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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (14,197)
  • BSZ  (912)
  • HBZ  (114)
  • Frobenius-Institut  (83)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (14,037)
  • München : Beck
Datasource
Material
Language
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Sage | München : Beck ; 1.2003,1; 2.2004 -
    ISSN: 1611-8944 , 1611-8944 , 2631-9764
    Language: German , English , French
    Pages: 24 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.2003,1; 2.2004 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Journal of modern European history
    DDC: 940.05
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    Keywords: Geschichte 1700- ; Geschichte 1800-2000 ; Geschichte ; Geistesgeschichte ; Ideengeschichte ; Europa ; Europa ; Europa ; Westeuropa ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Zeitschrift ; Europa ; Geschichte 1700- ; Zeitschrift ; Europa ; Geschichte 1800-2000 ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Ersch. 4x jährl., bis 2010 2x jährl., 2011 3x jährl.; 1.2003,2 nicht ersch.
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  • 2
    Language: German
    RVK:
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    Keywords: Deutschunterricht ; Deutsch ; Geschichte
    Note: Später auch u.d.T.: Handbuch des deutschen Unterrichts
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  • 3
    Language: German
    Series Statement: Handbuch des deutschen Unterrichts an Höheren Schulen 5,1
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    Keywords: Deutschland ; Geschichte Anfänge-1871
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  • 4
    Book
    Book
    München : Beck
    Language: German
    Series Statement: Arbeiten zur Entwicklungspsychologie ...
    Keywords: Dschagga ; Psychologie
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  • 5
    ISBN: 3406423892
    Language: German
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    Keywords: Deutschland ; Freiwillige Vereinigung ; Geschichte
    Note: Mehr erscheint nicht (11.3.10) , 1 (1997)
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  • 6
    ISBN: 3406399118 , 9783406519956
    Language: German
    DDC: 398.2/03
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    Keywords: Märchen ; Wörterbuch
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  • 7
    Language: German
    Pages: 23 cm
    DDC: 306.0943
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    Keywords: Geschichte 1500-1800 ; Culture history ; Europe ; Alltagskultur ; Geschichte 1500-1800 ; Deutschland ; Europe ; Europe - Social conditions ; Europe - Social life and customs ; Families ; Families - Europe - History ; History ; Manners and customs ; Social history ; Deutschland ; Alltagskultur ; Geschichte 1500-1800 ; Geschichte 1500-1800 ; Deutschland ; Geschichte 1500-1800
    Note: Erschienen: 1 - 3
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  • 8
    ISBN: 3406397050 , 9783406397059
    Language: German
    Pages: 23 cm
    DDC: 943.004924
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    Keywords: Jews History ; Judaism History ; Haskalah History ; Germany Ethnic relations ; Deutschland ; Juden ; Deutschland ; Juden ; Geschichte 1600-1945
    Note: Erschienen: 1 - 4
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  • 9
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    München : Beck ; 1.1960 -
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1960 -
    Parallel Title: Parallele Sprachausgabe L' univers des formes
    DDC: 050
    RVK:
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Note: Teils ohne Zählung
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0941-7915
    Language: German
    Pages: 30 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Neue Zeitschrift für Sozialrecht
    Former Title: Vorg Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Sozialrecht
    Former Title: Monatsschrift für die anwaltliche, betriebliche, behördliche und gerichtliche Praxis
    DDC: 340
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    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Entscheidungssammlung ; Sozialrecht ; Zeitschrift
    Note: Ungezählte Beilage zu 28.2019,19: Recht mitgestalten , Repr.: Bad Feilnbach : Schmidt Periodicals , Ungezählte Beil.: NZS aktuell , Ersch. vierzehntägl.
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  • 11
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    München : Beck | München : Thiemig ; 1977[Probenr.] ; 1.1977,1(Sept.)-
    ISSN: 0344-5690
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1977[Probenr.] ; 1.1977,1(Sept.)-
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kultur & Technik
    Former Title: Fortsetzung von Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik Deutsches Museum
    DDC: 000
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    Keywords: Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik ; Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik ; München ; Technik ; Naturwissenschaften ; Zeitschrift ; Technik ; Geschichte ; Naturwissenschaften ; Geschichte ; Naturwissenschaften ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik ; Zeitschrift ; Kultur ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Technik ; Geschichte ; Zeitschrift ; Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik ; Geschichte
    Note: Ab 2022 vierteljährlich, bis 2021 dreimal im Jahr, bis 2020 vierteljährlich , Ab 11.1987 Index regelmäßig alle 2 Jahre
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  • 12
    Book
    Book
    München : Beck
    Language: German
    Edition: Originalausgabe
    Series Statement: Beck'sche Reihe ...
    DDC: 301
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    Keywords: Soziologie ; Geschichte ; Soziologe ; Geschichte ; Biografie ; Soziologie ; Geschichte ; Soziologe ; Geschichte ; Biografie
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0341-1915 , 0341-1907 , 0341-1915 , 1617-2914 , 1434-3959 , 1617-2914 , 1434-3959
    Language: German
    Pages: 30 cm
    Edition: München Beck 1985-1985 Mikrofiche-Ausg.: München ; Frankfurt, M. : Beck, 1985
    Edition: Frankfurt, M.
    Dates of Publication: 1.1947/48 -
    Additional Information: Beil. Rechtsprechung zum Wiedergutmachungsrecht
    Additional Information: Ab 18.1965 Bücher- u. Zeitschriftenschau Karlsruher juristische Bibliographie
    Additional Information: Supplement Unterhaltsrechtliche Leitlinien und Tabellen der Oberlandesgerichte der neuen Bundesländer, des Kammergerichts, Berliner Tabelle, Düsseldorfer Tabelle
    Additional Information: 20.1967 Sonderbeil. Geschäftsverteilungspläne der oberen Bundesgerichte
    Additional Information: 55.2002 Sonderbeil. Nutzungsausfallentschädigungstabellen
    Additional Information: Teils Beil., dann darin Neuberechnung der Nutzungsentschädigung für Pkw und Geländewagen
    Additional Information: Teils darin, dann Beil. Nutzungsausfallentschädigung für Pkw, Geländewagen und Transporter
    Additional Information: Ab 34.1981 Beil. NJW aus Bonn
    Additional Information: 41.1988 - 53.2000 Beil. Neue juristische Wochenschrift. Computerreport der Neuen juristischen Wochenschrift
    Additional Information: 43.1990 - 50.1997 Beil. Deutsch-deutsche Rechts-Zeitschrift
    Additional Information: 46.1993 - 65.2012 Beil. Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik
    Additional Information: 47.1994 darin, ab 48.1995 Beil. Versorgungsausgleich-Tabellen für das ... Halbjahr ...
    Additional Information: 50.1997 - 54.2001 Beil. Deutschland. Bundesverfassungsgericht Geschäftsverteilungspläne des Bundesverfassungsgerichts, der obersten Gerichtshöfe des Bundes und des Bundespatentgerichts
    Additional Information: 53.2000,Juni - 57.2004,4/5 Beil. Anwalt
    Additional Information: 59.2006 - 61.2008 Beil. Reisen.
    Additional Information: Ab 57.2004 Beil. NJW spezial
    Additional Information: 61.2008 - 62.2009 Beil. Nutzungsausfallentschädigung ...
    Additional Information: 61.2008 Beil. Reisen.biz
    Additional Information: Ab 63.2010 Beil. Neue Juristische Wochenschrift. Beilage
    Additional Information: Darin Darin ---〉 Beck extra. Die Monatsinformation für Juristen
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Neue juristische Wochenschrift
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als NJW-Audio-CD
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als NJW-CD
    Former Title: Vorg. Deutsches Recht 〈Berlin〉
    Former Title: Fünfjahresregister
    DDC: 349.4305
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    Keywords: Rechtswissenschaft ; Deutschland ; Recht ; Rechtswissenschaft ; Zeitschrift ; Deutschland ; Recht ; Deutschland ; Recht ; Rechtswissenschaft ; Rechtsprechung
    Note: Ungezählte Beilage: Beilage; Deutscher Juristentag; darin: NJW aktuell; ungezählte Beilage zu 70.2017,40 und 72.2019,40: Recht mitgestalten , Titelzusatz ab 1976 , 2021 einmalig erschienene gezählte Sonderausgabe: Neues Schuldrecht , Mikrofiche-Ausg.: München ; Frankfurt, M. : Beck, 1985
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  • 14
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    München : Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften | München : Beck ; 1912(1913) -
    ISSN: 0084-6090
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1912(1913) -
    Additional Information: Supplement Bericht über die Höhlenforschung in Bayern
    Additional Information: Supplement Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Kommission für Höhlenforschung Bericht der Kommission für Höhlenforschung in Bayern
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Jahrbuch ...
    Former Title: Vorg. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften Almanach der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
    Former Title: Jahrbuch der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
    Former Title: Jahrbuch der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
    DDC: 000
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    Keywords: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften ; Akademiebericht ; Zeitschrift ; Bericht ; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften ; München ; Akademie ; Geschichte ; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
    Note: Urh. bis 1917: Königlich Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
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  • 15
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    München : Beck ; 1.2007 -
    ISSN: 1863-8937
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.2007 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zeitschrift für Ideengeschichte
    DDC: 001.0905
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    Keywords: Zeitschrift ; Ideengeschichte ; Philosophie ; Geistesgeschichte
    Note: Ersch. 4x jährl.
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  • 16
    Language: German
    Series Statement: Beck'sche schwarze Reihe ...
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    Keywords: Wissenschaftstheorie ; Einführung ; Wissenschaftstheorie ; Methode
    Note: Ab Bd. 1, 11. Aufl., Bd. 2, 9. Aufl., Bd. 3, 2. Aufl. mit dem Gesamttitel: Beck'sche Reihe
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  • 17
    ISSN: 0943-7525 , 0943-7525 , 0943-7525
    Language: German
    Pages: 30 cm
    Dates of Publication: 10.1993 -
    Additional Information: Beil. ab 2005 Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeitsrecht. Beilage
    Additional Information: Ab 2014 Beil. Beck extra
    Additional Information: 19,24,Sonderbeil.=2001 von Deutschland. Bundesarbeitsgericht Die Tätigkeit des BAG im Jahre ... [München : Beck, 2002
    Additional Information: 19,24,Sonderbeil.=2001 von Braun, Isabella ZDB Gesammelte Erzählungen Hamburg : tredition, 2011
    Additional Information: 19,24,Sonderbeil.=2001 von Deutschland. Bundesarbeitsgericht Die Tätigkeit des BAG im Jahre ... [München : Beck, 2002
    Additional Information: 19,24,Sonderbeil.=2001 von Deutschland. Bundesarbeitsgericht Die Tätigkeit des BAG im Jahre ... [München : Beck, 2002
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeitsrecht
    Former Title: Vorg. Neue Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Sozialrecht
    DDC: 340
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    Keywords: Arbeitsrecht ; Deutschland ; Zeitschrift ; Deutschland ; Arbeitsrecht
    Note: Ungezählte Beilage zu 36.2019,18: Recht mitgestalten , Ungezählte Beil.: Sonderheft; NZA aktuell; Sonderausgabe; Beilage; ungezählte Sonderbeil.: Die Tätigkeit des BAG , Ersch. monatl. 2x
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  • 18
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Baden-Baden : Nomos-Verl.-Ges. | München : Beck ; 1.1966 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    ISSN: 0531-2485 , 2942-3198
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1966 -
    Additional Information: Supplement Europarecht. Beiheft
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Europarecht 〈Baden-Baden〉
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Europarecht
    DDC: 349.2405
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    Keywords: Europäische Union ; EU-Recht ; Eurozone ; EU-Staaten ; Europäische Gemeinschaft ; Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht ; Internationale Rechtsprechung ; Rechtsprechung ; Zeitschrift ; Europäische Union ; Recht ; Europarecht
    Note: Repr.: Bad Feilnbach : Schmidt Periodicals , Ersch. 6x jährl. , Enthält Indices
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  • 19
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Münster : Waxmann | München : Bayer. Nationalmuseum [u.a.] | München : Münchner Vereinigung für Volkskunde | München : Beck | Münster [u.a.] : Waxmann ; 1.1983 -
    ISSN: 0177-3429 , 0177-3429 , 0177-3429
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1983 -
    Additional Information: 26=9 von Deutsche Gesellschaft für Volkskunde. Kommission Arbeitskulturen Tagung der Kommission Arbeitskulturen in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde Münster : Waxmann, 2000
    Series Statement: Münchener Universitätsschriften
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Münchner Beiträge zur Volkskunde
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Note: Erscheint unregelmäßig
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  • 20
    Book
    Book
    München : Beck
    Language: German
    Series Statement: Gesammelte Schriften in Einzelbänden / Günther Anders
    DDC: 306.01
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    Keywords: Civilization Philosophy ; Rundfunk ; Philosophie ; Atomzeitalter ; Technisches Zeitalter ; Kulturkritik ; Technik ; Philosophie
    Abstract: Anders' Hauptthema ist aktueller denn je: die Zerstörung der Humanität und die mögliche physische Selbstauslöschung der Menschheit. Der bisherige Mensch ist überholt, "antiquiert"?, der gegenwärtige und auch der zukünftige sind gekennzeichnet durch die Diskrepanz zwischen der noch immer wachsenden Kapazität der Technik und dem Unvermögen der Phantasie, sich die katastrophalen Folgen der Technik vorzustellen.
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  • 21
    Language: German
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    Keywords: Deutschland ; Alltagskultur ; Geschichte 1500-1800
    Note: Erschienen: Bd. 1 bis Bd. 3
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  • 22
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    London : Sage | München : Beck ; 1.2003,1; 2.2004 -
    ISSN: 1611-8944 , 2631-9764
    Language: German , English , French
    Pages: 24 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.2003,1; 2.2004 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Journal of modern European history
    DDC: 940.05
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    Keywords: Europe Periodicals History 1492- ; Zeitschrift ; Europa ; Geschichte 1700- ; Geschichte 1800-2000 ; Geschichte 1914- ; Geschichte 1800-2000 ; Zeitgeschichte
    Note: Ersch. 4x jährl., bis 2010 2x jährl., 2011 3x jährl.; 1.2003,2 nicht ersch.
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  • 23
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz | München : Beck ; 1.1986; 2.1984 -
    Language: German
    Pages: 25 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.1986; 2.1984 -
    DDC: 940
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    Keywords: Imperialism History ; Kolonialismus ; Kolonialgeschichte ; Imperialismus ; Geschichte, 16. Jh. ; Geschichte, 17. Jh. ; Geschichte, 18. Jh. ; Geschichte, 19. Jh. ; Geschichte, 20. Jh. ; a ; Europe ; Territorial expansion ; a ; Discoveries in geography ; a ; Explorers ; Monografische Reihe ; Quelle ; Kolonie ; Geschichte ; Weltgeschichte ; Kolonialismus ; Imperialismus ; Eurozentrismus ; Geschichte 1500-1900
    Note: Springende Ersch.-Jahre; unregelmäßig
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  • 24
    ISBN: 9783406324901 , 3406324908 , 9783406578724
    Language: German
    DDC: 306/.0943
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    Keywords: Germany Social conditions ; Germany Economic conditions ; Geschichte ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Politisches System ; Politischer Wandel ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Deutschland ; Deutschland ; Sozialgeschichte 1700-1990
    Note: 1 (1987) - 5 (2008)
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0179-4051
    Language: German
    Pages: 24 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.1986 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zeitschrift für Gesetzgebung
    Former Title: Vierteljahresschrift für staatliche und kommunale Rechtsetzung
    DDC: 340
    RVK:
    Keywords: Gesetzgebung ; Deutschland ; Zeitschrift ; Deutschland ; Gesetzgebung ; Gemeinde ; Rechtsetzung
    Note: Ungezählte Beil. ab 14.1999: Sonderheft , 20.2005,1 auf dem Umschlag als Jg. 19 bez.; vierteljährl.
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  • 26
    Language: German
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    Keywords: Deutschland ; Alltagskultur ; Geschichte 1500-1800
    Note: Erschienen: Bd. 1 bis Bd. 3
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  • 27
    Language: German
    Series Statement: Prähistorische Bronzefunde ...
    Series Statement: Abt. 9
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    Keywords: Polen ; Bronzezeit ; Bronzebeil ; Funde
    Note: Bd. 3 von Jerzy Kuśnierz, Bd. 4 von Marek Gedl. - Ab Bd. 3 im Verl. Steiner, Stuttgart
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  • 28
    Language: German
    Pages:
    Parallel Title: Elektronische Reproduktion Spengler, Oswald, 1880 - 1936 Der Untergang des Abendlandes
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    Keywords: Civilization History ; Kulturmorphologie
    Note: Bd. 1 von 1918 im Verl. Braumüller, Wien u.a., erschienen
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  • 29
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    München : Beck ; 1.1968 -
    Show associated volumes/articles
    In:  Neue juristische Wochenschrift
    ISSN: 0514-6496 , 0341-1915
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1968 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik
    Former Title: Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik mit ZRP-Gesetzgebungs-Report
    Former Title: Zeitschrift für Rechtspolitik mit rechtspolitischer Umschau
    Titel der Quelle: Neue juristische Wochenschrift
    Publ. der Quelle: München : Beck, 1947
    DDC: 340
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    Keywords: Rechtspolitik ; Deutschland ; Rechtswissenschaft ; Zeitschrift ; Rechtspolitik
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  • 30
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Münster : Waxmann | München : Bayer. Nationalmuseum [u.a.] | München : Münchner Vereinigung für Volkskunde | München : Beck | Münster [u.a.] : Waxmann ; 1.1983 -
    ISSN: 0177-3429 , 0177-3429 , 0177-3429
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1983 -
    Additional Information: 26=9 von Deutsche Gesellschaft für Volkskunde. Kommission Arbeitskulturen Tagung der Kommission Arbeitskulturen in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde Münster : Waxmann, 2000
    Series Statement: Münchener Universitätsschriften
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Münchner Beiträge zur Volkskunde
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Note: Erscheint unregelmäßig
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  • 31
    Language: German
    Series Statement: Schriftenreihe zur bayerischen Landesgeschichte
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    Keywords: Tagebuch ; Schmeller, Johann Andreas 1785-1852
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  • 32
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1978 -
    DDC: 320
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
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  • 33
    ISBN: 3406091652
    Language: German
    Series Statement: Bibliothek des 18. Jahrhunderts
    Uniform Title: Sept générations d'éxecuteurs 〈dt.〉
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    Keywords: Französische Revolution ; Erlebnisbericht ; Paris ; Hinrichtung ; Geschichte 1685-1847 ; Hinrichtung ; Paris ; Geschichte 1685-1847 ; Sanson 〈Familie〉 ; Geschichte ; Tagebuch 1685-1847 ; Paris ; Scharfrichter ; Scharfrichter ; Paris
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  • 34
    Book
    Book
    Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz Verlag | München : Beck
    Language: German
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    Keywords: Quelle ; Entdeckung ; Geschichte ; Kolonialismus ; Geschichte ; Kolonialismus ; Geschichte
    Note: Erschienen Bd. 1 (1986) - 8 (2019)
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  • 35
    Language: German
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    Note: In Fraktur
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  • 36
    ISBN: 3406509908
    Language: German
    Edition: Sonderausg
    DDC: 16.5/XA-DE
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Deutschland ; Geschichte ; Deutschland ; Historische Stätte ; Kollektives Gedächtnis
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  • 37
    Language: German
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Deutschland ; Rechtsfortbildung
    Note: Parallel als CD-ROM-Ausg. erschienen
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  • 38
    Language: German
    Additional Information: Rezensiert in Troeltsch, Ernst, 1865 - 1923 Zur modernen Geschichts- und Kulturphilosophie 2016
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    Keywords: Kulturmorphologie ; Geschichtsphilosophie ; Kulturpessimismus ; Abendland ; Kulturmorphologie
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  • 39
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Münster : Waxmann | München : Bayer. Nationalmuseum [u.a.] | München : Münchner Vereinigung für Volkskunde | München : Beck | Münster [u.a.] : Waxmann ; 1.1983 -
    ISSN: 0177-3429 , 0177-3429
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1983 -
    Additional Information: 26=9 von Deutsche Gesellschaft für Volkskunde / Kommission Arbeitskulturen Tagung der Kommission Arbeitskulturen in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde Münster ; New York, NY ; München ; Berlin : Waxmann, 2000-
    Series Statement: Münchener Universitätsschriften
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Münchner Beiträge zur Volkskunde
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Note: Erscheint unregelmäßig
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  • 40
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    München : Beck ; 1.1979 -
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1979 -
    Additional Information: 1=1979,9; 2=1981,2; 3=1982,1; 4=1983,5; 5=1984,4; 6=1986,4; 7=1989,1; 8=1989,2; 9=1992,4; 10=1993,2; 11=1994,4; 12=1994,5; 13=1997,1; 14=1998,1; 15=2001,1; 16=2004,6; 17=2008,4; 18=2009,3; 19=2010,1; 20=2014,2 von Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse Sitzungsberichte / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse München : Beck, 1944 0342-5991
    Series Statement: Sitzungsberichte / Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse
    DDC: 050
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Klassisches Arabisch ; Lexikografie ; Klassisches Arabisch ; Lexikografie
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  • 41
    Book
    Book
    München : Beck
    ISBN: 3406472257 , 3406495281 , 9783406591440
    Language: German
    Pages: 25 cm
    Additional Information: Rezension Große Kracht, Klaus, 1969 - Erinnerung à la carte 2002
    DDC: 306.094309
    RVK:
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Deutschland ; Geschichte ; Deutschland ; Historische Stätte ; Kollektives Gedächtnis ; Deutschland ; Kultur ; Geschichte
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  • 42
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Münster : Waxmann | München : Bayer. Nationalmuseum [u.a.] | München : Münchner Vereinigung für Volkskunde | München : Beck | Münster [u.a.] : Waxmann ; 1.1983 -
    ISSN: 0177-3429 , 0177-3429 , 0177-3429
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1983 -
    Additional Information: 26=9 von Deutsche Gesellschaft für Volkskunde. Kommission Arbeitskulturen Tagung der Kommission Arbeitskulturen in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde Münster : Waxmann, 2000
    Series Statement: Münchener Universitätsschriften
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Münchner Beiträge zur Volkskunde
    DDC: 390
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Note: Erscheint unregelmäßig
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  • 43
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Baden-Baden : Nomos | München : Beck ; H. 1.1988 -
    Language: German
    Pages: 23 cm
    Dates of Publication: H. 1.1988 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Juristische Studiengesellschaft Regensburg Schriften der Juristischen Studiengesellschaft Regensburg e.V.
    DDC: 340
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig
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  • 44
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    München : Beck ; 1.1992 -
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1992 -
    DDC: 340
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig
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  • 45
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    München : Beck ; 10.1933; 1=12. Aufl.1936 -
    ISSN: 1611-8545
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 10.1933; 1=12. Aufl.1936 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Beck'sche Kurz-Kommentare
    Former Title: Vorg. Liebmanns Kurzkommentare
    Former Title: Becksche Kurzkommentare in Baumbachscher Erläuterungsweise
    Former Title: Kurzkommentare in Baumbachscher Erläuterungsweise
    Former Title: Kurzkommentare
    DDC: 340
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe ; Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz ; Recht
    Note: Band 17 zugleich Band von: Strafrechtliche Nebengesetze , Band 17a zugleich Band von: Lexikon des Nebenstrafrechts mit einer umfassenden Einführung in das System des Nebenstrafrechts , Unter diesem Titel ersch. auch spätere Aufl. d. Bd. d. Vorg.; teils ohne Zählung; unregelmäßig
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  • 46
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz | München : Beck ; 1.1986; 2.1984 -
    Language: German
    Pages: 25 cm
    Dates of Publication: 1.1986; 2.1984 -
    DDC: 940
    RVK:
    Keywords: Imperialism History ; Kolonialismus ; Kolonialgeschichte ; Imperialismus ; Geschichte, 16. Jh. ; Geschichte, 17. Jh. ; Geschichte, 18. Jh. ; Geschichte, 19. Jh. ; Geschichte, 20. Jh. ; a ; Europe ; Territorial expansion ; a ; Discoveries in geography ; a ; Explorers ; Monografische Reihe ; Quelle ; Kolonie ; Geschichte ; Weltgeschichte ; Kolonialismus ; Imperialismus ; Eurozentrismus ; Geschichte 1500-1900
    Note: Springende Ersch.-Jahre; unregelmäßig
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9783406581625 , 9783406735905
    Language: German
    Pages: 2 Bde , 23 cm
    Edition: [6. Aufl.] - ...
    Uniform Title: Verfassung 〈1949.05.23, dt.〉
    Former Title: Vorangegangen ist Grundgesetz-Kommentar
    DDC: 342.43023
    RVK:
    Keywords: Constitutional law Germany ; Constitutions Germany ; Kommentar ; Deutschland Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Deutschland Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    Note: Einheitssachtitel des kommentierten Werkes: Verfassung 〈1949.05.23〉 , 1.-5. Auflage in 3 Bänden , 7. Aufl. begründet von Dr. Dr. h.c. Ingo von Münch, Dr. Dr. h.c. Dr. h.c. Philip Kunig ; herausgegeben von Dr. Jörn Axel Kämmerer, Dr. Markus Kotzur , Erschienen: 1-2
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Energy Study
    Keywords: Anchoring and Mooring ; Energy ; Energy Resources Development ; Energy Yield ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Floating Solar Photovoltaics ; FSPV Ecosystem ; HSE ; Inverter ; Power Plants
    Abstract: This report builds a compelling case for India to look beyond land and institute an ecosystem that supports the installation and operationalization of floating solar photovoltaics (FSPV) power plants. Since these plants are installed on the underutilized surfaces of large water bodies, no land needs to be diverted from other uses. The installation of FSPVs also spurs job creation and catalyzes the development of a domestic value chain as some of the components, such as floaters, need to bemanufactured close to installation sites. They also provide a range of other benefits as they generate relatively more power than ground-mounted solar plants (due to the cooling effect of water) and better utilize shared infrastructure such as transmission systems, wherever available
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Damages ; Earthquake ; Environment ; Grade Methodology ; Herat Province ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: Following the Herat province (Western Afghanistan) earthquake sequence of October 7 to 15, 2023, the World Bank carried out a remote desk-based assessment of the physical damages using the Global RApid post-disaster Damage Estimation (GRADE) methodology. The objective of the assessment is to develop a model-based estimate of the direct physical (economic) damages to residential buildings (houses), non-residential buildings (e.g., education, health, worship, commercial, industrial assets) and infrastructure (e.g., transport, power, water, telecommunications), and to evaluate the spatial distribution of damages in order to support the development of a roadmap for recovery and reconstruction. This report summarizes the key findings of the assessment
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  • 50
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Crisis ; Sahel ; Shocks ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The Sahel region of Africa faces multiple crises, which further compound structural economic and human development challenges. The Sahel is one of the world's poorest regions and displays some of the lowest levels of human capital globally. Violence and insecurity in the Sahel have significantly increased in the past decade, with several countries experiencing active armed conflict and unrest. The impacts of climate change compound existing vulnerabilities and risks. Finally, the external shocks of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have impacted the Sahel, eroding purchasing power and aggravating poverty. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) plays a critical role in preventing or mitigating the negative impacts of shocks and boosting resilience for long-term development. ASP has emerged as a flexible and dynamic approach to social protection during the past decade. It combines and exploits synergies between social protection, disaster risk management (DRM), and climate change adaptation. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) plays a critical role in preventing or mitigating the negative impacts of shocks and boosting resilience for long-term development. The Sahel's vulnerability and exposure to shocks and crises is set to increase with accelerating climate change, calling for a shift from often externally funded, ad hoc responses toward building sustainable, government-led system. Over the past decade, ASP has been on a remarkable trajectory in the Sahel, and this is an appropriate time to take stock of the situation. This report provides an overview of the state of ASP across six Sahelian countries - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal - as well as a set of recommendations for actions to strengthen the adaptiveness and responsiveness of existing systems to shocks
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Equity ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Fiscal Interventions ; Fiscal Policy ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Reforms
    Abstract: The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) is facing economic challenges. The country is experiencing a growth slowdown with high levels of public debt. Growing current expenditure and debt service obligations amid sluggish tax revenue led to a widening fiscal deficit in the early 2010s, which remained high into the 2020s despite fiscal consolidation efforts. COVID-19 and deteriorating macroeconomic conditions have disrupted human capital investment and are expected to have worsened the incidence of poverty and inequality. Fiscal policy can be an instrument to address these challenges, but its role has been constrained by a precarious fiscal position. This report analyzes the distributive effects of the Lao fiscal system and potential reforms to address current economic challenges. The analysis adopts the Commitment to Equity (CEQ) methodology to assess the distributional impact of the Lao fiscal system on household welfare. The methodology disaggregates income to include or exclude fiscal interventions to analyze the impact of the fiscal system and each intervention on poverty and inequality. Fiscal interventions can be classified into three categories according to how they are imposed on households: direct interventions (direct taxes, social security contributions, and cash transfers), indirect interventions (indirect taxes and subsidies), and in-kind interventions (public health and education). The framework assesses how progressive a fiscal system and each fiscal intervention are and measures their impacts on poverty and inequality
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (210 pages)
    Series Statement: International Debt Report
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Bonds ; Creditor ; Data ; Debt ; Debtor ; Developing ; Development ; Economic ; FDI ; Finance ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Government ; Interest Payments ; Interest Rates ; Loans ; Maturity ; Principal ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; Statistics
    Abstract: The International Debt Report (IDR) is a longstanding annual publication of the World Bank featuring external debt statistics and analysis for the 122 countries that report to the World Bank Debtor Reporting System. IDR 2023 is the 50th annual edition and includes (1) analyses of external debt stocks and flows as of end-2022 for these countries; (2) the macroeconomic and debt outlook for 2023 and beyond; (3) a focus on improved public debt transparency and the quality of debt reporting; (4) a discussion of the need for innovative approaches to debt management; (5) a commentary on how the International Debt Statistics database serves as an indispensable resource for researchers and policy makers; and (6) a one-page snapshot of relevant debt indicators and summary of debt stocks and flows for six years (2010 and 2018-22) for each country, plus global income group and regional aggregates. Unique in its coverage of the important trends and issues fundamental to the financing of low- and middle-income countries, IDR 2023 is an indispensable resource for governments, economists, investors, financial consultants, academics, bankers, and the entire development community. For more information on IDR 2023 and related products, please visit the World Bank's Debt Statistics website at www.worldbank.org/debtstatistics
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ambel, Alemayehu A Does Unequal Tax Burden Contribute to Women-Owned Businesses Leaving the Tax Net?
    Keywords: Effective Tax Rate ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Women and Tax ; Women Run Businesses
    Abstract: This study investigates gender disparities in the tax burden in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, using data on 2,320 taxpayers for 2011 and 2012. A quantile regression analysis is employed to control for firm characteristics such as sector, size, and age. The results show that women-owned businesses are more likely to operate in low-profit sectors and report lower sales and tax liabilities than men-owned businesses. However, women-owned businesses pay as much as men-owned businesses in taxes, suggesting that they are subject to a higher effective tax rate. This, in turn, may lead to women-owned businesses exiting the tax net at a higher rate. These findings suggest that gender disparities in tax compliance are not simply due to differences in firm characteristics but may also be due to biases in tax declaration and enforcement processes
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Hutton, Guy Costs of Health Care Associated Infections from Inadequate Water and Sanitation in Health Care Facilities in Eastern and Southern Africa
    Keywords: Disease Control and Prevention ; Health Policy and Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Healthcare Associated Infections ; Healthcare Facilities ; Healthcare Waste Management ; Hygiene
    Abstract: In Sub-Saharan Africa, health care facilities face critical challenges in water supply, sanitation, and hygiene services; health care waste management; and environmental cleanliness. With coverage below 50 percent, these deficiencies pose significant health risks to patients and health care workers, contributing to health care-associated infections. Meta-analyses and individual studies estimate rates of health care-associated infections in Sub-Saharan Africa at between 13 and 30 percent of hospital admissions, impacting patients, families, and health care providers. Rising antimicrobial resistance further exacerbates health outcomes and costs. In Eastern and Southern Africa, an estimated 3.1 million health care-associated infections in 2022 incurred over 320,000 excess deaths, costing at least US
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Madrigal Correa, Alma Lucia Indigenous peoples, land and conflict in Mindanao, Philippines
    Keywords: Ancestral Domains ; Communities and Human Settlements ; Conflict Data Monitor ; Indigenous Peoples ; Indigenous Peoples Law ; Land Titling ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mindano ; Political Economy ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This article explores the links between conflict, land and indigenous peoples in several regions of Mindano, the Philippines, notorious for their levels of poverty and conflict. The analysis takes advantage of the unprecedented concurrence of data from the most recent, 2020, census; an independent conflict data monitor for Mindanao; and administrative sources on ancestral land titling for indigenous peoples in the Philippines. While evidence elsewhere compellingly links land titling with conflict reduction, a more nuanced story emerges in the Philippines. Conflicts, including land- and resource-related conflicts, are generally less likely in districts (barangays) with higher shares of indigenous peoples. Ancestral domain areas also have a lower likelihood for general conflict but a higher likelihood for land-related conflict. Ancestral domains titling does not automatically solve land-related conflicts. When administrative delays take place (from cumbersome bureaucratic processes, insufficient resources and weak institutional capacity), titling processes may lead to sustained, rather than decreased, conflict
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Moretti, Matias Inelastic Demand Meets Optimal Supply of Risky Sovereign Bonds
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Emerging Markets Bond Index ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inelastic Financial Markets ; Institutional Investors ; International Capital Markets ; International Financial Markets ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Small Open Economies ; Sovereign Debt
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence of inelastic demand in the market for risky sovereign bonds and examines its interplay with government policies. The methodology combines bond-level evidence with a structural model featuring endogenous bond issuances and default risk. Empirically, the paper exploits monthly changes in the composition of a major bond index to identify flow shocks that shift the available bond supply and are unrelated to country fundamentals. The paper finds that a 1 percentage point reduction in the available supply increases bond prices by 33 basis points. Although exogenous, these shocks might influence government policies and expected bond payoffs. The paper identifies a structural demand elasticity by feeding the estimated price reactions into a sovereign debt model that isolates endogenous government responses. These responses account for a third of the estimated price reactions. By penalizing additional borrowing, inelastic demand acts as a commitment device that reduces default risk
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (22 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Donfouet, Hermann Pythagore Pierre Mortality Costs of and Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Cote D'ivoire
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; Covid-19 Pandemic ; Demographics ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Value of Statistical Life
    Abstract: Cote d'Ivoire, the largest economy in the West African Economic and Monetary Union, was hit by COVID-19, which claimed many lives. This paper estimates COVID-19 mortality costs over time using the value of a statistical life. Using a more conservative estimate of the value of a statistical life income elasticity ranging from 1 to 1.4, the overall COVID-19 mortality costs in Cote d'Ivoire since the pandemic range from USD 100.4 million to USD 284.3 million. Considering age-related adjustments, a 3 percent discount rate, and a value of a statistical life income elasticity of 1 to 1.4, the COVID-19 costs range from USD 5.4 million to USD 15.3 million. Similarly, the COVID-19 mortality costs range from USD 6.8 million to USD 19.3 million with a 5 percent discount rate and a value of a statistical life income elasticity of 1 to 1.4. More significantly, the findings suggest that COVID-19 mortality costs started to decline in 2021. To enhance prevention, preparedness, and response to future pandemics, policy makers could consider allocating pandemic funding within national budgets. Exploring potential partnerships with philanthropic organizations and international entities could further enhance domestic resource matching efforts
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (238 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Data Science ; Digital Transformation ; Maturity Models ; Revenue Administration ; Tax Policy ; Tax Sanctions
    Abstract: Revenue Administration Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and management of tax and customs administrations, covering topics such as tax policy design considerations that impact tax administration, institutional setup and strategic planning, analyticalcapacities and maturity models, core business processes, and tax sanctions. It also presents pioneering work in the field of digital transformation and how to build data science capabilities, including a roadmap for policy makers and tax officials on how to incorporate and manage disruptive technologies, such as machine learning, into building modern revenue administrations while taking into account their respective maturity levels. This practical manual provides examples from real-life World Bank projects so that policy makers, tax officials, information technology experts, and information and communication technology providers can better understand the needs of revenue administrations to design and implement the most appropriate technology solutions. This reference work is intended to serve as a tool to facilitate the progress and modernization of tax and customs administrations worldwide, and to reach not only tax experts and policy makers, but also other government officials, businesses and academic communities, as well as the larger public, since all are relevant stakeholders with an active role in day-to-day revenue administration operations. "This is a very timely and useful reference for tax practitioners and stakeholders, coming at a time when tax administrators continue to grapple with the challenge of how to accelerate the modernization of technology systems to remain effective in a rapidly advancing and technologydriven business environment." MOSES WASIKE, Senior financial management specialist, World Bank "This is an impressive piece of work that pulls together many different strains on tax administration." JEFFREY OWENS, Director, Global Tax Policy Center, Vienna University "Applying several technologies discussed in this handbook in an innovative manner will definitely help leapfrog countries to pursue a digital transformation agenda, especially in the areas of efficiency, productivity, and citizen satisfaction."
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (44 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Redaelli, Silvia Assessing the Extent of Monetary Poverty in the Syrian Arab Republic after a Decade of Conflict
    Keywords: Data Deprivation ; Fragility and Conflict ; Poverty Measurement ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Nowcasting ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Social Development and Poverty
    Abstract: The data for estimating monetary poverty in the Syrian Arab Republic are outdated. In the context of data scarcity, this paper aims to propose a methodological approach to address the knowledge gap regarding welfare in Syria over the past decade. In particular, the analysis provides (i) updated pre-conflict poverty baseline estimates based on grouped data from the 2009 Household Income and Expenditure Survey; (ii) supporting evidence on the viability of using Humanitarian Needs Assessment Programme Demographic and Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene 2022 survey data for the estimation of monetary poverty in 2022; and (iii) supporting theoretical and empirical evidence to identify growth in per capita gross domestic product in current prices deflated by Consumer Price Index as the best metric to project poverty using a nowcasting approach. Based on this analysis, the paper proposes to use 2022 Humanitarian Needs Assessment Programme-based poverty estimates to anchor the most recent estimates to the best available evidence, and to interpolate the poverty evolution obtained from back-casting 2022 and nowcasting 2009 poverty estimates over 2009-22 using the growth rate of per capita gross domestic product in current prices, deflated by the Consumer Price Index with a passthrough of 0.7
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (54 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez, Laura Fiscal Policy, Poverty and Inequality in Jordan: The Role of Taxes and Public Spending
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy and Inequality ; Income Inequality ; Poverty and Social Impact ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: Analysing who benefits from different taxes and spending is important to understand how fiscal policy is affecting poverty and inequality in Jordan. This study traces how the Jordanian fiscal system affects different households, while paying income tax and GST and benefiting from social assistance, and services, such as, cash transfers, electricity and water subsidies, education and health. The study finds that Jordan's current fiscal system is modestly progressive, but more could be achieved. Inequality, as measured by the Gini Index, falls 5.8 points between household market incomes and post-fiscal incomes (after paying income and consumption taxes as well as receiving government transfers and subsidized services). When considering only monetary taxes and benefits (that is, excluding non-cash education and health services), inequality falls by only 2.6 points and poverty would be almost the same as the official poverty rate. Nonetheless, the recent expansion of social assistance programs is making Jordan's fiscal policies more equalizing and there is scope for other reforms which would both close the fiscal gap while further reducing poverty and inequality
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (72 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Pullinger, John Reviewing Assessment Tools for Measuring Country Statistical Capacity
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National Statistical System ; Statistical Capacity ; Statistical Capacity Index ; Statistical Indicators ; Statistical Performance
    Abstract: Country statistical capacity is increasingly recognized as crucial for development, but no academic study exists that reviews the available assessment tools. This paper offers the first review study that fills this gap, paying particular attention to data and practical measurement challenges. It compares the World Bank's recently developed Statistical Performance Indicators and Index with other widely used indexes, such as the Open Data Inventory index, the Global Data Barometer index, and other regional and self-assessment tools. The findings show that each index brings advantages in data sources, number of indicators, measurement focus, coverage of countries and time periods, and correlation with common development indexes. The Open Data Inventory index covers the most countries, the Global Data Barometer index collects data through its surveys, and the Statistical Performance Indicators and Index offer a broader framework for assessing statistical systems. The paper offers further thoughts on the potential mechanisms through which these tools can bring positive impacts on economic activities and some political economy concerns, as well as future directions for development
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (2 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Amin, Mohammad Does Financial Development Reduce Gender Disparity in Top Manager Positions in Manufacturing SMEs in Developing Countries?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Credit Market ; Discriminating Practices ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Formal Manufacturing Enterprises ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Gender Gap ; Women in Management
    Abstract: Women often face more hurdles than men in obtaining finance. This is especially so when credit supply is limited and financial markets are less developed. As a result, owners of firms may prefer men over women as top managers of their firms, widening the gender gap in top manager positions. This paper tests this idea using firm-level survey data for small and medium-size formal manufacturing enterprises in 47 developing countries. The results confirm a positive relationship between credit supply and the likelihood of having a woman versus a man as the top manager. This positive relationship is much stronger in industries that are more dependent on external sources of finance for technological reasons. It is also stronger in countries with poor coverage by credit bureaus and low competition between banks, which is consistent with "statistical" and "taste-based" discrimination against women borrowers. The main result is robust to several endogeneity checks, sample alterations, and alternative measures of credit supply and financial development
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Komatsu, Hitomi Presumptive Tax on Small and Microenterprises with a Gender Lens in Ethiopia
    Keywords: Effective Tax Rate ; Female Entrepreneurs ; Fiscal Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Economics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microenterprises ; Tax ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Governments often use simplified business tax systems, such as presumptive tax regimes, to register and tax small and microenterprises. Despite concerns about how such regimes could disproportionately affect female-owned and low-revenue entrepreneurs, there is a lack of empirical analysis examining the tax burden. The presumptive tax in Ethiopia has a complex assessment system, where the tax liabilities are determined according to the activity type and turnover (99 activities and 19 turnover bands), and some activities do not have a tax-free threshold. This paper uses two rounds of data in the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Surveys and the tax code to analyze the equity and gender implications of the presumptive tax on small and microenterprises by imputing the effective tax rates. There are three key findings. First, the effective tax rates are higher for businesses in the lowest quartile at 4.3 percent of turnover compared to 1.5 percent for businesses in the highest quartile, using the most recent survey, resulting in a regressive system. Second, male-owned businesses tend to operate in sectors without a tax-free threshold and are more likely than female-owned businesses to face higher tax rates. Third, the effective tax rates are high for businesses in food and beverage services, which is female-dominated, and for transit services, which is male-dominated, due to the lack of a tax-free threshold for these sectors. The study finds that an alternative presumptive tax system with a single tax rate on turnover and an exemption for all low-revenue businesses would be simpler for tax assessment and more progressive
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Education ; Education Reform and Management ; Latin America ; Learning ; Pisa
    Abstract: This report explores the results of the latest round of PISA for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), showcasing the results for the region, the differences within the region and between the region and the rest of the world. For this round of PISA, 14 countries of LAC participated in the assessment, representing the largest number of LAC countries in the assessment since its inception. The report covers three key insights: (1) learning is low and highly unequal in LAC, (2) for most countries trends in learning are not moving in the right direction; and (3) countries in LAC should ensure that all students acquire at least basic proficiency in foundational skills, by addressing disparities and focusing on the effective use of technology
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (172 pages)
    Series Statement: Climate Change and Development
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Digital Tools ; E-Commerce ; Green Digital Transformation ; Green Gas ; Low Emissions
    Abstract: Climate change is unfolding amid the greatest information and communication revolution in human history. From e-commerce and social media to smart manufacturing and precision farming, digital technologies have become prevalent in all aspects of economic and social life. Digital technologies also have the potential to shape climate change action. Green digital transformation can help countries adapt effectively to the impacts of climate change and create greener growth pathways. Doing this means combining a focus on digital transformation and inclusion with a strategic and sustainable use of digital technologies to address climate change. Green Digital Transformation: How to Sustainably Close the Digital Divide and Harness Digital Tools for Climate Action illuminates the channels through which digital technologies intersect with climate change, and it proposes a path to low-emissions applications of digital technologies to help countries mitigate and adapt to climate change
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (40 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Islamaj, Ergys The Sovereign Spread Compressing Effect of Fiscal Rules during Global Crises
    Keywords: Communicable Diseases ; Covid-19 Crisis ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Rules ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; International Economics and Trade ; International Financial Markets ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Sovereign Spreads
    Abstract: Do fiscal rules help suppress sovereign spreads during periods of global financial stress Yes! This paper examines whether fiscal rules contribute to mitigating sovereign spreads in emerging markets and developing economies during periods of heightened financial and economic volatility worldwide. It finds that the presence of fiscal rules is statistically significantly associated with lower sovereign spreads during the COVID-19 crisis -- about 350 basis points lower on average. Interestingly, this correlation persists even when nations deviate from these rules, indicating an expectation of post-crisis compliance. The study shows that deviations from fiscal rules are typically short-lived, with fiscal balance rules reinstated within 3.5 years. Robustness checks, including controls for institutional quality, fiscal rule strength, and global and regional factors confirm these results. Overall, the findings suggest that fiscal rules can help emerging markets and developing economies signal fiscal responsibility during episodes of global financial stress, reducing borrowing costs relative to countries without fiscal rules
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (27 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rodriguez-Pose, Andres Overcoming Left-Behindedness: Moving beyond the Efficiency versus Equity Debate in Territorial Development
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Efficiency ; Equity Territories ; Growth ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Rural Development ; Regional Urban Development ; Regions ; Rural Development
    Abstract: Territorial development theory and practice have witnessed significant change in recent times. This change has increasingly put the spatial dimension at the center of development policies. Although agglomeration-focused policies derived from urbanization and agglomeration economics were once prominent, their empirical limitations have become increasingly apparent. Greater territorial polarization and pervasive left-behindedness have underscored the need for a more inclusive territorial development approach, prompting increased interest in understanding and addressing regional disparities to ensure more equitable economic growth. This paper synthesizes the growing interest in territorial development, which has driven the adoption of what are increasingly place-based and place-sensitive approaches to development. The paper also emphasizes the need for complementarity between efficiency-driven and equity-focused interventions, while highlighting emerging topics in regional economics research, including the role of institutions, agency, and external megatrends such as the green transition. The paper concludes by advocating a place-sensitive approach that tailors policies to regional challenges, promoting economic potential, diversification, and inclusivity across all regions
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Consumer Protection ; Consumer Protection Law ; Corruption and Anticorruption Law ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Capability ; Financial Consumer Protection ; Law and Development ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The 2022 Global State of Financial Inclusion and Consumer Protection (FICP) Report is an update to the 2013 and 2017 FICP reports. These surveys aim to provide a timely source of global data to benchmark efforts by financial sector authorities to improve the enabling environment for financial inclusion and consumer protection. To date, this is the only longitudinal and global survey of this nature. As such, this report serves as a valuable resource to shape the World Bank's country engagements, a reference document for regulators and supervisors and, finally, a tool for both public and private sector actors with an interest in knowing the developments in this sector. The Survey questionnaire covers key topics related to financial inclusion and financial consumer protection (FCP) and aligns with international guidance to financial sector authorities in these areas. Because the report aims to capture both a snapshot as well as trends over time, the survey questionnaire has been modified over the three cycles to reflect the changing policy and regulatory landscape of financial inclusion and consumer protection
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Education Study
    Keywords: Access To Education ; Education ; Education For All ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Labor Management and Relations ; Labor Market Policy and Programs ; Public Sector Management ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The main objective of this study is to assess the performance of Cambodia's tertiary education system in terms of equitable access, labor market relevance, and research output, and to provide policy recommendations to the government and all stakeholders in the tertiary education sector. This will inform priority reforms and investments to strengthen the sector overall and, specifically, improve coverage, relevance, research, and governance. Building on the latest analytical work carried out in 2017 ahead of the preparation of an ongoing higher education operation supported by the World Bank, the study is an important step toward overcoming knowledge gaps about the main drivers of the results of the Cambodian tertiary education system and institutions. It will shed light on the factors explaining disparities in access, the mismatch between higher education programs and labor market needs, the capacity of higher education to train the specialists and technicians needed for the green economy, and shortcomings in the governance set up and processes that impede both public and private HEIs from operating in a flexible and efficient manner. The findings of the report will significantly add to the evidence base for identifying policy options to improve equity, relevance, and governance at both the national and institutional levels
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Rosenow, Samuel Kaspar Turning Risks into Reward: Diversifying the Global Value Chains of Decarbonization Technologies
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Decarbonization ; Decarbonization Technologies ; Energy ; Energy Finance ; Environment ; Export Strength Index ; Global Value Chains ; Net-Zero Emissions
    Abstract: Reaching net-zero emissions by 2050 requires unprecedented scaling up in the global deployment of critical decarbonization technologies, such as solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. This challenge is currently rife with both risks and rewards: while securing an adequate supply of these technologies has become an urgent policy priority for many countries, their high-growth global value chains also offer lucrative benefits for those able to meet the burgeoning global demand. Although recent policy responses have sought to nearshore production to reduce risks and capitalize on rewards, this paper instead lays out an evidence-based strategy to help diversify the global value chains of decarbonization technologies across countries with latent production capabilities and resource endowments. To that end, it constructs a new dataset of traded products, components, and materials associated with decarbonization technologies; develops new indexes capturing countries' current export strengths and future diversification potential in these global value chains; and highlights products with supply risks due to high market concentration levels and those with development rewards in terms of their potential for growth, knowledge spillovers, and technological upgrading. Taken together, the evidence supports the idea that there is plenty of opportunity to diversify these value chains across a larger number of countries to avoid the risks associated with reliance on only a few countries
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (224 pages)
    Series Statement: Africa Development Forum
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Employment Challenges ; Female Migrants ; Government ; Migration ; Urban Development ; Urban Markets
    Abstract: Research on migration and urban development in Africa has primarily focused on larger cities and rural-to-urban migration. However, 97 percent of Africa's urban centers have fewer than 300,000 inhabitants, and a sizable share of urban migrants come from other urban areas. A more holistic and dynamic perspective, incorporating migration flows along the full urban hierarchy, as well as urban-urban migrants, is needed to better understand and leverage migration for urban development. Migrants, Markets, and Mayors: Rising above the Employment Challenge in Africa's Secondary Cities draws on demographic data, research literature, key informant interviews, and empirical research to better understand how migrants in Africa's secondary cities fare in urban labor markets, how they affect aggregate urban productivity, and how mayors can leverage migrants' potential to the benefit of all. It explores these questions across countries and four urban case settings: Jijiga in Ethiopia, Jinja in Uganda, and Jendouba and Kairouan in Tunisia. Although mayors in secondary cities often see migrants as a burden to their cities' labor markets and a threat to development, the report finds that migrants contribute increasingly less to urban population growth and that they usually strengthen the resident labor force. The report also finds that labor market outcomes for migrants are at least as good as those for nonmigrants. Africa's secondary cities are well placed to leverage migration, but evidence-based policies are needed to manage the growth and development of land and labor markets. The report reviews policy options that mayors can take to strengthen the financial, technical, and planning capacity of secondary cities and better leverage migration to benefit migrants and nonmigrants alike. "Much of the literature on migration to cities examines migration in a nonspatial fashion or focuses on rural-urban migration to the largest, most visible cities. This volume fills a gap by focusing on migration to secondary cities, coming up with a compelling set of facts. Overall, the volume is very well done and sets a benchmark for future research." J. Vernon Henderson, School Professor of Economic Geography, London School of Economics
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  • 72
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (558 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Developing Economies ; Growth Prospects ; Policies ; Poverty ; Structural Growth
    Abstract: A structural growth slowdown is under way across the world: at current trends, the global rate of potential growth is expected to fall to a three-decade low over the remainder of the 2020s. Nearly all the forces that have powered growth and prosperity since the early 1990s have weakened. In addition, a series of shocks has affected the global economy over the past three years. A persistent and broad-based decline in long-term growth prospects imperils the ability of emerging market and developing economies to combat poverty, tackle climate change, and meet other key development objectives. The challenges presented by this potential inability call for an ambitious policy response at the national and global levels. This book presents the first detailed analysis of the growth slowdown and a rich menu of policy options to deliver better growth outcomes. This book presents a sobering analysis of the secular growth slowdown based on the most comprehensive database of potential growth estimates available to date. With nearly all the forces that have driven growth and prosperity in recent decades now weakened, the book argues that a prolonged period of weakness is under way, with serious implications for emerging market and developing economies. The authors call for bold policy actions at both the national and global levels to lift growth prospects. The book is essential reading for policy makers, economists, and anyone concerned about the future of the global economy. Beatrice Weder di Mauro Professor of International Economics, Geneva Graduate Institute, and President of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Economic policy making is becoming increasingly complicated in the 2020s. In addition to tackling traditional trade-offs in aggregate demand management and improving efficiency on the supply side, policy makers need to address new priorities and challenges, from addressing climate change and its impacts to improving income distribution, all in the context of lower growth rates, waning productivity growth, and flattening of the globalization process that has brought unprecedented prosperity across the globe and lifted more than a billion people out of poverty. In Falling Long-Term Growth Prospects, the authors do a phenomenal job of assessing these trends at the global and regional levels, identifying and unpacking salient twenty-first-century policy challenges, and providing thoughtful and evidence-based policy prescriptions for leaders in advanced, emerging market, and developing economies. Importantly, the book underscores that these challenges tend to be global and, hence, global cooperation at all levels is necessary to achieve optimal results. Alas, we seem to be going in the opposite direction; this book offers a road map to put us back on the path to creating a more integrated, prosperous, and equitable global community. Michael G. Plummer Director, SAIS Europe and ENI Professor of International Economics, The Johns Hopkins University
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (37 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bauer, Adam Michael How Delayed Learning about Climate Uncertainty Impacts Decarbonization Investment Strategies
    Keywords: Adjustment Costs ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Carbon Price ; Climate Change and Environment ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Climate Risk ; Environment ; Green Investment ; Stochastic Modeling
    Abstract: The Paris Agreement established that global warming should be limited to "well below" 2?C and encouraged efforts to limit warming to 1.5?C. Achieving this goal presents a significant challenge, especially given the presence of (i) economic inertia and adjustment costs, which penalize a swift transition away from fossil fuels, and (ii) climate uncertainty that, for example, hinders the ability to predict the amount of emissions that can be emitted before a given temperature target is passed, which is often referred to as the remaining carbon budget. This paper presents a modeling framework that explores optimal decarbonization investment strategy when both delayed learning about the remaining carbon budget and adjustment costs are present. The findings show that delaying learning about the remaining carbon budget impacts investment in three ways: (i) the cost of policy increases, especially when adjustment costs are present; (ii) abatement investment is front-loaded relative to the certainty policy; and (iii) the sectoral allocation of investment changes to favor declining investment pathways rather than bell-shaped paths. The latter effect is especially pronounced in hard-to-abate sectors, such as heavy industry. Each of the effects can be traced back to the carbon price distribution inheriting a "heavy tail" when the remaining carbon budget is learned later in the century. The paper highlights how climate uncertainty and adjustment costs combined result in a more aggressive least-cost strategy for decarbonization investment
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Patino Pena, Fausto The Role of Firm Dynamics in Aggregate Productivity, Job Flows, and Wage Inequality in Ecuador
    Keywords: Aggregate Productivity ; Employment and Unemployment ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firm Performance ; Job Flows ; Social Protections and Labor ; Wage Inequality
    Abstract: This paper examines the role of firm dynamics in aggregate total factor productivity, job flows, and wage inequality in Ecuador. Utilizing a comprehensive employer-employee dataset, the paper documents firm dynamics and job flow patterns that are consistent with the presence of market distortions. Also, the paper identifies factor misallocation as the main contributor to Ecuador's total factor productivity deceleration. Given these trends, the paper explores allocative inefficiency drivers through firm- and industry-level regressions. Firms in the top productivity quintile face distortive non-wage labor costs that are 3.7 times higher than the bottom quintile, after controlling for firm size and age. The findings also provide evidence of credit misallocation across firms. Additionally, industries with higher job mobility, credit access, and competition and lower non-wage labor costs, minimum wage incidence, and zombie firms demonstrate higher allocative efficiency. Moreover, worker-level regressions indicate that misallocation drivers explain up to 41 percent of wage inequality, with non-wage labor costs and product market frictions as distortions driving this inequality
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Demographics and Aging ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth and Planning ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Human Development and Gender ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Strategy and Policy ; Urban and Rural Development ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: This report begins with an Executive Summary, which introduces the territorial development approach and the rationale for applying it in Lesotho's development context before going on to summarize key takeaways and recommendations. It is followed by four chapters: chapter 1, Introduction, lays out the country context, presenting in brief Lesotho's economic and demographic situation, population projections, governmental structure, and poverty profile and the government's goals. Chapter 2, territorial development framework and analysis in Lesotho, discusses the territorial development approach, its objectives, and the challenges it aims to address before presenting a customized 2 by 2 territorial framework for Lesotho and explaining how it can be applied. Chapter 3, analyzing Lesotho's Challenges through a Territorial Lens, lays out a spatial analysis centering on four development challenges: economic opportunities, internal connectivity and regional integration, access to basic services, and climate preparedness. To highlight the challenges, the chapter includes 4D heat maps linked to density, distance, disparity, and disaster risk. It also summaries case studies and real-life applications of the territorial development approach in Lesotho. Full case studies are in an annex. Chapter 4, recommendations, covers guiding principles and recommendations based on the territorial development approach and analysis
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Financial Aid ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Azerbaijan assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Azerbaijan perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Azerbaijan on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Azerbaijan; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Azerbaijan; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Azerbaijan; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Azerbaijan
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (52 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Alimi, Omoniyi Babatunde Are Unit Values Reliable Proxies for Prices? Implications of Better Price Data for Household Consumption Measurement in a Low-Income Context
    Keywords: Commodity Group Price ; Household Consumption And Expenditure ; Household Survey ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nominal Consumption Aggregate ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Separability Assumption ; Unit Values
    Abstract: Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys are key to consumption-based monetary poverty measurement. In the absence of market price surveys that are linked to Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys, unit values are used as proxies for market prices in estimating nominal consumption aggregates, price deflators, poverty lines, and poverty statistics. This practice relies on the Hicksian separability assumption: within-commodity group relative prices are constant across space and the price of a single good is an accurate proxy for the commodity group price. To test, for the first time in a low-income context, whether Hicksian separability holds, this paper uses the price data collected for an extensive list of food items, including several variety/quality-differentiated products for specific items, in a national market survey that was conducted in Malawi in sync with the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey that is the source of official poverty statistics. The analysis demonstrates that Hicksian separability fails to hold across space and time and that unit values are biased proxies for prices. Integrating the Household Consumption and Expenditure Survey and market survey data based on location and timing of fieldwork permits an assessment of consumption and poverty estimation based on market prices versus unit values. Relative to unit values, using market prices leads to higher food and overall consumption expenditures--both in nominal and real terms--while generating higher poverty lines and higher food and overall poverty rates. Compared to their counterparts based on unit values, spatially-disaggregated poverty estimates based on market prices exhibit a stronger correlation with nightlights --an objective proxy for living standards
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (43 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Isser, Deborah H Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa in the 21St Century: Four Trends and an Uncertain Outlook
    Keywords: Centralized Power Arrangements ; Checks and Balances ; Fiscal and Monetary Policy ; Governance Reform ; Governance Trajectory ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Social Inclusion and Institutions
    Abstract: What can be learned from the governance trajectory of African countries since the beginning of the 21st century What is the quality of governance on the African continent and how does it shape development The first decade of the millennium saw promising growth and poverty reduction in much of the continent. Yet, Sub-Saharan Africa has also been the stage of a stream of governance reform failures and policy reversals, and many countries continue to suffer from the consequences of poor governance. This paper explores the dynamics of governance reform on the continent over the past two decades and points to four key trends. First, effective state institutions, capable of maintaining peace, fostering growth, and delivering services, have developed unevenly. Second, progress has been made on enhancing the inclusiveness and accountability of institutions, but it remains constrained by the weakness of checks and balances and the persistence of patterns of centralized and exclusive power arrangements. Third, civic capacity has risen considerably, but the inability of institutions to respond to social expectations and political mobilization threatens to turn liberal civic engagement into distrust, populism, and radicalization. Fourth, the combination of these three trends contributes to the rise of political instability, which constitutes a major threat for the continent
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Fiji assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Fiji perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Fiji on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Fiji; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Fiji; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Fiji; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Fiji
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Civil Registration and Identification ; Gender ; Governance ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Private Sector Development ; Public Administration ; Public Sector Development
    Abstract: In Ethiopia, women are 15 percentage points less likely than men to possess a kebele ID, the primary proof of identity document used in the country. This report unveils findings from a study that aims to grasp the reasons behind this gender gap in ID ownership and offers recommendations for overcoming these barriers in Fayda, the new digital ID system launched by the Government of Ethiopia in 2021. Executed by the World Bank in partnership with Ethiopia's National ID Program (NIDP), the study first uses statistical analysis of ID4D-Findex data to illustrate the nature of the ID ownership gap and its ramifications for women. Subsequently, through desk research and original qualitative data obtained from focus group discussions and key informant interviews, the report delves into four categories of potential reasons for the gap: legal and policy barriers, social and community barriers, economic and procedural barriers, and information and knowledge barriers. In the concluding section, the report offers three key recommendations for integrating gender inclusivity into the Fayda program, drawingfrom the research findings and inputs gathered from qualitative research participants
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: CHVA ; Climate and Health ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Change and Health ; Climate Change Impacts ; Environment ; Health Risks ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: The objective of this Climate and Health Vulnerability Assessment (CHVA) is to assist decision-makers in Colombia with planning effective adaptation measures to deal with climate-related health risks. This assessment includes sub-national considerations for health-related climate action (see Annex A for the methodology). Sub-national considerations are given for Colombia's 32 departments (see Figure 1). It also incorporates data from a Climate and Health Economic Valuation conducted by the World Bank to estimate of the potential economic costs of health impacts arising from projected changes in temperature and precipitation (see Annex B for the methodology). The findings from this CHVA are organized under four sections. Section I characterizes the climatology in Colombia, highlighting observed and projected climate exposures relevant to health. Section II describes key climate-related risks to health, including nutrition and food security, vector-borne diseases (VDBs), water-borne diseases, increasing temperatures, air quality, and zoonotic diseases. Section III analyzes the adaptive capacity and readiness of Colombia's health system to prevent and manage climate-related health risks. Recommendations are discussed in Section IV
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs)
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Adaptation ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Finance ; Inlcusive Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Resilience
    Abstract: This Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR) examines Liberia's development trajectory through the lens of the country's vulnerability to climate change. It identifies Liberia's development risks and opportunities, models various scenarios of climate impact and intervention, and proposes ways to strengthen resilience and finance climate actions that support Liberia's development aspirations of inclusive growth and poverty reduction
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing ; Infrastructure ; Mobility ; Road Pricing ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The document is structured into five chapters. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical framework surrounding road pricing. It outlines the fundamental principles and characteristics of road pricing, while exploring the relationship between social equity and road pricing. Additionally, it addresses potential implementation challenges that may arise. The subsequent chapters offer summaries of international experiences in interurban pricing (Chapter.3) and urban pricing (Chapter 4). In the case of interurban pricing, a broad spectrum of approaches is examined, including traditional methods, concession tolls, and the latest trends in variable pricing within the European Union. Lastly, chapter 5 highlights the key trends in road pricing and provides recommendations based on the evidence presented throughout the document. This chapter serves to offer valuable insights for decision-makers, drawing from the comprehensive studies presented within the document
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Demographics ; Family Planning Research ; Female Education ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High Fertility Rates ; High Population Growth ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Population Policies ; Women's Agency
    Abstract: Tanzania has managed to sustain its growth momentum despite the intensifying effects of climate change. While Tanzania's economy continues to expand, recent growth has been concentrated in sectors that employ few workers from poor households, limiting its impact on poverty. The Bank of Tanzania (BoT) has implemented an effective monetary policy designed to curb inflation and alleviate mounting short-term demand pressure on foreign exchange. While Tanzania's recovery continues to accelerate, several serious threats cloud its economic outlook. Key risks include the slow or incomplete implementation of structural reforms, the damaging effects of climate change on the agriculture and tourism sectors, and the possibility of a global recession caused by fiscal and monetary policy tightening in advanced economies and major EMDEs. To mitigate these risks, policymakers must accelerate structural reforms as part of a sustained effort to attract greater private investment and spur resilient and inclusive private-sector-led growth. Over the longer term, one of the country's key challenges will be to complete its structural economic transformation, which will require creating a more favorable business climate to support the growth of the industrial and services sectors while boosting agricultural productivity. Another key long-term growth challenge will be achieving more balanced and inclusive growth
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Environmental Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Access To Finance ; Adaptation To Climate Change ; Blended Concessional Finance ; Clean Energy ; Climate Investments ; Climate-Smart Agriculture ; Environment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Green Housing ; Solar Power ; Waste-To-Energy
    Abstract: The document collection focuses on the concept of blended finance for climate investments, emphasizing the need for innovative financial mechanisms to address climate change. It discusses the potential of blending public and private capital to mobilize investment in climate-related projects, aiming to achieve both environmental and financial returns. The collection explores various models and case studies to demonstrate the effectiveness of blended finance in driving sustainable development and combating climate change on a global scale
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Cabo Verde assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Cabo Verde perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Cabo Verde on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Cabo Verde; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Cabo Verde; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Cabo Verde; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Cabo Verde
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Canavire Bacarreza, Gustavo Javier Household Vulnerability and Preparedness for Disasters in Haiti
    Keywords: Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Disaster Preparedness ; Disaster Recovery ; Enhancing Resilience ; Hazard Risk Management ; Natural Hazards ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This paper examines the socioeconomic factors correlated with vulnerability to natural hazards, using unique data from the High-Frequency Phone Surveys conducted in Haiti in 2021, 2022, and 2023. The results indicate a high overall exposure to hazards, with a significant number of individuals living in households facing the threat of multiple hazards. The analysis finds that disaster preparedness is generally low, with the poorest households experiencing the most significant challenges. Households in the bottom two wealth quintiles are less likely to have the necessary supplies to prepare adequately for and respond to disasters compared to those in the upper quintiles. Moreover, the level of education of the household head and access to the internet are found to be correlated with the likelihood of having better disaster preparedness. This suggests that higher levels of education and internet access play a significant role in improving preparedness levels among households. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of addressing socioeconomic factors when developing strategies to enhance resilience to natural hazards. By focusing on improving disaster preparedness among the most vulnerable households and promoting education and internet access, policy makers can mitigate the negative impacts of natural disasters on affected communities
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (66 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lebrand, Mathilde Does Africa Need More Roads in the Digital Age? Evidence of Complementarities in Infrastructure
    Keywords: Employment ; Employment and Unemployment ; ICT Applications ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Structured Transformation
    Abstract: This paper investigates whether the expansion of fast internet networks complements or substitutes for the development of roads to improve market access and create more and higher-skilled jobs in Africa. The paper combines the geographic locations of households and firms with the locations of main roads and optical-fiber nodes in 25 Sub-Saharan African countries. Using the difference-in-differences and instrumental variables approaches and leveraging the history of post-independence road building and the timing of the arrival of submarine internet, the paper examines the impacts of access to these two types of infrastructure, both in isolation and in combination. The findings show that improving access to both has large and positive complementary effects. On average, the additional impacts on employment from combining access to both types of infrastructure are 22 percent larger than the sum of their isolated effects. The findings suggest that a big push for combined investments in fast internet and road access could enhance economic development in Africa overall. Firms and workers in urban locations, female workers, and workers with higher levels of education gain the most from the complementarities that emerge
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Opinion Surveys
    Keywords: Accountability ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Effectiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Stakeholder Engagement ; World Bank Group Strategy
    Abstract: The Country Opinion Survey in Mali assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Mali perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral/bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Mali on 1) their views regarding the general environment in Mali; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Mali; 3) overall impressions of the WBG's effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Mali; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG's future role in Mali
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Human Capital ; Poverty ; Social Protection ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Climate change, and its associated impacts, threatens to reverse decades of global progress in improving people's health, human capital accumulation, and poverty reduction. At the same time, individuals and households with more human capital and are better positioned to withstand climate change impacts. Several studies have established a correlation between higher human capital with faster disaster preparedness and recovery. These challenges are particularly pressing for Indonesia, where the poor are disproportionately affected by climate shocks. The disproportionate impact of climate change on poor households, and those vulnerable to poverty, signals the importance of social protection as a critical interlocutor to help address the pressing threat of climate change and climate shocks. This background paper outlines the important relationship between human capital development and climate change adaptation; and the needs and opportunities for improving the adaptiveness of Indonesia's social protection system
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (244 pages)
    Series Statement: World Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als
    Keywords: Agglomeration Economies ; Economic Growth ; Income Convergence ; Migration ; Trade Costs ; Transport Networks ; Urbanization
    Abstract: The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment: Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean employs a territorial lens to understand the persistently low economic growth rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Using new data and methods, it shows that deindustrialization, distance, and divisions offer intertwined explanations for an urban productivity paradox in the LAC region: its highly dense cities should be among the world's most productive, yet they are not. LAC cities have been held back by lack of dynamism, poor connectivity, and divisions into disconnected poor and affluent neighborhoods. Deindustrialization has shifted urban employment, especially in the largest LAC cities, away from manufacturing and toward less dynamic, low-productivity nontradable activities, such as retail trade and personal and other services, that profit less from agglomeration, especially in highly congested cities. Although employment in urban tradable services has risen, the increase has not been strong enough to offset the decline in manufacturing employment. Meanwhile, intercity connectivity issues have undermined the performance of the region's network of cities by restricting market access and firms' ability to benefit from specialization in smaller cities. Within cities, poor connectivity and residential labor market segregation have limited the gains from agglomeration to neighborhoods in central business districts where formal firms operate. Informality has persisted in low-income neighborhoods, where residents face multiple deprivations. By contrast, many agricultural and mining areas have benefited from the strong demand for commodities by China and other fast-growing economies, particularly during the Golden Decade (2003-13), leading to a decline in territorial inequality in most countries in the region. The report concludes that to encourage inclusive growth, countries must more efficiently transform natural wealth into human capital, infrastructure, and institutions and improve the competitiveness of the urban economy. It then sketches out the contours of such a development strategy, identifying policy priorities at the national, regional, and local levels
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (70 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gonzalez Martinez, Paula Lorena Breadwinners and Caregivers: Examining the Global Relationship between Gender Norms and Economic Behavior
    Keywords: Division of Labor ; Gender ; Gender and Employment ; Gender Gap ; Gender Gap in The Workforce ; Gender Informatics ; Gender Monitoring and Evaluation ; Household Maintenance
    Abstract: Gender norms are often emphasized to help explain gender gaps in the labor market. This paper examines global patterns of gender attitudes and norms toward the stereotypical gender roles of the male breadwinner and female caregiver, and broad support for gender equality in opportunities, and studies their relationship with economic behavior. Using data collected via Facebook from 150,000 individuals across 111 countries the paper explores how gender beliefs and norms are related to labor supply, household production, and intrahousehold decision-making power within a country. The paper provides descriptive evidence that the more gender equitable or counter-stereotypical are beliefs and norms, the more likely women are to work, the more time men spend on household chores, and the higher the likelihood of joint decision-making among couples. The findings suggest an underestimation of the support for gender equality globally and the extent of underestimation varies by gender and region. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential entry points for policy to help address gender norms
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bou-Habib, Chadi Globalization, Dutch Disease, and Vulnerability to External Shocks in a Small Open Economy: The Case of Lebanon in 1916 and 2019
    Keywords: Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Crisis ; External Shock ; Famine ; General Equilibrium Simulation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mount Lebanon ; Natural Disaster
    Abstract: This paper investigates the similarities between the economy of 1912 Mount Lebanon on the eve of the famine of 1916 and the economy of 2004 Lebanon that set the stage for the major economic and social crisis of 2019. A simple general equilibrium simulation shows that, as long as the Lebanese economy remains reliant on foreign inflows, crises will persist, with different manifestations. Regardless of the period considered, foreign inflows increase domestic prices and induce real appreciation. Low productive capacities and insufficient job creation lead to high emigration. Emigration increases the reliance on foreign inflows, which in turn increase domestic prices and reduce competitiveness, hence triggering further emigration and further reliance on foreign inflows. Income and prices increase, but exports decline, and growth remains volatile. The interruption of the flows of capital and goods and the impossibility to migrate due to the First World War drove Lebanon into starvation in 1916. The interruption of inflows of capital in 2019 led to a major crisis and massive outmigration, as predicted through the simulations based on the structure of the Lebanese economy in 2004. The simulations effectively capture the impact of external shocks on the Lebanese economy and closely align with the actual changes in economic variables during 2005 to 2020
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Health Sector Review
    Keywords: Financial Protection ; Health Service Management and Delivery ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; SDI ; Service Quality ; Systems and Tools ; Workforce
    Abstract: The Service Delivery Indicators (SDI) health survey in Moldova serves as a vital tool for assessing and benchmarking the performance of health service delivery. Its primary aim is to evaluate the quality of basic health services. This comprehensive evaluation enables both governments and service providers to pinpoint deficiencies and bottlenecks in health service delivery, monitor progress over time, and make cross-country comparisons. The widespread availability of and public awareness about SDI indicators foster engagement among policy makers, citizens, service providers, donors, and stakeholders, in turn driving efforts to enhance service quality and ultimately development outcomes
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: BART ; Bot Concession ; Denver ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Italy ; Kuala Lumpur ; Madrid ; Melbourne ; PPP ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Railways ; San Francisco ; Tokyo ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Railways play an important role in the transportation systems of many developing countries. Railways stations are a key but often neglected part of this railway service. Many countries are considering railway station redevelopment to improve their rail service. They include many developing countries In this report, the term redevelopment refers to changes to existing stations (as opposed to new development). It encompasses refurbishment, renovation, or improvement to station buildings, platforms, and operational rail infrastructure and to the land in its surrounding areas. Much of this report will focus on the redevelopment of the railway station building itself, as this is often the first level of station redevelopment considered. While station redevelopment projects provide many benefits, they are complex to deliver and require a unique set of knowledge, skills, and know-how. This is particularly true when the railway intends to deliver a project through a public-private partnership (PPP) scheme. PPPs require appropriate institutional arrangement with financial and legal expertise to structure, procure, and implement PPP transactions successfully. The objective of this report is to provide railway authorities and policy makers with guidance and knowledge to help in design and implementation of railway station redevelopment projects, leading to more viable and successful projects
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Gender ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Gender Based Violence ; Gender Equality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Nonextractive Sectors ; Resilience
    Abstract: Papua New Guinea has abundant resources in the form of oil and mineral wealth. But a complex set of factors, including systemic gender inequality, underinvestment in non-extractive sectors, and fragility compounded by vulnerability to disasters caused by natural hazards act as barriers to sustainable and inclusive growth of the country. This Country Program Evaluation (CPE) report assesses the relevance and effectiveness of World Bank Group support to Papua New Guinea between fiscal year FY08 and FY23. It assesses the Bank Group's development effectiveness in addressing the above three core themes, namely: (i) lack of investment in Papua New Guinea's non-extractive sectors and their poor performance, (ii) the economic exclusion of women and gender-based violence (GBV) issues associated with it, and (iii) unmitigated risks of disaster from natural hazards, and violence, and conflict. The report answers three specific questions. The first explores the extent to which the Bank Group adapted its engagement in line with key constraints, including in relation to development partners, changes in country context, and lessons from experience. The second focuses on the results of Bank Group support and explanatory factors for results under each them, answered by applying a gender lens where relevant. The third question explores the extent to which the Bank Group successfully identified and addressed conflict, violence, and disaster from natural hazards risks. The report offers key lessons to inform the World Bank Group's future engagement with the country: (i) Data gaps need to be addressed to inform sound policy making and effective programming in Papua New Guinea. (ii) Declining governance quality and increasing bilateral aid will require the World Bank to reassess how it supports key policy reforms to achieve development impact, including through using DPOs. (iii) The Bank Group could elevate its impact on gender equality and GBV by shifting from a project-centric approach to a strategic country engagement approach. (iv) The negative effects that compound and interrelated risks pose to achieving development aims need to be addressed more comprehensively
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Urban Study
    Keywords: Energy ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Environment and Natural Resource Management ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Human Development and Gender ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: In December 2021, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) published Cambodia's Long-Term Strategy for Carbon Neutrality (LTS4CN), which outlines the country's vision in achieving a carbon-neutral economy by 2050. As part of the long-term strategies to achieve net-zero emissions, the RGC set targets for decarbonizing the transportation sector through a combination of measures, including electrifying 70 percent of motorcycles, and 40 percent of cars and urban buses by 2050. It also aims to have 30 percent of mode share by public transport in cities by 2050
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Environment ; IDA19 ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rating System ; Resilience ; RRS
    Abstract: In response to the growing recognition that measuring inputs, such as climate finance, is not enough to capture the impacts of investments, the World Bank Group developed the Resilience Rating System (RRS). Developed over a two-year, multi-sectoral consultative process through close collaboration with internal and external actors, the RRS methodology aims to guide investment decisions and improve climate resilience in project design and outcomes. The methodology report is publicly available. The RRS evaluates and rates investment projects from C to A+, based on their resilience attributes in two complementary dimensions. The resilience of rating considers a project's design, reflecting the confidence that it will achieve its expected objectives and maximize development benefits in the face of climate and disaster risks. The resilience through rating considers a project's outcomes and reflects its contribution to improving climate resilience in the broader community, sector and systems, and to driving transformational adaptation. Combining the two dimension ratings provides an overall project rating, from CC to A+A+
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Social Protection Study
    Keywords: Demographics ; Early Childhood Development ; Education ; Fetal and Maternal Health ; Food and Nutrition Policy ; Gender ; Gender and Poverty ; Government Financing ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Mortality ; Nutrition Services ; Pregnancy ; Social Protections and Assistance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This Human Capital Review (HCR) report presents an in-depth analysis of human capital indicators throughout a person's lifetime, from in utero to productive aging. By examining the various stages of human capital accumulation, the report aims to provide accurate recommendations for specific groups in Sierra Leone. Thus, the report disaggregates data whenever possible. It relies on an extensive consultative process involving various stakeholders such as Government counterparts, development partners, teachers, adolescent girls, students, private sector representatives, and local representatives. The consultation process followed a Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA) approach, which facilitates the identification and resolution of problems by local leadership. In addition, this report aims to inform the design and implementation of human capital reforms that will respond to specific challenges identified in the report
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Notes
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Resilient Transport ; Decarbonization ; Environment ; Green Growth ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Road and Bridge Infrastructure
    Abstract: At five percent of energy emissions, transport is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia. The rapid growth in vehicle fleet-personal passenger vehicles in particular is driving road transport emissions. Indonesian cities are suffering from severe congestion, air quality issues, and increasing numbers of road accidents and fatalities. Private transport dependence is increasing in Indonesian cities. The growth in Indonesia's urban population has led to a growth in urban area boundaries, suboptimal spatial patterns, and increased travel distances. The availability and quality of public transport is highly deficient and largely left to fragmented unorganized players with old and poorly maintained minivans (angkot). Electric vehicle mobility has been identified as a major prospective area of development for Indonesia. The market response has been timid so far and, despite the government electrification plans, the EV market uptake as a fraction of total vehicle sales is small Large gains in both economic development and climate mitigation benefits are possible through a more structured approach towards urban mobility
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