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  • 2000-2004  (640)
  • 2000  (640)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (381)
  • Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest  (259)
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  • 2000-2004  (640)
Year
  • 1
    ISBN: 9783663112297
    Language: German
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (268 Seiten)
    DDC: 301.01
    RVK:
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Verkehrsmittelwahl ; Rational Choice ; Evaluationsforschung
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 9 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Création, maintenance et renouvellement des équipements éducatifs en milieu urbain
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: PEB co-hosted a symposium entitled “Invention, Maintenance, and Renewal of Urban Educational Facilities: Global Challenges and Community Solutions” with the American Institute of Architects’ Committee on Architecture for Education and the CEFPI Urban Education Facilities NE Chapter in October 1999. The meeting aimed to provide arguments and evidence for system managers seeking to secure resources for maintenance as well as to sharpen their abilities to use those resources well. Below are excerpts from the symposium papers, including keynote presentations and workshop reports.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9789264070202
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 215; Poisson, essai sur la croissance des juvéniles
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 215: Poisson, essai sur la croissance des juvéniles
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure to chemicals on the growth of juvenile fish. Juvenile fish in exponential growth phase are placed, after being weighed, in test chambers and are normally exposed to five sublethal concentrations of the test substance dissolved in water preferably under flowthrough, or, if not possible, under appropriate semi static (static-renewal) conditions. The test duration is 28 days. The daily food ration is based on initial fish weights and may be recalculated after 14 days. The study report should include the concentration measurement of the test substance, the observation of external abnormalities and abnormal behavior and the fish weighting at the end of the test. Effects on growth rates are analyzed using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % variation in growth rate, i.e. ECx. Alternatively, the data may be compared with control values in order to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC).
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264070233
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 216; Soil Microorganisms; Nitrogen Transformation Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 216: Soil Microorganisms: Nitrogen Transformation Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit une méthode d'essai conçue pour étudier en laboratoire les effets à long terme des produits chimiques, après une exposition simple, sur l'activité de transformation de l'azote par les micro-organismes du sol. Le sol tamisé est modifié avec l’ajout de la farine de plante en poudre, et traité avec la substance d'essai d’une part, non traité d’autre part. Pour les produits agrochimiques, deux concentrations au minimum d'essai sont recommandées (cinq pour les substances autres que des produits agrochimiques) ; celles-ci devraient être choisies par rapport à la concentration la plus élevée prévue sur le terrain. Le sol est divisé en trois parties de poids égal (six pour les substances autres que des produits agrochimiques). Deux parties sont mélangées au véhicule contenant le produit (cinq pour les substances autres que des produits agrochimiques), et l'autre est mélangée au véhicule sans produit (témoin). Trois réplicats au minimum pour les sols traités et non traités sont recommandés. Après 0, 7, 14 jours et 28 jours d'incubation, des échantillons de sols traité et du témoin sont extraits au moyen d’un dissolvant approprié, et les quantités de nitrate extraites sont déterminées. Tous les essais durent pendant au moins 28 jours. Si, le 28ème jour, les différences entre les sols traités et non traités sont égales ou supérieures à 25%, les mesures sont continuées jusqu’à un maximum de 100 jours. Les résultats sont analysés à l’aide d’un modèle par régression et les valeurs CEx sont calculées.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9789264181472
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Méthodes d'évaluation des conséquences économiques des accidents nucléaires
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: For practical reasons, the consequences of nuclear reactor accidents are often measured in economic terms. Figures currently available, however, show significant discrepancies. For this reason, the NEA created an expert group to investigate the methodologies used in calculating the economic consequences of accidents, and the bases for such methodologies. Calculation methods were assessed according to three end uses: for compensation and liability purposes; for accident preparedness and management purposes; and for making electricity-generation choices. The group concluded that comparing numerical results is very difficult, even for estimates made from the same perspective, as they are strongly dependent on "boundary" conditions (such as the accident scenarios used, plant characteristics and amount of radioactive material released). This book provides a summary of the group’s findings and will be of interest to decision makers, experts and accident-consequence modellers.
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  • 6
    ISBN: 9789264081109
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD;N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Retningslinier for forbrugerbeskyttelse i forbindelse med elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD retningslinjer for forbrukervern ved elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendação do conselho relativa às linhas directrizes que regem A protecção dos consumidores no contexto do comércio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Slovak version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Swedish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Leitlinien für den Verbraucherschutz im Zusammenhang mit dem elektronischen Geschäftsverkehrs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendación del consejo de la ocde relativa a los lineamientos para la protección al consumidor en el contexto del comercio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Hungarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linee Guida per la tutela dei consumatori nel contesto del Commercio Elettronico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Richtlijnen ter bescherming van consumenten in het kader van de Elektronische handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD:N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce are designed to help ensure that consumers are no less protected when shopping on line than they are when they buy from their local store or order from a catalogue. By setting out the core characteristics of effective consumer protection for online business-to-consumer transactions, the Guidelines are intended to help eliminate some of the uncertainties that both consumers and businesses encounter when buying and selling on line. The Guidelines reflect existing legal protections available to consumers in more traditional forms of commerce. Their aim is to encourage: - fair business, advertising and marketing practices; - clear information about an online business’s identity, the goods or services it offers and the terms and conditions of any transaction; - a transparent process for the confirmation of transactions; - secure payment mechanisms; - fair, timely and affordable dispute resolution and redress; - privacy protection; and - consumer and business education.
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  • 7
    ISBN: 9264082182
    Language: English , French , Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Radioactive waste management
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Regulatory reviews of assessments of deep geologic repositories
    DDC: 363.728963
    RVK:
    Keywords: Radioaktiver Abfall ; Endlagerung ; Geologie
    Note: Beitr. teil. engl., teilw. franz
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264061439
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comment financer l'apprentissage à vie ?
    DDC: 374
    RVK:
    Keywords: Continuing education ; Education ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Bildungsökonomie ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: There is broad political support for lifelong learning because it is so vital to sustained economic progress and social cohesion in the "new economy". But its implementation is potentially costly and depends on making the learning process more cost-effective and on securing financial and in-kind resources from the private sector. What can be done to keep lifelong learning from becoming prohibitively expensive, and to ensure that there are strong and transparent incentives to invest in it ? This book looks at recent experience of selected OECD countries as they have articulated their goals and strategies for lifelong learning. It examines policies and practices that influence the rates of return to lifelong learning, and mechanisms that are being put in place to channel financial resources to lifelong learning. It identifies resource issues that need to be addressed if lifelong learning is to be an affordable and workable guide to public policy.
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  • 9
    ISBN: 9789264070219
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 215; Fish, Juvenile Growth Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 215: Fish, Juvenile Growth Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette méthode d’essai est conçue pour évaluer les effets d’une exposition prolongée à des produits chimiques sur la croissance des poissons au stade juvénile. Des juvéniles en phase de croissance exponentielle sont placés, après avoir été pesés, dans des enceintes d'essai et sont normalement exposés à cinq concentrations sublétales de la substance d'essai dissoute dans l'eau, de préférence selon une méthode dynamique ou dans des conditions semi-statiques appropriées (renouvellement discontinu). La durée d'essai est de 28 jours. La ration alimentaire quotidienne est basée sur le poids initial des poissons et peut être recalculée après 14 jours. Le rapport d'étude inclut la mesure de concentration de la substance d'essai, l'observation des anomalies externes et comportements anormaux et le poids des poissons à la fin de l'essai. Les effets sur des taux de croissance sont analysés à l’aide d’un modèle de régression afin d'estimer la concentration qui causerait une variation de x % du taux de croissance (CEx). Alternativement, les données peuvent être comparées aux valeurs témoins afin de déterminer la concentration minimale avec effet observé (CMEO) et, de là, la concentration (maximale) sans effet observé (CSEO).
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180994
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: In preparation for their 1998 Plenary meeting, the members of the IEA’s Coal Industry Advisory Board prepared individual papers addressing the key issues facing the coal industry at this challenging time. The result is a collection of unique perceptions on the future role of coal from the leaders of the industry. They provide a valuable, first-hand insight into the views and concerns of the coal industry as it faces a rapidly changing market due to: ? uncertainties within the electricity generating industry, which in turn are a result of the continuing transition to a liberalised electricity market and of unanswered questions about the final structure, shape and regulatory framework of this market; ? increasing environmental commitments by governments, especially in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Coal, with its ample, cost-effective and geographically diverse reserves, has traditionally been a major factor in energy security and price stability. Is this important role now under threat? How does the coal industry itself see its market evolving? What are the industry’s views of the role of coal in a future where carbon emissions are strictly limited? Important questions with thought-provoking responses in this challenging collection of individual papers from the IEA’s Coal Industry Advisory Board.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264287990
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment; Hungary 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment: Hungary 2000
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Hungary
    Abstract: Membre de l’OCDE depuis 1996, la Hongrie mène à bien depuis dix ans un processus de transition économique caractérisé par de vastes réformes, et notamment par la mise en œuvre d’une politique dynamique et libérale en matière d’investissement direct étranger (IDE). Considérée aujourd’hui par les investisseurs comme l’un des pays les plus attrayants d’Europe orientale, elle est devenue l'une des principales destinations de l’IDE dans la région, avec un des montants les plus élevés par habitant. La privatisation a été un élément déterminant de la transformation de l’économie hongroise et a fortement stimulé l’afflux de capitaux étrangers. Maintenant que ce processus est pratiquement terminé, la Hongrie se donne pour objectif de maintenir un niveau d’IDE de 20 à 25 pour cent du total de l’investissement, en favorisant les projets entièrement nouveaux, les réinvestissements et les petites et moyennes entreprises. Cette étude retrace l’évolution de l’IDE en Hongrie et évalue son rôle dans le processus de transition, ainsi que le degré d’ouverture de l’économie à ce type d’investissement.
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.162
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Can devaluations and exchange controls be co-ordinated at the regional or global level, to lessen their beggar-thy-neighbour character? Probably not without co-ordination mechanisms among monetary and fiscal authorities like the ones found in the EU. How precisely the mechanisms may apply to CEFTA, ASEAN or Mercosul remains to be thoroughly investigated. The claim of this paper is that there does not seem to be a better perspective that the one defended here. Over and above the parallels between the 1997-99 emerging markets crisis and the Mexican devaluation of December 1994, the lessons from the crises in the ERM may thus be helpful in designing a new international financial architecture. In effect, the crises were overcome by the ERM code of conduct. With the experience gathered during the first year of the euro, a new code of conduct may be developing, which acknowledges the importance of international banking supervision, including better risk management along the lines proposed ...
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 75 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.254
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper uses a data base on regulation, market structure and performance in the air passenger transportation industry, to analyse the links among liberalisation, private ownership, competition, efficiency and airfares at national and route levels. Covering the 1996-97 travel season, 21 aggregate indicators have been developed for 27 OECD countries, and 23 micro indicators for 102 air routes connecting 14 major international airports. These data, summarised by means of factor analysis show that i) regulations affecting the air industry vary heavily across countries and routes; ii) in most markets, air services are still provided by a few carriers, generally dominated by an incumbent flag-carrier or by an airline alliance between incumbents; iii) only in a few cases new entrant airlines play a significant role; iv) in a large number of airports, a single airline controls more than half of the available slots; v) as a result, few international routes are truly open to ...
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187733
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.112
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport et vieillissement de la population
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Advances in medicine make the ageing of populations in developed countries inevitable. These populations, however, will exhibit new and different characteristics, particularly in the transport sector as, unlike previous generations, they will have made widespread use of the car. How will they meet their travel needs in the future? Until now rail transport, unlike car or bus transport, has been losing its elderly clientele. Can this trend be reversed? For the frail elderly, whose needs are similar to those of the disabled, suitable services have yet to be set up. How can the mobility needs of the frail elderly, whose population is destined to grow, be met in the future? The dispersal of residential areas and the concentration of businesses and shops in large malls on the outskirts of cities will also pose serious problems as the population starts to age. Road safety, too, could suffer the adverse effects of declining driving skills among the elderly. The mobility of ageing populations undoubtedly has many implications that can no longer be ignored. Round Table 112 reviews the experiences of various countries and makes a number of recommendations for policy-makers who wish to adopt a comprehensive approach to this issue.
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264188044
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Sweden
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2000 review of Sweden's energy policies and programmes. It finds that Sweden is phasing out nuclear power that currently generates about half its electricity. One reactor was closed in 1999 and a second may be closed in 2001, if certain criteria are met. Renewables and improved efficiency in the use of energy are considered to be the only alternatives: natural gas and coal are rejected on environmental grounds; and new hydro capacity is limited by Parliament. This report looks at the feasibility of Sweden’s plans. Two overriding concerns are evident in Swedish policy: to keep down electricity prices to maintain industrial competitiveness and economic growth, and to achieve Sweden’s target for greenhouse gas emissions. Energy taxation has been designed to support both objectives. The competitive Nordic electricity market has been important in maintaining low electricity prices. Sweden’s per capita carbon dioxide emissions are among the lowest of all OECD countries, largely because of reliance on nuclear and hydro-electric power. The potential contribution of natural gas to balancing economic and environmental objectives in the Swedish context should not be dismissed. Energy efficiency improvements will have to be large and sustained to justify closure of nuclear capacity – possibly larger than recent trends suggest may be achieved. In addition to these long-term issues, the Swedish electricity supply industry faces the need to adapt the regulatory and institutional framework to an increasingly open electricity market, and to integrate environmental objectives within this framework.
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  • 16
    ISBN: 9264182462
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Radioactive waste management
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Porewater extraction from argillaceous rocks for geochemical characterisation
    DDC: 621.4838
    RVK:
    Keywords: Radioaktiver Abfall ; Endlager ; Porenwasser ; Extraktion
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264181168
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (444 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Japan
    Abstract: The use of high power particle accelerators in various areas of applied nuclear science is presented with special emphasis on accelerator driven reactor systems (ADS) for transmutation of nuclear waste. National programmes for the development of spallation neutron sources are presented and the performance and reliability of existing or planned accelerators for use in ADS are discussed. Effects, such as thermal shocks and material resistance, on the reactor part of an ADS from loss of accelerator beam are discussed in greater detail.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264188372
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Market Reform
    DDC: 333.8/233/094
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: The countries of Continental Europe have started the process of reforming their natural gas markets. This book sets the context for, and considers the issues raised by, these reforms. It also analyses the key elements of effective reform, such as third party access to the gas infrastructure. Unlike earlier reformers, Europe faces important challenges of growing import dependency and reliance on a few large producer countries, against a background of strong demand growth. It is vital that both short and long term security of supply are sustained in the new market conditions. At the same time a key objective of reform is to improve economic efficiency through competition and short term trade, in order to reduce prices for natural gas consumers. The book argues that security and competition are not incompatible, and that security can be enhanced by competition provided that reform is handled with care. As Europe implements the EU Gas Directive, this book is a timely review for energy policy makers and others involved in the reform process. It is the latest in a series of IEA publications on energy market reforms.
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 12 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/07
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évolution des infrastructures de l'enseignement tertiaire
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Technological, economic and social changes are putting growing pressures on teaching methods and programmes and pointing to new trends in tertiary education. Is existing infrastructure flexible enough to meet the changing demands? What new forms of facilities governance and funding are proving successful? What impact does the built environment and maintenance have on student achievement? At a time when property management budgets are shrinking and maintenance costs are on the rise, it is important to be able to quality and quantify performance and draw comparisons with other institutions and other sectors. These topics were addressed at the PEB seminar entitled “The Changing Infrastructure of Tertiary Education”.
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  • 20
    Language: English
    Pages: 101 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.40
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Regulation of the pharmaceutical sector needs to reconcile private and social objectives. Public intervention pursues multiple goals which relate to both health and industry policy. Many OECD Governments are also heavily involved as buyers of pharmaceuticals in publicly-financed health care systems. This paper describes recent trends in pharmaceutical expenditure and financing in a first chapter. A second chapter discusses the economics of pharmaceutical markets. A third chapter provides a review of national policies and their attempts to balance public and private objectives. Pharmaceutical expenditure has been rising steadily as a share of GDP since 1970. However, total health expenditure has also risen. As a result, pharmaceutical expenditure has, on average, maintained its share of total health expenditure in the OECD, close to 15 %. Across countries, pharmaceutical expenditure per capita depends on relative incomes but is also influenced by institutional features. The pharmaceutical ...
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9789264187825
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Review of Agricultural Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE ; Roumanie 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen des politiques agricoles de l'OCDE : Roumanie 2000
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Romania
    Abstract: This study of Romania’s agricultural policies analyses developments from the dramatic events of December 1989 to the present day preparations for accession to the European Union. The Review evaluates key structural issues and examines emerging policy developments in agricultural reform. It includes detailed estimates of support to agriculture, using the OECD’s Producer and Consumer Support Estimates (PSEs/CSEs). A special assessment measures the environmental performance of Romanian agriculture, including the nitrogen balance, against OECD-developed environmental indicators. The report concludes that a key priority for Romania is to remove constraints that impede the flow of labour from agriculture into activities with a higher value-added. Increasing the economic efficiency of the food chain as a whole is essential to enhance Romania’s competitiveness and improve the terms of trade for agricultural producers during the run-up to its EU accession and thereafter.
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2000/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document attempts to quantify the aggregate net effect of government funding on business R&D in 17 OECD Member countries over the past two decades. Grants, procurement, tax incentives and direct performance of research (in public laboratories or universities) are the major policy tools in the field. The major results of the study are the following: Direct government funding of R&D performed by firms (either grants or procurement) has a positive effect on business financed R&D (one dollar given to firms results in 1.70 dollars of research on average). Tax incentives have a positive (although rather short-lived) effect on business-financed R&D. Direct funding as well as tax incentives are more effective when they are stable over time: firms do not invest in additional R&D if they are uncertain of the durability of the government support. Direct government funding and R&D tax incentives are substitutes: increased intensity of one reduces the effect of the other on business R&D. The ...
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  • 23
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/06
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Belgium, the Library of the ULB: After Five Years in Use
    Keywords: Education ; Belgium
    Abstract: Le projet de construire une nouvelle bibliothèque universitaire à l’Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) est né des problèmes causés par la division des ressources et des services dispersés sur tout le campus. Cette situation était due au manque d’espace de conservation dans la bibliothèque d’origine. En outre, les services devaient être adaptés à l’évolution de la gestion de bibliothèques, ainsi qu’aux besoins d’un nombre croissant d’utilisateurs. La construction d’une nouvelle bibliothèque était aussi motivée par l’objectif pédagogique d’accroître l’autonomie de l’étudiant et de stimuler son esprit critique et sa recherche personnelle.
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.250
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The structural rate of unemployment and associated non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (the NAIRU) are of major importance to the analysis of macro and structural economic developments, although in practice these concepts are not well defined and there is considerable uncertainty and controversy concerning their measurement and policy use. The present paper reviews a range of conceptual and analytical issues and related empirical studies to examine the usefulness and limitations of such concepts. A reduced-form Phillips curve approach is found the most suitable conceptual framework for representing the NAIRU as currently used by the OECD in its policy analysis and surveillance work. Three distinct classes of NAIRU concept are identified, distinguished by the time-frame in which they are defined, which map directly into the broad requirements for macro and structural policy analysis. In line with a number of recent empirical studies, this general approach is applied ...
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  • 25
    Language: French
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.167
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Technical Paper uses all available data collected on the malnutrition of children in 20 countries for Demographic and Health Surveys. The paper thus presents an exhaustive analysis of the factors of malnutrition in Africa, following a standard approach where the health indicator of the child, in this case height, depends on exogenous variables, i.e. characteristics of the child, the parents, the environment and parents’ property income. The econometric tests confirm the effects of certain variables used in preceding studies. Above all, these tests present new results by introducing variables which had not previously been taken into account, such as the presence of a twin, breastfeeding, family situation and access of the mother to news and information sources. We find that access to the media always has a positive effect on child health, whereas polygamy has the opposite effect. The effects of infrastructure had scarcely been considered previously whereas, in this wide-ranging ...
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2000/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper deals with the contribution of information and communication technology (ICT) to economic growth and to labour and multi-factor productivity. It uses a well-established growth accounting framework to assess the role of ICTs as capital inputs and the contribution of these capital inputs to output growth. The paper provides an international perspective by presenting results for the G7 countries. For this purpose, data on ICT investment expenditure were compiled from several sources, to construct measures of ICT capital stocks and capital services. Special care was taken to account for the methodological differences in price deflators for computers as they exist across OECD countries. For all seven countries, the report finds that ICT capital goods have been important contributors to economic growth, although the role of ICT has been most accentuated in the United States. An important limitation of the study lies in the timeliness of internationally comparable data. ...
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 102 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.251
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews trends, outcomes and issues in regulatory reform in OECD countries. First, it summarises the evidence on the evolution of regulatory environments and the economy-wide and sectoral effects of reforms (including privatisation) in both competitive and non-competitive industries in the past two decades. Turning to network industries, it then discusses the main policy issues raised by the need to adapt the regulation of the noncompetitive segments of these industries to increasing competition in liberalised markets. It focuses on four topics that dominate the debate over regulatory reform: i) the move from command-and-control to incentive-based regulatory approaches based on the removal of entry barriers in competitive markets, the adoption of price-cap mechanisms and the design of efficient and competitively-neutral charges for accessing the fixed networks of incumbents; ii) the pros and cons of structural measures such as privatisation, and vertical and horizontal ...
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.245
    Keywords: Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This paper discusses the tax system in the Czech Republic and offers some specific suggestions for reform. Viewed in international context, the Czech system is broadly similar to those operated in other OECD countries. Like them, it exhibits a number of non-neutral features, some of which reflect the economy’s command and control past and others which reflect compromises between the desire to minimise economic distortions and the need to implement a system that is administratively and politically practical. The evidence, reviewed in this paper, suggests that the main priorities for reform should include: eliminating the tax bias in favour of self-employed work forms; substantially reducing the number of goods and services subject to the reduced VAT rate; lowering social security contributions and increasing reliance on the personal income tax system. In addition, more use of property taxes, in particular real estate, might be warranted from the points of view of revenue enhancement ...
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  • 29
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.264
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The relationships between trade and growth have long been a subject of considerable controversy among economists. In the early post-World War II period, many economic leaders concluded that protective trade policies stimulated growth, and import substitution policies were widely adopted by developing countries. By the 1980s, however, country-specific and general cross-country analyses had demonstrated the failure of the import substitution approach, and consequently export-oriented policies were widely adopted. While subsequent cross-country studies have generally indicated the growth effectiveness of outward-looking policies, recent criticisms of these studies (by Rodriguez and Rodrik, 1999, in particular) have called this conclusion into question ...
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.271
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: The tax burden in Korea is among the lowest in the OECD area, mainly reflecting that the social safety net is at an early stage of development. The low tax burden implies limited tax induced economic distortions but as expenditure pressures will mount in the future, neutrality and efficiency of the tax system will have to be substantially improved if more sizeable deadweight losses are to be avoided. Some progress have been made over the past decades in terms of broadening parts of the tax base and lowering rates along the lines followed in many other OECD countries, but a number of weaknesses remain. These include overly generous allowances for individuals, large-scale and wide-ranging tax preferences for enterprises, an inappropriate taxation of property and a lack of strong and uniform tax enforcement. Main directions for reform should include a significant broadening of the bases for personal and corporate taxation as well as in the VAT system; increasing holding taxes on real estate while reducing ...
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  • 31
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/04
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving the Performance of the Higher Education Estate: UK Research
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Les Higher Education Funding Councils pour l’Angleterre, l’Écosse et le pays de Galles ont fait exécuter un projet de recherche sur l’élaboration de statistiques de la gestion du patrimoine immobilier dans le secteur de l’enseignement supérieur. Ces travaux avaient pour principal objet de repérer des « indicateurs de performance de base » de la gestion du patrimoine, d’élaborer des définitions fiables des statistiques servant à la construction de ces indicateurs et de fournir des informations comparatives préliminaires.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181014
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Hungary
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 1999 review of Hungary's energy policies and programmes. Hungary joined the International Energy Agency on 3 June 1997 as part of its transition toward a market economy and integration into the West that began after 1990. It also envisages accession to the European Union (EU) within the next three years. This will require further changes to the country’s energy sector that underwent considerable change during the transition years. Previously operated by the state-held body MVM, Hungary’s electricity supply industry was restructured and privatised, with generation, transmission and distribution now separate functions. But as the country’s wholesale company, MVM still dominates the industry. New legislation provides for regulated third party access and progressive market opening, starting with 10% by 2001. MOL is the sole domestic producer of oil and gas, but the oil retail market is now fully competitive. MOL and the gas distribution and supply companies have been privatised, and new legislation introducing competition into the gas market is to be completed by 2002. Hungary signed the Climate Convention in 1994 and is committed to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. The country’s total primary energy supply collapsed after 1989 and is not expected to recover to previous levels before 2010, so Hungary is certain to fulfil its obligations. But scope exists for major energy efficiency improvements.
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  • 33
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/04
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Améliorer la gestion du patrimoine immobilier de l'enseignement supérieur : Le cas du Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: The Higher Education Funding Councils for England, Scotland and Wales commissioned a research project into the development of estate management statistics for the higher education sector. The key tasks of the research were to identify key estate management “performance indicators”, develop robust definitions for the statistics underlying these indicators and produce preliminary comparative information.
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 105 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.246
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the recent literature on economic growth with a focus on policy issues and evidence relevant to OECD countries. The review begins with an overview of developments in the theory of economic growth and also comments generally on the nature of evidence exploring the influences on growth. This is followed by an examination of issues relating to the link between growth and factors of production (physical and human capital). The third section of the paper assesses the evidence linking a number of other factors (or ‘framework conditions’) to growth, namely: macroeconomic policy; finance; trade and competition policy; ‘social capital’; and, population and health issues ...
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.163
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Paper surveys the external debt situation of Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Tanzania and Uganda. The first part uses a number of indicators, especially the ratio of the net current value of the debt to exports, in order to present the level of indebtedness of each country. The evolution of key indicators: the nature of the debt (bilateral vs multilateral); whether it is long- or short-term; the proportion which is concessional; and the extent of outstanding reimbursement, follows. A note is also made of previous debt reductions for each of the six countries. The second section demonstrates the consequences of over indebtedness and the traditional rescheduling techniques, before detailing the various stages of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. This section also outlines criticisms of the initiative and the responses of the Bretton Woods institutions. Finally, the impact is calculated of the HIPC initiative on the four eligible countries of ...
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/08
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Wired Versus Wireless
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Ce qui suit est une transcription remaniée d’un entretien accordé par Glenn Meeks et Prakash Nair à l’architecte et urbaniste américain Randall Fielding, rédacteur en chef de « Design Share » et collaborateur de « School Construction News » .
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264182080
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: Which alternative motor fuels will be in common use tomorrow? Which criteria should be used to assess them? No simple answers exist. Complex trade-offs are involved in the decision-making process. But the most important ingredient for making informed choices is sound information produced by a transparent methodology. Automotive Fuels for the Future offers a digest of basic data on the critical fuel choices for the future. It is a well-balanced compendium of concise technical information, as well as an overview of the essential issues in deciding among alternative fuels. Fuels such as natural gas, LPG or alcohols and biodiesel derived from different feedstocks are considered over the entire cycle from production to use. They are analysed in terms of environmental effects, safety, availability and cost. Their weaknesses and strengths are judged against the yardsticks of established gasoline and diesel technologies. This publication from IEA/AFIS, the information service of the IEA Implementing Agreement on Advanced Motor Fuels, makes this information accessible to the general reader.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 5 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/12
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. New Technology and Education in Finland
    Keywords: Education ; Finland
    Abstract: Le 23 avril 1999, le ministère finlandais de l’Éducation a publié une nouvelle stratégie nationale pour l’enseignement, la formation et la recherche dans la société de l’information pour 2000-2004.
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.160
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Are capital inflows associated with faster income growth? There are a large number of empirical studies that identify the most relevant determinants of a country’s growth rate. However, this literature has not explored the growth impact of the various types of capital inflows. The present study analyses the effects of the different components of private capital inflows on the growth of 44 developing countries. A dynamic panel with yearly data is estimated during the 1986-97 period. After controlling for the variables traditionally used in growth regressions, the following main conclusions emerge. First, foreign direct investment and portfolio equity flows exhibit a robust positive correlation with growth. Second, portfolio bond flows are not significantly linked to economic growth. Finally, in economies with undercapitalised banking systems, bank-related inflows are negatively correlated with the growth rate. This result holds for both short- and long-term bank-related ...
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.258
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past 15 years, tax reforms have profoundly changed the shape of OECD tax systems and rekindled interest in measuring effective tax burdens. Indeed, in order to understand past reforms or to evaluate the tax policies of particular countries, it is necessary to go beyond statutory rates since these sometimes bear little relation to rates actually paid. This paper updates and extends the Mendoza et al. estimates of average effective tax rates (AETRs) and presents new estimates based on modifications to the methodology to make some of the underlying assumptions more realistic. In particular, the assumption that all income from self-employment is capital income is dropped in favour of assuming that the self-employed earn both labour and capital income. This change raises estimates of the AETR on capital and reduces the estimated AETR on labour but does not alter the trends observed in the updated Mendoza et al. estimates. Both sets of estimates show that, on average, the ...
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  • 41
    ISBN: 9789264273986
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform; Regulatory Reform in the United States 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; United States
    Abstract: Depuis un quart de siècle, les États-Unis jouent un rôle de pionnier dans le domaine de la réforme de la réglementation à l'échelle mondiale. Contrairement à l'opinion courante, les États-Unis ne sont pas moins réglementés que les autres pays mais ils sont réglementés différemment eu égard à l'orientation favorable à la concurrence des régimes réglementaires fédéraux, et à l'ouverture et à la contestabilité des processus de réglementation. Une déréglementation économique de grande envergure associée à des efforts pour améliorer la qualité de la réglementation sociale ont contribué à l'édification de l'une des économies les plus innovantes, les plus flexibles et les plus ouvertes de la zone OCDE, tout en maintenant des normes relativement élevées dans les domaines de la santé, de la sécurité et de l'environnement. Pourtant, d'importants problèmes liés à la réglementation persistent aux États-Unis. Un défi fondamental pour assurer sa qualité consiste à améliorer le rapport coût-efficacité et la performance de réglementations sociales et de formalités publiques coûteuses. En un mot, il s'agit moins de réglementer plus que de bien réglementer. Les États-Unis sont un des premiers pays à avoir demander à l'OCDE de procéder à un examen général de ses pratiques réglementaires et des réformes de la réglementation menées à l'échelon national. Cet ouvrage est le fruit de l'évaluation approfondie menée par l'OCDE et d'un examen par ses pays Membres. Il présente une évaluation sans équivalent de la réforme de la réglementation dans des domaines aussi essentiels que le contexte macro-économique, la qualité du secteur public, la politique de la concurrence et sa mise en oeuvre, ainsi que l'intégration des principes d'ouverture du marché dans les processus réglementaires et dans des secteurs tels que l'électricité et les télécommunications. Les politiques recommandées offrent un plan d'action équilibré à court et à plus long terme fondé sur les meilleures pratiques réglementaires à l'échelon international. Pour en savoir plus A lire dans la même collection : La réforme de la réglementation au Japon, La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas, La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique. L'analyse de fond dont découlent ces premiers examens par pays est présentée dans le Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Rapport de synthèse et dans les deux volumes du Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Études sectorielles et Études thématiques, publiés en 1997.
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789164180322
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (248 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 331.6/2/095
    RVK:
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Konferenzschrift 1999 ; Asien ; Finanzwirtschaft ; Krise ; Asien ; Arbeitnehmer ; Migration ; Asien ; Arbeitsmarkt
    Abstract: Accompanying a sustained period of economic growth, the flows of labour migrants between the economies of East and South-east Asia grew considerably prior to the recent crisis. These flows have become more diverse and complex rendering necessary the improved monitoring of migration trends and policies in each country as well as bringing forth the need to extend the exchange of expertise and experience between the region's experts and policy makers. What has been the impact of the crisis on national labour markets? How have the different countries modified their approach to the employment of foreign workers? To what extent have foreign workers been affected? These questions are examined in this publication, which identifies the impact of the Asian financial crisis on labour migration and the conditions of migrant workers in the region. In addition to keynote reports on the origins of the crisis and its policy implications, individual case studies on China, Hong Kong (China), Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand present detailed analyses of labour migration, the employment of foreign workers and the recent changes in migration policies.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264280564
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.36
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Norway 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Norway
    Abstract: L’effort d’aide de la Norvège place ce pays au deuxième rang des Membres du CAD pour ce qui est du rapport de l’APD au PNB. L’aide au développement bénéficie en Norvège d’un large consensus national dû au soutien sans réserve des églises et des ONG, et à une sensibilisation efficace aux problèmes de développement. Quelque 40 % du programme bilatéral administré par la Norvège transitent ainsi par des ONG norvégiennes. L’aide au développement à long terme de la Norvège est fortement orientée vers la réduction de la pauvreté, l’aide allant essentiellement aux pays pauvres menant de bonnes politiques. La Norvège suit à cet égard une triple approche : aider les pays concernés à promouvoir la croissance économique ; favoriser la mise en œuvre des programmes de développement social ; enfin, cibler l’aide sur les groupes vulnérables. Les approches opérationnelles de la Norvège et ses crédits budgétaires à l’appui de la réduction de la pauvreté peuvent, toutefois, être encore renforcés dans le cadre de l’effort général mené à l’échelle internationale pour réduire de moitié la proportion de pauvres d’ici 2015. Les ambitions de la Norvège en ce qui concerne la promotion des droits de l’homme, de la démocratie et de la paix, ont ouvert de nouveaux domaines d’action et généré des défis majeurs aux niveaux stratégique et organisationnel. De plus, si la Norvège s’attache à concentrer son aide bilatérale sur 12 pays prioritaires, les priorités politiques et humanitaires sont devenues un deuxième élément de l’aide norvégienne et en ont accru sa dispersion géographique. Les examens en matière de coopération pour le développement prévus pour l'an 2000 porteront sur les Membres du CAD suivants : la France, la Nouvelle-Zélande, l'Italie, la Suède, la Suisse et le Portugal.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181076
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ouverture économique et croissance en Chine
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Investitionsförderung ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: China’s remarkable growth in recent years has been often rather arbitrarily ascribed to a number of politico-economic factors. In this volume, the specific effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows is measured quantitatively and estimated on a regional basis. The authors find that there is a much more complex relationship between such flows and growth overall than had hitherto been supposed. While growth associated with FDI flows and a consequent foreign technology input is clearly highest in the coastal, open provinces, geographical dispersion effects can also be identified. In order to avoid widening wealth inequalities, these dispersion effects should be encouraged. Large differences, however, in physical and human capital terms, exist between provinces located on the coast and in the interior of the country and these hinder redistribution of the growth effects of FDI inflows on a national scale. In addition, if China is to continue to benefit substantially from technological progress, domestic research and development capacity will need to be expanded to offset diminishing returns from foreign technology transfers. This implies the adoption of policies designed to increase human capacity development through education and training on a national scale.
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  • 45
    ISBN: 9789264082182
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    DDC: 363.728963
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Integrated performance assessments (IPAs) of radioactive waste repositories deep underground are made at different stages of repository development in order, for example, to allow full-scale development, to provide feedback to R&D, and to test and develop review capability. IPA studies must be acceptable to a wide range of stakeholders and are one of the bases for dialogue amongst regulators and implementers of disposal facilities. The goal of the IPAG-2 study was to examine the experience of regulatory reviews of IPAs, from both the implementer and regulator points of view. Ten implementer and seven regulatory organisations participated. This report presents the lessons learnt from their review experiences, and provides recommendations to aid future regulatory decision making.
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264272507
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Financial Market Trends; No. 72 Volume 1999 Issue 1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
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  • 47
    ISBN: 9789264181656
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Revisiones de la OCDE sobre reforma regulatoria
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La Reforma Regulatoria ha sido clave para la transformación de la economía mexicana en los últimos quince años. De una economía cerrada y sobreregulada, la economía mexicana es ahora en gran medida abierta y fundada en principios de mercado. El ritmo acelerado, el amplio alcance y la profundidad de las reformas regulatorias exceden a aquéllas de la mayoría de los países miembros de la OCDE. Estas reformas han ya producido importantes beneficios para México, y en particular han incrementado su flexibilidad económica permitiéndole recuperarse de las crisis económicas. No obstante, los beneficios de la reforma han sido mermados por la crisis macroeconómica de la década de los noventa. Es necesaria ahora una atención sostenida para completar e instrumentar reformas que establezcan las condiciones para una competencia y un acceso al mercado vigorosos, reforzando a la vez la capacidad del Estado mexicano para utilizar instrumentos regulatorios de gran calidad y transparencia para llevar a cabo las políticas públicas. Un período de varios años de estabilidad de las políticas que logre un crecimiento basado en principios de mercado puede producir beneficios amplios y duraderos para los consumidores y las empresas mexicanos. México fue uno de los primeros países de la OCDE en solicitar una revisión detallada por parte de la OCDE sobre sus prácticas y reformas regulatorias. Este reporte - resultado de una extensa evaluación por parte de la OCDE y de la revisión por parte de los países miembros - es único dado que presenta e integra una evaluación de la reforma regulatoria en áreas claves tales como el contexto macroeconómico, la calidad del sector público, la política de competencia y su aplicación, la integración de principios de apertura comercial en los procesos regulatorios y en sectores tal como el de las telecomunicaciones. Las recomendaciones de política presentan un programa de acción balanceado tanto para el corto como para el largo plazo, y están basadas en las mejores prácticas regulatorias internacionales. Este volumen 2 contiene los reportes temáticos que sirvieron de base para la realización del reporte sintético publicado como volumen 1. Consiste en cuatro reportes temáticos sobre (i) las capacidades del gobierno para asegurar una regulación de alta calidad, (ii) el papel de la política de competencia en la reforma regulatoria, (iii) la apertura comercial a través de la reforma regulatoria, y (iv) la reforma regulatoria en la industria de las telecomunicaciones.Lecturas adicionales En la misma serie: Reforma Regulatoria en los Estados Unidos, Reforma Regulatoria en Japón, Reforma Regulatoria en los Países Bajos. El análisis general de la política de reforma regulatoria, en el cual se basan los estudios de los países, se encuentra en el Reporte sobre La Reforma Regulatoria de la OCDE: Síntesis, así como en los dos volúmenes que comprende El Reporte de la OCDE en Reforma Regulatoria: Estudios Temáticos y Sectoriales; ambos publicados en 1997.
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9264181830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Motivating students for lifelong learning
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Motiver les élèves
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Motiver les élèves : l'enjeu de l'apprentissage à vie
    DDC: 370.154
    Keywords: Lebenslanges Lernen ; Motivation
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264069602
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (44 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 106; Adsorption/désorption selon une méthode d'équilibres successifs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 106: Adsorption/désorption selon une méthode d'équilibres successifs
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is aimed at estimating the adsorption/desorption behaviour of a chemical on different soil types. The goal is to obtain a sorption value which can be used to predict partitioning under a variety of environmental conditions; to this end, equilibrium adsorption coefficients for a chemical on various soils are determined as a function of soil characteristics (organic carbon, clay content, soil texture, and pH). The test comprises three tiers. The tier 1 is the preliminary study, the tier 2 is the screening test (in 5 soils) and the tier 3 is the determination of Freundlich adsorption isotherms or the study of desorption by means of desorption kinetics/Freundlich desorption isotherms, as appropriate. Two methods are possible for analyse: the indirect method and the direct method. The indirect method consists of the adjunction of the test substance to soil samples, the agitation of the mixture for an appropriate time, the analysis of the aqueous phase after centrifugation and the filtration of the soil suspension. The amount of test substance adsorbed on the soil sample is calculated as the difference between the amount of test substance initially present in solution and the amount remaining at the end of the experiment. The direct method is recommended when the difference in the solution concentration of the substance cannot be accurately determined.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264180635
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (168 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Economics
    Abstract: On the surface there is agreement, sustainable development refers to a broad set of issues, going beyond the relationship between the economy and the environment to encompass human and social concerns. Scratch the surface and you open a Pandora's box of differing notions of sustainability and means of achieving it. How can progress towards sustainable development be measured then? The major difficulty in developing indicators to track progress towards sustainable development is not the lack of data but rather the lack of frameworks to organise and synthesize existing information. This volume brings together a number of approaches to this question pursued in academia, national administrations and international organisations, as presented at an expert workshop held at the OECD headquarters in September 1999. These approaches include developments of the traditional national accounts system, construction of synthetic measures of sustainability such as "genuine savings", physical measures of material flows, and selections of indicators based on variants of the "pressure, state, response" model. This volume also reviews a number of initiatives undertaken within the OECD to monitor trends in the sustainability of specific sectors and sub-national areas.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264081871
    Language: Multiple languages
    Pages: Online-Ressource (23 p.)
    Series Statement: International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: This brochure is published within the framework of the activities of the Scheme for the Application of International Standards for Fruit and Vegetables set up by OECD in 1962. It comprises comments and illustrations to facilitate the common interpretation of standards in force and is therefore a valuable tool for both the Inspection Authorities and professional bodies responsible for the application of standards or interested in the international trade in these products.
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  • 52
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264188228
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Netherlands
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2000 review of the Netherlands' energy policies and programmes. It finds that Dutch citizens are very environmentally minded. They are prepared to pay extra for clean and renewable energy to meet the national climate commitments. The government has set ambitious targets for reducing carbon dioxide emissions and increasing the share of renewables in the energy market. The Netherlands aims at cutting greenhouse gas emissions by 50 million tonnes by 2010, and at raising the share of renewables from 1% in 1995 to 10% in 2020. The government has put together a programme that can achieve this – as well as a back-up plan if the target is not reached, and a plan for the long term. But efficient markets are also important to the Dutch. In the electricity and gas industries, full retail competition is to be introduced on an accelerated schedule in 2004. Since competition was introduced into the power market in 1998, the necessary institutions and secondary legislation have been put in place, making the market highly competitive. Three out of the four large generators in the country have been sold to foreign utility investors. There is room for improvement in the rules for the allocation of interconnector capacity, to be found in co-operation with the Netherlands’ European neighbours.
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 108 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2000/03
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Lithuania
    Abstract: The present study was prepared in the third quarter of 1999 as a background study to a Conference organised by the OECD Committee on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises (CIME), in collaboration with the Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members and with the support of the Estonian Investment Agency, on the subject of “Foreign Direct Investment Policy and Private Sector Development in the Baltic States”. This event took place in Tallinn on 17 November 1999. Its objective was to provide an overall assessment of the contribution of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the economic transformation of the three Baltic states since their independence in 1991-1992. The conference was one of the main activities organised in 1999 under the auspices of the OECD Baltic Regional Programme. Within the framework of the same programme, it was followed up by a Conference on Fiscal Incentives and Competition for Foreign Direct Investment in Vilnius in Spring 2000 organised in ...
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  • 54
    ISBN: 9789264069893
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (5 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 120; Solution/Extraction Behaviour of Polymers in Water
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 120: Solution/Extraction Behaviour of Polymers in Water
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit une méthode pour analyser le comportement de dissolution- extraction des polymères dans l'eau, laquelle utilise la méthode du flacon avec des modifications.Trois échantillons de 10 g de particules de la substance d'essai sont pesés dans chacun de trois récipients équipés de bouchons en verre. 1000 ml d'eau sont ajoutés dans chaque récipient. Les récipients sont bien bouchés puis agités à 20°C pendant normalement une période de 24 heures. Puis, le contenu de chaque récipient est centrifugé ou filtré et la concentration du polymère dans la phase aqueuse limpide est déterminée par une méthode analytique appropriée. Pour une analyse directe de la phase aqueuse une seule taille d’échantillons est suffisante. L'analyse de toutes les espèces polymères de la phase aqueuse peut être réalisée soit par une méthode suffisamment sensible, soit par évaporation à sec, sous vide, de l'extrait aqueux, suivie d'une analyse du résidu par spectroscopie ou par SAA-PCI. Quand la détermination du comportement de dissolution-extraction des polymères consiste uniquement en la détermination de la teneur en carbone organique total (COT) de l'extrait aqueux, un essai additionnel est effectué, sur des échantillons de deux tailles différentes en trois exemplaires, avec des échantillons de polymère dix fois plus petits et les mêmes quantités d'eau que celles qui ont été utilisées dans le premier essai. Une détermination gravimétrique est effectuée sur la partie non dissoute ou non extraite de l'échantillon.
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  • 55
    ISBN: 9789264181557
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Die jährlichen ODA-Gesamtauszahlungen Österreichs unterliegen in der Regel Schwankungen, was sich z.T. daraus erklärt, dass Österreich nicht über ein globales EZA-Budget verfügt. Die Verwaltung des EZA-Programms ist weiterhin zwischen einer Reihe von Bundesministerien und Gemeindeverwaltungen aufgesplittert. Ein Problem ist das Fehlen einer Globalstrategie, die alle von Österreich den ODA-Leistungen zugerechneten Ausgaben mit einem klar festgelegten Katalog von Entwicklungszielen verknüpft. Derzeit werden von Österreich drei Komponenten – geförderte Exportkredite, Flüchtlingshilfe in Österreich und indirekte Studienplatzkosten –, die nicht primär Entwicklungszielen dienen, als ODA-Leistungen verbucht.
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  • 56
    ISBN: 9789264182110
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (20 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD;N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD retningslinjer for forbrukervern ved elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Polish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendação do conselho relativa às linhas directrizes que regem A protecção dos consumidores no contexto do comércio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Slovak version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Swedish version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Retningslinier for forbrugerbeskyttelse i forbindelse med elektronisk handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Recomendación del consejo de la ocde relativa a los lineamientos para la protección al consumidor en el contexto del comercio electrónico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Hungarian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Linee Guida per la tutela dei consumatori nel contesto del Commercio Elettronico
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce (Korean version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Richtlijnen ter bescherming van consumenten in het kader van de Elektronische handel
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD:N Neuvoston suositus ohjeiksi kuluttajansuojasta sähköisessä kaupankäynnissä
    Keywords: Governance ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Die Leitlinien für den Verbraucherschutz im Zusammenhang mit dem elektronischen Geschäftsverkehr zielen darauf ab, Verbrauchern bei Online-Käufen einen ebenso hohen Schutz zu gewährleisten wie bei Einkäufen in herkömmlichen Geschäften oder bei Bestellungen im Versandhandel. Die Leitlinien orientieren sich an den in traditionelleren Handelsformen bereits existierenden gesetzlichen Verbraucherschutzmaßnahmen. Sie sollen folgende Ziele fördern: – Faire Geschäfts-, Werbe- und Marketingpraktiken; – klare Informationen über die Identität von Online-Unternehmen, die angebotenen Waren oder Dienstleistungen sowie die Modalitäten und Bedingungen einer jeden Transaktion; – transparente Verfahren für die Bestätigung von Transaktionen; – sichere Zahlungsmechanismen; – faire, zügige und finanziell tragbare Streitbeilegungs- und Abhilfeverfahren; – den Schutz der Privatsphäre sowie – die Aufklärung von Verbrauchern und Unternehmen.
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264188099
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Efficiency Policy Profiles
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Within the foreseeable future, refrigerators will be using 30% less electricity in some countries. Homes in the United States will be emitting 4% less carbon dioxide. Dozens of other common energy-using products will have become cleaner and more energy efficient. And all because of the growing use of energy labels and standards in industrialised countries. Energy labels and standards are only one way in which governments can diminish energy use, improve performance and slash greenhouse gas emissions. But they have proved remarkably effective, and their use is steadily spreading. This report by the International Energy Agency chronicles a number of success stories and offers suggestions on how they can be replicated. This study, the first in a planned series of Energy Efficiency Policy Profiles, analyses existing programmes, provides guidance for programmes now under consideration and points the way to possible international collaboration. It highlights the key elements in successful programmes.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181311
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Switzerland
    Abstract: This IEA report provides a comprehensive in-depth assessment of the energy policies of Switzerland, including recommendations for policy developments. Although the federal government has been increasingly involved in Swiss energy policy, the cantons retain extensive authority. There is a discussion of the 'Energy 2000 Action Plan' - the core of Swiss energy policy. The plan aims to stabilise electricity consumption, reduce the use of fossil fuels, increase the supply of renewable energies, upgrade the capacity of existing nuclear power plants and stabilise carbon dioxide emissions. The report analyses the reasons for Switzerland's slowdown in fossil fuel use - a trend which has constrained CO2 emissions. To help meet its national commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, Switzerland is seriously considering several forms of energy taxes including a 'carbon tax'. There remains some room for improvement in the area of energy efficiency and the energy tax structure could be more focussed on climate change issues and energy efficiency. The report recommends enhanced co-operation between and among federal and local governments. Regulatory reform in the electricity and natural gas sectors is a priority issue. These sectors are characterised by a large number of companies and significant involvement of local governments in their ownership, regulation and price setting. The report proposes to introduce competition in these industries.
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  • 59
    ISBN: 9789264187900
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (312 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques ; Sources et définitions 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principaux indicateurs économiques : Sources et définitions 2000
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.228
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper aims at providing an overview of the theoretical considerations and a review of the empirical literature on the relationship between finance and growth. Section I describes the role of financial development in economic growth at the macro level, both theoretically and empirically. Section II examines the role of corporate finance in firm-level performance, especially focusing on the role of “internal funds” and “internal capital markets”. Section III presents a comparative analysis of financial systems, and analyses both the Asian crisis and the US venture capital phenomenon from this perspective. Section IV presents some policy implications and conclusions ...
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264181748
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (332 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; La réforme de la réglementation en Corée 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation en Corée 2000
    Keywords: Governance ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: OECD's 2000 review of regulatory reform in Korea. It finds that at the end of 1997, Korea suffered one of the worst economic crises ever experienced by an OECD country. An ambitious programme of regulatory, financial, and structural reforms, among the most far-reaching efforts at reform of regulation undertaken in OECD countries, was key to the strong economic recovery in 1999 and 2000. This programme not only stabilised the crisis, but also helped recreate the foundations for future sustainable growth. The Korean experience can be useful to other countries seeking to boost market-led growth. Reforms now are moving Korea from a highly interventionist and authoritarian model of economic development to a market oriented and open model based on values of consumer choice, democracy, and rule of law. Yet the job is far from finished. The web of government intervention has been only partly reformed, and many important issues are still to be tackled. Consistent progress on regulatory reform will be crucial to sustainable growth in Korea for several years to come. Korea is among several OECD countries to request a broad review by the OECD of its national regulatory practices and domestic regulatory reforms. This Review presents an integrated assessment of regulatory reform in framework areas such as the quality of the public sector, competition policy and enforcement, and market openness. It also contains chapters on sectors such as electricity and telecommunications, and an assessment of the macroeconomic context for reform. The policy recommendations present a balanced plan of action for both short and longer-term based on best international regulatory practices.
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2000/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper reviews recent trends in international strategic alliances, which have grown more than fivefold between 1989 and 1999 paralleling the increase in cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As). The paper covers frequency, type, purpose and geographical patterns of international alliances during the 1990s as an important aspect of industrial globalisation and analyses sectoral trends in industries such as telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, automobiles and airlines. While international alliances provide firms with strategic flexibility, enabling them to respond to changing market conditions, they can also be effective paths for achieving global scale in enterprise operations along with M&As and greenfield investment. Driving forces behind international strategic alliances include cost economising in production and R&D, strengthening market presence, and accessing intangible assets. The paper presents the recent and comprehensive data available on strategic alliances and ...
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264188389
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (170 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Environment
    Abstract: This volume describes more than 400 separate policy actions that IEA Member countries took to mitigate climate change in the energy sector during 1999. Listings are provided for each country with classifications of actions into five major policy approaches: fiscal policy; market policy; regulatory policy; R&D policy; and policy processes. In addition, policies are classified according to energy source and end-use.
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181304
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Italy
    Abstract: This IEA report provides a comprehensive, in-depth assessment of the energy policies of Italy, including recommendations on future policy developments. The Italian government is undertaking major reforms in the energy sector. It has started to decentralise energy policy, giving more responsibilities to regions and local authorities. Thus, co-ordination across regions and with the national government is becoming an important issue. In February 1999, competition was introduced in the electricity sector. The Government is also preparing a Legislative Decree to implement the EU Directive on natural gas. In enforcing competition, attention needs to be given to the dominant position of national companies in the electricity, natural gas and oil sectors. Italy has high taxes on energy in comparison with other IEA countries. This has encouraged the country’s low energy intensity. In addition, in December 1998, the Government introduced a CO2 tax. Tax policy needs a long-term strategy which would better reflect the external cost of using energy and make the tax structure consistent across the different sectors and fuels. The report also recommends that the Government take further measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to meet the Kyoto target.
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.274
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the accuracy of the OECD Economic Outlook projections — both “current year” and “year ahead” — for output growth, inflation and current account balances (as a percentage of GDP) for the major seven countries, as well as projections for world trade growth. The sample period differs somewhat between the variables, depending on data availability, but it runs until 1998 in all cases. Several evaluation criteria were used to assess the accuracy of the OECD Economic Outlook projections. These include an inspection of projection error summary statistics; comparisons with “naive” alternative forecasts; statistical tests for unbiasedness and efficiency; and testing for directional accuracy. In addition, the paper provides an examination of the performance of OECD Economic Outlook projections over different time periods. The findings suggest that, on the basis of the conventional statistical criteria, the current year projections outperform the year ahead projections ...
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  • 66
    ISBN: 9789164187673
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (60 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: How will the introduction of electricity market competition affect power generation and transmission technology? Which technologies are most likely to receive a push from competitive markets? These are the questions examined in this review, which considers a wide range of options in both generation and transmission. Competition strengthens the search for the most cost-effective technologies. All electricity generation technologies are affected: those for existing and new plants as well as those for improving capital and operating efficiency. In existing plants, reliability, life extension, operating flexibility and demand-side technology are some of the major factors of change. In new plants, gas turbines are set to continue their growth, but there is still a place for conventional steam and other power plants. New government policies for technology support and environmental protection also have a role in evolving technological choices when competition is introduced.
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'espace-sciences dans les établissements modernes d'enseignement secondaire
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: It appears that science education is moving more and more toward individual and small-group, hands-on projects and away from the “sage on the stage” lecture and “one size fits all” laboratory projects. Many of the individual concepts elaborated in this paper have been constructed in schools within the United States and Canada by various architects.
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.30
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Public procurement review procedures are intended to guarantee effective remedies for complaints in public procurement. This paper guides central and eastern European countries that are seeking to join the European Union on how to identify the public procurement review procedures best suited to each country’s specificities. These countries are adapting their existing public procurement legislation to the European Council “Remedies Directives”. The annex contains summaries of complaint review systems in eleven western and eastern European countries. The purpose is to provide possible institutional reform models for central and eastern European countries.
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2000/01
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Bribery is becoming a high priority public concern and the legal framework and enforcement apparatus used in the fight against it are being developed in the OECD and elsewhere. Reflecting these civic and legal pressures, firms now often deal with bribery in their codes of corporate conduct – public statements of commitment to abide by a certain standard of business conduct. The question of what firms do internally in the fight against bribery is probably as important to the successful outcome of that fight as formal anti-bribery law and as the attitudes of the public. This paper looks at corporate approaches to anti-bribery commitment and at managerial approaches to implementing these commitments in an inventory of 246 codes of conduct. The paper shows that, while bribery is often mentioned in the codes of conduct, there is considerable diversity in the language and concepts adopted in anti-bribery commitments. This diversity is a feature of the language used in describing parties ...
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.240
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economists often seek to estimate unobserved variables, representing “equilibrium” or “expected” values of economic variables, as benchmarks against which observed, realised values of these variables may be evaluated. Such comparisons are often used as economic policy indicators, for example the output gap, as measured by the ratio of actual to potential GDP, is commonly used as a measure of excess demand in assessing inflation pressures. To estimate these unobserved variables, a popular approach is the so-called semi-structural approach which includes: the Hodrick Prescott multivariate filter (developed by Laxton and Tetlow, 1992) and the Kalman filter (see, among others Harvey, 1992 and Cuthberson et al., 1992). This paper shows that the two approaches are closely linked, and specifically, it explains how to reproduce theHodrick Prescott multivariate filter using the Kalman filter. Being able to do so has at least two possible advantages. First, while the traditional HPMV filter ...
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Un lieu d'accueil pour les étudiants handicapés : L'université de Grenoble en France
    Keywords: Education ; France
    Abstract: Students with physical disabilities at the University of Grenoble are offered a range of services provided by various specialised and complementary structures to meet the needs of student life. A number of associations and government sectors have joined forces in quite a unique way to build a university residence designed with the disabled in mind; others are coordinating initiatives to provide seamless infrastructure that makes it easier for students with disabilities to participate in education and leisure activities.
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.266
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the robustness of explanatory variables in cross-country economic growth regressions. It employs a novel approach, Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE), which constructs estimates as a weighted average of OLS estimates for every possible combination of included variables. The weights applied to individual regressions are justified on Bayesian grounds in a way similar to the well-known Schwarz criterion. Of 32 explanatory variables we find 11 to be robustly partially correlated with long-term growth and another five variables to be marginally related. Of all the variables considered, the strongest evidence is for the initial level of real GDP per capita ...
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  • 73
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.229
    Keywords: Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: This document examines Finland’s policy on natural and environmental resource management. In many fields, progress has been made and pollution curbed. However, there is still room for improvement with regard to cost-effectiveness. Economic evaluation of the measures planned in various fields should accordingly be more systematic. Until now, pollution abatement has been achieved largely through regulation; given the likelihood that very few least-cost options remain, it will be even more important to make wider use of economic instruments to minimise the cost of future measures. In order to ensure that Finnish enterprises remain competitive, energy and fuel taxes are heavier on households than on businesses (in particular the more energy-intensive ones, such as the wood and paper-pulp industries and the electricity sector). Restoring the balance in this area would bring about a marked improvement in the costeffectiveness of Finland’s policy to reduce CO2 emissions, and foster ...
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  • 74
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.244
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This paper reviews tax policy initiatives and the scope for further reform in Norway. Norway faces the challenge of containing expenditure to at least avoid future increases in the tax burden, which is already above the OECD average. The favourable tax regimes for some industries imply that the fully taxed sectors carry a comparatively higher burden, distorting resource allocation. Norway has made considerable progress in easing the distortions that are typically associated with a high tax burden. The introduction in 1992 of a dual income tax system, taxing all capital income at a low flat rate and labour incoming at higher and progressive rates, has been the centrepiece of the reform process. However, the wide difference in marginal tax rate between imputed labour and capital income of self-employed and small business owners has prompted extensive tax planning by these groups. Moreover, the differences in the valuation of assets for the wealth and property tax leads to distortions ...
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Science Resource Area in the State-of-the-Art High School
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans l’enseignement des sciences, les lycées délaissent, semble-t-il, le cours magistral et l’expérience faite par le professeur devant la classe toute entière, au profit de projets pratiques, menés par les élèves individuellement ou en petits groupes. Les concepts définis dans le présent document ont pour beaucoup été mis en application dans des écoles aux États-Unis et au Canada, par divers architectes.
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.233
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: The Mexican tax system encompasses a number of commendable features and disincentives to work, save and invest appear less severe than in most other OECD countries. However, the system also contains major deficiencies, which hampers the efficiency and equity of the system and contribute to the fact that Mexico has by far the lowest level of tax revenues in relation to GDP among the OECD countries. The main priorities for reform should be base broadening measures such as eliminating the tax preferences for agriculture, fisheries, publishing and land transportation; substantially reducing the vast number of zero-rated and exempted goods and services in the VAT system; and broadening the income base of individuals by taxing fringe benefits and eliminate the fiscal subsidy. Furthermore, increased taxation of property, in particular real estate, would be warranted from both a revenue-raising and distributional point of view. Finally, administration could be further improved through a ...
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 131 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.248
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper discusses growth performance in the OECD countries over the past two decades. Special attention is given to developments in labour productivity, allowing for human capital accumulation, and multifactor productivity (MFP), allowing for changes in the composition and quality of physical capital. The paper suggests wide (and growing) disparities in GDP per capita growth, while differences in labour productivity have remained broadly stable. These patterns are explained by different employment growth rates across countries. In the most recent years, a rise in MFP growth in ICT-related industries has boosted aggregate growth in some countries (e.g. the United States) ...
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.241
    Keywords: Economics ; Hungary
    Abstract: This paper examines within an international context, the healthcare system in Hungary. While the system resembles in many of its broad features those of other OECD countries, Hungarians have the lowest life expectancy in the OECD and its rate of increase over the last 20 years has been much slower than in the rest of the area. The Hungarian health system is relatively resource intensive and is characterised by high hospitalisation rates, an excess supply of specialists and perverse incentives both for doctors and hospital administrators. Budgetary rules prevent hospitals from properly amortising investments and limit their capacity to manage labour costs. Furthermore inadequate supervision of billing by the state administrator has led to a fraudulent inflation in both the number and the “seriousness” of treatments. Recent reforms have concentrated on containing costs but efforts to improve service delivery and health outcomes have been plagued by problems of institutional conflict ...
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 169 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.42
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper summarises trends and driving factors in income distribution and poverty in 21 OECD Member countries analysing separately the working- and the retirement-age populations. Shifts in relative incomes in the past ten years generally favoured prime-age and elderly age groups. Persons living in multi-adult households have seen their income shares rise somewhat, especially in households without children, or when there are two or more earners present. On the other hand, younger age groups generally lost ground, and relative income levels of single parents and persons in households with no earners tended to weaken further in many countries. There has been no generalised long-term trend in the distribution of disposable household incomes since the mid-1970s. However, during the more recent period (mid-1980s to mid-1990s), income inequality has increased in about half of the OECD countries studied, while none of the remaining countries recorded an unambiguous decrease in ...
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2000/02
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Reports on trends in international direct investment tend to focus on recent developments. While such information is clearly of most relevance for policymakers and others interested in the pace and scale of globalisation, it fails to provide any perspective on the nature of globalisation itself. By their nature, recent developments give more weight to the cyclical element in global investment flows. A country’s performance in terms of annual inflows is often taken as a measure of the appropriateness of its policies and, by extension, of its relative attractiveness as a location for investment. Such important issues can only be assessed over a long time period and relying on more sources of information than simply flows of foreign direct investment (FDI). This study focuses on such long-term trends and includes, where appropriate, other estimates of multinational activity. By focusing on long-term patterns, this paper demonstrates how FDI has evolved from an activity largely ...
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.270
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The Kyoto Protocol covers emissions of a range of greenhouse gases. Yet, most attempts to quantify the economic impact of implementing the Protocol’s emission targets for the period 2008-12 have focused exclusively on CO2 emissions. This paper extends previous OECD analysis confined to CO2 alone so as to cover also emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. The paper concludes that the economic costs of implementing the targets in the Kyoto Protocol are lower than suggested by an analysis confined to CO2 alone. However, over the longer term, when larger cuts in greenhouse gas emissions are required in order to have any material effect on climate, most abatement will likely have to come from CO2 and the inclusion of other gases in the analysis may not substantially alter estimates of economic costs ...
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.255
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyse regulatory developments in the road freight and retail distribution industries of OECD Member countries. For each industry, the analysis is divided into four parts. First, structural developments in the industry are outlined. Second, the main features of the regulatory framework are reviewed. The third part compares regulatory approaches on the basis of quantitative indicators of the degree of restrictions placed on market mechanisms. The last part summarises the main outcomes of regulatory reform. The data on regulation and market structure are taken primarily from the OECD International Regulation Database. The main findings of the analysis are the following: Both industries are currently undergoing sweeping changes, with, in particular, the rapid growth of new forms of competition; The pace and scale of liberalisation vary widely from one country and one industry to another, and in many countries there are still regulatory impediments to ...
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  • 83
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.238
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper seeks to assess the impact of liberalisation and privatisation on performance in the generation segment of the electricity supply industry. Regulatory indicators for a panel of 19 OECD countries over a 10 year time period were constructed to examine the influence of regulatory reform on efficiency and price, and to assess the relative efficacy of different reform strategies. The presence of data with both cross-country and time-series dimensions allows separate identification of country specific and regulatory effects. The primary findings are that while changes in legal rules may be slow to translate into changes in conduct, unbundling of generation, private ownership, expanded access to transmission networks, and the introduction of electricity markets impact the performance measures in a statistically significant way ...
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.227
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper investigates the information content of yield curves regarding future inflation, using the example of the G-7 countries. The empirical results show substantial variation of results across countries, and a significant information content is identified for the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and Canada. The results also vary with the choice of the sample period. Nevertheless, the relationship appears to be structurally stable in Germany and Canada. By contrast, there is evidence for structural instability in the United States and the United Kingdom, possibly reflecting changes in their monetary policy regimes ...
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  • 85
    ISBN: 9789264188013
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (148 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Luxembourg 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Luxembourg 2000
    Keywords: Environment ; Luxembourg
    Abstract: OECD's comprehensive review of Luxembourg's environmental programs and policies, covering air and water management, nature and biodiversity, sustainable development, the environment-economy interface, the environment-social interface, and international commitments. The review includes relevant statistical information as well as a series of recommendations for strengthening environmental infrastructure, implementing environmental policy and integrating environmental concerns into economic decisions.
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.230
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses to what extent some components of government budgets affected by the macroeconomic situation operate to smooth the business cycle in individual OECD countries. It is shown that these automatic fiscal stabilisers have generally reduced cyclical volatility in the 1990s. However, in some countries the need to undertake fiscal consolidation in order to improve public finances has forced governments to take discretionary actions that have reduced, or even offset, the effect of automatic fiscal stabilisers. This paper also shows that, by preventing sharp economic fluctuations, fiscal stabilisers may raise long-term economic performance and avoid frequent changes in spending or tax rates. However, they should be employed symmetrically over the cycle in order to avoid costly debt accumulation ...
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  • 87
    Language: French
    Pages: 9 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/11
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Invention, Maintenance and Renewal of Urban Educational Facilities
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: En octobre 1999, le PEB a organisé un séminaire intitulé « Création, maintenance et renouvellement des équipements éducatifs en milieu urbain : enjeux globaux et solutions locales », en collaboration avec le Committee on Architecture for Education de l’American Institute of Architects et avec l’Urban Educational Facilities NE Chapter du CEFPI (la section nord-est du CEFPI consacrée aux équipements éducatifs en milieu urbain). L’objectif de ce séminaire était de fournir des arguments et des témoignages aux gestionnaires des systèmes cherchant à mobiliser des ressources pour l’entretien des équipements, et de renforcer leur aptitude à bien utiliser ces ressources. Vous trouverez ci-dessous des extraits du rapport du séminaire, comprenant des interventions, ainsi que les conclusions de certains travaux de groupes.
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/08
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Avec ou sans fil ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: What follows is an edited transcript of an interview with Glenn Meeks and Prakash Nair by Randall Fielding, U.S. architect and planner, contributing editor to “School Construction News” and the editor of “Design Share”.
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  • 89
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264080669
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 1999
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Pensionskasse ; Altersversorgung ; Kapitalmarkt ; Portfoliomanagement
    Abstract: This books explores the international aspects of pension reform, private savings and volatile capital markets and clarifies how they relate to each other. Building the case for the pension-improving benefits of global asset diversification, analysing the implications of financial reform for stimulating savings, and exploring both the benefits and risks of global capital flows to emerging markets, Pensions, Savings and Capital Flows will inform policy and academic debates on financial globalisation.
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.2
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer les charges fiscales ; Quels indicateurs pour demain?
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Taxation ; Steuerbelastung ; Messung
    Abstract: In response to growing demand by policy-makers, various measures to assess tax burdens of households, individual firms and the business sector as a whole have been developed. This study reviews some of the most common measures used to gauge tax burdens of households and corporations. In addition, it provides some illustrative numbers from various sources on tax rates and tax burdens in OECD countries. The study concludes that all current measures reviewed have at least some important shortcomings. Results based on these measures should therefore be interpreted with their limitations in mind, and judged with due caution when used to address policy questions.
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180918
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 1999
    RVK:
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264281240
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Greece 2000
    Keywords: Environment ; Greece
    Abstract: Ce rapport consacré à la Grèce évalue les progrès accomplis ou à faire dans la réduction de la charge polluante, la gestion des ressources naturelles, l'intégration des politiques économique et environnementale et le renforcement de la coopération internationale. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large ensemble de données économiques et environnementales.
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  • 94
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187863
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 2000
    RVK:
    RVK:
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264187849
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les ONG européennes actives dans le domaine du développement ; État des lieux
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Development ; Nichtstaatliche Organisation ; Entwicklungshilfe
    Abstract: NGOs have moved out of the "amateur" world in which they were once confined into, in many cases, highly professional activities. This statistical analysis demonstrates that there are thousands of development NGOs in European countries with as much as $7.3 billion at their disposal. Supported by a large number of tables and graphs, as well as detailed, individual country surveys, the author provides the first-ever such study of what has become a late-twentieth, early twenty-first century phenomenon. When the results of the study are extrapolated to OECD Development Assistance Committee members as a whole, they suggest that the total income of NGOs would amount to almost $16 billion, a figure three times that estimated by organisations such as the World Bank. Depending on the country, up to half of this income comes from official sources, implying that NGOs have become major partners for governments in the development field.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Investment Guides
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Mongolia
    Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an essential component in economic development, in particular for smaller transition economies like Mongolia. For this impact to be realised, the conditions to attract and retain FDI must be created. Despite its isolation and distance from export markets, FDI in Mongolia has been relatively dynamic, aided both by rich natural resources and by the pro-active policies pursued by the Mongolian government. All sectors of the Mongolian economy are open to foreign investors and foreign investment is protected from nationalisation or expropriation. Investment is promoted via a "one-stop shop" which provides a first point of contact and support for foreign investors. The operating environment in Mongolia is evolving to accommodate the requirements of modern businesses. Labour, raw materials and operating costs are competitive and the key legislative acts are in place. Work is progressing to modernise the tax administration. This Investment Guide, published by the OECD’s Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members, provides an overview of the conditions for foreign direct investment in Mongolia. Policy recommendations are made to enhance the attractiveness of the country as an investment venue, including strengthening the legal framework for foreign investment, restructuring the banking system and reinforcing the rule of law.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189584
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion des risques en matière de revenu dans le secteur agricole
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Various risks affect the income and the welfare of farm households. A large number of strategies are available to deal specifically with income risk. They exist against a general background of widespread government intervention that modifies the risks faced by farmers. In the context of agricultural policy reform, a challenge for policy makers is to better define the role of public policy versus market-based mechanisms to deal with income risk in agriculture. The OECD workshop examined the various strategies used by farm households, in particular those attracting renewed interest such as diversification of income sources, vertical co-ordination, hedging on futures markets, insurance coverage and public safety-nets. It allowed participants from Member countries’ governments and private industries to share their experience. One of the main conclusions was that farmers, as managers, have the primary responsibility for risk management and that the optimal mix of tools and instruments depends on specific conditions. Government intervention in risk management, coming as a response to an identified market failure, should be in line with general reform principles shared by OECD Ministers for Agriculture, which include increasing the market orientation of agriculture and addressing legitimate domestic interests in ways that do not distort production and trade.
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264181212
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (396 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Private Pensions Series no.1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Pension systems are changing the world over. Both OECD and non-OECD countries are coming to face the consequences of demographic changes, and some have already embarked on innovative processes of pension reform. In this new environment, employer and personal pension arrangements are expected to gain much prominence. This new OECD series is devoted to improving our understanding of private pension systems worldwide. It will provide an invaluable tool for academics, policy makers and actors in the private sector who will find in it a reference work on the main issues involved in the design, functioning, and regulation of private pension plans. This first volume provides an overview of recent developments in the private pension systems of four OECD countries (Hungary, Mexico, the United Kingdom and the United States) as well as an analysis of institutional investors in Latin America. It also addresses policy issues such as the design of private pension systems and actuarial, solvency and bankruptcy issues.
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264180956
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Radiation Protection
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Stratégies de surveillance et de gestion de données dans les urgences nucléaires
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: Since the accident at Chernobyl in 1986, many countries have intensified their efforts in nuclear emergency planning, preparedness and management. Experience from the NEA nuclear emergency exercises (INEX 1 and INEX 2) indicated a need to improve the international system of communication and information in case of a radiological emergency. To address this need, research was carried out by three NEA working groups, the findings of which are synthesised in the present report. This report defines emergency monitoring and modelling needs, and proposes strategies which will assist decision makers by improving the selection of data that is transmitted, and the way in which data and information are transmitted and received. Modern communication methods, such as the Internet, are a key part of the strategies described.
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  • 100
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264281141
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Financial Market Trends; No. 71 Volume 1998 Issue 3
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
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