration kit for new flood-saline-resilient seeds across villages in Bangladesh, with demonstration either by a single farmer or spread across many farmers. In the short run, higher learning from self and others under decentralization increases technology adoption. In the long run, the impacts of any demonstration persist, but the additional impacts of decentralization vanish. A Bayesian model of learning the returns to a new technology suggests belief dispersion caused noisy adoption along the learning path, and farmers' expected gains from demonstration are four times higher under decentralization
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lain, Jonathan Seasonal Deprivation in the Sahel is Large, Widespread, and can be Anticipated
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Economic Insecurity ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Insecurity ; Food Security ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Rainfed Agriculture ; Seasonal Poverty VARIATION ; Seasonality ; Welfare
    Abstract: Shocks and seasonality may have profound effects on poor households' wellbeing, especially in contexts like the Sahel where livelihoods depend on rainfed agriculture and pastoralism. Understanding how seasonal variation affects Sahelian households is therefore essential for guiding policies that jointly seek to address chronic poverty, seasonality, and unexpected shocks. This paper uses harmonized household survey data from Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Niger, and Senegal, collected in two distinct waves in 2018 and 2019, to examine the extent of seasonal deprivation in the Sahel. These data reveal significant seasonal variation in poverty and wellbeing. Mean real monetary consumption is around 10.5 percent lower in the lean season. Moreover, rather than representing a reduction in dietary diversity, this drop is concentrated in staple foods (especially cereals), implying that seasonality brings about extreme forms of deprivation. Welfare losses may begin early in the lean season, even as early as April. When the data were collected in 2018/19, the climatic conditions were relatively benign and the security situation was more stable than today, so the effects of seasonality shown in this paper likely represent a lower bound. On policy, although initiatives currently focus on responding to unpredictable shocks, seasonal food insecurity could be better tackled by expanding social protection and providing regular transfers early in the lean season, when prices are lower and fewer households have succumbed to extreme deprivation. Seasonal variation happens every year and more can be done to support Sahelian households if there is information on how it will perennially threaten their wellbeing
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atlas Region ; Earthquake ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Female Labor Force ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters ; Poverty ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tourism ; Women's Economic Empowerment
    Abstract: The Moroccan economy is recovering. Following a sharp deceleration in 2022 caused by various overlapping commodity and climatic shocks, economic growth increased to 2.9 percent in the first semester of 2023, driven primarily by services and net exports. Inflation has halved between February and August 2023, but food inflation remains high. Lower commodity prices havealso contributed to a temporary narrowing of the current account deficit. The response to recent crises and the unfolding reform of the health and social protection systems are exerting pressures on public spending. However, the government is managing to gradually reduce the budget deficit
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Covid-19 ; Economic Investment and Savings ; FIP ; Forest Investment Program ; Forestry Management ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic
    Abstract: With the COVID-19 pandemic, the development context for the world is fundamentally challenged in many ways. The pandemic has taken a drastic human toll, and its global-scale economic and social impacts affected rural development work focused on the most poor and vulnerable populations. It has also highlighted the increasing need to invest in natural climate solutions that protect and restore critical ecosystems, support climate stability and ecosystem resilience, and help people access livelihood opportunities. This report provides an in-depth portfolio analysis of WB-implemented FIP and DGM projects during the pandemic, gathering information from documents and directly from stakeholders involved in these projects on the impacts of the pandemic during their preparation and implementation, finding trends in delays in project activities, and identifying coping mechanisms used to overcome the challenges resulting from the pandemic. For example, some projects have shifted activities requiring in-person engagement, such as training and workshops, to a virtual format. Other projects use electronic monitoring and data collection tools to follow up on activity implementation. Finally, this report provides a few general lessons for the CIF program, WB-financed operations, donors, and other external international development partners. Although the COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a challenge, authors now hope, having already experienced it for roughly three years, to learn from the various adaptation measures implemented by the projects, for application to future shocks
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Koolwal, Gayatri How do Agricultural Import Tariffs Affect Men and Women Smallholders? Evidence from Bangladesh
    Keywords: Agricultural Labor ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Food Security ; Gender ; Gender and Economic Policy ; Gender and Public Expenditures ; Gender and Rural Development ; Import Tariffs ; Input Markets ; Macroeconomics ; Trade
    Abstract: Using newly available customs data from Bangladesh, along with additional administrative and survey data, this study examines how variation in import tariffs on key agricultural inputs affects men's and women's agricultural employment and production-given a high degree of segmentation among men and women in different agricultural activities. In Bangladesh, women and men in agriculture are typically smallholders and maintain distinct occupations within the sector (women in livestock and poultry rearing, and men in crop agriculture). These areas are both heavily dependent on imported commodities (grains and oilseed for livestock and poultry feed, as well as seeds and fertilizer for crop agriculture). The paper shows that import tariff rates are much higher on feed-related inputs; imported inputs for crop agriculture, such as fertilizer, are also heavily subsidized. The paper also shows that the higher resulting prices for inputs used in feed are significantly negatively associated with employment and earnings in poultry and livestock activity, where women are heavily concentrated. Among those marketing output, earnings also tend to be substantially higher in crop agriculture than in livestock/poultry activity, underscoring the need for closely examining how import tariffs can affect more vulnerable groups. Individual producers are also heavily reliant on livestock for own-consumption activity, reducing their ability to pass on increased input costs
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Nguyen Huy, Tung Combatting Forest Fires in the Drylands of Sub-Saharan Africa: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Burkina Faso
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Deforestation ; Drylands Fire Prevention ; Environment ; Fire Reduction Case Study ; Forest Conservation ; Forest Fire ; Forestry Management ; Synthetic Control Method
    Abstract: Forest fires are among the main drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the drylands of Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper uses remote sensing data on forest fires and remaining tree cover to estimate the effectiveness of a project targeted at reducing fire incidences in twelve protected forests in arid Burkina Faso. The project consisted of two components that were implemented in the villages surrounding the target forests: a campaign aimed at raising community awareness about the detrimental effects of forest fires, and a program to support establishing and maintaining forest fire prevention infrastructures. Using the Synthetic Control Method the paper finds that the project resulted in a 35% reduction in forest fire occurrences in the period of the year when they tend to be most prevalent -in November, at the very end of the agricultural season. However, this impact is short-lived (as the reduction only occurred in the first four years of the program). The reduction in forest fires also did not result in a detectable increase in vegetation cover-because the reduction in November was not sufficiently large to be captured via remote sensing, or because the duration of the reduction was too short for the vegetation to recover. The paper then tries to uncover the underlying mechanisms to shed light on which of the project's components were effective and to also learn how the program can be improved
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Gender Innovation Lab Federation Causal Evidence Series
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Cash Crop Production ; Digital Technologies ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; New Markets ; Women Farmers
    Abstract: Gender productivity gaps in agriculture are large around the world, even though women comprise 40-50 percent of the agricultural labor force in developing countries. Gender differences in agricultural productivity can be as high as 66 percent and can cost countries up to USD 105 million annually. Women farmers tend to produce lower output per unit of land than men farmers because of gender-specific constraints, such as unequal access to farm labor, agricultural inputs, lower literacy, childcare responsibilities, limited involvement in cash crop production, and lower participation in farmers' groups. Women farmers are concentrated in the lower levels of agricultural value chains and are less likely to be active in commercial farming than men. Restrictive gender norms underlie occupational sex segregation in agriculture, leading women to concentrate in low-value crops. Research by the Africa GIL indicates that when women manage cash crop plots-and have access to the same inputs and resources as men-they are able to be as productive as their male counterparts. The GIL Federation is generating rigorous evidence around the world to understand what works, and what does not, in narrowing gender productivity gaps and helping farmers reach their potential. This note presents evidence on three key findings based on impact evaluations
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Evaluation
    Keywords: Access To Basic Services ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sub-Saharan Africa
    Abstract: Between 1993 and 2013, Mozambique became one of the fastest-growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa boosting incomes and living standards. Political and macroeconomic stability provided the foundation for robust growth led by a rebounding agricultural sector and significant donor support. Growth, however, decelerated beginning in 2016 in the face of low commodity prices, a hidden debt crisis, and natural disasters. In FY18, Mozambique was formally classified as a fragile country. The Covid-19 pandemic further eroded growth. In light of the country's evolving context, this Country Program Evaluation (CPE) reviews the World Bank Group's engagement in Mozambique over the period FY08 into FY21. The CPE assesses the extent to which the Bank Group's support was relevant to Mozambique's main development challenges and drivers of fragility as well as how Bank Group support evolved and adapted over time. The evaluation delves into four themes that are relevant to Mozambique's pursuit of the Bank Group's Twin Goals of Poverty Reduction and Shared Prosperity: (i) low agricultural productivity; (ii) unequal access to basic services; (iii) weak institutions and governance; and (iv) vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters. The evaluation presents findings from each of the four themes covered and distills lessons from Bank Group experience in Mozambique to inform future strategies and engagements
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agriculture Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Digital Climate Information ; Environment ; Food Systems ; Resilience ; West Africa
    Abstract: By advancing knowledge on digital climate information and agriculture advisory services ('agromet services') in support of West Africa's farmers, this report has two objectives. First, it aims to identify priority actions for promoting digital agromet services under the West Africa Food System Resilience Program (FSRP) with a focus on Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Togo. Second, the report strives to provide insights on the required ingredients for creating viable agromet delivery models to all stakeholders involved in the production and dissemination of weather and climate information. These stakeholders include representatives from the Ministries of Agriculture (MOAs), National Meteorological Services (NMSs), Disaster Risk Management (DRM) specialists, interested parties from the private sector and civil society, and development practitioners. This report's findings were obtained through i) a benchmarking analysis of ten case studies examining existing delivery mechanisms of digital agromet services, and ii) semi-structured interviews with public institutions complemented by desk research. Case study results indicate that providers of agromet services should bundle different service types and diversify revenue streams to ensure that their offerings are impactful and viable. The report also finds that increasing levels of trust between the public and the private sector would facilitate the creation of innovative climate information delivery models based on public-private engagement (PPE). Other key recommendations to enhance agromet services include continuing to invest in the technical and human capacity of the region's NMSs, increasing collaboration between NMSs and agricultural extension services, and establishing clear regulatory frameworks on digitalization and open data
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Aihounton, Ghislain Does Agricultural Intensification Pay?
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Farm Performance ; Food Security ; Intensification ; Rice Farmers ; Rural Transformaiton ; Rural Transformation ; Smallholder Labor Productivity ; Specialization
    Abstract: Modern inputs and mechanization are promoted across Africa to raise smallholder labor productivity and broker the structural transformation. Yet, adoption has remained low and the implications for returns to labor and labor allocation remain poorly understood. This paper explores the effects of different intensification packages on farm performance, market orientation, and food security using data from lowland rice farmers in Cote d'Ivoire. Employing a multinomial treatment effect model, the findings reveal that intensification increases land and labor productivity, especially when agro-chemicals and mechanized land preparation are combined. Returns to labor double to triple, inducing specialization and greater market orientation as well as greater food security, while productively releasing agricultural labor for other activities. Labor in agriculture becomes more waged. The gender balance remains the same. Child labor input does not decrease. The findings call for greater attention to labor productivity and confirm that agricultural intensification can pay and enhance rural transformation
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (60 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lerva, Benedetta The Monetary Value of Externalities: Experimental Evidence from Ugandan Farmers
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Economic Development ; Externalities ; Field Experiments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Networks ; Technology Adoption ; Willingness To Pay
    Abstract: Understanding the value of the externalities associated with a technology is crucial to correctly estimate the welfare benefits of public policies and investments. Suboptimal adoption rates of agricultural technologies in low-income countries partly result from farmers not fully internalizing the positive externalities of adoption. This paper designs an experiment to measure the monetary value of the externalities of an agricultural pest-control technology; it elicits a farmer's willingness-to-pay for another farmer to adopt the technology, as a measure of the externalities generated by the other farmer. The findings show that externalities are large, as mean willingness-to-pay for others is equal to two days' wage, or half the willingness-to-pay for themselves. Willingness-to-pay for another farmer depends on social proximity (as it is easier to learn about the technology from closer connections), and the distance between their two plots (as pest-control is more beneficial for plot neighbors). Targeting the technology to farmers with geographically central plots and more socially connected farmers generates greater positive externalities and more social value than targeting farmers with the highest willingness-to-pay for themselves
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andree, Bo Pieter Johannes Machine Learning Imputation of High Frequency Price Surveys in Papua New Guinea
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Food Security ; Economic Shocks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Prices ; Inflation ; Machine Learning Advances ; Macroeconomic Monitoring ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Capabilities to track fast-moving economic developments re-main limited in many regions of the developing world. This complicates prioritizing policies aimed at supporting vulnerable populations. To gain insight into the evolution of fluid events in a data scarce context, this paper explores the ability of recent machine-learning advances to produce continuous data in near-real-time by imputing multiple entries in ongoing surveys. The paper attempts to track inflation in fresh produce prices at the local market level in Papua New Guinea, relying only on incomplete and intermittent survey data. This application is made challenging by high intra-month price volatility, low cross-market price correlations, and weak price trends. The modeling approach uses chained equations to produce an ensemble prediction for multiple price quotes simultaneously. The paper runs cross-validation of the prediction strategy under different designs in terms of markets, foods, and time periods covered. The results show that when the survey is well-designed, imputations can achieve accuracy that is attractive when compared to costly-and logistically often infeasible-direct measurement. The methods have wider applicability and could help to fill crucial data gaps in data scarce regions such as the Pacific Islands, especially in conjunction with specifically designed continuous surveys
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Energy ; Environment ; Green Infrastructure ; Hydro Power ; Landscape Restoration ; Sustainable Land Management ; Vakhsh River ; Water
    Abstract: This report outlines the main results of a study conducted to assess the potential role of landscape restoration/nature-based solutions/green infrastructure in the Vakhsh River Basin, Tajikistan, to reduce the impacts of soil erosion on the hydropower cascade, increase agricultural productivity, improve livelihoods, and inform about investment opportunities. This assessment finds sediment sources and loadings in the Vakhsh River Basin, considers the potential correlation between soil erosion and sedimentation in hydropower reservoirs, proposes possible and cost-effective landscape restoration measures, and estimates the value of ecosystem services provided. The study also presents recommendations for implementing the proposed interventions for the Vakhsh River Basin and for scaling up to other degraded areas throughout the country
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Englander, Gabriel The Value of Information in a Congested Fishery
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Fishery Congestion ; Fishery Profits ; Fishing Data ; Fishing Efficiency ; Fishing Industry ; Industry ; Peruvian Anchoveta ; Private Sector Development ; Value of Information
    Abstract: Congestion can reduce the value of a fishery, resulting in a lower total catch for the same amount of labor, fuel, and equipment expended in fishing activities. Absent the congestion externality, better information about the location and size of fish stocks enables fishers to make more efficient decisions. However, more precise information can cause fishers to converge on the same location or increase fishing at the same time. The cost of the resulting increased congestion can outweigh the direct benefit of better information. This paper identifies the circumstances where an increase in the precision of public and/or private information (about stock size or location) lowers industry profits. Using high-resolution data from Peru's anchoveta fishery, the world's largest by catch volume, the research reveals that despite considerable congestion, more precise private information would increase expected profits. On the other hand, the profit impact of more precise public information is positive but significantly smaller. This difference reflects the fact that public information increases congestion to a much greater extent, compared to private information. The policy implications are that improving private information about fish stocks-for example through firms investing in forecasting and decision-making technology-could increase industry profits. But anchoveta fishers would not necessarily benefit from more precise public information. As fishery managers control the accessibility and disclosure of information, decisions to make private information public, such as publishing near real-time catch data, could potentially lower fisher profits
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (65 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bloem, Jeffrey R Herder-Related Violence, Agricultural Work, and the Informal Sector as a Safety Net
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conflict ; Farmers and Herders ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Related Violence ; Informality ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Safety Net ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Violence
    Abstract: Violent conflict between nomadic herders and settled--mostly agricultural--communities in Nigeria occurs as both groups clash over the use of land and resources, in part, due to a changing climate. This paper uses panel data from 2010 through 2019 to study the labor responses of individuals to exposure to herder-related violence during the post-planting and post-harvest seasons. Specifically, it considers a "shadow of violence" channel, where recent exposure to a violent event alters labor-related responses to a subsequent event. Results find that in the post-planting season, exposure to a herder-related violent event leads to an increase in informal work for both men and women, a decrease in agricultural work for men, and an increase in total hours worked for women among households that have previously been exposed to herder-related violence in the preceding six months. The paper also considers two other specific forms for a "shadow of violence" channel--namely, raised tensions over open-grazing bans enacted in 2016 and 2017 within three states and a drastic peak in violence in the first half of 2018-- and find similar results. Lastly, findings show how household exposure to violence can have so-called knock-on effects. Households exposed to herder-related violence in the previous post-planting season shift consumption and crop selling patterns in the post-harvest season. These findings highlight the gender-specific labor response to violence and document the role of the informal sector as a partial safety net for individuals in the presence of adverse shocks
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Englander, Gabriel A Fish Cartel for Africa
    Keywords: Agricultural Industry ; Agriculture ; Cooperative Market Power Shift ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Fishing Industry ; Fishing Rights ; Fishing Rights Cartel ; Industry ; Integration ; Marine Biomass ; Reproducible Research Repository ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Many countries sell fishing rights to foreign nations and fishers. Although African coastal waters are among the world's most biologically rich, African countries earn much less than their peers from selling access to foreign fishers. African countries sell fishing access individually (in contrast to some Pacific countries that sell access as a bloc). This paper develops a bilateral oligopoly model to simulate the effects of an African fish cartel. The model shows that wielding market power entails both ecological and economic dimensions. Africa would substantially restrict access catch, which would increase biomass by 16 percent. This would confer economic benefits to all African nations, raising profits by an average of 23 percent. These benefits arise because market power shifts from foreign buyers to African sellers. Although impediments to sustainable development, like corruption, are hard to change in the medium term, deeper African integration is an already emerging solution to African countries' economic and ecological challenges
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2193
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Agriculture ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Fiscal Consolidation ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Gender Gaps ; Greening Agriculture ; Inflation ; Labor Markets ; Low Labor Force ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty ; Skills Development and Labor Force Training ; Western Balkans
    Abstract: In the context of weakening global demand, growth in the Western Balkans decelerated over the course of 2022 and into 2023. Against the background of the lasting effects of shocks from Russia's invasion of Ukraine, sticky inflation, and tighter financial conditions, global demand has been weakening, and this has a divergent impact across the Western Balkans (WB6). On the one hand, the slowdown in global demand contributed to weaker-than expected performance of industrial production in the whole European Union (EU) region and in the WB6. On the other hand, global demand has proved more resilient in services and, for travel, with twice as many people traveling globally during Q1 2023 as in the same period in 2022 (UNWTO). This has particularly benefited Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro, where services exports have reached new record highs. In contrast, weakening global demand for goods has weighed on Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), North Macedonia and Serbia. On the demand side, private consumption remained in general an important growth driver, despite rising price pressures. Reforms are needed to consolidate the recovery toward sustainable growth, while negotiations with the EU hold the potential to bolster prospects in the Western Balkans. As the WB6 agriculture sector is undergoing a major structural transformation, efforts to green agriculture are also important to ensure access to the EU market and for the competitiveness of agriculture, rural development, and food and nutrition security. Most WB6 countries have recently included agriculture greening in their development strategies. Historically, the environmental footprint of the WB6 agriculture sector has been relatively low. But this has been more an unintended outcome of still high rurality and low farming intensity rather than a result of public policy and expenditure choices. Agricultural public expenditures, while substantial in terms of amounts and adequate to influence agricultural production, have not yet prioritized financing of greening and climate-smart agriculture. It is important for the WB6 countries to accelerate greening of their agriculture by learning from the EU's green transition and better utilization of the existing public funds available for agricultural development
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (526 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Finance ; Agriculture ; Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Farmer Cooperatives ; Farmer Cooperatives Training ; Gender and Agriculture ; ICT4Ag ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Smallholder Farmers ; Smallholder Supply Chains ; Smallholders
    Abstract: Smallholder farmers are the stewards of more than 80 percent of the world's farms. These small family businesses produce about one-third of the world's food. In Africa and Asia, smallholders dominate the production of food crops, as well as export commodities such as cocoa, coffee, and cotton. However, smallholders and farm workers remain among the poorest segments of the population, and they are on the frontline of climate change. Smallholder farmers face constraints in accessing inputs, finance, knowledge, technology, labor, and markets. Raising farm-level productivity in a sustainable way is a key development priority. Agribusinesses are increasingly working with smallholder farmers in low- and middle-income countries to secure agricultural commodities. More productive smallholders boost rural incomes and economic growth, as well as reduce poverty. Smallholders also represent a growing underserved market for farm inputs, information, and financial services. Working with Smallholders: A Handbook for Firms Building Sustainable Supply Chains (third edition) shows agribusinesses how to engage more effectively with smallholders and to develop sustainable, resilient, and productive supply chains. The book compiles practical solutions and cutting-edge ideas to overcome the challenges facing smallholders. This third edition is substantially revised from the second edition and incorporates new material on the potential for digital technologies and sustainable farming. This handbook is written principally to outline opportunities for the private sector. The content may also be useful to the staffs of governmental or nongovernmental development programs working with smallholders, as well as to academic and research institutions
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (24 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Matekenya, Dunstan Malnourished but not Destitute: The Spatial Interplay between Nutrition and Poverty in Madagascar
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Development Patterns and Poverty ; Equity and Development ; Food Insecurity ; Food Security ; Hidden Hunger ; International Economics and Trade ; Malnutrition ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation ; Sustainable Development Goals
    Abstract: Hidden hunger, or micronutrient deficiencies, is a serious public health issue affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide. Identifying areas with high prevalence of hidden hunger is crucial for targeted interventions and effective resource allocation. However, conventional methods such as nutritional assessments and dietary surveys are expensive and time-consuming, rendering them unsustainable for developing countries. This study proposes an alternative approach to estimating the prevalence of hidden hunger at the commune level in Madagascar by combining data from the household budget survey and the Demographic and Health Survey. The study employs small area estimation techniques to borrow strength from the recent census and produce precise and accurate estimates at the lowest administrative level. The findings reveal that 17.9 percent of stunted children reside in non-poor households, highlighting the ineffectiveness of using poverty levels as a targeting tool for identifying stunted children. The findings also show that 21.3 percent of non-stunted children live in impoverished households, reinforcing Sen's argument that malnutrition is not solely a product of destitution. These findings emphasize the need for tailored food security interventions designed for specific geographical areas with clustered needs rather than employing uniform nutrition policies. The study concludes by outlining policies that are appropriate for addressing various categories of hidden hunger
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agriculture Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Dietary Habits ; Food Security ; Income
    Abstract: This report is a product of the World Bank's monitoring efforts in Myanmar and provides an in-depth look at the country's agricultural sector and food security status. This study examines intertwined challenges, falling crop yields, escalating food costs, deteriorating dietary habits, changing income sources, and shifting labor dynamics among farmers. In doing so, this analysis aims to illuminate the complex dynamics affecting households and communities nationwide. It offers essential insights for stakeholders seeking to address these pressing issues
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kassa, Woubet Food Insecurity Erodes Trust
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Experiential Measures of Food Insecurity ; Food Insecurity ; Food Insecurity Experience Scale ; Food Security ; Gallup World Poll ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Social Contract ; Trust
    Abstract: This study examines the relationship between food insecurity and trust using the 2014-17 waves of the Gallup World Poll and the Food and Agriculture Organization's Food Insecurity Experience Scale. Trust improves public institutions, social capital, public health interventions, and economic development. Vertical trust is represented as an index of trust in national institutions, while horizontal trust is represented as a measure of trust in friends and family. The findings show that food insecurity is associated with a decrease in both measures of trust. The study further document heterogeneous effects of food insecurity across economic development rankings. The results suggest a need for governments to increase food security to bolster public trust, strengthen the social contract, and enhance the effectiveness of development efforts
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (101 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Behrer, A. Patrick Man or Machine? Environmental Consequences of Wage Driven Mechanization in Indian Agriculture
    Keywords: Agricultural Fire ; Agriculture ; Air Pollution ; Environment ; Mahatma Ghandi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ; Mechanized Agriculture ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Labor Market Shocks ; Structural Change
    Abstract: This paper uses an exogenous shock to wages from the world's largest anti-poverty program to show that higher wages can lead to increased air pollution, likely by inducing farmers to shift into a labor-saving and mechanized production process. Using a difference-in-differences approach on the staggered roll-out of India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), combined with data on nearly 1 million fires, the paper shows that the frequency of agricultural fires increases by 21 percent after the shock. The increase in fires is concentrated in districts that appear more likely to mechanize the harvest. MNREGA did not lead to changes in area planted or tonnage produced in fire intensive crops. The estimates show that nationally, the shock increased the rate of particulate emissions from biomass burning by 30 to 50 percent. The results suggest that absent policies to correct for environmental externalities of mechanization at all stages of development, labor market shocks may lead to inefficient levels of mechanization
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  • 42
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ebadi, Ebad Fit for (Re)Purpose? A New Look at the Spatial Distribution of Agricultural Subsidies
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture Subsidy ; Distribution ; Environmental Degradation ; Fertilizer ; Inequality ; Nitrogen Pollution
    Abstract: Agricultural subsidies make up a large share of public budgets, exceeding 40 percent of total agricultural production value in some countries. Subsidies are often important components of government strategies to raise agricultural productivity, support agricultural households, and promote food security. They do so by reducing production costs, promoting the use of inputs or modern farming techniques, encouraging the production of certain crops, and raising household incomes. Given the magnitude of these subsidies, their distributional implications and the externalities they impose on the environment are of significant consequence. This paper uses a new spatial analysis to explore the distributional implications of agricultural output subsidies across 16 countries/regions and the distributional and select environmental implications of input subsidies across 23 countries/regions. The findings show that, relative to the spatial distribution of income, both types of subsidy are distributionally mixed. Output subsidies are relatively progressive in 10 countries/regions and regressive in six, while input subsidies are relatively progressive in 11 countries/regions, regressive in nine, and neutral in three. The results also show that input subsidy schemes significantly increase fertilizer use, particularly in richer regions within countries, leading to soil saturation of nitrogen, an indicator of accelerated environmental degradation
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  • 43
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Acquaculture Mismanagement ; Acquaculture Pollution ; Agriculture ; Coastal and Marine Environment ; Coastal and Marine Resources ; Discarded Fishing Equipment ; Environment ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Marine Plastic Debris ; Marine Plastic Pollution Mitigation ; Pollution Management and Control ; Water Resources
    Abstract: The Government of Indonesia's (GoI) National Plan of Action on Marine Plastic Debris (NPOA-MPD 2017-2025) outlines the ambitious objective of reducing marine plastic debris by seventy percent by 2025. Abandoned, Lost and Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG) is a major component of sea-based sources of marine debris, and is another important sea-based source of plastic leakage. The cultivation of marine and aquatic species, including seaweed, uses plastic components such as buoys, ropes, harvest bins and feed sacks. The primary pathways for plastic leakage from aquaculture include mismanagement, deliberate discharge, extreme weather and catastrophic events such as tsunamis. The impacts of fishery and aquaculture plastic pollution on the environment, economy, livelihoods and food security are significant. The scale of these impacts on fisheries, marine ecosystems and human users has prompted international action. Managing and mitigating plastic pollution from fisheries and aquaculture has the potential to contribute to Indonesia's marine plastic debris targets while also providing economic opportunities. This report presents options for reducing ALDFG and ALDAG in Indonesia, and improving the management and use of End-of-life fishing gear (EOLFG)
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender Disparities ; Inequality ; Informal Workers ; Jobs Diagnostic ; Labor Disparities ; Labor Markets ; Labor Standards ; Labor Supply ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Good quality jobs are key to accelerating poverty reduction and enhancing social cohesion in Togo. Following a decade of significant progress in reducing poverty, the COVID-19 pandemic and of Russia's invasion of Ukraine are likely to have reversed some of these gains in living standards, however. The creation of more good quality jobs plays a key role in any country's poverty reduction efforts, and will be essential to recover from recent shocks and reinforce earlier gains made in Togo. International research also points to lack of economic opportunities and insufficient social services as key drivers of radicalization of young people. Security threats in the northern region of the country have been growing, with terrorist attacks in Burkina Faso close to the Togolese border increasing in number and severity since 2018, and a first attack reported on Togolese territory in November 2021 in the Savanes region. Access to good quality jobs with a stable income for young Togolese will thus also be part of the solution to the security threats
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Armed Conflict ; Children and Education ; Civil War ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Displacement ; Food Security ; Food Unaffordability ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Humanitarian Response ; Limited Health Care ; Living Costs ; Living Standards ; Poverty Reduction ; Reduced Food Intake ; Repeated Shocks
    Abstract: This report highlights respondents' lived experiences during Yemen's conflict as experts of their own experiences. This report aims to present the voices of Yemenis who have now spent eight years living through a civil war, economic crisis, and close to famine. This report is among the few authentically capturing Yemeni voices on a range of day-to-day issues from different governorates across the country. But arguably the small sample size limits ability to generalize findings. However, generalizing findings was not the intention of the report. For each theme, 'Voices from Yemen' presents a multi-stakeholder perspective to mitigate bias towards a single stakeholder group or geographical area. Moreover, the report's findings are in line with those in quantitative reports, such as 'Surviving in the Times of War' or the 'World Bank Phone Survey' report on food security. 'Voices from Yemen' presents a comprehensive picture of suffering derived from human stories behind the statistics. The conflict has made Yemeni lives unaffordable, uncertain, vulnerable, and often unbearable. The power of people's speech and the intensity of their stories narrate their grave vulnerabilities and the sense of helplessness and suffering the conflict has caused
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Arroyo-Marioli, Francisco Forecasting Industrial Commodity Prices: Literature Review and a Model Suite
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Commodity Price Forecasting ; Contingency Planning ; Economic Forecasting ; Energy ; Energy and Natural Resources ; Futures Prices ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Metals Price ; Natural Resource Revenue ; Oil Price Forecasting
    Abstract: Almost two-thirds of emerging market and developing economies rely heavily on resource sectors for economic activity, fiscal and export revenues. In these economies, economic planning requires sound baseline projections for the global prices of the commodities they rely on and a sense of the risks around such baseline projections. This paper presents a model suite to prepare well-founded forecasts for the global prices for oil and six industrial metals (aluminum, copper, lead, nickel, tin, and zinc). The model suite adapts six approaches used in the literature and tests their forecast performance. Broadly speaking, futures prices or bivariate correlations performed well at short horizons, and consensus forecasts and a large-scale macroeconometric model performed well at long horizons. The strength of Bayesian vector autoregression models lies in generating forecast scenarios. The sizable forecast error bands generated by the model suite highlight the need for policy makers to engage in careful contingency planning for higher or lower prices
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zavala, Lucas Quality Regulation Creates and Reallocates Trade
    Keywords: Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; International Economics and Trade ; Market Concentration ; Non-Tariff Trade Measures ; Phytosanitary Regulation ; Quality Regulation ; Reallocation ; Sanitary Trade Barriers ; Trade Facilitation ; Trade Policy ; Trade Quota
    Abstract: Quality regulation has become the dominant instrument of trade policy. Panel evidence shows that regulations classified as sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade both increase trade on average. Other non-tariff measures like quotas decrease trade. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures reallocate trade from lower-income exporting countries to higher-income exporting countries, while technical barriers to trade measures do the opposite. Sanitary and phytosanitary and technical barriers to trade measures increase the sales concentration of exporting firms from lower-income countries, but do not affect the concentration of exporting firms from higher-income countries or importing firms. The costs of quality regulation are primarily borne by exporting firms, especially in lower-income countries
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2162
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Commercial Sectors ; Domestic Private Financing ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Growth ; Industry ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Private Sector Investment ; Social Sectors
    Abstract: In March 2023, the Second Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA2) identified USD 411 billion worth of investments required for Ukraine's reconstruction. The World Bank Group's new report "Private Sector Opportunities for a Green and Resilient Reconstruction in Ukraine", developed in cooperation with Ukraine's government, assesses the potential for private financing to meet these needs under both a status quo scenario and a scenario with reforms and other sectoral interventions
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2114
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Blue-Fish World ; Climate Change Impact ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate-Resilient ; Coastal Communities ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Fisheries and Aquaculture ; Ocean Economy
    Abstract: With 17,504 islands, 108,000 kilometers of coastline, and three-quarters of its territory at sea, Indonesia's prosperity is deeply entwined with its oceans. Yet the future for Indonesia's oceans, like those worldwide, is increasingly uncertain. Climate change is driving increases in water temperatures, storm severity, and sea level rise, causing shifts in coastal ecosystems and fisheries. These trends pose challenges for Indonesia's ocean economy and the people it supports. Indonesia's fisheries are at the center of these challenges. The fisheries sector contributes US26.9 billion dollars annually to the national economy (around 2.6 percent of GDP), 50 percent of the country's protein, and over 7 million jobs (World Bank 2021). The impact of climate change on the fisheries sector will thus have important implications for livelihoods, food security, and economic growth. While this is true around the world, few countries have fishery resources as vast as Indonesia's or depend as much as Indonesia does on fisheries for jobs and protein. As this report highlights, the importance of ensuring productive and sustainable fisheries in the face of a changing climate is well-recognized. The Government of Indonesia is taking steps toward a climate-resilient marine and coastal economy through investment in infrastructure, technology, capacity-building, and governance. Strategies and actions are outlined in the Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), the Climate Resilient Development Policy 2020- 2045, and the List of Priority Locations and Climate Resilient Actions prepared by the Ministry of National Development Planning (Bappenas). Climate resilience is being prioritized by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF)
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 40347
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Economic Growth ; Economic Value of Forests ; Environment ; Forest Biodiversity ; Forests and Climate Change ; Global Environmental Committment ; Public Sector Development ; Sustainable Development Goals ; Windfire Risk Management
    Abstract: Lebanon's forest landscapes are unique in the Mediterranean region and, over the centuries, have provided multiple socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental benefits. However, societal changes have had a significant impact on these landscapes, putting them at risk of further degradation. Lifestyle changes and restrictions on access to forests and woodlands have contributed to the abandonment of traditional community use, management, and protection of forests. This neglect has left forests vulnerable to arson, vandalism, and natural disasters. This Lebanon Forest Note articulates opportunities for supporting the protection and sustainable management of Lebanon's forest landscapes. It considers the increasing pressure on natural resources due to anthropogenic activities/stresses, as well as their increased vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters, especially forest fires. The note presents a forward-looking business case for Lebanon to protects its forest ecosystem services, while increasing the socioeconomic benefits for Lebanon's sustainable development goals and global environmental commitments
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2199
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) ; Central Asia ; Covid-19 ; Ecosystem Transformations ; Education Reform and Management ; Food Safety ; Food Systems Resilience ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Applications ; International Economics and Trade ; Livestock ; One Health Approach ; Regional Cooperation
    Abstract: Central Asia has made much progress in public health and animal health in the last 20 years but was as unprepared as other regions in the world to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. The region also faces challenges from other emerging diseases, re-emerging diseases, and climate change. Since 2020, the Central Asian regional economies, as the rest of the world, have faced two shocks - the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Animal diseases do not respect borders and remain a public health concern because of the possible transmission of pathogens to humans. They can spread quickly from one country to another, with impact on animal health, trade, food security, food safety and possibly creating public health emergencies. One Health is an approach that allows for addressing human, animal, and ecosystem health issues through intersectoral action, to prevent, detect, respond to, and recover from infectious diseases, with an endpoint of improving global health security and achieving gains in development. The World Bank has been actively engaged in Central Asia for over two decades and is well-placed to act as a convener able to provide regional program-design expertise and implementation support for a One Health program. The findings of this report will support the preparation of the Central Asia One Health Framework for Action by providing recommendations for activities which can be further supported through public spending, private investments, and other financial resources
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Accommodation and ; Agriculture ; Aquaculture ; Economic Growth ; Fisheries and ; Fisheries Sector ; Growth Potential ; Human Capital ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Regionalization ; Tourism Industry ; Tourism Sector
    Abstract: Comoros is at the crossroads to redefine its future and become an upper-middle income country by 2050, but this would require implementing an ambitious reform agenda that focuses on increasing productivity and private investment. The current business-as-usual policy framework has delivered low private investment and human capital, sectoral growth below potential, and no poverty eradication. Pursuing this policy framework, which would not allow Comoros to reach the GDP growth target of 7.5 percent by 2030 laid out in the national development plan, could result in GDP per capita of USD 1,890 and a poverty rate of 22.9 percent by 2050. By contrast, under a policy framework of ambitious reforms that include measures to increase inclusiveness, Comoros could reach a GDP per capita of USD 3,934 and reduce the poverty rate to below 5 percent by 2050. Supported by the continuous implementation of ambitious reforms, such a level of GDP per capita could have Comoros reach upper-middle-income status by 2050. Under this ambitious reform agenda, private investment would average 11.9 percent of GDP in 2023-2050, and total factor productivity growth would average 1.45 percentage points per year during the same period
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Agriculture ; Economic Growth ; GDP ; High Poverty Rate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector ; Rural Development ; Rural Economy ; Slow Growth
    Abstract: This Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) argues for a significant shift in policy to enable a virtuous cycle of sustained and inclusive economic growth, outlined infive building blocks. Chapter 1 identifies policy priorities to restore the macroeconomic fundamentals for growth through fiscal reform, debt sustainability, external rebalancing, and monetary stability. The following three chapters address three core structural constraints to growth and propose key reforms to accelerate agricultural commercialization and improve rural labor markets (Chapter 2), enable the private sector to drive productivity growth (Chapter 3), and catalyze exports and foreign investment (Chapter 4). Acknowledging that implementing key growth-enhancing policies--be they macroeconomic or structural--are the result of complex political economy and governance arrangements, Chapter 5 focuses on how past Malawian successes can inform future sectoral policies, reforms, and strategies to achieve the goals outlined in the Malawi 2063
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Economic Growth ; Food Safety ; Livestock ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive landscaping review of the livestock sub-sector in Sindh, as well as an analysis of past and ongoing interventions and lessons learned, to identify possible opportunities for supporting private sector-driven growth of the livestock sub-sector to ultimately achieve the 3 objectives of inclusive, competitive, and green development of livestock value chains. The main sources of information were the available bibliography as well as interviews with stakeholders. alone generates 36 percent of this amount. This calls for adequate measures to reduce livestock emissions through better feeding and manure management. The main environmental threat posed by livestock comes from the cattle colonies located in the suburbs of major cities, which generate massive pollution of surface and groundwater, pose a very high risk of disease outbreak and represent a major public health problem. The main domains that would require further investigation in order to draw a more comprehensive and detailed picture of the livestock sub-sector in Sindh will be: (i) access to finance and insurance, (ii) a meat and poultry value chain analysis, (iii) gender aspects in livestock value chains, and (iv) anassessment of emissions and mitigations opportunities
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Ecosystems and Natural Habitats ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Environmentally Protected Areas ; Food Security ; Natural Resources
    Abstract: Humanity is embedded in nature and depends profoundly on the goods and services it generates. Future economic development and well-being hinge on healthy and resilient ecosystems that provide our food and raw materials, drinking water, clean air, and the stability of the climate system. More than half of the world's gross domestic product (GDP) is generated in sectors such as construction and agriculture that depend on ecosystem services (WEF 2020), making nature relevant not only to policymakers, but also business and financial leaders. The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration is an initiative led by the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, which aims to drive the restoration of one billion hectares of degraded land between now and 2030. The UN Decade is a rallying call for the protection and revival of ecosystems around the world, for the benefit of people and nature. Only with healthy ecosystems can we enhance people's livelihoods, counteract climate change, and stop the collapse of biodiversity. The UN Decade Finance Task Force (FTF), chaired by the World Bank, aims to catalyze action which can contribute to unlocking the capital needed to meet the Decade's goals. 'Unlocking Restoration Finance: A Stocktake Report' is the first in a series of outputs of the FTF. This report provides an overview of the current challenges to and opportunities for increasing public and private investment in restoration. It looks at innovative approaches to financing restoration activities taken by actors in the public, private, or non-profit sectors and the potential for these to be replicated or scaled. The report also lays out a draft roadmap of actions the FTF will take to overcome challenges and contribute to scaling investment in restoration
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (292 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Commodities ; Commodity Markets ; Commodity Prices ; Economic Growth ; Energy ; Energy Transition ; Metal ; Resources ; Substitution
    Abstract: Commodity markets are integral to the global economy. Understanding what drives developments of these markets is critical to the design of policy frameworks that facilitate the economic objectives of sustainable growth, inflation stability, poverty reduction, food security, and the mitigation of climate change. This study is the first comprehensive analysis examining market and policy developments for all commodity groups, including energy, metals, and agriculture, over the past century. It finds that, while the quantity of commodities consumed has risen enormously, driven by population and income growth, the relative importance of commodities has shifted over time, as technological innovation created new uses for some materials and facilitated substitution among commodities. The study also shows that commodity markets are heterogeneous in terms of their drivers, price behavior, and macroeconomic impact on emerging markets and developing economies, and that the relationship between economic growth and commodity demand varies widely across countries, depending on their stage of economic development. Policy frameworks that enable countercyclical macroeconomic responses have become increasingly common-and beneficial. Other policy tools have had mixed outcomes. Discussions about commodity-exporting emerging markets are often based on ideas without empirical or analytical support. This book is a great contribution to improve our understanding of those economies, based on rigorous research. It provides robust empirical evidence including a long-term perspective on commodity prices. It also contains very thoughtful policy analysis, with implications for resilience, macroeconomic policies, and development strategies. It will be a key reference for scholars as well as policy makers. Jose De Gregorio Dean of the School of Economics and Business Universidad de Chile Former Minister of Economy, Mining and Energy and Former Governor of the Central Bank of Chile A sound understanding of commodity markets is more essential than ever in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy commodities. This volume offers an excellent, comprehensive, and very timely analysis of the wide range of factors that affect commodity markets. It carefully surveys historical and future trends in commodity supply, demand, and prices, and offers detailed policy proposals to avoid the havoc that turbulent commodity markets can cause on the economies of commodity exporters and importers. Rick Van der Ploeg Research Director of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of Resource-Rich Economies University of Oxford
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agriculture Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Forests ; Investments ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Eco-Environmental Expenditures ; Public Expenditures ; Water ; Water Resources
    Abstract: In recent decades, the Chinese government has placed great importance on developing agriculture and rural areas, adopting policies, and increasing public expenditures targeting these. China's agricultural policies and support mechanisms have evolved, responding to emerging challenges and reflecting shifts in broader national policy and strategic efforts. These interventions had a modest impact on grain production and provided a more significant boost to rural incomes yet gave rise to significant market distortions and unintended consequences. The composition and patterns of public expenditures for agriculture reflect this dynamic evolution and changing priorities concerning the development of China's agriculture and rural areas. This report analyses in some depth the changing scale and structure of pertinent public expenditures and briefly synthesizes the available evidence regarding the efficacy of certain expenditures (and the policies to which they are connected). Among the major observations made in the report regarding agriculture-related public expenditures are the following: first, the central and local governments have allocated considerable resources over the past two decades to support agricultural and rural development. Second, the composition of public expenditure classified as agriculture, forestry, and water conservancy (AFW) has changed dramatically in recent years. Third, the public expenditure involving direct support for agriculture peaked in 2015 and has since declined, while public expenditure on general support services has increased and diversified. Fourth, public eco-environmental expenditures have increased considerably and taken on a wide range of different forms. Finally, spatial differences in public expenditures supporting AFW and green agricultural development are worth noting and require additional attention, given the increasing dominance of local governments in delivering agricultural programs and investments
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Debt Arrears ; Debt-To-Gdp ; Economic Recovery ; GDP ; Gross Domestic Product ; High Oil Prices ; International Economics and Trade ; Poverty Reduction ; Sustainability
    Abstract: Gabon's economic recovery has been intensifying, with oil and other commodities projected to drive GDP growth to 2.7 percent in 2022, up from 1.5 percent in 2021. The fiscal stance improved in 2021 amid contained spending and is expected to turn into a surplus in 2022. While debt-to-GDP remains sustainable amidst gradual economic recovery and high oil prices, debt arrears remain high. The uptick in oil prices compensated for the decline in production and led to a trade surplus in 2021, which is expected to remain high in 2022. Food insecurity could be exacerbated by the ongoing war in Ukraine as Gabon is highly vulnerable to shocks in the agricultural sector. The government has adopted plans to increase agricultural production. Despite the government's efforts to increase agricultural production, Gabon's agricultural trade remains hampered by structural bottlenecks related to weak supporting infrastructure, the high number of intermediaries, and price uncertainty. Informal payments and obstacles for imports into Gabon, including petty harassment, add to already high import duties and can contribute to informality, unpredictability, and delays in border crossing and transport network. Reducing petty harassment would support trade in agriculture, reduce the overall cost of living for the population, and foster economic growth in Gabon
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Energy ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Housing Finance ; Private Investment ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Renewable Energy
    Abstract: Since achieving independence in 1990, Namibia's remarkable growth has been fueled by foreign direct investment and enabled by prudent economic management. Since 2016, however, growth has declined steadily and the economy fell into recession, exposing the vulnerability of Namibia's economic growth model to external and climate shocks. These challenges were exacerbated by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, an economic slowdown in neighboring South Africa, worsening terms of trade on the back of declining global demand and commodity prices, a decline in Southern African Customs Union (SACU) revenues, and the effects of crippling droughts on agricultural and industrial production. Namibia has very high levels of poverty and inequality, which are largely driven by high levels of unemployment. The primary objective of this Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) is to identify near and medium-term reform opportunities to revitalize the private sector and help reposition Namibia's growth on a green, resilient, and inclusive trajectory. This CPSD explores priority reform opportunities to address five cross-cutting bottlenecks: (1) enhancing the role and performance of the state-owned enterprise (SOE) sector through a more effective competition policy environment; (2) strengthening implementation of the public-private partnership (PPP) framework to expand private investments, especially in infrastructure; (3) leveraging the potential for digital transformation of the economy; (4) addressing inefficiencies in logistics and trade facilitation; and (5) tapping opportunities in the water sector for green and resilient growth. The diagnostic then looks in depth at three sectors prioritized by the Namibian government - renewable energy, climate-smart agribusiness, and housing, and provides recommendations for reducing sector-specific bottlenecks to stimulate growth potential
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Asset Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Structures
    Abstract: The demand for more efficient use of land and water resources to enable farmers to produce food using climate-resilient processes continues to grow in the face of a growing global population and the impacts of climate change and other shocks such as Coronavirus (COVID-19). Although irrigation has been widely promoted as important for productivity and resilience, it has not been sufficiently expanded. Large, well-established irrigation projects developed by public institutions and select private sector projects play an important role in providing access to irrigation, but they are insufficient to meet need. In parallel, farmers have been developing effective small-scale irrigation (SSI) options that include a range of technologies, financing methods, and operating models. International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) are global organizations focused on promoting resilient agriculture and food system transformation. This handbook takes a practical approach in guiding its target readers, which comprise policy makers, governments and government agencies, private sector actors, and development institution partners, on how to deliver effective design and operation strategies, combined with financing models, to implement and sustainably expand use of irrigation
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Productivity ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agricultural Subsidies ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; International Food Policy Research Institute ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: The report finds that repurposing a portion of government spending on agriculture each year to develop and disseminate more emission-efficient technologies for crops and livestock could reduce overall emissions from agriculture by more than 40 percent. Meanwhile, millions of hectares of land could be restored to natural habitats. The economic payoffs to this type of repurposing would be large. Redirecting about USD 70 billion a year, equivalent to one percent of global agricultural output, would yield a net benefit of over USD 2 trillion in 20 years
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (62 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Markhof, Yannick Valentin Measuring Disaster Crop Production Losses using Survey Microdata: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impact ; Crop Management ; Disaster Risk Reduction Strategies ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Environment ; Flood ; Food Security ; Natural Disasters ; Post Disaster Needs Assessment ; Science of Climate Change
    Abstract: Every year, disasters account for billions of dollars in crop production losses in low- and middle-income countries and particularly threaten the lives and livelihoods of those depending on agriculture. With climate change accelerating, this burden will likely increase in the future and accurate, micro-level measurement of crop losses will be important to understand disasters' implications for livelihoods, prevent humanitarian crises, and build future resilience. Survey data present a large, rich, highly disaggregated information source that is trialed and tested to the specifications of smallholder agriculture common in low- and middle-income countries. However, to tap into this potential, a thorough understanding of and robust methodology for measuring disaster crop production losses in survey microdata is essential. This paper exploits plot-level panel data for almost 20,000 plots on 8,000 farms in three Sub-Saharan African countries with information on harvest, input use, and different proxies of losses; household and community-level data; as well data from other sources such as crop cutting and survey experiments, to provide new insights into the reliability of survey-based crop loss estimates and their attribution to disasters. The paper concludes with concrete recommendations for methodology and survey design and identifies key avenues for further research
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  • 63
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (97 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kadigo, Mark Marvin How to Cope with a Refugee Shock? Evidence from Uganda
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Civil War ; Demographic Composition ; Displaced Population ; Education ; Educational Sciences ; Employment and Unemployment ; Female Refugees ; Humanitarian Assistance ; International Border ; Labor Markets ; Number Of Refugees ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wages, Compensation and Benefits
    Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa hosts a large proportion of the world's refugees, raising concerns about the consequences of hosting refugees. This paper focuses on Uganda, which is the largest refugee hosting country in Africa and is praised for its progressive refugee policy. The paper analyzes the effects of hosting refugees, relying on longitudinal data and an instrumental variable approach. The results indicate that Ugandan households benefit from living close to the refugee settlements. In contrast with the existing literature, the analysis finds that those initially involved in subsistence agriculture benefit the most. The effect seems to be driven by the few households able to move from subsistence agriculture to commercial farming and to some extent, to wage employment
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Safety ; Food Security ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Nutrition
    Abstract: Current donor investment in food safety in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) largely reflects the concerns of previous decades and as a result is substantially focused on access to regional and overseas export markets, with emphasis on national control systems. Relatively little is being done to reduce foodborne illness among consumers in SSA. More investment in food safety (by African governments, donors, and the private sector) is needed to help ensure that Africans have safe food. New understanding of foodborne disease burden and management, along with rapid and broad change within societies and agri-food systems in SSA, has led to food safety emerging as an important public health and development issue. There is need to reconsider donor and national government investment strategies and the role of the private sector. This report is a call for action on food safety. It provides up-to-date information on key food safety actors, presents the first-ever analysis of food safety investments in SSA, captures insights from a wide-ranging expert consultation and makes suggestions for attaining food safety, based on evidence but also consensus principles, successful elsewhere but not yet applied widely in mass domestic markets in SSA
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (39 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gourlay, Sydney Is Dirt Cheap? The Economic Costs of Failing to Meet Soil Health Requirements on Smallholder Farms
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Agricultural Productivity ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Crop Yields ; Household Surveys ; Rural Development ; Smallholders ; Soil ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Technical Efficiency ; Uganda
    Abstract: Agricultural productivity is hindered in smallholder farming systems due to several factors, including farmers' inability to meet crop-specific soil requirements. This paper focuses on soil suitability for maize production and creates multidimensional soil suitability profiles of smallholder maize plots in Uganda, while quantifying forgone production due to cultivation on less-than-suitable land and identifying groups of farmers that are disproportionately impacted. The analysis leverages the unique socioeconomic data from a subnational survey conducted in Eastern Uganda, inclusive of plot-level, objective measures of maize yields and soil attributes. Stochastic frontier models of maize yields are estimated within each soil suitability class to understand differences in returns to inputs, technical efficiency, and potential yield. Only 13 percent of farmers are cultivating soil that is highly suitable for maize production, while the vast majority are cultivating only moderately suitable plots. Farmers cultivating highly suitable soil have the potential to increase their observed yields by as much as 86 percent, while those at the opposite end of the suitability distribution (with marginally suitable land) operate closer to the production frontier and can only increase yields by up to 59 percent, given the current technology set. There is heterogeneity in potential gains across the wealth distribution, with poorer households facing more heavily constrained potential. Assuming no change in technologies and management practices used by Ugandan farmers, there are limited economic gains tied to closing suitability class-specific productivity gaps, or even at the extreme reaching the average potential productivity levels observed in the high suitability class
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Poverty Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Food Security ; Inequality ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers To Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: In contrast with the rest of Latin America and the Caribbean, Brazil's poverty rate is estimated to have decreased between 2019 and 2020 to 13.1 percent. Auxilio Emergencial (AE), a large emergency cash transfer program launched in April 2020, is believed to be the main driver of that decrease, because it more than offset economic losses caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, food insecurity (FI) estimates showed an opposite trend: Severe and moderate FI went up in 2020. This apparent paradox can be mostly explained by the way in which poverty and FI are measured: Measurements of poverty are based on annualized income estimates, while those of FI are based on the occurrence of an event, whereby the sudden, uncompensated loss of a job or reduction of benefits (such as AE) can turn into the loss of a household's ability to feed itself in the short term. In 2021, both poverty and FI may have increased. Simulations suggest that poverty increased in 2021 to 18.7 percent. Meanwhile, about 18 percent of households reported running out of food in the past 30 days owing to a lack of resources, twice the pre-pandemic rate. Overall and food inflation, a sluggish labor market recovery with falling real wages, and the significant scaling down of the AE program are all factors in this trend. The war in Ukraine has pushed inflationary expectations upward. Given the projected 0.7 percent gross domestic product (GDP) growth for 2022, labor incomes are not expected to boost households' consumption levels significantly. Coupled with the complete elimination of AE, poverty and FI may further deteriorate in 2022
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Economic Insecurity ; Education Reform ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Crisis Management and Restructuring ; Food Security ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Development prospects in Madagascar continue to be hampered by the country's low growth potential and exposure to frequent, deep, and persistent crises. Following a recession in 2020 that was about three times deeper than in the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, an economic recovery started in Madagascar in 2021 but was interrupted in 2022 by a sequence of domestic and international shocks. In addition to these new headwinds, the growth potential of the economy has been negatively impacted during the crisis by a retrenchment in private investment, deteriorating human capital and weakening governance. In this context, growth projections were downgraded to 2.6 percent in 2022 and to an average of 4.4 percent in 2023-2024, with the poverty rate now expected to remain close to 80 percent by 2024. This can only happen if the government kickstarts far-reaching reforms supporting private investment and job creation, better access to basic services and infrastructure, and greater resilience to shocks. Several policy priorities are highlighted as particularly urgent in this Economic Update. This report also highlights the importance of boosting public school performance following the continued deterioration in learning outcomes and advocates for a set of reforms reinforcing teachers' selection and evaluation, salary and school grant management, redress mechanism and local community engagement
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Fertilizers ; Food Security ; International Affairs
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President Malpass at the G7 Ministerial Conference on Uniting for Global Food Security on June 24, 2022. He said food systems were fragile even before Russia invaded Ukraine, and the war has now accelerated a global food crisis. He recommended the following actions that countries should take to mitigate impacts of higher food prices and make sure that the most vulnerable continue to have food: First, support vulnerable households through social safety nets and well-targeted cash transfers; Second, enhance the next season's production by facilitating farmers' access to agriculture inputs such as fertilizers; Third, invest in strengthening the resilience of food systems; and fourth, and most importantly, facilitate increased trade by building international consensus. He said that to help countries taking these actions, the World Bank Group is making up to thirty billion available over the next fifteen months. He highlighted that together with the G7 Presidency, the World Bank has co-convened the Global Alliance for Food Security - an alliance for countries and organizations to support existing initiatives and catalyze an immediate and concerted response. He concluded by saying that he looks forward to more opportunities to work with G7 member countries and other organizations
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conflict and Development ; Economic Insecurity ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Food Security ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass to the Development Committee at 2022 Spring Meetings on April 22, 2022. The war in Ukraine is an added challenge to catastrophic droughts, the surge in food prices, and disruptions of food supply chains. An estimated 100 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa are expected to face food insecurity in the coming months. In Ethiopia, South Sudan and Madagascar, there were no rains for the past three years. In the Horn of Africa alone, twenty-five million people are facing famine. The Sahel faces drought, environmental degradation, displacement, poor trade integration, and the deteriorating security situation are key factors. Cameroon, the Gambia, Sudan, Tanzania, Kenya, and South Africa were major importers of agri-food products originating from Russia. Djibouti, Egypt, and Tunisia have already been experiencing high food price inflation over the past year owing to the region's dependence on cereal imports
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Crop Yields ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Labor Market ; Temperature ; Water Conservation ; Water Resources ; Water Resources Assessment ; Water Resources Management
    Abstract: This Iran Economic Monitor (IEM) provides an update on key economic developments and policies as of Spring 2022. Iran's economy continued its gradual recovery in 2021-2022 following the rebound in domestic and external demand. Despite a more accommodative fiscal policy in 2021-2022, higher oil and tax revenues have improved the fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio. GDP growth is projected to remain modest in the medium term, as the economy remains constrained by both global and domestic gr owth bottlenecks. A more favorable global oil market outlook is projected to improve Iran's fiscal and external balances. Iran's economic outlook is subject to significant risks. Consumer price inflation accelerated due to a combination of supply-push and demandpull factors, adding to pressures on the welfare of lower-income households. Addressing long-term development challenges, including impending climate change shocks, requires a comprehensive package of economic reforms complemented by adequate social protection measures
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural Producer Organizations ; Agriculture ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; ICT Applications ; Information and Communication Technologies
    Abstract: Despite the strong role played by the agri-food sector in Guatemala's economic performance and employment, reflected in high exports and strong results by larger commercial agri-businesses, small producers face daunting levels of market access, revenue generation capacity, and resilience. Schools in remote areas, however, often lack information on which producer to buy their food from, as well as basic knowledge on safe and hygienic cooking practices. These challenges are further exacerbated for women producers, who face higher information gaps, lower market access, and higher informality than their male counterparts, compounded by restrictive social norms and disempowerment. Yet, women who are engaged in agriculture have ample potential to be engaged in the school feeding business, as they tend to specialize in the production of foods that are in high demand by school. The School Feeding Program (SFP) thus represents a crucial window of opportunity for rural women in Guatemala, and a vehicle for their evolution from invisible farmers to proper agri-preneurs - economic agents in their own right in the agribusiness space. Information diffusion through digital technologies can increase market participation in rural areas and holds promise to enhance the status of women in the business sphere. The World Bank's DIGITAGRO project, piloted digital technologies to improve market access for women agripreneurs, so they could supply the School Feeding Program in a fair, safe, sustainable, and profitable way while helping schools improve children's nutrition. The purpose of this report is to describe the DIGITAGRO project and to present the findings of the impact evaluation study on the information campaign, in order to derive lessons on the use of digital technologies to promote market access for rural women, with a specific focus on their inclusion in Guatemala's School Feeding Program The rest of the report is organized as follows. Chapter 2 provides an overview of family farming in Guatemala, including an assessment of the gaps encountered by rural women, and highlights child nutrition issues in the country. Chapter 3 describes the School Feeding Program, highlighting its functioning, the main actors involved, its expected benefits and the challenges it faces. Chapter 4 presents the DIGITAGRO project, providing a rationale for the use of digital technologies in agriculture, describing the main activities of the project, and providing details on the set-up of the impact evaluation study. Chapter 5 presents the experimental setting and main findings of the impact evaluation, whereas the potential mechanisms that could be driving the results are explored in Chapter 6, together with recommendations for promoting participation in the School Feeding Program. Chapter 7 discusses lessons learned and concludes
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health ; Law and Development ; Public and Municipal Finance ; Tax Law
    Abstract: Mali is a low-income, fragile country that has suffered extraordinary setbacks in recent years. It is a landlocked economy which is highly dependent on agriculture, and thus vulnerable to external shocks and adverse weather condition. With a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of US 875 dollars (current USD) in 2019, Mali is in the lower 15th percentile of the world's income distribution. Around 42 percent of the population live in extreme poverty. It is also a fragile state that has witnessed persistent conflict with political coups, social tensions, insecurity, and violence. The coup in 2012 has led to continued violence and displacement, leaving 8.7 million people, more than 45 percent of the population, living in crisis affected areas. It was followed by the military coup in August 2020 which has brought in a transitional civil government. The increasingly fragile security situation has also led to spikes in security expenditure, crowding out spending on public services and investment. This Public Expenditure Review (PER) proposes options to address this challenge, including improving spending efficiency and identifying ways to equitably increase domestic revenue. The policy actions and reforms it proposes will create the fiscal space to promote inclusive and sustainable growth. Starting with an overview of macro-fiscal developments, it examines Mali's expenditure patterns and fiscal sustainability and benchmarks its performance against peer countries. It reviews the domestic revenue needed to meet the Government's significant financing requirements and how the public finances are managed. It then investigates public spending efficiency in three sectors: education, health, and agriculture. These were chosen for their economic and social importance as well as their considerable share of public expenditure (over 30 percent). The PER provides some context for each sector, then analyzes financing and efficiency using a set of methodologies based on granular spending data and surveys, and concludes with suggested policy actions
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Economic Growth ; Energy Sector ; Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Urbanization
    Abstract: The arrival of a new government provides an opportunity to reinvigorate the reform agenda to deliver inclusive growth for the Somali people. Since the establishment of the Provisional Constitution in 2012, Somalia has made commendable progress on many fronts. Macroeconomic stability has been maintained, high levels of indebtedness are being addressed through the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, several sector laws and institutions have been established, and a poverty reduction strategy paper has been developed - the ninth National Development Plan (NDP9). However, much remains to be done and the time has come to mark the next milestone in Somalia's development trajectory through advancing reforms anchored in the HIPC process. The objective of the collection of policy notes is to provide sector-specific policy advice for the leadership of the new government, drawing on the expertise of the World Bank Group. This overview chapter synthesizes the advice across the sector policy notes and is organized in four sections. The first section outlines the current context. The second section presents the framework for organizing the policy notes. The third section summarizes the advice, and the fourth section concludes
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Rural Development
    Abstract: This Country Forest Note offers an in-depth picture of the forest sector of Uzbekistan, viewed through a forest landscape lens, and provides guidance to help define goals and identify opportunities for the continued development of the sector. Despite a large number of current challenges, forest landscape management presents opportunities for sustainable development: increasing the forest area will provide additional benefits in terms of climate change. A holistic approach to soil degradation is required that includes improved livestock husbandry, soil management, and agricultural practices, all of which have a role to play. Leskhozes have a central role in transforming the forest sector and augmenting their capacity and skills needs to be an important consideration. Equally important is to encourage community participation through mahallas and create favorable conditions for private sector involvement. Strong government commitment and institutional and stakeholder buy-in and ownership are required to support the transition to more adaptive management in forestry. This transition is critical to address climate change issues, increased threats to forests, soil and water conservation, economic management of wood and non-wood forest products (NWFPs) from forested landscapes, and improvement of livelihoods of rural households
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agricultural Research ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Smallholders
    Abstract: Agricultural firms in developing countries may decide to implement aggregation schemes, typically through contract farming arrangements (CFAs). The firms' rationale for engaging in aggregation is likely to be based on their own anticipated financial gains. But research shows that CFAs can also increase the welfare of their smallholder participants (independent growers). When growers benefit and the CFA terms are set by a firm's profit-maximizing decisions, the benefits deriving to growers can be seen as "jobs externalities" (i.e. labor income gains to third parties that are triggered by the firms' actions in expanding the CFAs). The existence of such gains also implies that the aggregation scheme is helping to address market coordination failures by facilitating increased agricultural commercialization. A full appraisal of the impact of CFAs should therefore integrate the analysis of the firms' and growers' costs and returns. In this study, we assess the costs and returns to firms and growers from the expansion of seven existing aggregation schemes in Mozambique, using simultaneously gathered data from the firms operating the CFAs, the corresponding CFA participant farmers, and comparable nonparticipant farmers. As far as we know, this is the first attempt at integrated analysis of the impact on firms and independent growers of the expansion of CFAs. Our approach combines impact evaluation and cost-benefit analysis techniques, and yields estimates both of the financial returns to firms and of the CFAs' full social returns (including the gains to the growers and to society at large). In most cases, we found that the growers gained more than the firms in the short term from the expansion of these schemes. In fact, growers' incomes increased (relative to the comparators) in most of the schemes we analyzed. However, only half the schemes generated profits for the firms themselves in the three year time window of this study. This poor short-term financial return to the aggregator firms may explain why CFAs have expanded less than would seem to be justified when the gains to growers are factored inches These findings might justify a public subsidy to catalyze the expansion of CFA schemes that are expected to be financially viable in the medium term. We estimated the subsidy amount that would be needed to raise the firms' private returns to the market cost of capital (a benchmark for financial viability from the firms' perspective). We found that the required subsidy was normally modest: it averaged less than 25 per cent of the firms' expenditures on supporting new growers. Overall, our results support the case for the selective use of public resources to catalyze an expansion of aggregator systems in Mozambique and similar economies, and thereby improve smallholder growers' welfare
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Food Security ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The purpose of the evaluation is to assess how relevant and effective the World Bank Group has been in its support for agrifood system development (AFSD) -that is, in developing more productive, inclusive, and sustainable farms and agribusiness firms. The evaluation finds that the Bank Group's interventions (FY 2010-20) were broadly relevant, although gaps remain in scaling up and better targeting support to countries that need it the most. Bank Group interventions were also effective overall in improving productivity, inclusion, and sustainability, but less so in LICs, particularly in West and Central Africa. World Bank interventions that focused on supporting production were less successful than interventions that combined production and market approaches. World Bank support for improving productivity was insufficiently diversified toward higher-value products that offer multiple benefits. IFC agribusiness investments faced challenges meeting environmental and social (EandS) standards, especially in LICs. IEG offers three recommendations to enhance Bank Group support for AFSD. (i) To enhance its effectiveness in developing agrifood systems, the World Bank Groupand's efforts to support production technologies should be complemented by efforts to improve market access, especially in LICs and in countries at the traditional stage of agrifood system development. These can be pursued through synergies in Bank Group interventions or with partners; (ii) To achieve more sustainable agrifood systems, where conditions permit, the World Bank Group should support production diversification to meet the growing demand for undersupplied high-value-added, nutritious products while ensuring that smallholder farmers and SMEs benefit from the diversification; and (iii) To enhance the contribution of IFC support for AFSD, IFC should pilot and adopt more effective ways to support clients to better meet EandS Performance Standards, especially in LICs
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agribusiness ; Agriculture ; Business Environment ; COVID-19 ; Emerging Markets ; Energy Sector ; Livestock ; Private Sector ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Special Economic Zones
    Abstract: Until the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV2) COVID-19 pandemic and despite the deteriorating security situation, Mali's economic growth averaged five percent since 2014, on par with its long-term potential. Mali's fragile state status has also taken a toll on economic activity and social welfare by reducing access to markets, threatening food security, and degrading human capital indicators. With an increasing debt burden resulting in limited fiscal space to address persistent security risks and to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Mali is compelled to refocus the role of the state and unleash the potential of the private sector to boost productivity growth, to diversify the economy away from a narrow base, and to ensure inclusive economic and social welfare for all Malians. The growth model will be readdressed around energizing investment, creating resilient markets, and building back better for a more resilient recovery via (a) improving the business environment; (b) crowding-in private participation in the delivery of infrastructure and certain public services; (c) ensuring that remaining state-owned enterprises and private firms compete on equal terms - that is, upholding competitive neutrality principles; (d) expanding public-private partnerships in key sectors, through transparent and competitive procurement; and (e) leveraging digital solutions by further enhancing digital infrastructure that would, in turn, increase the uptake of digital financial services and digital platforms for key sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, and digitize government services (e-government)
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Energy Markets ; Food Security
    Abstract: This report discusses the readout from World Bank Group President David Malpass's meeting at the at the High-Level event on access to grains and fertilizers in Africa during UNGA 77. The global food, energy, and fertilizer crisis is taking a toll on developing countries. These sectors are closely interlinked. Natural gas is used both as a feedstock and energy source in the production of ammonia, accounting for 70 to 80 percent of ammonia production costs. The rapid increase in gas prices has turned into an increase in fertilizer prices, with fertilizer prices tripling over the past two years. Last Friday, we released our Food Security Update, despite the recent stabilization of agriculture prices and the resumption of grain exports from the Black Sea, high food inflation and food security remain a critical concern. The challenge is meeting the immediate demand for fertilizers to support next season's crops. Current projections suggest that Africa's unmet demand could reach four million metric tons this year, with West Africa facing the most acute challenges this growing season
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Environment ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Social Aspects of Climate Change ; Social Development
    Abstract: The pressing threats of climate change, and the increased severity and frequency of natural hazards, hinders poverty reduction and resilience across the globe. For Indonesia, these threats are persistent, as the country suffers frequent and severe disasters. For instance, in 2019, Indonesia experienced 3,622 disasters caused by natural hazards. This context creates an added challenge for the 27.54 million Indonesians living in poverty, given that varied analyses examining the impacts of shocks globally, and in Indonesia, have shown that they disproportionately impact the poor. For instance, the dwellings that poor people live in are more exposed to natural hazards; they lose a larger share of their assets when disasters strike; their livelihoods are often dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture; and they lack savings, insurance and other sources of financial protection. Furthermore, disasters and other shocks push millions of non-poor households into poverty each year. Globally, frequently occurring shocks push over 24 million households into poverty yearly. Finally, these impacts are not only limited to climate-related disasters, as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown. Poor households also face unique communication barriers, including residing in rural areas, limited access to information and internet connectivity, among others. At the same time, social protection benefits and services are critical contributors to poverty reduction. Social assistance programs, in particular, regularly interact with their beneficiaries, who often represent a large share of poor households in countries. These programs are therefore well placed to help individuals and households prepare for, and cope with, the impacts of disasters and adapt to climate change effects. This presents an opportunity to foster meaningful disaster preparedness and climate resilience among a critically vulnerable subsection of the population, particularly through beneficiary education and by leveraging Information, Education, And Communications (IEC) tools to support these objectives. This guidance note provides lessons for Indonesia and other countries on the development of IEC tools to improve disaster preparedness and climate resilience among social assistance beneficiaries
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy Sector ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transport
    Abstract: The welfare and economic growth of Azerbaijan's development trajectory based on fossil fuel extraction has come at the expense of the environment, other non-oil industries, and human capital growth. Due to its lack of economic diversification, the country is highly vulnerable to transition risks, volatility of fossil fuel markets, and climate change. This note, produced in support of Azerbaijan's ambition for green growth, identifies how increased climate action and greening of a number of sectors have the potential to spur diversification of Azerbaijan's economy, contribute to addressing sector- and country-specific environmental challenges and goals, reduce greenhouse (GHG) emissions, address the identified physical and transitional climate risks and vulnerabilities, and strengthen long-term climate resilience of the country. Investments in resource efficiency, sustainable intensification of agriculture, better land use and urban planning, water and waste management, switching to cost-effective renewable energy, and research on low-carbon hydrogen and Caspian maritime space are the green measures that can have an immediate positive impact on Azerbaijan's economy and the environment. The first stage in identifying areas for wealth development will be a comprehensive green growth and asset diversification strategy, informed by detailed sectoral analysis and supported by capable institutions. Once mobilized by public sector interventions through policies to enable and incentivize green investments and green finance instruments, private enterprises will take the lead in relocating capital to green supply chains, creating jobs and building human capital while increasing the focus on innovation and efficiency. Cutting system leak emissions in the oil and gas industry could contribute significantly to reducing GHG emissions at lower costs. Enhancing the environmental performance of enterprises will be made possible by promoting eco-efficient policies and investments in cleaner production and technologies. Beginning now and leveraging this transition to green growth and diversification through the use of public resources and revenues from fossil fuel exports, Azerbaijan can mitigate certain short-term difficulties and promote long-term sustainable growth to ensuring a cleaner environment and economic prosperity
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Air Pollution ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Climate Change Policy and Regulation ; Environment ; Forests ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) identifies ways that Nepal can achieve its overall development objectives while fostering its strategic ambition to transition to a greener, more resilient, and inclusive development pathway. This report is organized as follows: Chapter 1 captures the current situation in the country with respect to climate impacts and risks, emission sources, and opportunities for integrated climate change adaptation and mitigation. Chapter 2 describes the government's response, through sectoral and economywide commitments, laws, and regulations. Chapter 3 assesses the impacts of climate change on the macroeconomy and road transport systems, given their critical role to connectivity. It also analyzes the links between climate change and air pollution, poverty, health, social inclusion, and community resilience. Chapter 4 presents pathways to transition to resilience, looking at integrated management of landscape systems comprising water, agriculture, and forests as well as strengthening climate and disaster risk management governance. Chapter 5 analyzes pathways to transition to decarbonization, primarily the potential for hydropower expansion domestically and in the region. It also looks at transport and urban opportunities to reduce emissions while enhancing resilience and adaptation co-benefits. Chapter 6 discusses how to scale up financing for resilience, hydropower, and other opportunities, given the limitations of the country's fiscal space. Chapter 7 presents a prioritization framework for the most transformational climate action with seven 'policy packages'-one for each priority transition and each key enabler-that contain specific recommendations for how to move from analysis to action
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: The World Bank and FAO teamed up with the Government of Tanzania to produce the country's first agricultural public expenditure review (PER) since the launch of the country's second agriculture sector development program (ASDP II). After outlining the role and performance of the sector (crop, livestock, fisheries, and forestry) in Tanzania and its main policy frameworks, this report uses historical data from 2017 to 2022 to review the level and composition of public expenditure. It then analyzes its allocative efficiency, effectiveness and alignment with the Government's strategic sectoral goals as defined in Tanzania Vision 2025 and the ASDP II. To do so, it combines a price incentive analysis on key value chains, thematic deep dives on strategic areas for the government (irrigation, agricultural knowledge system, seed system, climate change adaptation), and a coherence analysis. The report unveils that agricultural public budget mostly targets public goods in Tanzania, but at a level too critically low for these to materialize and support sustainable productivity growth and job creation. Detailed actionable recommendations are proposed for the government to improve spending on the agricultural sector to leverage further its growth potential
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alder, Simon The Impact of Ethiopia's Road Investment Program on Economic Development and Land Use: Evidence from Satellite Data
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Cropland Reduction ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Impact of Roads ; Economic Impact Satellite Data ; Infrastructure Planning ; Land Use Planning ; Local Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Road Sector Development Program ; Road Use Satellite Data ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: This paper studies the impacts of the large-scale Road Sector Development Program in Ethiopia between 1997 and 2016 on local economic activity and land cover (urbanization and cropland). It exploits spatial and temporal variation in road upgrades across Ethiopia, together with high-resolution panel data derived from satellite imagery. The findings show that road upgrades contributed to increases in local economic activity, as proxied by nighttime lights and urban land area. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the results across baseline levels of economic activity. Specifically, gains from road upgrades are concentrated in areas with moderate-to-high initial levels of economic activity. By contrast, there was little, or even negative, growth in areas with low levels of initial economic activity. Finally, the findings show that road upgrades contributed to a reduction in cropland in areas with medium-to-high baseline nighttime lights. The results suggest that Ethiopia's ambitious road infrastructure development program overall increased local economic activity and urbanization, but that it also had important distributional implications that need to be taken into account when planning such infrastructure programs
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Employment and Unemployment ; Food Security ; Labor Markets ; Rural Development ; Rural Labor Markets ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Africa's rural population continues to expand rapidly and labor productivity in agriculture and many rural off farm activities remains low. This paper uses the lens of a dual economy and the associated patterns of agricultural, rural, and structural transformation to review the evolution of Africa's rural employment and its inclusiveness. Many African countries still find themselves in an early stage of the agricultural and rural transformation. Given smaller sectoral productivity gaps than commonly assumed, greater size effects and larger spillovers, investment in agriculture and the rural off-farm economy remains warranted to broker the transition to more and more productive rural employment. The key policy questions thus become how best to invest in the agri-food system (on and increasingly also off the farm) and how best to generate demand for nonagricultural goods and services which rural households can competitively produce. Informing these choices continues to present a major research agenda, with digitization, the imperative of greening and intra-African liberalization raising many unarticulated and undocumented opportunities and challenges
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Fukase, Emiko Exploring the Sources of the Agricultural Productivity Gender Gap: Evidence from Sri Lanka
    Keywords: Access To Resources ; Agricultural Productivity By Gender ; Agricultural Productivity Factors ; Agriculture ; Crop Mix ; Equitable Access To Resources ; Equity and Development ; Food Security ; Gender ; Gender and Social Policy ; Gender Equality Promotion ; Gender Equity ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Gender Norms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Men's Productivity ; Social Norms ; Unequal Division Of Labor ; Women's Productivity
    Abstract: Previous literature found overwhelming evidence of an agricultural gender gap in favor of male farmers. The case of Sri Lanka is unique as agricultural productivity, measured by yield per unit of land, is 25.4 percent higher among female farmers than male farmers. Using the nationally representative 2016 Sri Lanka Household Income and Expenditure Survey and the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique, the paper explores the sources of this unconditional female productivity advantage. The analysis finds that the smaller plot size cultivated by women is the leading source of female productivity advantage, reflecting the inverse relationship between cultivated area and productivity. However, this productivity advantage does not translate into women's higher crop earnings. Another important source is the gendered pattern of crop mix as women tend to cultivate more high-value, export-oriented crops, while men are more likely to grow paddy with low productivity. Once controlling for plot size and crop mix, a conditional male productivity advantage emerges, reflecting men's greater access to agricultural resources and potentially an unequal pattern of division of labor associated with social and gender norms. Policies to promote equitable access to resources and address other constraints to women's productivity in agriculture continue to be important in promoting gender equality
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Equity and Development ; Food Security ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This Synthesis report summarizes the main constraints and opportunities that Georgia faces in amplifying the contribution of the agriculture sector to the country's economic growth and diversification, employment creation, poverty reduction, food security and nutrition, and climate resilience and mitigation. Successful achievement of these multiple objectives, however, requires an integrated set of multi-sectoral policies. Synergistic public and private investments in agriculture, water, and land can lead to increased production and productivity by transitioning from low returns from agriculture to high-value crop production
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Land Management ; Rural Development
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to understand the legal and policy constraints and opportunities in each of the 17-carbon fund (CF) countries affecting women's land and forest tenure. The study also explores women's ability to exercise land and forest rights in statutory and customary systems; how these rights may be affected by the CF programs (ERPs and BSPs); as well as what is needed to further protect and strengthen women's rights to land and forest tenure along with their ability to govern in the CF countries. This synthesis report provides a big-picture overview of the findings from all the studies; additional and more detailed information related to the activities in each country is available in the 10 country scans and seven deep-dive country reports. Because this report is a synthesis of findings from 17 countries, all statements taken from other sources are cited in the country studies. Furthermore, a bibliography of sources can be found at the end of this synthesis report
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Blankespoor, Brian Estimating Local Agricultural GDP across the World
    Keywords: Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Crop Value ; Fishery Production ; Forestry Production ; Gross Domestic Product ; Hunting ; Livestock and Animal Husbandry ; Livestock Production ; Local Agriculture ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Hazards ; Night Time Lights ; Spatial Allocation Model ; Statistics
    Abstract: Economic statistics are frequently produced at an administrative level such as the sub-national division. However, these measures may not adequately capture the local variation in the economic activities that is useful for analyzing local economic development patterns and the exposure to natural disasters. Agriculture GDP is a critical indicator for measurement of the primary sector, on which 60 percent of the world's population depends for their livelihoods. Through a data fusion method based on cross-entropy optimization, this paper disaggregates national and subnational administrative statistics of Agricultural GDP into a global gridded dataset at approximately 10 * 10 kilometers using satellite-derived indicators of the components that make up agricultural GDP, namely crop, livestock, fishery, hunting and timber production. The paper examines the exposure of areas with at least one extreme drought during 2000 to 2009 to agricultural GDP, where nearly 1.2 billion people live. The findings show an estimated USD 432 billion of agricultural GDP circa 2010
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Park, Hogeun Geography, Institutions, and Global Cropland Dynamics
    Keywords: Land Governance ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Inequality ; Land ; Land Administration ; Rural Development ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper studies the dynamics of agricultural land use at the global scale as measured from space using satellite imagery between 2003 and 2018. It shows large global movements in and out of cropland and correlates these movements with biophysical, economic, and institutional variables. The empirical identification of these effects relies on a two-stage approach that disentangles the effect of local geography from national-level characteristics. The paper finds that weak land governance, inequality, and pressure on land resources contribute to land degradation but are less able to explain movements into cropland which could more likely reflect national policies
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Food Security ; Fragile States ; Inflation ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social Safety Nets ; Usaid
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass in conversation with Samantha Power, USAID Administrator on June 21, 2022. They discussed about the impact of overlapping global crises on the poorest and most vulnerable people. The world, as people know, is in a very complicated situation, especially for people in poorer countries and the poor worldwide. It has to do with inflation, with food, with conflict, fragility, issues that we work with every day at the World Bank and USAID does, too. As people know, the World Bank works on an array of development issues and including and especially right now food and fertilizer. We have announced 30 billion dollars of assistance in the food-related areas as part of our response to the current set of crises. And one of the challenges is, in specific country areas, to find the right program. And we work very, very closely with development assistance agencies around the world, including and especially USAID
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Energy ; Energy and Economic Development ; Food Security ; Human Migrations and Resettlements ; Social Development ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by the World Bank Group President David Malpass to the U.S. Treasury's Event on Tackling Food Insecurity : The Challenge and Call to Action, on April 19, 2022. He spoke about Russia's invasion of Ukraine has triggered major threats to global food and nutrition security. He mentioned that the global food and fertilizer prices were already on the rise prior to the war. He added that food and nutrition insecurity were also rising. He described that the deepening of the crisis in the last two months is directly linked to the terrible war being waged by Russia on Ukraine, and the costly financial, shipping, and logistical hurdles now faced by agribusinesses and importers. He also said that food crises are particularly devastating for the poorest and most vulnerable people. He expects to launch an overall surge in their financial support in coming weeks. He told them that funding for food security will be an important component. He also mentioned two mechanisms that can be mobilized alongside IDA and IBRD, to boost food security and resilience, in a well-coordinated manner as follows: (i) the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), which was set up by the G20 in response to the 2007-2008 food crisis; and (ii) the World Bank also hosts a multi-donor Trust Fund, Food Systems 2030, that can help countries strengthen their food systems to meet short and long-term goals. He spoke about the tragedy unfolding in Ukraine must not be compounded with another tragedy - a global food crisis. He concluded by saying that they can count on the World Bank Group to work with all partners to help the people of developing economies to confront these challenges
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Women in Development and Gender Study
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Environment ; Forestry ; Forestry Management ; Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Forests and terrestrial ecosystems play a primary environmental role in climate-change mitigation and adaptation. In many developing countries, forests provide ecosystem services and support the livelihoods of hundreds of millions of people, mainly the poorest and most vulnerable in rural areas. The sustainable management of natural resources can reduce poverty and enhance shared prosperity at the local level. As countries develop Natural Resource Management (NRM) and forest management, it is crucial to ensure that these processes include women in productive, income-generating activities. Men and women access, use, and manage forests differently, as seen in the gendered nature of activities such as gathering forest products, hunting, wood harvesting, and mineral collection. Furthermore, there are persistent gender gaps in access to services, inputs (including credit and financing), markets, value-addition activities, land tenure, representation, and agency. The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) and the World Bank (WB) have outlined a program aimed at promoting gender equality in REDD+ and foresty strategies and implementation. The FCPF is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society, and Indigenous Peoples (IPs) focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, sustainable forest management, and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries, activities commonly referred to as REDD+. This document aims to help task teams and practitioners identify and diagnose factors contributing to gender gaps in sustainable forest projects in FCPF countries by providing nine people-centered research tools based in the behavioral sciences. Such gaps can be rooted in gender norms, roles, and beliefs, attentional limitations, and procedural hassles, among others
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (42 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lain, Jonathan Should the Food Insecurity Experience Scale Crowd out other Food Access Measures? Evidence from Nigeria
    Keywords: Food Access Indicators ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Food Assistance Targeting ; Food Insecurity Experience Scale ; Food Insecurity Measurement ; Food Security ; Health and Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Poverty Indicators ; Poverty Reduction ; Agriculture
    Abstract: Measurement of food access typically relies on a consensus of different indicators. However, there is a growing list of surveys in which the Food Insecurity Experience Scale is one of the few food access indicators captured, likely because it is an official measure for tracking progress toward the Sustainable Development Goal of zero hunger. This paper uses a nationally representative, multipurpose household survey conducted in Nigeria to investigate the validity of the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. It compares the Food Insecurity Experience Scale to monetary poverty and a widely used food access metric that has been more extensively validated, the Food Consumption Score. Although it is possible for food access metrics to be poorly aligned and capture different dimensions of poor food access, empirically supported assumptions in standard consumption models result in many dimensions of poor food access being concentrated among the poorest segments of the population. However, the paper demonstrates that the Food Insecurity Experience Scale does not appear to correctly identify the population with poor food access-it finds little difference in the share with poor food access among poor and nonpoor Nigerians. Moreover, even the very richest and very poorest households have a similar prevalence of poor food access, according to the Food Insecurity Experience Scale. These patterns are in stark contrast to the Food Consumption Score, which suggests that food access is significantly lower for poorer Nigerians. Combined, the results demonstrate the importance of measuring food access with more than one indicator, and they call into question the notion of using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale alone, despite the measure being a key Sustainable Development Goal food security indicator
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Agricultural Irrigation and Drainage ; Agriculture ; Water Supply
    Abstract: Ratings for the Integrated Irrigation Improvement and Management Project are as follows: Outcome was moderately satisfactory, Risk to development outcome was modest, Bank performance was moderately satisfactory, and Borrow performance was moderately satisfactory. Ratings for the Farm-Level Irrigation Modernization Project are as follows: Outcome was moderately satisfactory, Risk to development outcome was modest, and Bank performance was moderately satisfactory. This assessment offers the following lessons: (i) In irrigation systems, such as the Nile Delta's, that are organized along a hierarchical canal network, irrigation improvement efforts can realize greater impact by applying a systematic approach to rehabilitation, as was done through these two projects, as opposed to addressing different levels of the canal system in isolation. (ii) Efficient implementation of irrigation improvement works requires coordinating and sequencing activities that fall under the mandate of many different entities, which are often beyond the authority of the project implementing agency. (iii) Effecting behavior changes in on-farm water use, agronomic practices, and diversification to higher-value crops requires support beyond improvements to the irrigation water delivery system. (iv) Successfully reforming the institutions that manage irrigation and drainage services, both water users and government agencies, requires greater attention to incentives for collaboration. (v) In a context such as the Nile Delta, where overall efficiency of the irrigation system is already high, there is little scope for addressing water savings at the basin level through infrastructure improvement
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Agricultural Growth and Rural Development ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Income ; Labor Mobility ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Ethiopia began the decade on a great run, with high economic growth and significant gains in poverty reduction nationally. But the gains were unevenly shared. Multiple shocks at the beginning of the new decade threaten to discontinue progress and possibly undo most of the gains made in the recent past. This rural income diagnostics (RID) study seeks to inform how to promote growth in rural incomes to accelerate poverty reduction. The objective of the RID is to examine how those who currently reside in rural areas can have higher incomes in the future, which can entail one or more members moving to urban areas. The focus is on income growth that results in higher incomes on average, but also income that is less volatile because of due consideration to effective risk reduction and management, and to ensuring that growth is sustainable. While the RID focuses only on income that is earned by rural households, it is much more detailed in its identification of the constraints because of this narrower focus. The diagnostic provides evidence to validate constraints and key areas of focus in ongoing agriculture and rural policy reforms and other relevant reforms under the Homegrown Economic Reform Agenda (HGERA), elevate the importance of some reforms where immediate action is required, and provide empirical arguments to support important policy interventions where consensus may be lacking or there is policy hesitation
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This report focuses on promoting low-carbon rice production systems in Vietnam. There are many sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the agricultural sector in Vietnam, including along value chains and within the whole agri-food context. However, because rice production is so important to the country and to emission reductions in agriculture, this report focuses on known actions that can be rapidly upscaled, along with other complementary actions to reduce GHG emissions from rice production systems. The report covers emission reduction pathways in rice. This report assesses agronomic and other options that offer technically and economically feasible pathways to promote low-carbon rice. Some options have been piloted in Vietnam and require significant upscaling at the farm-level. This report considers challenges and practical actions and policy reforms to address these challenges for Vietnam's low-carbon transition (LCT) in rice
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  • 97
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Keywords: Agribusiness ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agricultural Trade ; Agriculture ; Gender ; Gender and Rural Development ; Girls Education ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: This report reviews the experiences of market linkage programs implemented globally, particularly those focused on poor smallholders, including women, as beneficiaries and farmers who participated in government social safety net schemes. The report highlights lessons learned by program implementers, governments, and other stakeholders related to efforts to link extremely poor households to productive markets. The research was commissioned to inform potential links between two World Bank projects that are currently supporting the economic inclusion of poor households in Zambia. The supporting women's livelihood (SWL) program of the Girls' Education and Women's Empowerment and Livelihoods (GEWEL) Project provides a comprehensive package to promote economic inclusion among women from the poorest households. A second project, the Zambia Agribusiness and Trade Project (ZATP), enhances access to markets by linking producer organizations and high-growth small and medium-size enterprises to buyers (commercial off-takers) by facilitating productive alliances (commercial agreements between a producer organization and a commercial off-taker) and providing matching grants and technical support. A diagnostic of the status of and constraints facing SWL beneficiaries with respect to market linkages highlights the lack of upstream value chain linkages for them. The World Bank will provide technical assistance to the government of Zambia, through relevant ministries, to operationalize a mechanism, at scale, for forging market linkages by SWL households by linking them to ZATP beneficiaries. This report reviews and highlights the experiences of similar market linkages programs implemented globally, in an attempt to answer key questions raised by the program. This report describes operational considerations that may be relevant to the ZATP-GEWEL project context. It provides recommendations to guide the next steps in developing the ZATP-GEWEL pilot
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food Security ; Inflation ; International Financial Markets ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Resilience
    Abstract: The war in Ukraine and rising commodity prices have exacerbated the vulnerabilities of the Tunisian economy in the first months of 2022. The impact of the war began to be felt as the trade deficit widened by 56 percent in the first six months of 2022 reaching 8.1 percent of GDP. Lower oil and gas production and increased demand for energy and agricultural products have exacerbated the vulnerability of the trade balance to the vagaries of international markets. With a challenging global environment, the economic recovery appears weaker than previously forecast
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Speeches of World Bank Presidents
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Impacts ; Developing Countries ; Environment ; Inflation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Development ; Social Risk Management
    Abstract: These remarks were delivered by World Bank Group President David Malpass to the G24 Meeting of Ministers and Governors on October 11, 2022. The developing world is facing an extremely challenging outlook shaped by sharply higher food, fertilizer, and energy prices, rising interest rates and credit spreads, currency depreciation, capital outflows, and higher level of debts that adds to higher inflation, impacting especially the poor. With the current trends, the risks of a global recession in 2023 are high. The World Bank Group, together with the IMF, stands ready to continue working with the G20 to make progress in the debt agenda and we look forward to working with India's upcoming G20 Presidency on this
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Droughts ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Resilience ; Urbanization
    Abstract: The Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) identifies ways that Cameroon can achieve its overall development objectives while fostering the transition to a greener, more resilient, and more inclusive development pathway. The CCDR finds that climate change is already a threat to Cameroon's development and the country faces the challenge of changing the current development model to create opportunities to improve resilience and to put the country on a stronger development trajectory. Currently, about two million people (nine percent of Cameroon's population) live in drought-affected areas, and about eight percent of the country's GDP is vulnerable. Tropical forests cover almost 40 percent of the country and provide an estimated eight million rural people with traditional staples including food, medicines, fuel, and construction material. Changes in temperature, rain and droughts put these people at greater risk of increased poverty. Furthermore, populations living in certain regions are more vulnerable to climate hazards, especially in the Far North where debilitating droughts have contributed to alarming rates of food insecurity and loss of livelihoods. To achieve more rapid, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, moving away from the state-led development model, and putting the private sector at the forefront of economic activity are needed. Without reforms, the proportion of the population subsisting on an income at or below the international poverty rate would still be about 15 percent in 2050, well above the global target of three percent, whereas changing the development model could bring that proportion down to about three percent by that year. The report also puts adaptation at the heart of climate action as well and identify four priority areas for intervention and which are: (i) agriculture, forestry and other land use; (ii) cities; (iii) infrastructure; and (iv) human capital
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