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  • 2005-2009  (5.420)
  • 2000-2004  (3.045)
  • 1980-1984  (114)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (6.889)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (1.690)
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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Action Plan for Strengthening Financial Services Consumer Protection in Azerbaijan (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This Action Plan is based on the World Bank's Technical Note on Consumer Protection and Financial Literacy in Azerbaijan published in June 2009. The Action Plan focuses on the Legal and Regulatory Issues of the Technical Note's Key Findings and Recommendations, proposing specific actions for Azerbaijani authorities, financial institutions and consumer organizations so that consumer protection is strengthened and made more effective and efficient. The Action Plan should be the base upon which specific legal changes should be drafted and against which their implementation should be evaluated. Beside the Technical Note itself, the Action Plan draws on best international practices and experiences of regulators and supervisors that have tried to introduce improved consumer protection in their countries. It should also be noted that a well-balanced consumer protection regime serves also the interest of financial institutions as it provides them with better informed clients and also makes sure that clients understand their obligations under the contracts they signed. The Action Plan is divided into five parts that cover the key areas based on the recommendations of the Technical Note: (a) Legal Mandate, (b) Effective Supervision and Regulation, (c) Disclosure of Information, (d) Business Practices, and (e) Dispute Resolution
    DOI: 10.1596/27715
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Russian Federation Diagnostic Review of Consumer Protection in Financial Services : Comparison against Good Practices (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Accountability Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: Over the last decade, consumer credit in the Russian Federation has expanded from almost nothing to 9.2 percent of GDP in 2008, at 84 percent average annual growth in 2003-2008 year for five years. Yet, the increases have been uneven throughout the Russian population: more than 40 percent are still financially excluded and only 16 percent have bank accounts. A 2008 survey found that Russian consumers had low levels of financial literacy and lacked awareness of their rights as financial consumers. Three-quarters of the survey's respondents said they would like to receive financial education in order to protect themselves financially and plan for the future. Similar trends of the booming credit markets amid significant gaps in financial literacy around the world have contributed to the global financial crisis of 2008 and emphasized the importance of consumer protection and financial education programs for the long-term health of the financial sector. Responding to a request from Russian authorities, the World Bank conducted a diagnostic review to help Russia design an effective consumer protection and financial literacy framework. This review, presented in two volumes, outlines the key findings and recommendations in Volume I, and analyzes the existing rules and practices in Russia, in comparison with international good practices - in Volume II. Banking, non-bank credit, securities, insurance, private pensions, and credit reporting segments are covered
    DOI: 10.1596/26568
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Guidance Manual for the Control of Transboundary Movements of Recoverable Wastes (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060753
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (104 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: This Guidance Manual includes detailed explanations on how to implement the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended; copies of the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL (Annex A), including Appendices 3 and 4, and Appendix 8 which have been amended by C(2008)156; the updated consolidated lists of waste subject to the Green and Amber control procedures (Annexes B and C); other relevant information to facilitate the implementation of the OECD Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, such as applicable international transport agreements and a sample contract; and queries of the interactive database aiming to facilitate the paperwork of all parties involved in transboundary movements of wastes by providing the necessary information to complete the forms for the notification and movement documents. The database includes the information required by the Decision C(2001)107/FINAL, as amended and some practical information for each OECD member country (http://www2.oecd.org/waste).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060753-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Take the Test : Sample Questions from OECD's PISA Assessments (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264050815
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (318 p.)
    Serie: PISA
    Schlagwort(e): Education
    Kurzfassung: What does PISA actually assess? This book presents all the publicly available questions from the PISA surveys. Some of these questions were used in the PISA 2000, 2003 and 2006 surveys and others were used in developing and trying out the assessment. After a brief introduction to the PISA assessment, the book presents three chapters, including PISA questions for the reading, mathematics and science tests, respectively. Each chapter presents an overview of what exactly the questions assess. The second section of each chapter presents questions which were used in the PISA 2000, 2003 and 2006 surveys, that is, the actual PISA tests for which results were published. The third section presents questions used in trying out the assessment. Although these questions were not used in the PISA 2000, 2003 and 2006 surveys, they are nevertheless illustrative of the kind of question PISA uses. The final section shows all the answers, along with brief comments on each question.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264050815-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Productivity Measurement and Analysis (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044616
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (554 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Productivity measurement and analysis
    Schlagwort(e): Produktivität ; Arbeitsproduktivität ; Messung ; Economics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Konferenzschrift ; Produktivität ; Produktivitätsmessung ; Produktivitätszuwachs
    Kurzfassung: Productivity measurement and analysis are the main topics addressed in this book, which brings together contributions presented and discussed in two international workshops organized by the Statistics Directorate and the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (DSTI) of the OECD. The first workshop was organised jointly by the OECD with Fundaccion BBVA and the Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas and held in Madrid in October 2005, and the second one was organized jointly by the OECD and the Swiss Federal Statistical Office and the State Secretary for Economic Affairs of Switzerland and held in Bern in October 2006. The two workshops brought together representatives of statistical offices, central banks and other branches of government in OECD countries that are engaged in the analysis and the measurement of productivity developments at aggregate and industry levels.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264044616-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Test No. 436: Acute Inhalation Toxicity Acute Toxic Class Method (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264076037
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Serie: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 ; Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation - Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Essai n 436 : Toxicité aigue͏̈ par inhalation Méthode par classe de toxicité aigue͏̈
    Schlagwort(e): Environment
    Kurzfassung: The method described by this Test Guideline provides information that allows hazard assessment for short-term exposure to a test article by inhalation, and allows the substance to be classified according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). The test method is based on a stepwise procedure, each step using 3 animals of each sex (the preferred species is rat). Animals are exposed in inhalation chambers to a pre-defined concentration for 4 hours. Absence or presence of compound-related mortality of the animals at one step will determine the next step. Animals in severe pain or distress should be humanely killed. The starting concentration is selected from one of four fixed levels corresponding to GHS categories 1-4 for gases, vapours or aerosols. Animals are observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity for a total of at least 14 days. Animals' body weights should be determined at least weekly. All the animals should be subjected to gross necropsy.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264076037-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    OECD Patent Statistics Manual (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056442
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (158 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manuel de l'OCDE sur les statistiques des brevets
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Manual de estadísticas de patentes de la OCDE
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als OECD OECD patent statistics manual
    RVK:
    QP 215
    RVK:
    QR 360
    Schlagwort(e): Patent ; Datenerhebung ; OECD-Staaten ; Science and Technology ; Economics ; Anleitung ; Patent ; Statistik
    Kurzfassung: This 2009 edition of the OECD Patent Statistics Manual takes stock of the recent developments in the field. It provides guiding principles for the use of patent data in the context of S&T measurement, and recommendations for the compilation and interpretation of patent indicators in this context. It aims to show what patent statistics can and cannot be used for, and how to count patents in order to maximise information on S&T activities while minimising statistical noise and biases. Finally, it describes how patent data can be used in the analysis of a wide array of topics related to technical change and patenting activity including industry-science linkages, patenting strategies by companies, internationalisation of research, and indicators on the value of patents.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056442-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Money Laundering through the Football Sector (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073579
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Schlagwort(e): Finance and Investment
    Kurzfassung: This report is based on four main sources: an extensive literature review, the analysis of theanswers to a questionnaire sent to FATF and FSRB members; the results of a typology workshop andsubsequent consultation with the football sector. Results to the questionnaire were obtained in October 2008 from 25 countries, mostly European,seven South-American countries, two from Asia and Australia. The responding countries differ widely insize, role and organisation of football in society (ranging from large countries with big football leagues tosmaller nations or nations with only non-professional football). Differences in information, position andinterest in the person or organisation that provided the answers (national football association, governmentrepresentatives, national FIUs, the police or judicial authorities) needed to be taken into consideration aswell.Following the analysis of questionnaires, a workshop on money laundering and the footballsector was held in Monaco in November 2008 as part of the 2008 FATF/MONEYVAL Typologiesmeeting. This workshop was very well supported by members of the FATF, MONEYVAL andrepresentatives of other countries. The following participants were involved in the 2-day breakout sessionwhich considered issues in depth: Belgium, Brazil, Cyprus, Egmont Group, France, International OlympicCommittee (IOC), Ireland, Italy, Monaco, Norway, Russia, Slovenia, South Africa, Switzerland, theNetherlands and the United Kingdom.The study has also relied on the experience and cooperation of the private sector. Arepresentative of the IOC attended the Monaco workshop in November 2008. Consultation withrepresentatives of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and of the Union ofEuropean Football Associations (UEFA) also took place in January and April 2009. Those representativesreceived a copy of the report and were given the opportunity to comment. All the comments of the private sector were taken into account when considered relevant.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073579-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The Changing Boundaries of Social Enterprises (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264055513
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (274 p.)
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als The changing boundaries of social enterprises
    RVK:
    QR 400
    Schlagwort(e): Nonprofit-Organisation ; Sozialwirtschaft ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Entrepreneurship ; Nonprofit-Organisation
    Kurzfassung: Social enterprises are entering a new phase of consolidation after overcoming various challenges over the last 10 years in their efforts to foster sustainable local development, help create local wealth and jobs, and fight social exclusion. This book contains recommendations for national and local policy makers and presents a set of international best practices based on new legislation that has been enacted, novel frontiers that have opened up, and support and financial tools that have been developed.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264055513-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Doing Better for Children (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059344
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. u.d.T. Doing better for children
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Assurer le bien-être des enfants
    DDC: 305.23091722
    RVK:
    DV 3000
    Schlagwort(e): Kinder ; OECD-Staaten ; Electronic books ; Graue Literatur ; Electronic books ; Graue Literatur ; OECD ; Kind
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059344-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Perspectives de lOCDE sur les pensions privées 2008 (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044401
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (332 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. OECD Private Pensions Outlook 2008
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic books ; Private Altersversorgung ; Pensionskasse
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: ""Avant-propos ""; ""Remerciements ""; ""Table des mati�res ""; ""Dossier spécial : les pensions privées et les turbulences observées en 2008 sur les marchés financiers""; ""Graphique S.1. Performances des grandes places boursi�res""; ""Graphique S.2. Rendements nominaux et réels des fonds de pension dans certains pays de l�OCDE, de janvier à octobre 2008""; ""Graphique S.3. Rendement nominal annuel moyen des fonds de pension dans certains pays de l�OCDE, au cours des 5, 10 et 15 derni�res années""; ""Conséquences de la crise financi�re pour l�épargne-retraite""
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: ""Réactions aux turbulences sur les marchés financiers""""Vers un nouvel ordre du jour réglementaire""; ""Note""; ""Introduction""; ""Guide du lecteur""; ""Le projet sur les statistiques de pensions de l�OCDE au niveau mondial""; ""La classification de l�OCDE""; ""Graphique R.1. Plans de retraite privés : Perspective fonctionnelle""; ""Graphique R.2. Plans de retraite privés : Perspective institutionnelle""; ""Sources""; ""Couverture statistique""; ""Texte, graphiques et tableaux""; ""Limitations des données""; ""Glossaire""; ""StatLink""
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: ""Acronymes, symboles et signes conventionnels """"Chapitre 1. R�le et typologie des syst�mes de pension privés""; ""1.1. Le r�le croissant de la capitalisation et des pensions privées dans le financement des retraites""; ""Tableau 1.1. Typologie des plans de retraite privés dans les pays de l�OCDE""; ""Graphique 1.1. Dépenses publiques et privées au titre des retraites dans certains pays de l�OCDE, 2006""; ""Encadré 1.1. Définitions""; ""Graphique 1.2. Total des actifs détenus par les plans de retraite privés, 2007""
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: ""Tableau 1.2. Total des actifs détenus par les plans de retraite privés dans les grands pays de l�OCDE, 2007""""Graphique 1.3. Actifs détenus par les plans de retraite privés et taux de remplacement brut assuré par le syst�me de retraite public, 2007""; ""Graphique 1.4. Actifs de pension privés en pourcentage du PIB en 2007 et différence entre le taux de croissance moyen de ces actifs et le taux de croissance du PIB, dans certains pays de l�OCDE, sur la période 2001-07""; ""Graphique 1.5. Rapport de la population inactive âgée de 65 ans et plus à la population active""
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: ""Graphique 1.6. Ratio des fonds de réserve pour les retraites des régimes publics aux dépenses de retraite publiques dans certains pays de l�OCDE, 2006""""1.2. Le r�le des investisseurs institutionnels dans les syst�mes de retraite""; ""Graphique 1.7. Total des actifs sous gestion dans différents types d�entités financi�res, 2007""; ""Graphique 1.8. Part relative et total des actifs selon le type d�investisseur institutionnel, 1995-2007""; ""1.3. Typologie des syst�mes de pension privés dans les pays de l�OCDE""; ""1.3.1. Typologie des supports de financement""
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: ""Graphique 1.9. Actifs de pension privés selon le support de financement, 2007""
    Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056916-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 12
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    ICTs for development : improving policy coherence (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264077409
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 207 S.) , graph. Darst., Kt.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Serie: The development dimension
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. ICTs for development
    RVK:
    MK 9220
    Schlagwort(e): Information technology Congresses Economic aspects ; Information technology Congresses Technological innovations ; Information technology Congresses Social aspects ; Entwicklungsländer ; Telekommunikation ; Internet ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Informationstechnik
    Anmerkung: Literaturangaben , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264077409-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Focus on Citizens : Public Engagement for Better Policy and Services (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Dazugehörige Bände/Artikel
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264048874
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (322 p.) , ill.
    Serie: OECD Studies on Public Engagement
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Focus on citizens
    DDC: 323.042
    RVK:
    MD 6500
    RVK:
    MF 7040
    Schlagwort(e): Bürgerbeteiligung ; OECD-Staaten ; Governance ; Bürgerbeteiligung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Kurzfassung: Complex policy issues cannot be solved by government alone. Delivering high-quality public services at the least cost and achieving shared public policy goals requires innovative approaches and greater involvement of citizens. This book is a valuable source of information on government performance in fostering open and inclusive policy making in 25 countries. It offers rich insights into current practice through 14 in-depth country case studies and 18 opinion pieces from leading civil society and government practitioners. It includes 10 guiding principles to support open and inclusive policy making and service delivery in practice. “Including more people, earlier and more creatively, in public policy issues is vital not just to secure legitimacy for policy decisions, but also to unlock a mass of creativity and commitment. Innovation is increasingly going to become an open, social and networked activity. That is true in politics and policy as much as in business. This timely, thoughtful book will help make open innovation in public policy a practical reality.” -Charles Leadbeater, author We-think: Mass innovation not mass production “We cannot engage the public only on issues of service delivery, but need also to seek their views, energy and resources when shaping public policy. To do otherwise is to create a false distinction between design and delivery, when in the citizens’ eyes it is all connected.” -Irma Pavliniè Krebs, Minister of Public Administration, the Republic of Slovenia “Focus on Citizens shines a light on the practical difficulties and significant benefits of open and inclusive policy making – not only for OECD member country governments but equally for non-member countries.” -Bart W. Édes, Head, NGO and Civil Society Center, Asian Development Bank
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264048874-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 14
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    Online-Ressource
    Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière : Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056978
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (272 p.)
    Serie: Etudes de l'OCDE sur la politique commerciale
    Serie: Études de l'OCDE sur la politique commerciale
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Overcoming Border Bottlenecks; The Costs and Benefits of Trade Facilitation
    Schlagwort(e): Trade ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: Les échanges internationaux se sont considérablement développés ces dernières années, grâce en partie à la réduction progressive des droits de douane et des contingents tarifaires dans le cadre des cycles successifs de libéralisation multilatérale des échanges. Toutefois, ce développement met en avant une des faiblesses persistantes du commerce international: les obstacles à la frontière que produisent les procédures et formalités commerciales inefficaces, obsolètes et compliquées empêchent les pays de profiter pleinement des avantages de marchés mondiaux ouverts. Les six études rassemblées dans cette publication examinent dans quel mesure des procédures inefficaces à la frontière ont un impact sur les flux des échanges et des investissements, comment les facteurs institutionnels et politiques affectent la conception et la mise en œuvre de mesures visant à améliorer l’efficacité accompagnés de bénéfices escomptés de ces mesures pour justifier les dépenses nécessaires pour les mettre en place et si ces dépenses sont à la portée des pays en voie de développement et des pays les moins avancés, étant donné leurs autres priorités de développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056978-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 15
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Energy Technology Transitions for Industry : Strategies for the Next Industrial Revolution (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264068612
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (324 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Energy technology transitions for industry
    DDC: 333.7965
    RVK:
    ZP 4500
    Schlagwort(e): Energietechnik ; Industrie ; Energiekonsum ; Technischer Fortschritt ; Energy ; Energiewirtschaft ; Energieverbrauch ; Technischer Fortschritt
    Kurzfassung: Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. What are the likely future trends in energy use and CO2 emissions from industry? What impact could the application of best available technologies have on these trends? Which new technologies are needed if these sectors are to fully play their role in a more secure and sustainable energy future? Energy Technology Transitions for Industry addresses these questions through detailed sectoral and regional analyses, building on the insights of crucial IEA findings, such as Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. It contains new indicators and methodologies as well as scenario results for the following sectors: iron and steel, cement, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminium sectors. The report discusses the prospects for new low-carbon technologies and outlines potential technology transition paths for the most important industrial sectors.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264068612-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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  • 16
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Overcoming Border Bottlenecks : The Costs and Benefits of Trade Facilitation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056954
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (238 p.)
    Serie: OECD Trade Policy Studies
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière ; Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Surmonter les obstacles à la frontière : Coûts et bénéfices de la facilitation des échanges
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Overcoming border bottlenecks
    DDC: 382
    RVK:
    QM 230
    Schlagwort(e): Außenwirtschaftsförderung ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ; Trade ; Außenhandel ; Handelshemmnis ; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse
    Kurzfassung: International trade has grown rapidly in recent years, thanks in part to the progressive reduction of tariffs and quotas through successive rounds of multilateral trade liberalisation. However, this progress brings to light one of the remaining weak links of international trade, which prevents countries from drawing full benefits from the advantages of open global markets: border bottlenecks generated by inefficient, outdated and complex trade procedures and formalities. This book brings together six studies that examine to what extent and in which ways the costs of inefficient border processes influence trade and investment flows, how institutional and political factors affect the design and implementation of efficiency-enhancing measures, whether the expected benefits of these measures enough to justify the expenses of putting them in place, and whether the expenses involved are within the reach of developing and least developed countries, especially in light of other development priorities.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056954-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 17
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    Online-Ressource
    Higher Education to 2030, Volume 2, Globalisation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264075375
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (356 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Educational Research and Innovation
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. L'enseignement supérieur à l'horizon 2030 -- Volume 2 ; Mondialisation
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Higher education to 2030 ; Vol. 2: Globalisation
    DDC: 378.00112
    RVK:
    AL 19900
    RVK:
    AL 43900
    RVK:
    QX 850
    Schlagwort(e): Hochschule ; Globalisierung ; Studium ; Auslandsaufenthalt ; Forschungskooperation ; Hochschulpolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Hochschule ; Globalisierung ; Studium ; Auslandsaufenthalt ; OECD
    Kurzfassung: Growing flows of knowledge, people and financing cross national borders and feed both worldwide collaboration and competition. These effects of globalisation increasingly impact higher education. How then might the future higher education scene look at the global level? What are the challenges and opportunities brought by globalisation? How can countries and institutions best cope with and benefit from future changes? Through both quantitative and qualitative analysis, this book provides a comprehensive and structured look at these essential questions. It explores the topic of cross-border higher education in terms of student, faculty and institutional mobility, providing a specific focus on academic research. Other issues addressed include higher education provision, financing, governance and quality assurance, with an emphasis on the use of market-like mechanisms. The book covers most OECD countries as well as many non-OECD countries and offers the reader specific reflections on China, India and European co-operation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264075375-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 18
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Intermodal Transport : National Peer Review: Turkey (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282102237
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (196 p.)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Schlagwort(e): Transport ; Turkey
    Kurzfassung: Turkey’s continuing economic expansion depends on the diversification of its transport modes and especially on the development of efficient multimodal services. Its role as a hub for Europe, Asia, and the Middle East and as a facilitator of global exchange will be enhanced with a strategy and measures to support a range of intermodal logistic and transport services. This work analyses the current situation and sets forth some of the actions and policies needed to stimulate the development of a truly multimodal transport system.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282102237-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 19
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Designing Local Skills Strategies (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264066649
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (278 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Designing local skills strategies
    DDC: 338.9
    RVK:
    QV 240
    Schlagwort(e): Wirtschaftsförderung ; Qualifikation ; Humankapital ; Berufsbildungspolitik ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Fallstudiensammlung ; Electronic books ; Fallstudiensammlung ; Ungelernter Arbeiter ; Berufliche Qualifikation ; Weiterbildung ; Angelernter Arbeiter ; Berufliche Qualifikation ; Berufliche Fortbildung
    Kurzfassung: Higher-level skills are increasingly demanded by the knowledge-based economy. But with rising mobility and demographic change, it is no longer so simple to invest in a skilled workforce for the future. Actions are needed on a variety of fronts, including attracting and retaining talent, better integrating disadvantaged groups into the labour force, and upgrading the skills of low-paid workers. Much of the responsibility for these actions falls squarely on the shoulders of local policy makers. Drawing from a wide array of case studies, this book analyses best-practice local strategies for increasing workforce skills. And it also takes a close look at the opportunities and challenges presented by international migration. The in-depth case studies in this report range from Shanghai’s “Highland of Talent Strategy” to new “career ladders” which help immigrants escape low-skilled, low-paid employment in New York. National and local-level recommendations on local skills development are provided, for both OECD and non-OECD countries.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264066649-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
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  • 20
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Prévenir la violence, la guerre et l'effondrement des États : L'avenir des systèmes d'alerte précoce et de réponse rapide (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264060524
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (150 p.)
    Serie: Conflits et fragilité
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Preventing Violence, War and State Collapse; The Future of Conflict Early Warning and Response
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: La communauté internationale n’est guère en mesure aujourd’hui d’éviter un génocide tel que celui qui s’est produit au Rwanda en 1994 en dépit de l’évolution notable des systèmes d’alerte précoce observée depuis quelques années. L'ouvrage Prévenir la violence, la guerre et l’effondrement des États s’appuie sur une étude des publications existantes consacrées aux systèmes d’alerte précoce et de réponse rapide ainsi que sur des éléments fournis par les organismes consultés. Il vise à évaluer l’intérêt et le rôle des systèmes d’alerte précoce pour la prévention des conflits violents et à recenser les systèmes les plus efficaces en la matière.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264060524-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 21
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Regional Atlas on West Africa (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056763
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (288 p.) , ill.
    Serie: West African Studies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Atlas régional de l'Afrique de l'Ouest
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Regional atlas on West Africa
    DDC: 911.66
    RVK:
    RS 39229
    Schlagwort(e): Länderbericht ; Wirtschaftsgeographie ; Humangeographie ; Westafrika ; Development ; Westafrika ; Landeskunde ; Atlas ; Africa, West Economic conditions ; 1960- ; Africa, West Economic integration ; Africa, West Emigration and immigration ; Africa, West Population ; Africa, West Social conditions ; Africa, West Statistics, Vital ; Atlas ; Atlas ; Westafrika ; Landeskunde ; Wirtschaftliche Lage ; Wirtschaftsbeziehungen ; Migration ; Bevölkerung ; Soziale Situation ; Lebensbedingungen ; Statistik ; Atlas
    Kurzfassung: Recent global changes have placed regional integration at the centre of Africa’s political and economic agenda. This Atlas is both a driver and the result of strategic thinking on regional integration in West Africa. Containing maps, statistics and analyses, it describes the West African region, its population, settlement, territories, its economy and its vulnerabilities. It analyses the developments and the ways in which West Africa is conforming to a constantly changing global environment. The Atlas also identifies the medium- and long-term trends and provides elements for strategic thinking on the future.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056763-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
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  • 22
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Améliorer la direction des établissements scolaires : Volume 1 : Politiques et pratiques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264044722
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (219 p)
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1: Policy and Practice
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Mejorar el liderazgo escolar, Volumen 1 : política y práctica
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1 (Estonian version): Policy and Practice
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Improving School Leadership, Volume 1: Policy and Practice (Lithuanian version)
    Schlagwort(e): Electronic books ; Schulverwaltung ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: ""Avant-propos""; ""Table des mati�res""; ""Résumé""; ""Chapitre 1 L�importance de la direction dans les établissements scolaires""; ""Chapitre 2 ( Re) définir les responsabilités de direction des établissements scolaires""; ""Chapitre 3 La répartition des fonctions de direction dans les établissements scolaires""; ""Chapitre 4 Développer les compétences pour une direction efficace des établissements scolaires""; ""Chapitre 5 Faire de la direction des établissements scolaires un choix professionnel attrayant""; ""À propos des auteurs""
    Anmerkung: Description based upon print version of record
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264044739-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 23
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Gérer les ressources pour le développement : L'utilisation des systèmes nationaux de gestion des finances publiques (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264056183
    Sprache: Französisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Serie: Pour une meilleure aide au développement
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Managing Development Resources; The Use of Country Systems in Public Financial Management
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Electronic books
    Kurzfassung: La réussite du processus de développement dépend pour beaucoup de l’efficience, de l’intégrité et de l’efficacité avec lesquelles l’État collecte, gère et dépense les deniers publics. L’amélioration des règles et institutions qui encadrent ces activités devrait donc être une composante essentielle de toute démarche en faveur du développement. La consolidation de la gestion des finances publiques, et de la bonne gouvernance de façon plus générale, étant au cœur des Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement, la Déclaration de Paris (adoptée en 2005) vise à encourager les donneurs et les pays partenaires à déployer des efforts conjoints pour renforcer leurs systèmes de gestion des finances publiques. Ce rapport a pour objet de faire le point sur les progrès accomplis concernant la consolidation de la gestion des finances publiques et de formuler des recommandations sur la voie à suivre pour atteindre les objectifs 2010 fixés dans la Déclaration de Paris. Il examine les avantages et le bien-fondé de l’utilisation des systèmes nationaux, evalue les progrès réalisés en direction des objectifs énoncés dans la Déclaration de Paris, passe en en revue toute la palette de réformes intéressant la gestion des finances publiques engagées dans les pays partenaires, étudie les facteurs de réussite des réformes entreprises dans le domaine de la gestion des finances publiques, examine les paramètres qui influent sur les décisions qui sont prises d’utiliser, ou non, les systèmes nationaux de gestion des finances publiques, en mettant l’accent sur les risques perçus et sur la manière dont ils sont évalués et gérés, et reprend les conclusions du Programme d’examen des dépenses publiques et d’évaluation de la responsabilité financière (PEFA) qui contient des informations sur la qualité des systèmes nationaux de gestion des finances publiques.Il ressort de cette étude que désormais, et peut-être plus que jamais auparavant, pays partenaires et donneurs doivent absolument s’employer à bâtir une confiance mutuelle et à œuvrer ensemble à la construction de véritables partenariats au service de résultats.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264056183-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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    URL: Volltext
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  • 24
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    Online-Ressource
    Lobbyists, Governments and Public Trust, Volume 1 : Increasing Transparency through Legislation (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264073371
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (170 p.) , ill.
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg.
    Paralleltitel: Parallelausg. Lobbying, pouvoirs publics et confiance, Volume 1 ; Quel cadre législatif pour plus de transparence ?
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Lobbyists, governments and public trust ; Vol. 1: Increasing transparency through legislation
    Schlagwort(e): Governance
    Kurzfassung: Lobbying can improve policy making by providing valuable insights and data, but it can also result in unfair advantages for vested interests if the process is opaque and standards are lax. Lobbying is resource intensive. The financial services sector in the United States spent USD 3.4 billion lobbying the federal government between 1998 and 2008, principally promoting the deregulation of the financial sector. Legions of lobbyists provide “guns for hire” worldwide. In 2008, there were over 5 000 registered lobbyists in Canada at the national level, while the European Commission in Brussels had over 2 000 registered as of August 2009. This report reviews the experiences of Australia, Canada, Hungary, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States with government regulations designed to increase scrutiny for lobbying and lobbyists. Current approaches, models, trends and state-of-the-art solutions are examined to support a deeper understanding of the potential and limitations of existing norms. The report also presents building blocks for developing a framework for lobbying that meets public expectations for transparency, accountability and integrity
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264073371-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 25
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    West African perspectives : resources for development (2009)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264059764
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (PDF-Datei: 115 S.) , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.
    Ausgabe: Online-Ausg. 2010 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    Serie: West African studies
    Paralleltitel: Druckausg. Verdière, Michel Colin de West African perspectives
    DDC: 305.40966
    Schlagwort(e): Economic development ; Africa, West Economic policy ; Africa, West Social policy ; Africa, West Social conditions 21st century ; Africa, West Economic conditions 21st century ; Westafrika ; Entwicklungsökonomie
    Kurzfassung: This publication conducts a cross-cutting analysis of the main development challenges in the region and offers suggestions on how to meet them. It provides an overview of West Africa's abundant resources, examining not only economic and natural resources but also human, social and cultural capital. Finally, it presents the perspectives of six prominent West Africans involved in the development of their region.--Publisher's description
    Anmerkung: Includes bibliographical references , Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Perspectives ouest-africaines : les ressources pour le développement , Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264059764-en
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 26
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Sudan Investment Climate Assessment (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Investment Climate Assessment
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This report on Sudan's Investment Climate Assessment (ICA) provides a baseline assessment of challenges to productivity, diversification and inclusion. Chapter 1 describes some of the questions underlying the three issues of competitiveness, diversification and broad-based growth. Chapter 2 analyzes firm performance and competitiveness. Chapter 3 discusses markets and trust. Chapter 4 describes the role of the financial sector. Chapter 5 analyses the informal sector. Chapter 6 discusses the conflict-affected private sector development. Chapter 7 discusses regional inclusion, and Chapter 8 makes some preliminary conclusions and recommendations
    DOI: 10.1596/27596
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 27
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Risk Based Supervision (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: The role of supervisory authorities undertaking prudential supervision is to promote the maintenance of efficient, fair, safe and stable insurance markets for the benefit and protection of policyholders. An effective supervisory authority is able to require an insurer to take timely preventive and corrective measures if the insurer fails to operate in a manner that is consistent with sound business practices or regulatory requirements. Traditionally, authorities have performed this role by way of compliance based supervision. Under this style of supervision, insurers must comply with a set of prudential rules generally written into the law or the subordinate legislation. The role of the supervisory authority is to ensure that insurers do, in fact, comply with these rules. In recent years, supervision has been evolving and moving from a style that is compliance based to one that is risk based. This progression has also been a feature of the activities of bank supervision and pension supervision
    DOI: 10.1596/27499
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 28
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    Online-Ressource
    Mongolia : The Economic Value of the Upper Tuul Ecosystem (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Environmental Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: The economic value of the Upper Tuul ecosystem in Mongolia reports on a study carried out under the auspices of the World Bank and the Government of Mongolia. The goal of the study was to improve understanding about the economic value of the Upper Tuul ecosystem for Ulaanbaatar's water supplies and how this might be affected by different land and resource management options in the future. The study also aims to develop and apply ecosystem valuation methods that can be used more widely in the country, to generate information about the contribution of the environment to the Mongolian economy, and to make the case for improved budget allocations for the conservation of the Upper Tuul. Integrating eco-hydrological and economic valuation techniques, the study traces through the biophysical effects and socioeconomic impacts of future land and resource degradation, and ecosystem conservation, in the upper watershed
    DOI: 10.1596/27593
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 29
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    Online-Ressource
    Pacific Islands Coconut Oil Power Generation : A How-To Guide for Small Stationary Engines (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Energy Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This guide has been written to assist anyone interested in running small stationary diesel powered engines on coconut oil. It is intended to be a 'how-to' guide to provide with relevant information of every aspect of fuelling an engine with coconut oil. The guide is specifically written with small (less than about 50 kVA) diesel generators in mind. While the information and principles can be applied to all diesel engines, there are additional complicating factors to consider when applying to a vehicle, for example. It must be noted also, that this manual is intended for stationary applications that typically involve few stop-starts, longer running times and consistent loads. Diesel engines that stop-start regularly and unpredictably (eg. car engine or back up generator) are outside the scope of this guide. The technical considerations for running a diesel engine on coconut oil, or any vegetable oil for that matter, are not particularly complex. The concept of powering a diesel engine with vegetable oil is, after all, as old as the diesel engine itself. To do it successfully, however, and particularly with today's modern diesel engines, several key elements of the fuel delivery and combustion system must be suitable or made suitable. If these elements are not the engine will be damaged and it will ultimately lead to premature engine failure
    DOI: 10.1596/27716
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 30
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Forced Displacement : The Development Challenge (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Policy Notes
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This note discusses the development dimensions of forced displacement, and the potential role of the World Bank to address these dimensions and contribute to durable solutions for group's who have returned from or are in displacement situations. For the purposes of this note, forced displacement refers to the situation of persons who are forced to leave or flee their homes due to conflict, violence, and human rights violations
    DOI: 10.1596/27717
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 31
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    20 Years of HIV in Bangladesh : Experiences and Way Forward (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Health Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This report synthesizes data from surveillance, behavioral surveys and published and unpublished research to better understand emerging patterns and trends in the HIV epidemic in Bangladesh. Taking stock of 20 years of experience with HIV in Bangladesh, this report summarizes what is known about the coverage and impact of HIV prevention services, including knowledge on risk and protective behaviors. The report is divided into nine chapters. Chapter one provides a brief introduction and an overview of the methodology used for this exercise. Chapter two discusses the risks and vulnerabilities of the high risk groups including female sex workers, injecting drug users, male who have sex with male, hijra and overlapping populations, while chapter three discusses the trend of the infection amongst partners of high risk groups. Bangladesh continues to report low condom use, which is analyzed and discussed in chapter four. Structural factors including macro level and intermediate level factors that affect HIV interventions in Bangladesh are addressed in chapter five. The national HIV response is discussed in chapter six. The report concludes with a discussion of the main findings, with recommendations for the future in chapter seven, and chapter eight and nine are annexes and references
    DOI: 10.1596/27592
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 32
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    On and Offsite Inspections (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other Financial Sector Study
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: An inspection is an official examination or review. The term 'onsite' means that the inspection takes place wherever the subject of the inspection happens to be located. In the insurance sector, supervisory authorities perform onsite inspections of insurers and intermediaries. Inspections sometimes extend to other entities that can affect the operations of insurers and intermediaries, such as affiliated companies and providers of outsourced services. A full-scale onsite inspection is a wide-ranging look at the finances and operations of an insurer. It can greatly assist the supervisory authority in arriving at a comprehensive assessment of the insurer's risk profile, viability, and compliance with requirements. Full-scale inspections can consume a lot of supervisory resources. A focused inspection looks at selected aspects of an insurer's finances or operations. They can often be performed more quickly and with fewer resources than a full-scale inspection, which is particular important if a specific supervisory concern has arisen and needs to be investigated. The flexibility to use both full-scale and focused inspections, as the situation may require, enables a supervisory authority to use available resources effectively and efficiently
    DOI: 10.1596/27500
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 33
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    World Development Indicators 2009 (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821378304
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (434 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: World Development Indicators
    Kurzfassung: Looking for accurate, up-to-date data on development issues? 'World Development Indicators' is the World Bank's premier annual compilation of data about development. This indispensable statistical reference allows you to consult over 900 indicators for some 150 economies and 14 country groups in more than 80 tables. It provides a current overview of the most recent data available as well as important regional data and income group analysis in six thematic sections: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global Links. World Development Indicators 2009 presents the most current and accurate development data on both a national level and aggregated globally. It allows you to monitor the progress made toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals endorsed by the United Nations and its member countries, the World Bank, and a host of partner organizations. These goals, which focus on development and the elimination of poverty, serve as the agenda for international development efforts
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7829-8
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  • 34
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    2009 Annual Review of Development Effectiveness : Achieving Sustainable Development (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821381366
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (147 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Serie: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Kurzfassung: The Annual Review of Development Effectiveness 2009 presents evidence on the World Bank’s efforts in two areas. Part I tracks the outcomes of Bank projects and country programs and the evolution of monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Part II examines the Bank’s support for environmentally sustainable development compatible with economic growth and poverty reduction. The Bank’s project performance rebounded in 2008, allaying concerns about the weakened performance in 2007. As previous ARDEs have shown, project performance has been improving gradually for 15 years according to the traditional measure -- percent of projects with satisfactory (versus unsatisfactory) outcomes. But IEG ratings of M&E quality for completed projects indicate considerable room for progress. Information to assess impacts continues to be lacking although preliminary data suggests improvements in baseline data collection. Bank support for the environment has recovered since 2002 due to new sources of concessional finance. The outcomes of environment projects have improved in recent years. A growing number of regional projects are addressing the shared use of water resources. New global partnerships are deepening the Bank’s involvement in climate change issues. But M&E remains weak: three-quarters of environment-related projects - those managed by sectors other than environment - lack reporting of environmental outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8135-9
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 35
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    The Political Economy of Village Sanitation in South India : Capture Or Poor Information? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Ban, Radu The Political Economy of Village Sanitation in South India
    Kurzfassung: Despite efforts to mandate and finance local governments' provision of environmental sanitation services, outcomes remain poor in the villages surveyed in the four South Indian states. The analysis indicates some key issues that appear to hinder improvements in sanitation. Local politicians tend to capture sanitary infrastructure and cleaning services for themselves, while also keeping major village roads reasonably well-served. Their decisions suggest, however, that they neither understand the health benefits of sanitation, nor the negative externalities to their own health if surrounding areas are poorly served. Our findings suggest that improving sanitary outcomes requires disseminating information on the public goods nature of their health benefits, as well as on the local government's responsibilities. It also requires putting public health regulations in place, along with measures to enable accountability in service provision
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4802
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 36
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    Financial Institutions and Markets Across Countries and Over Time : Data and Analysis (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Beck, Thorsten Financial Institutions and Markets Across Countries and Over Time
    Kurzfassung: This paper introduces the updated and expanded version of the Financial Development and Structure Database and presents recent trends in structure and development of financial institutions and markets across countries. The authors add indicators on banking structure and financial globalization. They find a deepening of both financial markets and institutions, a trend concentrated in high-income countries and more pronounced for markets than for banks. Similarly, the recent increase in cross-border lending and debt issues has been concentrated in high-income countries, while low and lower-middle income countries have experienced an increase in remittance flows. Low net interest margins, rising profitability and declining stability in high-income countries’ banking sectors characterize the recent financial sector boom in high income countries leading up to the global financial crisis of 2007
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4943
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 37
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    Modeling Migration Dynamics in Albania : A Hazard Function Approach (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Azzarri, Carlo Modeling Migration Dynamics in Albania
    Kurzfassung: Since 1990 migration flows from Albania have been massive, relative to the size of the country and its population, but they have also fluctuated over time. This paper presents and discusses various descriptive trends, mainly in graphical form. The data come from the Albanian Living Standards Measurement Survey, 2005 round, and cover the period 1990-2004. The resulting observed trends reflect changing push and pull factors in Albania and the two main host countries, Greece and Italy. The paper also presents a hazard approach to modeling Albanian emigration and return migration. This analysis highlights, among other things, the relevance of networks in Albanian migration dynamics, both to promote emigration and to delay return
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4945
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 38
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    Mind the Gap? : A Rural-Urban Comparison of Manufacturing Firms (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Rijkers, Bob Mind the Gap?
    Kurzfassung: This paper compares and contrasts the performance of rural and urban manufacturing firms in Ethiopia to assess the impact of market integration and the investment climate on firm performance. Rural firms are shown to operate in isolated markets, have poor access to infrastructure and a substantial degree of market power, whereas urban firms operate in better integrated and more competitive markets, where they have much better access to inputs. Fragmentation may also help explain why urban firms are much larger, much more capital intensive and why they produce much more output per worker. Capital intensity and labor productivity are strongly correlated with firm size. Manufacturing technology choice does not vary strongly across space and increasing returns to scale are modest at best, suggesting that rural-urban differences in output per worker are predominantly driven by differences in capital intensity and Total Factor Productivity (TFP). The average TFP of firms in rural towns is much higher than that of rural firms in remote areas, but small firms in rural towns are not significantly less productive than small firms in other urban areas. A key finding of the paper is that market fragmentation and investment climate constraints impair the growth of the rural non-farm sector. Whereas urban firms exhibit a healthy dynamism, rural firms are stagnant and lack incentives to invest. Paradoxically, limited local demand due to market fragmentation is the most pressing constraint for rural firms, even though they face more severe supply-side constraints than urban firms. Promoting market towns in Ethiopia might be an effective means of capitalizing on the gains from market integration
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4946
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 39
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    Does Regulatory Supervision Curtail Microfinance Profitability and Outreach? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Cull, Robert Does Regulatory Supervision Curtail Microfinance Profitability and Outreach?
    Kurzfassung: Regulation allows microfinance institutions to evolve more fully into banks, particularly for institutions aiming to take deposits. But there are potential trade-offs. Complying with regulation and supervision can be costly. The authors examine the implications for the institutions’ profitability and their outreach to small-scale borrowers and women. The tests draw on a new database that combines high-quality financial data on 245 of the world’s largest microfinance institutions with newly-constructed data on their prudential supervision. Ordinary least squares regressions show that supervision is negatively associated with profitability. Controlling for the non-random assignment of supervision via treatment effects and instrumental variables regressions, the analysis finds that supervision is associated with substantially larger average loan sizes and less lending to women than in ordinary least squares regressions, although it is not significantly associated with profitability. The pattern is consistent with the notion that profit-oriented microfinance institutions absorb the cost of supervision by curtailing outreach to market segments that tend to be more costly per dollar lent. By contrast, microfinance institutions that rely on non-commercial sources of funding (for example, donations), and thus are less profit-oriented, do not adjust loan sizes or lend less to women when supervised, but their profitability is significantly reduced
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4948
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 40
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    Scaling Up Aid Or Scaling Down : the Global Economic Crisis and Rwanda's Mdgs (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Lofgren, Hans Scaling Up Aid Or Scaling Down
    Kurzfassung: Rwanda is not on track to achieve most of the Millennium Development Goals at a time when hopes for scaled-up aid are mixed with concerns that, in the context of the global economic crisis, aid instead will be scaled down. This paper analyzes the effects of alternative scenarios for grant aid, government spending allocations (between infrastructure, agriculture, and human development), and government efficiency. The authors use an economy-wide model for development strategy analysis, Maquette for Millennium Development Goal Simulations. Under a plausible scenario for increased aid, annual growth in gross domestic product increases by as much as 0.6 percentage points relative to a baseline with a growth rate of 6 percent; by 2020, the headcount poverty rate declines to 32 percent, 3 percentage points lower than for the baseline. A plausible scenario for reduced aid leads to a symmetric growth reduction but a more pronounced increase in poverty, at 40 percent in 2020. When aid increases, the most positive growth and poverty reduction impacts occur if spending increases are allocated to infrastructure and agriculture; progress in human health and education is significant but weaker than if additional spending is focused on these areas. Given synergies and diminishing marginal returns from expansion in a limited area, the scenarios that may appear most attractive and politically feasible have a broad and balanced expansion across government functions, promoting both growth and human development
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4958
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 41
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    The ASEAN Free Trade Agreement : Impact On Trade Flows and External Trade Barriers (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Calvo-Pardo, Hector The ASEAN Free Trade Agreement
    Kurzfassung: Using detailed data on trade and tariffs from 1992-2007, the authors examine how the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement has affected trade with nonmembers and external tariffs facing nonmembers. First, the paper examines the effect of preferential and external tariff reduction on import growth from ASEAN insiders and outsiders across HS 6-digit industries. The analysis finds no evidence that preferential liberalization has led to lower import growth from nonmembers. Second, it examines the relationship between preferential tariff reduction and MFN tariff reduction. The analysis finds that preferential liberalization tends to precede external tariff liberalization. To examine whether this tariff complementarity is a result of simultaneous decision making, the authors use the scheduled future preferential tariff reductions (agreed to in 1992) as instruments for actual preferential tariff changes after the Asia crisis. The results remain unchanged, suggesting that there is a causal relationship between preferential and MFN tariff reduction. The findings also indicate that external liberalization was relatively sharper in the products where preferences are likely to be most damaging, proving further support for a causal effect. Overall, the results imply that the ASEAN agreement has been a force for broader liberalization
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4960
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 42
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    Identifying spatial efficiency-equity tradeoffs in territorial development policies : evidence from Uganda (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Lall, Somik V Identifying spatial efficiency-equity tradeoffs in territorial development policies
    Kurzfassung: In many countries, place specific investments in infrastructure are viewed as integral components of territorial development policies. But are these policies fighting market forces of concentration? Or are they adding net value to the national economy by tapping underexploited resources? This paper contributes to the debate on the spatial allocation of infrastructure investments by examining where these investments will generate the highest economic returns "spatial efficiency", and identifying whether there re tradeoffs when infrastructure coverage is made more equitable across regions "spatial equity". The empirical analysis focuses on Uganda and is based on estimating models of firm location choice, drawing on insights from the new economic geography literature. The main findings show that establishments in the manufacturing industry gain from being in areas that offer a diverse mix of economic activities. In addition, availability of power supply, transport links connecting districts to markets, and the supply of skilled workers attract manufacturing activities. Combining all these factors gives a distinct advantage to existing agglomerations along leading areas around Kampala and Jinja. Infrastructure investments in these areas are likely to produce the highest returns compared with investments elsewhere. Public infrastructure investments in other locations are likely to attract fewer private investors, and will pose a spatial efficiencyequity tradeoff. To better integrate lagging regions with the national economy, lessons from the WDR2009 "Reshaping Economic Geography" calling for investments in health and education in lagging areas are likely to be more beneficial
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4966
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 43
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    Finance and Inequality : Theory and Evidence (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (52 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Finance and Inequality
    Kurzfassung: This paper critically reviews the literature on finance and inequality, highlighting substantive gaps in the literature. Finance plays a crucial role in most theories of persistent inequality. Unsurprisingly, therefore, economic theory provides a rich set of predictions concerning both the impact of finance on inequality and about the relevant mechanisms. Although subject to ample qualifications, the bulk of empirical research suggests that improvements in financial contracts, markets, and intermediaries expand economic opportunities and reduce inequality. Yet, there is a shortage of theoretical and empirical research on the potentially enormous impact of formal financial sector policies, such as bank regulations and securities law, on persistent inequality. Furthermore, there is no conceptual framework for considering the joint and endogenous evolution of finance, inequality, and economic growth
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4967
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 44
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    Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (46 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence?
    Kurzfassung: We are not seeing faster progress against poverty amongst the poorest developing countries. Yet this is implied by widely accepted "stylized facts" about the development process. The paper tries to explain what is missing from those stylized facts. Consistently with models of economic growth incorporating borrowing constraints, the analysis of a new data set for 100 developing countries reveals an adverse effect on consumption growth of high initial poverty incidence at a given initial mean. A high incidence of poverty also entails a lower subsequent rate of progress against poverty at any given growth rate (and poor countries tend to experience less steep increases in poverty during recessions). Thus, for many poor countries, the growth advantage of starting out with a low mean ("conditional convergence") is lost due to their high poverty rates. The size of the middle class - measured by developing-country, not Western, standards - appears to be an important channel linking current poverty to subsequent growth and poverty reduction. However, high current inequality is only a handicap if it entails a high incidence of poverty relative to mean consumption
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4974
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 45
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    Governance Matters VIII : Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators 1996-2008 (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (105 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Kaufmann, Daniel Governance Matters VIII
    Kurzfassung: This paper reports on the 2009 update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) research project, covering 212 countries and territories and measuring six dimensions of governance between 1996 and 2008: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. These aggregate indicators are based on hundreds of specific and disaggregated individual variables measuring various dimensions of governance, taken from 35 data sources provided by 33 different organizations. The data reflect the views on governance of public sector, private sector and NGO experts, as well as thousands of citizen and firm survey respondents worldwide. The authors also explicitly report the margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data. They find that even after taking margins of error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country comparisons as well as monitoring progress over time. The aggregate indicators, together with the disaggregated underlying indicators, are available at www.govindicators.org
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4978
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 46
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    More On the Energy : Non-Energy Commodity Price Link (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Baffes, John More On the Energy
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines the energy/non-energy commodity price link, based on a reduced form econometric model and using annual data from 1960 to 2008. The transmission elasticity from energy to the non-energy index is estimated at 0.28. At a more disaggregated level, the fertilizer index exhibited the largest elasticity (0.55), followed by precious metals (0.46), food (0.27), metals and minerals (0.25), and raw materials (0.11). By contrast, only a few price indices responded strongly to inflation, although the trend parameter estimate (often viewed as a proxy for technological progress) is negative for agriculture and positive for metals. A key implication of the pass-through results is that for as long as energy prices remain elevated, most non-energy commodity prices are expected to be high
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4982
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 47
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    Diasporas (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (41 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Beine, Michel Diasporas
    Kurzfassung: Migration flows are shaped by a complex combination of self-selection and out-selection mechanisms. In this paper, the authors analyze how existing diasporas (the stock of people born in a country and living in another one) affect the size and human-capital structure of current migration flows. The analysis exploits a bilateral data set on international migration by educational attainment from 195 countries to 30 developed countries in 1990 and 2000. Based on simple micro-foundations and controlling for various determinants of migration, the analysis finds that diasporas increase migration flows, lower the average educational level and lead to higher concentration of low-skill migrants. Interestingly, diasporas explain the majority of the variability of migration flows and selection. This suggests that, without changing the generosity of family reunion programs, education-based selection rules are likely to have a moderate impact. The results are highly robust to the econometric techniques, accounting for the large proportion of zeros and endogeneity problems
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4984
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 48
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    Adjusting To Trade-Policy Changes in Export Markets : Evidence From U.S. Antidumping Duties On Vietnamese Catfish (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
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    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Brambilla, Irene Adjusting To Trade-Policy Changes in Export Markets
    Kurzfassung: A large literature studies the effects of trade policy changes on developing-country exports on household incomes, and recent contributions have increasingly addressed the effects of administered protection, such as anti-dumping duties. In 2003 the United States imposed anti-dumping tariffs on imports of catfish from Vietnam ranging from 37 to 64 percent. As a result, Vietnamese exports of catfish to the U.S. market declined sharply, thus providing a unique opportunity to study the effects of U.S. trade policy changes on Vietnamese families. Using data on Vietnamese households, the authors study the responses of catfish producers in the Mekong delta of Vietnam between 2002 and 2004. The evidence suggests that the rate of growth of income of households that depended on catfish sales was significantly affected. In addition, the anti-dumping duties triggered significant exit from catfish farming. Households adjusted by moving out of catfish aquaculture and into wage labor markets and agriculture, but not into other aquaculture activities. Finally, the evidence also suggests that households found it difficult to change their catfish production levels, and that performance in aquaculture affects other household economic activities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4990
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 49
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    Procurement in Infrastructure : What Does Theory Tell Us? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Estache, Antonio Procurement in Infrastructure
    Kurzfassung: Infrastructure has particular challenges in public procurement, because it is highly complex and customized and often requires economic, political and social considerations from a long time horizon. To deliver public infrastructure services to citizens or taxpayers, there are a series of decisions that governments have to make. The paper provides a minimum package of important economic theories that could guide governments to wise decision-making at each stage. Theory suggests that in general it would be a good option to contract out infrastructure to the private sector under high-powered incentive mechanisms, such as fixed-price contracts. However, this holds under certain conditions. Theory also shows that ownership should be aligned with the ultimate responsibility for or objective of infrastructure provision. Public and private ownership have different advantages and can deal with different problems. It is also shown that it would be a better option to integrate more than one public task (for example, investment and operation) into the same ownership, whether public or private, if they exhibit positive externalities
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4994
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 50
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    Competition, Imitation, and Technical Change : Quality Vs. Variety (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Cusolito, Ana Competition, Imitation, and Technical Change
    Kurzfassung: Some researchers have documented that the path of development is remarkably related to the pattern of sectoral diversification. Others have highlighted the relation between productive specialization and economic progress. This paper explores the role of product market competition and intellectual property rights protection in the pattern of sectoral diversification. The paper confirms the insight of the innovation literature, that competition induces firms to specialize and upgrade the quality of existing goods. However, it reveals a new force, called the imitation effect, through which competition biases technical change toward product diversification. The paper shows that if knowledge spillovers increase with imitation, or the degree of product substitution is high, weak protection of property rights encourages firms to create low-quality goods, thereby directing technical change toward diversification. The predictions are tested with data on Italian firms' innovation activity. They are found to be consistent with observed behavior
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4997
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  • 51
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    The Growth Aftermath of Natural Disasters (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (57 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Fomby, Thomas The Growth Aftermath of Natural Disasters
    Kurzfassung: This paper provides a description of the macroeconomic aftermath of natural disasters. It traces the yearly response of gross domestic product growth - both aggregated and disaggregated into its agricultural and non-agricultural components - to four types of natural disasters - droughts, floods, earthquakes, and storms. The paper uses a methodological approach based on pooling the experiences of various countries over time. It consists of vector auto-regressions in the presence of endogenous variables and exogenous shocks (VARX), applied to a panel of cross-country and time-series data. The analysis finds heterogeneous effects on a variety of dimensions. First, the effects of natural disasters are stronger, for better or worse, on developing than on rich countries. Second, while the impact of some natural disasters can be beneficial when they are of moderate intensity, severe disasters never have positive effects. Third, not all natural disasters are alike in terms of the growth response they induce, and, perhaps surprisingly, some can entail benefits regarding economic growth. Thus, droughts have a negative effect on both agricultural and non-agricultural growth. In contrast, floods tend to have a positive effect on economic growth in both major sectors. Earthquakes have a negative effect on agricultural growth but a positive one on non-agricultural growth. Storms tend to have a negative effect on gross domestic product growth but the effect is short-lived and small. Future research should concentrate on exploring the mechanisms behind these heterogeneous impacts
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5002
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 52
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    Implications for Climate-Change Policy of Research On Cooperation in Social Dilemmas (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Irwin, Timothy Implications for Climate-Change Policy of Research On Cooperation in Social Dilemmas
    Kurzfassung: The problem of climate change seems to be a tragedy of the commons: despite the global benefits of reducing green-house gas emissions, no individual has any incentive to reduce his or her own emissions. Yet many people are making efforts to reduce emissions and putting pressure on businesses and governments to do the same. Although the size of these efforts is unclear, their very existence might seem puzzling. The efforts are consistent, however, with some theoretical and empirical evidence about the extent of cooperation in other social dilemmas. This evidence does not imply that greenhouse-gas emissions will be reduced to desirable levels, but it does suggest that the potential for voluntary cooperation should not be ignored. It also suggests that cooperation can be promoted by (i) allowing cooperators to punish defectors without withdrawing their own cooperation; (ii) publicly emphasizing the social benefits and extent of cooperation and the social norms that require it; and (iii) improving the quantity and timeliness of public information about cooperation and defection
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5006
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 53
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    Does the Village Fund Matter in Thailand? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Boonperm, Jirawan Does the Village Fund Matter in Thailand?
    Kurzfassung: Abstract: This paper evaluates the impact of the Thailand Village and Urban Revolving Fund on household expenditure, income, and assets. The revolving fund was launched in 2001 when the Government of Thailand promised to provide a million baht (about
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5011
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 54
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    Who Migrates Overseas and Is It Worth Their While? : An Assessment of Household Survey Data From Bangladesh (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Sharma, Manohar Who Migrates Overseas and Is It Worth Their While?
    Kurzfassung: The paper assesses the costs and household level benefits of migrating overseas from Bangladesh. The authors survey households who have had overseas migrants to assess their characteristics compared to non-migrants. They also compute various types of migration and remittance related transaction costs and discuss the channels by which overseas migration is financed, remittances sent and the constraints faced by the poorest. Using the Propensity Score Matching method, the paper finds that overseas migration conveys substantial benefits to families as measured by household consumption, use of modern agricultural inputs, and level of household savings. The authors also offer some possible policy directions to strengthen the returns from migration as well as reduce some of the costs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5018
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 55
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    Unpacking Youth Unemployment in Latin America (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Cunningham, Wendy Unpacking Youth Unemployment in Latin America
    Kurzfassung: High youth unemployment rates may be a signal of difficult labor market entry for youth or may reflect high churning. The European and United States literature finds the latter conclusion while the Latin American literature suggests the former. This paper uses panel data to examine whether Latin American youth follow OECD patterns or are, indeed, unique. By decomposing transition matrices into propensity to move and rate of separation matrices and estimating duration matrices, the authors find that Latin American youth do follow the OECD trends: their high unemployment reflects high churning while their duration of unemployment is similar to that of non-youth. The paper also finds that young adults (age 19-24) have higher churning rates than youth; most churning occurs between informal wage employment, unemployment, and out-of-the labor force, even for non-poor youth; and unemployment probabilities are similar for men and women when the analysis control for greater churning by young men. The findings suggest that the "first employment" programs that have become popular in the region are not addressing the key constraints to labor market entry for young people and that more attention should be given to job matching, information, and signaling to improve the efficiency of the churning period
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5022
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 56
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    Changes in Cross-Border Trade Costs in the Pan-Arab Free Trade Area, 2001-2008 (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Hoekman, Bernard Changes in Cross-Border Trade Costs in the Pan-Arab Free Trade Area, 2001-2008
    Kurzfassung: The Pan-Arab Free Trade Area, negotiated under auspices of the Arab League, came into force in 1997. Under the agreement all tariffs on goods of Arab origin were to be removed by January 1, 2005. This paper summarizes the results of a firm-level survey in nine countries regarding the implementation of the Pan-Arab Free Trade Area. A majority of respondent companies report that tariffs on intra-regional trade have largely been removed, and that there has been a marked improvement in customs clearance-related procedures. Costs associated with administrative red tape and weaknesses in transport-related infrastructure services are ranked as the most important constraints to intra-regional trade. This suggests that from a policy perspective, efforts to reduce real trade costs deserve priority, including transportation and logistics services. Periodic monitoring and assessment of trade incentives and performance would help governments to benchmark performance and identify priority areas for action, at both the national and the sub-regional levels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5031
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 57
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    Reshaping the International Monetary Architecture : Lessons From Keynes' Plan (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Piffaretti, Nadia F Reshaping the International Monetary Architecture
    Kurzfassung: As the global economy undergoes profound changes, it is becoming apparent that the so-called "Revived Bretton Woods System" has increased the overall vulnerability of the global financial architecture. Therefore, it is worth revisiting the origins of the Bretton Woods conference, and pointing out the relevance for today’s framework of Keynes’ original 1942 plan for an International Clearing Union. This note explores the main characteristics of Keynes' original plan, by revisiting his original writings between 1940 and 1944, and outlining its relevance to the current debate on the international financial architecture. The note suggests that reforms of the international financial architecture should include anchoring the international monetary system on sounder institutional ground
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5034
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 58
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    The Long-Run Impacts of Adult Deaths On Older Household Members in Tanzania (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (42 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Adhvaryu, Achyuta R The Long-Run Impacts of Adult Deaths On Older Household Members in Tanzania
    Kurzfassung: HIV/AIDS is drastically changing the demographic landscape in high-prevalence countries in Africa. The prime-age adult population bears the majority of the mortality burden. These “missing” prime-age adults have implications for the socioeconomic well-being of surviving family members. This study uses a 13-year panel from Tanzania to examine the impacts of prime-age mortality on the time use and health outcomes of older adults, with a focus on long-run impacts and gender dimensions. Prime-age deaths are weakly associated with increases in working hours of older women when the deceased adult was co-resident in the household. The association is strongest when the deceased adult was living with the elderly individual at the time of death and for deaths in the distant past, suggesting that shorter-run studies may not capture the full extent of the consequences of adult mortality for survivors. Holding more assets seems to buffer older adults from having to work more after these shocks. Most health indicators are not worse for older adults when a prime-age household member died, although more distant adult deaths are associated with an increased probability of acute illness for the surviving elderly. For deaths of children who were not residing with their parents at baseline, the findings show no impact on hours worked or health outcomes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5037
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 59
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    Agent Orange and the Prevalence of Cancer Among the Vietnamese Population 30 Years After the End of the Vietnam War (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Do, Quy-Toan Agent Orange and the Prevalence of Cancer Among the Vietnamese Population 30 Years After the End of the Vietnam War
    Kurzfassung: During the Vietnam War, more than 70 million liters of military herbicide were sprayed over the combat zone. This study uses self and proxy-reported data on cancer status obtained from a nationally representative health survey of the Vietnamese population (N=158,019), combined with measures of military herbicide exposure computed from detailed information on US and allied wartime military activities. No significant difference in the prevalence of reported cancer is detected between communes with some degree of exposure and those with none. When restricting the analysis to exposed communes and adopting a continuous measure of herbicide exposure, there is evidence of a dose-response relationship; among communes that were exposed, increasing exposure to past military spraying is associated with increasing prevalence of reported cancer in 2001-2002. There is mixed evidence as to whether cohorts born before or after the end of the spraying campaigns are equally affected
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5041
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 60
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    Do Poorer Countries Have Less Capacity for Redistribution? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (35 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Ravallion, Martin Do Poorer Countries Have Less Capacity for Redistribution?
    Kurzfassung: Development aid and policy discussions often assume that poorer countries have less internal capacity for redistribution in favor of their poorest citizens. The assumption is tested using data for 90 developing countries. The capacity for redistribution is measured by the marginal tax rate on those who are not poor by rich-country standards that is needed to cover the poverty gap or to provide a poverty-level of basic income, judged by developing-country standards. For most (but not all) countries with annual consumption per capita under
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5046
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 61
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    The Global Resort to Antidumping, Safeguards, and other Trade Remedies Amidst the Economic Crisis (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Bown, Chad P The Global Resort to Antidumping, Safeguards, and other Trade Remedies Amidst the Economic Crisis
    Kurzfassung: This paper examines newly available data from the World Bank-sponsored Global Antidumping Database tracking the worldwide use of trade remedies such as antidumping, countervailing duties, global safeguards and China-specific safeguards during the current economic crisis. The data indicate a marked increase in WTO members’ combined resort to these instruments beginning in 2008 that continued into the first quarter 2009. The use of these import-restricting instruments is increasingly affecting "South-South" trade, i.e., developing country importers initiating and imposing new protectionist measures primarily affecting developing country exporters, with a special emphasis on exports from China. However, the collective value of imports in 2007 for the major (G-20) economies that has subsequently come under attack by the use of import-restricting trade remedies during the period of 2008 to early 2009 is likely less than
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5051
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 62
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    “Revenue Management” Effects Related to Financial Flows Generated by Climate Policy (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Strand, Jon “Revenue Management” Effects Related to Financial Flows Generated by Climate Policy
    Kurzfassung: This paper discusses possible macroeconomic implications for low-income countries of increased revenue inflows that may follow from implementing certain global greenhouse gas mitigation policies. Such revenue sources include revenue from emissions offset mechanisms, direct investments, and financial transfers that form parts of possible future mitigation treaties. In the short run such revenue will come mainly from offset markets and donor-sponsored programs, with some additional financial inflows due to foreign direct investments. In the longer run, comprehensive global cap-and-trade or carbon tax schemes could provide a potentially much larger revenue flow to many low-income countries. The author argues that the macroeconomic implications of such flows are manageable in the short run, but the larger revenues resulting from global emissions schemes could overwhelm this capacity and lead to a number of potential macroeconomic management problems
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5053
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 63
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    Climate Change and Individual Behavior : Considerations for Policy (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Liverani, Andrea Climate Change and Individual Behavior
    Kurzfassung: Climate change is anthropogenic - the product of billions of acts of daily consumption. That solutions need to be anthropogenic too is well accepted. Yet, suggested solutions are normally cast in the realms of finance and technology, often neglecting the primal root of the problem: individual behavior. An emerging body of social-psychology scholarship has examined the barriers and drivers of individual behavior in relation to both adaptation and mitigation. This paper reviews some of its conclusions, and suggests policy areas that should be considered in devising appropriate interventions
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5058
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 64
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    Welfare Impacts of Rural Electrification : Evidence from Vietnam (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Khandker, Shahidur R Welfare Impacts of Rural Electrification
    Kurzfassung: Access to electricity is crucial for economic development and there is a growing body of literature on the impact of rural electrification on development. However, most studies have so far relied on cross-sectional surveys comparing households with and without electricity, which have well known causal attribution problems. This paper is one of the first studies to examine the welfare impacts of households’ rural electrification based on panel surveys conducted in 2002 and 2005 for some 1,100 households in rural Vietnam. The findings indicate that grid electrification has been both extensive (connecting all surveyed communes by 2005) and intensive (connecting almost 80 percent of the surveyed households by 2005). Vietnam is unusual in that once electricity is locally available, both rich and poor households are equally likely to get the connection. The econometric estimations suggest that grid electrification has significant positive impacts on households’ cash income, expenditure, and educational outcomes. The benefits, however, reach a saturation point after prolonged exposure to electricity. Finally, this study recommends investigating the long-term benefits of rural electrification - not just for households, but for the rural economy as a whole
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5057
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 65
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    Crisis and Protection in the Automotive Industry : A Global Value Chain Perspective (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Sturgeon, Timothy J Crisis and Protection in the Automotive Industry
    Kurzfassung: In this paper the authors apply global value chain (GVC) analysis to recent trends in the global automotive industry, with special attention paid to government interventions triggered by the recent economic crisis. The authors first highlight some of the defining characteristics of GVCs in this important industry, especially the unusually strong regional structure of production and sales. National political institutions create pressure for local content, which drives production close to end markets, where it tends to be organized nationally or regionally. They then examine policy reactions to the recent economic crisis, and provide some discussion of the government interventions in the industry. The authors end with a number of policy conclusions that highlight the likely impact of the interventions on the evolution GVCs and the growth of the industry in developing countries
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5060
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 66
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    Exchange Rate and Output Fluctuations in the Small Open Economy of Mauritius (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (17 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Bastos, Fabiano Exchange Rate and Output Fluctuations in the Small Open Economy of Mauritius
    Kurzfassung: The authors estimate a VAR and compute generalized impulse response to analyze the joint dynamics of four key macroeconomic variables in the small open economy of Mauritius. Results suggest that nominal exchange rate and interest rate have limited ability to impact output growth over the medium-run. Large error bands hinder analysis of the inflation output trade-off, but evidence points to a weak relationship in the short run as well. These findings are used to shed some light into the policy response to the current worldwide economic slowdown affecting Mauritius
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5065
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 67
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    Implications of the Growth of China and India for the Other Asian Giant : Russia (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Ianchovichina, Elena Implications of the Growth of China and India for the Other Asian Giant
    Kurzfassung: Continuing rapid growth of China and India can be expected to raise incomes in Russia, but also to put adjustment pressure on Russian firms. The impacts of the rapid growth of China and India on the Russian economy are explored by examining a baseline projection using a global general equilibrium model, and then assessing the implications of higher-than-expected growth in China and India. The authors find that a major source of benefits to Russia is likely to be terms-of-trade improvements associated with higher energy prices - a quite different channel of effect from that for many developing countries that benefit primarily through expanded opportunities to trade directly with these emerging giants. Taking into account the likely improvements in the quality and variety of exports from China and India, the gains to Russia increase substantially. The expansion of the energy sector and the contraction of manufacturing and services are a sign of a Dutch disease effect that will increase the importance of policies to encourage adaptation to the changing world environment
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5075
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 68
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    Banks and Microbanks (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Cull, Robert Banks and Microbanks
    Schlagwort(e): Bank ; Mikrofinanzierung
    Kurzfassung: Using two new datasets, the authors examine whether the presence of banks affects the profitability and outreach of microfinance institutions. They find evidence that competition matters. Greater bank penetration in the overall economy is associated with microbanks pushing toward poorer markets, as reflected in smaller average loans sizes and greater outreach to women. The evidence is particularly strong for microbanks relying on commercial funding and using traditional bilateral lending contracts (rather than the group lending methods favored by microfinance nongovernmental organizations). The analysis considers plausible alternative explanations for the correlations, including relationships that run through the nature of the regulatory environment and the structure of the banking environment; but it fails to find strong support for these alternative hypotheses
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5078
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 69
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    Who Survives ? : the Impact of Corruption, Competition and Property Rights Across Firms (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (44 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Who Survives ?
    Kurzfassung: Size, age, sector, and productivity are commonly cited as factors determining a firm’s survival. However, there are several dimensions of the investment climate in which the firm operates that affect whether it continues in business or exits. This paper uses new panel data from 27 Eastern European and Central Asian countries to test the importance of five areas of the business climate on firm exit: the efficiency of government services, access to finance, the extent of corruption or cronyism, the strength of property rights, and the degree of competition. The paper finds that weaknesses in these areas do affect the probability of firm exit - largely in ways that undermine the Schumpeterian cleansing role of exit in raising overall productivity. Greater costs and regulatory burdens raise the probability that more productive firms exit, while less developed financial and legal institutions mitigate forces that would otherwise push less productive firms to exit. Thus, the more productive firms stand to gain the most from improvements in the investment climate, whether that is lowering transaction costs or improving market mechanisms. This holds both within countries and across countries. The impact of a particular investment climate measure can also differ significantly by type of firm, with the focus given to firm size. The differential impact on size can be significant at a size cutoff of 10 or more employees. As these are the firms that are near the threshold of many regulatory requirements, the implications are not just with regard to whether a firm remains in operation, but whether it does so in the formal sector
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5084
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 70
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    Creative Destruction and Policy Reforms : Changing Productivity Effects of Firm Turnover in Moroccan Manufacturing (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Hallward-Driemeier, Mary Creative Destruction and Policy Reforms
    Kurzfassung: How important is firm turnover to national productivity growth? The literature points to the contribution of creative destruction being strongest in more developed countries or where market institutions are strongest. This paper looks at the case of Morocco, spanning 16 years, during which reform initiatives aiming to strengthen market forces were introduced. The paper argues that it is important to take into account i) the timing of how decompositions are structured (capturing the effects of high growth among young firms as part of the benefit of increased entry) and ii) the additional indirect impacts of firm dynamics on agglomeration externalities and competition. The paper shows there are striking differences in the productivity paths of entering and exiting firms compared with incumbents, and that restricting the time horizon of productivity decompositions to the actual year of entry or exit underestimates the productivity effects of turnover. Although it has been hypothesized that conducting decompositions over longer horizons would increase the positive contribution of net turnover, this is not the case in Morocco as losses from exiting firms rise too. Nor has the net contribution of turnover increased with market reforms; if anything, the contribution has declined over time. But the allocation of resources has improved. Both technical and allocative efficiency have risen since the mid-1990s. The paper also shows that firm turnover affects productivity through additional channels. It is closely correlated with measures of agglomeration that are associated with higher rates of exit among unproductive firms, and turnover itself is positively associated with subsequent productivity growth of incumbents
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5085
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 71
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    Social Impacts of Climate Change in Peru : A District Level Analysis of the Effects of Recent and Future Climate Change On Human Development and Inequality (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Andersen, Lykke E Social Impacts of Climate Change in Peru
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses district level data to estimate the general relationship between climate, income and life expectancy in Peru. The analysis finds that both incomes and life expectancy show hump-shaped relationships, with optimal average annual temperatures around 18-20ºC. These estimated relationships were used to simulate the likely effects of both past (1958-2008) and future (2008-2058) climate change. At the aggregate level, future climate change in Peru is estimated to cause a small reduction in average life expectancy of about 0.2 years. This average, however, hides much larger losses in the already hot areas as well as substantial gains in currently cold areas. Similarly, the average impact on incomes is a modest reduction of 2.3 percent, but with some districts experiencing losses of up to 20 percent and others gains of up to 13 percent. Future climate change is estimated to cause an increase in poverty (all other things equal), but to have no significant effect on the distribution of incomes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5091
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 72
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    Online-Ressource
    Can A Market-Assisted Land Redistribution Program Improve the Lives of the Poor ? : Evidence From Malawi (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Datar, Gayatri Can A Market-Assisted Land Redistribution Program Improve the Lives of the Poor ?
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses a rural household survey dataset collected in 2006 and 2008 to investigate the impact of a market-based land resettlement project in southern Malawi. The program provided a conditional cash and land transfer to poor families to relocate to larger plots of farm land. The average treatment effect of the program is estimated using a difference-in-difference matching technique based on propensity score matching; qualitative information complement the analysis to ensure unobservable characteristics do not bias the findings. As expected, the results show a significant effect on landholdings and agricultural production, with land size increasing and maize production increasing by more than 100 kilograms relative to the control. However, the impacts on food security and asset holdings were mixed. Households that relocated great distances had systematically lower impacts than those households that stayed within their district of origin because they had to adapt to unfamiliar agro-ecological, cultural, and market environments. Impacts also varied across gender of the household head; female-headed beneficiary households increased their productive and consumption assets significantly, while male-headed households increased their asset holdings less so
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5093
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 73
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    Why Have CO2 Emissions Increased in the Transport Sector in Asia ? : Underlying Factors and Policy Options (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (72 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Timilsina, Govinda R Why Have CO2 Emissions Increased in the Transport Sector in Asia ?
    Kurzfassung: Rapidly increasing emissions of carbon dioxide from the transport sector, particularly in urban areas, is a major challenge to sustainable development in developing countries. This study analyzes the factors responsible for transport sector CO2 emissions growth in selected developing Asian countries during 1980-2005. The analysis splits the annual emissions growth into components representing economic development; population growth; shifts in transportation modes; and changes in fuel mix, emission coefficients, and transportation energy intensity. The study also reviews existing government policies to limit CO2 emissions growth, particularly various fiscal and regulatory policy instruments. The study finds that of the six factors considered, three - economic development, population growth, and transportation energy intensity - are responsible for driving up transport sector CO2 emissions in Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Vietnam. In contrast, only economic development and population growth are responsible in the case of China, India, Indonesia, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. CO2 emissions exhibit a downward trend in Mongolia due to decreasing transportation energy intensity. The study also finds that some existing policy instruments help reduce transport sector CO2 emissions, although they were not necessarily targeted for this purpose when introduced
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5098
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 74
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    Online-Ressource
    Has India's Economic Growth Become More Pro-Poor in the Wake of Economic Reforms ? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Datt, Gaurav Has India's Economic Growth Become More Pro-Poor in the Wake of Economic Reforms ?
    Kurzfassung: The extent to which India's poor have benefited from the country’s economic growth has long been debated. This paper revisits the issues using a new series of consumption-based poverty measures spanning 50 years, and including a 15-year period after economic reforms began in earnest in the early 1990s. Growth has tended to reduce poverty, including in the post-reform period. There is no robust evidence that the responsiveness of poverty to growth has increased, or decreased, since the reforms began, although there are signs of rising inequality. The impact of growth is higher for poverty measures that reflect distribution below the poverty line, and it is higher using growth rates calculated from household surveys than national accounts. The urban-rural pattern of growth matters to the pace of poverty reduction. However, in marked contrast to the pre-reform period, the post-reform process of urban economic growth has brought significant gains to the rural poor as well as the urban poor
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5103
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 75
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    How Do Local-Level Legal Institutions Promote Development ? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (29 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Gauri, Varun How Do Local-Level Legal Institutions Promote Development ?
    Kurzfassung: This paper develops a framework and some hypotheses regarding the impact of local-level, informal legal institutions on three economic outcomes: aggregate growth, inequality, and human capabilities. It presents a set of stylized differences between formal and informal legal justice systems, identifies the pathways through which formal systems promote economic outcomes, reflects on what the stylized differences mean for the potential impact of informal legal institutions on economic outcomes, and looks at extant case studies to examine the plausibility of the arguments presented. The paper concludes that local-level, informal legal institutions can support social substitutes for the enforcement of contracts, although these substitutes tend to be limited in range and scale; they are flexible and could conceivably be adapted to serve the interests of the poor and marginalized if supportive organizational and social resources could be brought to support the legal claims of the disempowered; and they are more likely to support personal integrity rights than the positive liberties that are also constitutive of development as freedom
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5108
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 76
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Public Interest Litigation in India : Overreaching Or Underachieving ? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Gauri, Varun Public Interest Litigation in India
    Kurzfassung: Public interest litigation has historically been an innovative judicial procedure for enhancing the social and economic rights of disadvantaged and marginalized groups in India. In recent years, however, a number of criticisms of public interest litigation have emerged, including concerns related to separation of powers, judicial capacity, and inequality. These criticisms have tended to abstraction, and the sheer number of cases has complicated empirical assessments. This paper finds that public interest litigation cases constitute less than 1 percent of the overall case load. The paper argues that complaints related to concerns having to do with separation of powers are better understood as criticisms of the impact of judicial interventions on sector governance. On the issue of inequality, the analysis finds that win rates for fundamental rights claims are significantly higher when the claimant is from an advantaged social group than when he or she is from a marginalized group, which constitutes a social reversal, both from the original objective of public interest litigation and from the relative win rates in the 1980s
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5109
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 77
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Innovating Development Finance : From Financing Sources to Financial Solutions (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (111 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Girishankar, Navin Innovating Development Finance
    Kurzfassung: As early as 2000, development partners embarked on a decade-long search for "innovative" or alternative sources of Official Development Assistance to help finance achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. For their part, developing countries have sought not only more financial flows but better financial solutions, for example, through partnerships that mobilize private finance for public service delivery, risk mitigation efforts that promote private entry in the productive sectors, and support for carbon trading. This paper offers a framework to organize and understand this heterogeneous mix of innovations in fund-raising and financial solutions for development. It also provides, for the first time, a stocktaking of actual innovations that make up the international landscape and highlights the World Bank Group’s role to date. The stocktaking shows that innovative finance mechanisms have played a more significant role in supporting financial solutions on the ground than in identifying and exploiting "alternative sources of ODA." Innovative fund-raising therefore should be viewed as a complement to - rather than a substitute for - traditional efforts to mobilize official flows, in particular concessional flows. Going forward, innovations need to be tested and evaluated to determine value-added
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5111
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 78
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    The Association Between Remarriage and HIV Infection : Evidence From National HIV Surveys in Africa (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (26 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: de Walque, Damien The Association Between Remarriage and HIV Infection
    Kurzfassung: The literature shows that divorced, separated, and widowed individuals in Africa are at significantly increased risk for HIV. Using nationally representative data from 13 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, this paper confirms that formerly married individuals are at significantly higher risk for HIV. The study goes further by examining individuals who have remarried. The results show that remarried individuals form a large portion of the population - usually larger than the divorced, separated, or widowed - and that they also have higher than average HIV prevalence. This large number of high-risk remarried individuals is an important source of vulnerability and further infection that needs to be acknowledged and taken into account in prevention strategies
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5118
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 79
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    Mandated Benefits, Employment, and Inequality in A Dual Economy (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (51 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Almeida, Rita Mandated Benefits, Employment, and Inequality in A Dual Economy
    Kurzfassung: This paper studies the effect of enforcing labor regulation in an economy with a dual labor market. The analysis uses data from Brazil, a country with a large informal sector and strict labor law, where enforcement affects mainly the degree of compliance with mandated benefits (severance pay and health and safety conditions) in the formal sector, and the registration of informal workers. The authors find that stricter enforcement leads to higher unemployment but lower income inequality. They also show that, at the top of the formal wage distribution, workers bear the cost of mandated benefits by receiving lower wages. Wage rigidity (due, say, to the minimum wage) prevents this downward adjustment at the bottom of the income distribution. As a result, formal sector jobs at the bottom of the wage distribution become more attractive, inducing the low-skilled self-employed to search for formal jobs
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5119
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 80
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    Online-Ressource
    Can Global De-Carbonization Inhibit Developing Country Industrialization ? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Mattoo, Aaditya Can Global De-Carbonization Inhibit Developing Country Industrialization ?
    Kurzfassung: Most economic analyses of climate change have focused on the aggregate impact on countries of mitigation actions. The authors depart first in disaggregating the impact by sector, focusing particularly on manufacturing output and exports because of the potential growth consequences. Second, they decompose the impact of an agreement on emissions reductions into three components: the change in the price of carbon due to each country’s emission cuts per se; the further change in this price due to emissions tradability; and the changes due to any international transfers (private and public). Manufacturing output and exports in low carbon intensity countries such as Brazil are not adversely affected. In contrast, in high carbon intensity countries, such as China and India, even a modest agreement depresses manufacturing output by 6-7 percent and manufacturing exports by 9-11 percent. The increase in the carbon price induced by emissions tradability hurts manufacturing output most while the Dutch disease effects of transfers hurt exports most. If the growth costs of these structural changes are judged to be substantial, the current policy consensus, which favors emissions tradability (on efficiency grounds) supplemented with financial transfers (on equity grounds), needs re-consideration
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5121
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 81
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    Online-Ressource
    Disparities in Labor Market Performance in the Philippines (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Luo, Xubei Disparities in Labor Market Performance in the Philippines
    Kurzfassung: The Philippine economy has been growing rapidly, at an annual growth rate of 5 percent over the past five years. Such decent growth in gross domestic product, however, did not translate into an increase in household income. Wage income declined in real terms. The poverty headcount increased slightly. The fruits of economic growth were not shared equally across the country. Challenges remain to create more jobs to keep pace with the rapidly growing active population. Using the Philippines Labor Force Survey data (2003-2007), this paper reviews the disparities in labor market performance and examines the contribution of regional and individual characteristics. The results show that real wages declined and disparities widened between the National Capital Region and other islands. The youth, less educated, and women face more challenges in finding employment with a decent salary, other things being equal. Disparities in labor market performance are largely associated with the difference in regional structure and human capital endowment. Individual characteristics account for roughly one-third of the difference in wages between the National Capital Region and other regions; regional structures and other unobservable factors account for two-thirds of the difference
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5124
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 82
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    Online-Ressource
    Responding To Threats of Climate Change Mega-Catastrophes (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (28 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Kousky, Carolyn Responding To Threats of Climate Change Mega-Catastrophes
    Kurzfassung: There is a low but uncertain probability that climate change could trigger "mega-catastrophes," severe and at least partly irreversible adverse effects across broad regions. This paper first discusses the state of current knowledge and the defining characteristics of potential climate change mega-catastrophes. While some of these characteristics present difficulties for using standard rational choice methods to evaluate response options, there is still a need to balance the benefits and costs of different possible responses with appropriate attention to the uncertainties. To that end, the authors present a qualitative analysis of three options for mitigating the risk of climate mega-catastrophes - drastic abatement of greenhouse gas emissions, development and implementation of geoengineering, and large-scale ex ante adaptation - against the criteria of efficacy, cost, robustness, and flexibility. They discuss the composition of a sound portfolio of initial investments in reducing the risk of climate change mega-catastrophes
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5127
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 83
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Time As A Determinant of Comparative Advantage (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (36 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Li, Yue Time As A Determinant of Comparative Advantage
    Kurzfassung: It is assumed that added time to export adds cost to and lowers the volume of trade. Time delays may also affect the composition of trade and can disproportionately reduce trade in time-sensitive goods. This paper investigates the validity of these propositions using the World Bank Doing Business database and Enterprise Surveys for 64 developing countries. The authors find that in countries where there is longer time needed to export firms in time-sensitive industries are less likely to become exporters. Moreover, firms that do export have lower export intensities. Their findings imply that time to export is a significant determinant of comparative advantage. For example, consider two industries that have the same export probability and intensity - but differ in time-sensitivity by one standard deviation. Action taken to cut time to export by 50 percent for one industry opens a 6 percentage point difference between the export probabilities of the two industries. In addition, steps to cut time delays increase export intensities by 1.9 percentage points. This impact applies to industries with different productivity levels - and those in developing countries with different income levels
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5128
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 84
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    Comparing Condom Use With Different Types of Partners : Evidence From National HIV Surveys in Africa (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: de Walque, Damien Comparing Condom Use With Different Types of Partners
    Kurzfassung: Based on nationally representative samples from 13 Sub-Saharan African countries, this paper reinforces and expands previous findings that condom use in general is low in this region, men report using condoms more frequently than women, and unmarried individuals report they use condoms more frequently than married individuals with their spouse. Based on descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses, the authors also demonstrate to a degree not previously shown in the current literature that married men from most countries report using condoms with extramarital partners about as frequently as unmarried men. However, married women from most countries included use condoms with extramarital partners less frequently than unmarried women. This result is especially troubling because marriage usually ensures regular sexual intercourse, providing more opportunities to pass HIV from extramarital partner to spouse than an unmarried person who may also have multiple partners but not as regular sexual intercourse
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5130
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 85
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    Online-Ressource
    The Potential Impact of the Global Financial Crisis On World Trade (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (63 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: McKibbin, Warwick J The Potential Impact of the Global Financial Crisis On World Trade
    Kurzfassung: This paper models the global financial crisis as a combination of shocks to global housing markets and sharp increases in risk premia of firms, households and international investors in a global economic model. The model has six sectors of production and trade in 15 major economies and regions. The paper shows that the shocks observed in financial markets can be used to generate the severe economic contraction in global trade and production experienced in 2009. In particular the distinction between the production and trade of durable and non durable goods plays a key role in explaining the much larger contraction in trade than GDP experienced by most economies. The paper explores the implications of the large increase in fiscal deficits and the implications of a global trade war in response to the financial crisis
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5134
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 86
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Trade Finance in A Liquidity Crisis (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Ellingsen, Tore Trade Finance in A Liquidity Crisis
    Kurzfassung: The paper discusses the reasons for supporting international trade finance during a liquidity crisis. Targeted interventions are justified when prices are rigid and sellers insist on immediate payment due to fears of strategic default. In this case, buyers who reject the seller's offer fail to internalize the seller's benefit from additional liquidity. A general infusion of credit will not facilitate the beneficial transaction, but an infusion targeted at the buyer's bank's trade finance supply will do so. Since there is a need for interventions in one country to benefit actors in another, international coordination is called for
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5136
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 87
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Changing Households' Investments and Aspirations Through Social Interactions : Evidence From A Randomized Transfer Program (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (45 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Macours, Karen Changing Households' Investments and Aspirations Through Social Interactions
    Kurzfassung: Low aspirations can limit households’ investments and contribute to sustained poverty. Vice versa, increased aspirations can lead to investment and upward mobility. Yet how aspirations are formed is not always well understood. This paper analyzes the role of social interactions in determining aspirations in the context of a program aimed at increasing households' investments. The causal effect of social interactions is identified through the randomized assignment of leaders and other beneficiaries to three different interventions within each treatment community. Social interactions are found to affect households’ attitudes toward the future and to amplify program impacts on investments in human capital and productive activities. The empirical evidence indicates that communication with motivated and successful nearby leaders can lead to higher aspirations and corresponding investment behavior
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5137
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 88
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Non-Traditional Crops, Traditional Constraints : Long-Term Welfare Impacts of Export Crop Adoption Among Guatemalan Smallholders (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Carletto, Calogero Non-Traditional Crops, Traditional Constraints
    Kurzfassung: This study documents the long-term welfare effects of household non-traditional agricultural export (NTX) adoption. The analysis uses a unique panel dataset, which spans the period 1985-2005, and employs difference-in-differences estimation to investigate the long-term impact of non-traditional agricultural export adoption on changes in household consumption status and asset position in the Central Highlands of Guatemala. Given the heterogeneity in adoption patterns, the analysis differentiates the impact estimates based on a classification of households that takes into account the timing and duration of non-traditional agricultural export adoption. The results show that while, on average, welfare levels have improved for all households irrespective of adoption status and duration, the extent of improvement has varied across groups. Long-term adopters exhibit the smallest increase in the lapse of two decades, in spite of some early gains. Conversely, early adopters who withdrew from non-traditional agricultural export production after reaping the benefits of the boom period of the 1980s are found to have fared better and shown greater improvements in durable asset position and housing conditions than any other category
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5142
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 89
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Pro-Cyclical Fiscal Policy in Brazil : Evidence From the States (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (30 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Arena, Marco Pro-Cyclical Fiscal Policy in Brazil
    Kurzfassung: The empirical literature on budget cyclicality has generally focused more on assessing the degree of pro-cyclicality in federal (central government) revenues and expenditures and less on budget cyclicality at the sub-national level in multi-tiered systems. This paper attempts to contribute to the literature on budget cyclicality by examining how sub-national fiscal revenues and expenditures are linked to the business cycle in Brazil, particularly after the introduction of the Fiscal Responsibility Law. It explains the degree of pro-cyclicality across Brazilian states, and assesses whether intergovernmental transfers help to stabilize states’ finances. These issues are addressed using both a time-series and a cross-section dimension at the Brazilian state level for the period 1991-2006. The empirical evidence suggests the existence of a pro-cyclical fiscal policy in Brazil at the state level. However, the introduction of the Fiscal Responsibility Law helped to reduce Brazilian states’ spending-side pro-cyclicality. For the Brazilian states, the main source of the observed pro-cyclicality is found in the behavior of tax revenues directly collected by the state governments. Intergovernmental transfers (federal transfers to the states) are not associated with changes in gross state product, but they are pro-cyclically aligned with national gross domestic product, which could amplify the pro-cyclical behavior of sub-national expenditures
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5144
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 90
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    The New Multi-Polar International Monetary System (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Dailami, Mansoor The New Multi-Polar International Monetary System
    Kurzfassung: Backed by rapid economic growth, growing financial clout, and a newfound sense of assertiveness in recent years, the BRIC countries - Brazil, Russia, India, and China - are a driving force behind an incipient transformation of the world economy away from a US-dominated system toward a multipolar one in which developing countries will have a major say. It is, however, in the international monetary arena that the notion of multipolarity - more than two dominant poles - commands renewed attention and vigorous debate. For much of its history, the quintessential structural feature of the international monetary system has been unipolarity - as American hegemony of initiatives and power as well as its capacity to promote a market-based, liberal order came to define and shape international monetary relations. As other currencies become potential substitutes for the US dollar in international reserves and in cross-border claims, exchange rate volatility may become more severe. There are also risks that the rivalry among the three economic blocs may spill over into something more if not kept in check by a strong global governance structure. While the transition will be difficult and drawn out, governments should take immediate steps to prevent financial volatility by enhancing cooperation on monetary policies, currency market intervention and financial regulation
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5147
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 91
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    Online-Ressource
    Family Systems, Political Systems, and Asia's 'Missing Girls' : the Construction of Son Preference and Its Unraveling (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: Online-Ressource (34 p)
    Ausgabe: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    Paralleltitel: Das Gupta, Monica Family Systems, Political Systems, and Asia's 'Missing Girls'
    Kurzfassung: Son preference is known to be found in certain types of cultures, that is patrilineal cultures. But what explains the fact that China, South Korea, and Northwest India manifest such extreme child sex ratios compared with other patrilineal societies? This paper argues that what makes these societies unique is that their pre-modern political and administrative systems used patrilineages to organize and administer their citizens. The interplay of culture, state, and political processes generated uniquely rigid patriliny and son preference. The paper also argues that the advent of the modern state in these settings has unraveled the underpinnings of the rigid patrilineal rules, and unleashed a variety of forces that reduce son preference. Firstly, the modern state has powerful tools for incorporating and managing its citizenry, rendering patrilineages a threat rather than an asset for the state. Secondly, the modern state has brought in political, social, and legal reforms aimed to challenge traditional social hierarchies, including the age and gender hierarchies of the kinship system. Thirdly, industrialization and urbanization have ushered in new modes of social organization, which reduce the hold of clans and lineages. Studies of the impact of the media suggest that states can accelerate the resultant decline in son preference, through media efforts to help parents perceive that daughters can now be as valuable as sons
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5148
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 92
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Building Partnerships for Sustainable Water and Sanitation Services in Africa (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Water and Sanitation Program
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This briefing note provides a rapid scan of partnership initiatives by the World Bank, the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) to improve the state of water and sanitation services in Africa. The note aims to highlight the gains and challenges of the major collaborative initiatives, focusing on where progress has been made or activities are ongoing at a strategic, thematic, and regional or country level. The collaboration is now focusing on: a) intensifying operational cooperation and joint work in additional African countries, including fragile and post-conflict countries; b) continuing to share information and to participate in capacity-building activities, with an emphasis on training in operational contexts; c) intensifying joint work in water supply, and particularly sanitation and hygiene; and, d) developing a monitoring system focused on results rather than inputs
    DOI: 10.1596/28140
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 93
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    Online-Ressource
    Inclusive Responses to the HIV and AIDS Challenge : Experiences from the Indian IT Sector (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: India is experiencing a period of high economic growth and rapid social and demographic change. There is increasing concern about the manner in which this transformation is impacted by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. While the Government of India has taken significant measures to curb the spread of HIV/AIDS, much remains to be done. Given the complexity of the challenge, an effective response requires the engagement of all sectors. The private sector, alongside other stakeholders, can play an important part not only by contributing to the efforts for HIV/AIDS prevention and the reduction of stigma and discrimination, but also for the care, support and treatment of Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). The report presents challenges, good practices and success stories about how Informational Technology (IT) companies in India are addressing the issues of HIV/AIDS. It demonstrates the mounting will and commitment of IT leaders to respond to the epidemic. The IT industry in India is young in terms of both its stage of development and the age of its workforce which averages 18-35 years. Reflecting the composition of the sector, the report documents the experiences not only of large companies in India's IT sector, but also of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Each company has used different approaches to address HIV/AIDS among its workforce including community outreach activities. By capturing these companies' experiences, the report seeks to foster a more active response to HIV/AIDS from India's IT community and to encourage new partnerships to leverage the goodwill and competencies of this sector
    DOI: 10.1596/28254
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 94
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Governance, Fragility, and Conflict : Reviewing International Governance Reform Experiences in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This report seeks to inform the development of a framework for addressing governance reform in fragile and conflict affected environments through are view of international experiences. The report analyzes the experience both of countries that sustained a transition to peace and those that fell back into conflict. Pertinent lessons will be drawn selectively from a range of fragile and conflict affected countries, including Haiti, Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mozambique, Liberia, Timor-Leste, Afghanistan, Rwanda, Indonesia, Sierra Leone, and Angola. No specific typologies have been adopted or formed in order to assess these lessons, because typologies can be limiting and experiences can be better assessed based on the specificity of each country's context. The first section of the report sets out broadly accepted definitions of key terms such as governance, state building, and fragility. The second section reviews experiences with diverse governance dimensions and explores the objectives, opportunities, and constraints associated with each
    DOI: 10.1596/28147
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 95
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    Online-Ressource
    Renewable Natural Resources : Practical Lessons for Conflict-Sensitive Development (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This paper explores how a 'conflict and violence sensitive' framework in project assessment, design and implementation facilitates early identification and mitigation of negative consequences of competition and dispute, and promotes sustainable development over the longer term. It discusses the role of renewable resources in perpetuating conflict and violence, and distills lessons from selected development programming experiences in managing conflict risks associated with these dynamics. The study emphasizes that building capacity to productively address conflict and to improve community resilience to ecological change decreases vulnerability to violence, and improves livelihoods particularly for the world's poorest communities. The study draws on a range of development experience and specifically examines six case studies: three from the World Bank portfolio and three external to the Bank. Of the World Bank projects, the paper considers Andhra Pradesh Community Forest Management Project (India), Land Conflict and Vulnerability Pilot Project (Afghanistan), and Second Fadama Development Project (Nigeria). The paper also studies three external cases: conservation of managed indigenous areas (Ecuador) and Building the Capacity of Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN) to Resolve and Manage Environmental Conflicts in Virunga National Park (DRC), both financed by U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); and the Community Development Component of German Technical Cooperation's (GTZ's) Palestinian Water Program (West Bank). The concluding chapter outlines good practice and lessons learned from experience, emphasizing principals for building institutional and organizational capacity that support constructive conflict management
    DOI: 10.1596/28150
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 96
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    Online-Ressource
    Agricultural Protection and Poverty in Indonesia : A General Equilibrium Analysis (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: A general equilibrium modeling approach is used to estimate the effects within Indonesia of unilateral and global trade liberalization, including effects on poverty incidence. It is concluded that global reform of trade policy in all commodities is a significant potential source of poverty reduction for Indonesia. The poor rural and urban have a strong interest in global trade policy reform. If Indonesia were to liberalize unilaterally, poverty incidence also will decline but the effect is small. If liberalization is confined to agricultural products, the effects are similar but the declines in poverty incidence within Indonesia are much smaller
    DOI: 10.1596/28152
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 97
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Distribution of Agricultural NRAs across Countries and Products, 1955-84 and 1985-2007 (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: The global database developed as an integral part of the World Bank's research project on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, which is publicly available, provides around 30,000 estimates of nominal rates assistance to agricultural industries (NRAs) and associated consumer tax equivalents for 75 countries that together account for between 90 and 95 percent of the world's population, farmers, agricultural output and total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). They also account for more than 85 percent of farm production and employment in each of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the transition economies of Europe and Central Asia as well as all Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. More than 70 products are included (an average of 11 per country), which represents around 70 percent of the gross value of agricultural production in each of the focus countries, and just under two-thirds of global farm production valued at undistorted prices over the period covered. Not all countries had data for all of the entire 1955-2007 period, but the average number of years covered is 41 per country. This paper provides details of the coverage of the database. It also summarizes the distributions of the NRAs by showing two sets of Box plots for 1955-84 and 1985-2007, one set for various regions of the world, the other for all the covered products for each focus country
    DOI: 10.1596/28174
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 98
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    Online-Ressource
    Do Trade Agreements Reduce the Volatility of Agricultural Distortions? (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: The objective of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which trade agreements affect agricultural trade policy volatility. Using a new panel database compiled as part of the World Bank's agricultural distortions research project, the author estimate the effect of regionalism on the volatility of price distortions measured by the absolute value of their first differences, averaged, for each country and year, over all agricultural goods. Using an instrumental-variable approach to correct for the endogeneity of regional trade agreements, (RTAs), the author fined that participation in RTAs has a significantly negative effect on agricultural trade-policy volatility. The author find that the World Trade Organization (WTO) agricultural agreement also contributed to reducing agricultural trade-policy volatility, in spite of the weak disciplines involved, but the effect is only weakly identified. The results are robust to a variety of robustness checks and hold, in particular, for the Latin American sub-sample
    DOI: 10.1596/28165
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 99
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Political Economy of Agricultural Trade Interventions in Africa (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: This paper uses new data on agricultural policy interventions to examine the political economy of agricultural trade policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Historically, African governments have discriminated against agricultural producers in general (relative to producers in non-agricultural sectors), and against producers of export agriculture in particular. While more moderate in recent years, these patterns of discrimination persist. They do so even though farmers comprise a political majority. Rather than claiming the existence of a single best approach to the analysis of policy choice, the authors explore the impact of three factors: institutions, regional inequality, and tax revenue-generation. The authors find that agricultural taxation increases with the rural population share in the absence of electoral party competition; yet, the existence of party competition turns the lobbying disadvantage of the rural majority into political advantage. The authors also find that privileged cash crop regions are particular targets for redistributive taxation, unless the country's president comes from that region. In addition, governments of resource-rich countries, while continuing to tax export producers, reduce their taxation of food consumers
    DOI: 10.1596/28166
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 100
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Explaining Agricultural Distortion Patterns : The Roles of Ideology, Inequality, Lobbying and Public Finance (2009)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    Sprache: Englisch
    Seiten: 1 Online-Ressource
    Serie: Other papers
    Serie: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Kurzfassung: In this paper, the authors examine the political economy drivers of the variation in agricultural protection, both across countries and within countries over time. The paper starts by listing the key insights provided by both the theoretical and empirical literature on the political economy of trade policy formulation. The authors then set out a basic framework that allows us to put forth various testable hypotheses on the variation and evolution of agricultural protection. The authors find that both the political ideology of the government and the degree of income inequality are important determinants of agricultural protection. Thus, both the political-support-function approach as well as the median-voter approach can be used in explaining the variation in agricultural protection across countries and within countries over time. The results are consistent with the predictions of a model that assumes that labor is specialized and sector-specific in nature. Some aspects of protection also seem to be consistent with predictions of a lobbying model in that agricultural protection is negatively related to agricultural employment and positively related to agricultural productivity. Public finance aspects of protection also seem to be empirically important
    DOI: 10.1596/28159
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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