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  • 2005-2009  (153)
  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (153)
  • Cham : Springer International Publishing AG
  • Leiden : Brill
  • Poverty Reduction  (153)
  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Land Reforms, Poverty Reduction, And Economic Growth
    Keywords: Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Asset Redistribution ; Economic Growth ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Income ; Income Growth ; Inequality ; Land Reform ; Land Reforms ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Recognition of the importance of institutions that provide security of property rights and relatively equal access to economic resources to a broad cross-section of society has renewed interest in the potential of asset redistribution, including land reforms. Empirical analysis of the impact of such policies is, however, scant and often contradictory. This paper uses panel household data from India, together with state-level variation in the implementation of land reform, to address some of the deficiencies of earlier studies. The results suggest that land reform had a significant and positive impact on income growth and accumulation of human and physical capital. The paper draws policy implications, especially from the fact that the observed impact of land reform seems to have declined over time
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Goni, Edwin Fiscal Redistribution And Income Inequality In Latin America
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Effective tax rates ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Indirect taxation ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Tax ; Tax collection ; Tax incidence ; Tax rate ; Tax rates ; Tax revenue ; Tax revenues ; Tax system ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: Income inequality in Latin America ranks among the highest in the world. It can be traced back to the unequal distribution of assets (especially land and education) in the region. But the extent to which asset inequality translates into income inequality depends on the redistributive capacity of the state. This paper documents the performance of Latin American fiscal systems from the perspective of income redistribution using newly-available information on the incidence of taxes and transfers across the region. The findings indicate that: (i) the differences in income inequality before taxes and transfers between Latin America and Western Europe are much more modest than those after taxes and transfers; (ii) the key reason is that, in contrast with industrial countries, in most Latin American countries the fiscal system is of little help in reducing income inequality; and (iii) in countries where fiscal redistribution is significant, it is achieved mostly through transfers rather than taxes. These facts stress the need for fiscal reforms across the region to further the goal of social equity. However, different countries need to place different relative emphasis on raising tax collection, restructuring the tax system, and improving the targeting of expenditures
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  • 3
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez, J. Humberto Inequality In Latin America
    Keywords: Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Latin America is together with Sub-Saharan Africa the most unequal region of the world. This paper documents recent inequality trends in the Latin American region, going beyond traditional measures of income inequality. The paper also reviews some of the explanations that have been put forward to understand the current situation, and discusses why reducing income inequality should be an important policy priority. In particular, the authors discuss channels through which inequality can affect growth and output volatility. On the whole, the analysis suggests a two-pronged approach to reduce inequality in the region that combines policies aimed at improving the distribution of assets (especially education) with elements aimed at improving the capacity of the state to redistribute income through taxes and transfers
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  • 4
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deininger, Klaus Assessing The Functioning of Land Rental Markets In Ethiopia
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Cultivation ; Economic Development ; Labor Policies ; Land Leasing ; Land Markets ; Land Owners ; Land Ownership ; Land Rental ; Land Resources ; Land Use ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sharecropping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Cultivation ; Economic Development ; Labor Policies ; Land Leasing ; Land Markets ; Land Owners ; Land Ownership ; Land Rental ; Land Resources ; Land Use ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sharecropping ; Social Protections and Labor ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Cultivation ; Economic Development ; Labor Policies ; Land Leasing ; Land Markets ; Land Owners ; Land Ownership ; Land Rental ; Land Resources ; Land Use ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Land Policies for Poverty Reduction ; Sharecropping ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Although a large theoretical literature discusses the possible inefficiency of sharecropping contracts, the empirical evidence on this phenomenon has been ambiguous at best. Household-level fixed-effect estimates from about 8,500 plots operated by households that own and sharecrop land in the Ethiopian highlands provide support for the hypothesis of Marshallian inefficiency. At the same time, a factor adjustment model suggests that the extent to which rental markets allow households to attain their desired operational holding size is extremely limited. Our analysis points towards factor market imperfections (no rental for oxen), lack of alternative employment opportunities, and tenure insecurity as possible reasons underlying such behavior, suggesting that, rather than worrying almost exclusively about Marshallian inefficiency, it is equally warranted to give due attention to the policy framework within which land rental markets operate
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Evaluation In The Practice of Development
    Keywords: Beneficiaries ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Impact assessment ; Impact evaluation ; Infrastructure projects ; Intervention ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty outcomes ; Programs ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Targeting ; Tertiary Education ; Beneficiaries ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Impact assessment ; Impact evaluation ; Infrastructure projects ; Intervention ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty outcomes ; Programs ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Targeting ; Tertiary Education ; Beneficiaries ; Counterfactual ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Impact assessment ; Impact evaluation ; Infrastructure projects ; Intervention ; Learning ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty outcomes ; Programs ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Targeting ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: Knowledge about development effectiveness is constrained by two factors. First, the project staff in governments and international agencies who decide how much to invest in research on specific interventions are often not well informed about the returns to rigorous evaluation and (even when they are) cannot be expected to take full account of the external benefits to others from new knowledge. This leads to under-investment in evaluative research. Second, while standard methods of impact evaluation are useful, they often leave many questions about development effectiveness unanswered. The paper proposes ten steps for making evaluations more relevant to the needs of practitioners. It is argued that more attention needs to be given to identifying policy-relevant questions (including the case for intervention); that a broader approach should be taken to the problems of internal validity; and that the problems of external validity (including scaling up) merit more attention
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (25 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B Reading Tealeaves On The Potential Impact of The Privatization of Tea Estates In Rwanda
    Keywords: Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Average yields ; Cash crops ; Coffee ; Coffee exports ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Fertilizer ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Plantations ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Tea ; Tea sector ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Average yields ; Cash crops ; Coffee ; Coffee exports ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Fertilizer ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Plantations ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Tea ; Tea sector ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Average yields ; Cash crops ; Coffee ; Coffee exports ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Fertilizer ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Plantations ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Tea ; Tea sector
    Abstract: The Poverty Reduction Strategy of the Government of Rwanda seeks to unlock the growth and poverty reduction potential of the tea sector through the privatization of tea estates. This paper uses the logic of causal inference and data from the 2004 Quantitative Baseline Survey of the tea sector to assess the potential impact of the privatization program. This entails a normalized comparison of productivity outcomes to account for household heterogeneity in terms of observable and non-observable determinants of these outcomes. The paper also compares living standards between tea and non-tea households. Three main findings emerge from the analysis. Productivity outcomes are generally better in the private sector than in the public sector. Male-headed households outperform female-headed households along all dimensions considered here. And tea households tend to be better off than non-tea households
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Labor Markets in Rural and Urban Haiti
    Keywords: Agricultural development ; Farm size ; Food security ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income poverty ; Irrigation ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural development ; Farm size ; Food security ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income poverty ; Irrigation ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural development ; Farm size ; Food security ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income poverty ; Irrigation ; Nutrition ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper addresses labor markets in Haiti, including farm and nonfarm employment and income generation. The analyses are based on the first Living Conditions Survey of 7,186 households covering the whole country and representative at the regional level. The findings suggest that four key determinants of employment and productivity in nonfarm activities are education, gender, location, and migration status. This is emphasized when nonfarm activities are divided into low-return and high-return activities. The wage and producer income analyses reveal that education is key to earning higher wages and incomes. Moreover, producer incomes increase with farm size, land title, and access to tools, electricity, roads, irrigation, and other farm inputs
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  • 8
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Milanovic, Branko Where In The World Are You?
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Income ; Income ; Income differences ; Income distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mean income ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Relative position ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social mobility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Income ; Income ; Income differences ; Income distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mean income ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Relative position ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social mobility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Income ; Income ; Income differences ; Income distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mean income ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Diagnostics ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Relative position ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social mobility
    Abstract: Suppose that all people in the world are allocated only two characteristics: country where they live and income class within that country. Assume further that there is no migration. This paper shows that 90 percent of variability in people's global income position (percentile in world income distribution) is explained by only these two pieces of information. Mean country income (circumstance) explains 60 percent, and income class (both circumstance and effort) 30 percent of global income position. The author finds that about two-thirds of the latter number is due to circumstance (approximated by the estimated parental income class under various social mobility assumptions), which makes the overall share of circumstance unlikely to be less than 75-80 percent. On average, "drawing" one-notch higher income class (on a twenty-class scale) is equivalent to living in a 12 percent richer country. Once people are allocated their income class, it becomes important, not only whether the country they are allocated to is rich or poor, but whether it is egalitarian or not. This is particularly important for the people who "draw" low or high classes; for the middle classes, the country's income distribution is much less important than mean country income
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fujii, Tomoki How Does Vietnam's Accession To The World Trade Organization Change The Spatial Incidence of Poverty?
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting
    Abstract: Trade policies can promote aggregate efficiency, but the ensuing structural adjustments generally create both winners and losers. From an incomes perspective, trade liberalization can raise gross domestic product per capita, but rates of emergence from poverty depend on individual household characteristics of economic participation and asset holding. To fully realize the growth potential of trade, while limiting the risk of rising inequality, policies need to better account for microeconomic heterogeneity. One approach to this is geographic targeting that shifts resources to poor areas. This study combines an integrated microsimulation-computable general equilibrium model with small area estimation to evaluate the spatial incidence of Vietnam's accession to the World Trade Organization. Provincial-level poverty reduction after full liberalization was heterogeneous, ranging from 2.2 percent to 14.3 percent. Full liberalization will benefit the poor on a national basis, but the northwestern area of Vietnam is likely to lag behind. Furthermore, poverty can be shown to increase under comparable scenarios
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Murthi, Mamta Attitudes To Equality
    Keywords: Corporate Law ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Developing countries ; Equal countries ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gini coefficient ; Income ; Income inequality ; Income level ; Inequality ; Labor market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public spending ; Corporate Law ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Developing countries ; Equal countries ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gini coefficient ; Income ; Income inequality ; Income level ; Inequality ; Labor market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public spending ; Corporate Law ; Country Strategy and Performance ; Developing countries ; Equal countries ; Gender ; Gender and Law ; Gini coefficient ; Income ; Income inequality ; Income level ; Inequality ; Labor market ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public spending
    Abstract: It is routinely assumed that residents of post-socialist countries have a preference for greater income equality, other things being equal, owing to the legacy of socialism. This proposition is examined in the context of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union using data from three waves of the World Values Survey. Contrary to expectations, the authors find little evidence of a 'socialist legacy' en bloc. Considering the former Soviet Union separately from other post-socialist countries, the analysis finds that as a group these countries display significantly lower preference for moving toward greater income equality than both Eastern Europe and other comparator groups (developed and developing countries). These findings hold up even when controlling for the conventional determinants of attitudes such as income level and employment status of the individual respondent, as well as national factors such as per-capita income and its distribution. Moreover, the preference for greater income inequality appears to have persisted at least since the mid-1990s and possibly since the early 1990s (data difficulties preclude a robust examination of this latter question). The results are consistent with the fairly low levels of public spending on redistribution commonly found in the former Soviet Union
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  • 11
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Aksoy, M. Ataman Are Low Food Prices Pro-Poor?
    Keywords: Agricultural activity ; Agricultural policies ; Agriculture ; Food & Beverage Industry ; Food intake ; Food needs ; Food prices ; Food production ; Food security ; Maize ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural activity ; Agricultural policies ; Agriculture ; Food & Beverage Industry ; Food intake ; Food needs ; Food prices ; Food production ; Food security ; Maize ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural activity ; Agricultural policies ; Agriculture ; Food & Beverage Industry ; Food intake ; Food needs ; Food prices ; Food production ; Food security ; Maize ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: There is a general consensus that most of the poor in developing countries are net food buyers and food price increases are bad for the poor. This could be expected of urban poor, but it is also often attributed to the rural poor. Recent food price increases have increased the importance of this issue, and the possible policy responses to these price increases. This paper examines the characteristics of net food sellers and buyers in nine low-income countries. Although the largest share of poor households are found to be net food buyers, almost 50 percent of net food buyers are marginal net food buyers who would not be significantly affected by food price increases. Only three of the nine countries examined exhibited a substantial proportion of vulnerable households. The average incomes (as measured by expenditure) of net food buyers were found to be higher than net food sellers in eight of the nine countries examined. Thus, food price increases, ceteris paribus, would transfer income from generally higher income net food buyers to poorer net food sellers. The analysis also finds that the occupations and income sources of net sellers and buyers in rural areas are significantly different. In rural areas where food production is the main activity and where there are limited non-food activities, the incomes of net buyers might depend on the incomes and farming activities of net food sellers. These results suggest the need for reevaluation of the consensus on the impact of food prices on food needs. Further work on the regional differences, and more important, on the second order effects, are necessary to answer these questions more precisely. Only on the basis of further analysis can we start generating better policy responses
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (60 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cunningham, Wendy Earnings Inequality Within And Across Gender, Racial, And Ethnic Groups In Four Latin American Countries
    Keywords: Einkommensverteilung ; Geschlecht ; Rasse ; Ethnische Gruppe ; Konzentrationsmaß ; Gini-Koeffizient ; Lateinamerika ; Bolivien ; Brasilien ; Guatemala ; Guyana ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap ; Affirmative action ; Affirmative action policies ; Discrimination ; Educational attainment ; Gender ; Gender ; Gender analysis ; Gender and Development ; Gender and Law ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Labor force ; Labor force participation ; Law and Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Race in Society ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Wage gap
    Abstract: Latin American countries are generally characterized as displaying high income and earnings inequality overall along with high inequality by gender, race, and ethnicity. However, the latter phenomenon is not a major contributor to the former phenomenon. Using household survey data from four Latin American countries (Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, and Guyana) for which stratification by race or ethnicity is possible, this paper demonstrates (using Theil index decompositions as well as Gini indices, and 90/10 and 50/10 percentile comparisons) that within-group earnings inequality rather than between-group earnings inequality is the main contributor to overall earnings inequality. Simulations in which the relatively disadvantaged gender and/or racial/ethnic group is treated as if it were the relatively advantaged group tend to reduce overall earnings inequality measures only slightly and in some cases have the effect of increasing earnings inequality measures
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Aloy, Marcel Intertemporal Adjustment And Fiscal Policy Under A Fixed Exchange Rate Regime
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate
    Abstract: The paper presents a dynamic model for small to medium open economies operating under a fixed exchange rate regime. The model provides a partial explanation of the channels through which fiscal and monetary policy affects the real exchange rate. An empirical investigation is conducted for the case of Argentina during the currency board period of 1991-2001. Empirical estimates show that fiscal policy may indeed be an efficient instrument for promoting macroeconomic stability insofar as it encourages convergence toward long-run equilibrium and alters the long-term balance between exports and consumption, both private and public. The simulation applied to Argentina shows that if the share of public spending in the economy is higher than the share of imports, an increase in the tax rate will stimulate capital stock slightly, at least in the short term, and depreciate the real effective exchange rate. In the long run, the fiscal policy affects the value of the real exchange rate and consequently external competitiveness
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (19 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez, Humberto The Social Discount Rate
    Keywords: Achieving Shared Growth ; Debt Markets ; Discount rate ; Discount rates ; Economic Theory & Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; International bank ; Opportunity cost ; Poverty Reduction ; Private investment ; Public investment ; Public sector borrowing ; Rate of return ; Tax ; Tax regime ; Achieving Shared Growth ; Debt Markets ; Discount rate ; Discount rates ; Economic Theory & Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; International bank ; Opportunity cost ; Poverty Reduction ; Private investment ; Public investment ; Public sector borrowing ; Rate of return ; Tax ; Tax regime ; Achieving Shared Growth ; Debt Markets ; Discount rate ; Discount rates ; Economic Theory & Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Inequality ; International bank ; Opportunity cost ; Poverty Reduction ; Private investment ; Public investment ; Public sector borrowing ; Rate of return ; Tax ; Tax regime
    Abstract: The social discount rate measures the rate at which a society would be willing to trade present for future consumption. As such it is one of the most critical inputs needed for cost-benefit analysis. This paper presents estimates of the social discount rates for nine Latin American countries. It is argued that if the recent track record in terms of growth in the region is indicative of future performance, estimates of the social discount rate would be in the 3-4 percent range. However, to the extent that the region improves on its past performance, the social discount rate to be used in the evaluation of projects would increase to the 5-7 percent range. The paper also argues that if the social planner gives a similar chance to the low and high growth scenario, the discount rate should be dependent on the horizon of the project, declining from 4.4 percent for a 25-year horizon to less than 4 percent for a 100-year horizon
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Osgood, Daniel E Integrating Seasonal Forecasts And Insurance For Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development ; Agriculture ; Bank ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Climate change ; Crops and C ; Damages ; Debt Markets ; Drought ; Droughts ; Emerging Markets ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technology ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Climate variability poses a severe threat to subsistence farmers in southern Africa. Two different approaches have emerged in recent years to address these threats: the use of seasonal precipitation forecasts for risk reduction (for example, choosing seed varieties that can perform well for expected rainfall conditions), and the use of innovative financial instruments for risk sharing (for example, index-based weather insurance bundled to microcredit for agricultural inputs). So far these two approaches have remained entirely separated. This paper explores the integration of seasonal forecasts into an ongoing pilot insurance scheme for smallholder farmers in Malawi. The authors propose a model that adjusts the amount of high-yield agricultural inputs given to farmers to favorable or unfavorable rainfall conditions expected for the season. Simulation results - combining climatic, agricultural, and financial models - indicate that this approach substantially increases production in La Niña years (when droughts are very unlikely for the study area), and reduces losses in El Niño years (when insufficient rainfall often damages crops). Cumulative gross revenues are more than twice as large for the proposed scheme, given modeling assumptions. The resulting accumulation of wealth can reduce long-term vulnerability to drought for participating farmers. Conclusions highlight the potential of this approach for adaptation to climate variability and change in southern Africa
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G The Measurement of Inequality of Opportunity
    Keywords: Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic inequality ; Equity and Development ; Gender ; Gender and ; Gender and Law ; Household income ; Income differences ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; International Economics & Trade ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple equilibria ; Policy research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Product ; Public Sector Development ; Public policy ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Trade Policy
    Abstract: What part of the inequality observed in a particular country is due to unequal opportunities, rather than to differences in individual efforts or luck? This paper estimates a lower bound for the opportunity share of inequality in labor earnings, household income per capita and household consumption per capita in six Latin American countries. Following John Roemer, the authors associate inequality of opportunity with outcome differences that can be accounted for by morally irrelevant pre-determined circumstances, such as race, gender, place of birth, and family background. Thus defined, unequal opportunities account for between 24 and 50 percent of inequality in consumption expenditure in the sample. Brazil and Central America are more opportunity-unequal than Colombia, Ecuador, or Peru. "Opportunity profiles," which identify the social groups with the most limited opportunity sets, are shown to be distinct from poverty profiles: ethnic origin and the geography of birth are markedly more important as determinants of opportunity deprivation than of outcome poverty, particularly in Brazil, Guatemala, and Peru
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amin, Mohammad Human Capital And The Changing Structure of The Indian Economy
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Development Economics ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric analysis ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Research ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity growth ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Development Economics ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric analysis ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Research ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity growth ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Value added ; Agriculture ; Development Economics ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric analysis ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics Research ; GDP ; GDP per capita ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity growth ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Value added
    Abstract: Using panel data for the fourteen major states of India over the 1980-2000 period, the authors estimate the effect of human capital endowment on the performance of the state economies. They find that greater availability of skilled workers had a positive and significant impact on output in the service sectors. They do not find any such effect for the manufacturing sectors. The paper shows that the differential effect on services and manufacturing arises because service sectors are more skill intensive
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (49 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Carrere, Celine Fiscal Spending And Economic Performance
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Deficit ; Fiscal Expenditure ; Fiscal Policy ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Rate ; Macroeconomic Environment ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Disclosure ; Public Expenditure ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Deficit ; Fiscal Expenditure ; Fiscal Policy ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Rate ; Macroeconomic Environment ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Disclosure ; Public Expenditure ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Debt Markets ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Adjustment ; Fiscal Deficit ; Fiscal Expenditure ; Fiscal Policy ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Rate ; Macroeconomic Environment ; Macroeconomic Stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Disclosure ; Public Expenditure ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Abstract: This paper complements the cross-country approach by examining the correlates of growth acceleration in per capita gross domestic product around "significant" public expenditure episodes by reorganizing the data around turning points, or events. The authors define a growth event as an increase in average per capita growth of at least 2 percentage points sustained for 5 years. A fiscal event is an increase in the annual growth rate of primary fiscal expenditure of approximately 1 percentage point sustained for 5 years and not accompanied by an aggravation of the fiscal deficit beyond 2 percent of gross domestic product. These definitions of events are applied to a database of 140 countries (118 developing countries) for 1972-2005. After controlling for the growth-inducing effects of positive terms-of-trade shocks and of trade liberalization reform, probit estimates indicate that a growth event is more likely to occur in a developing country when surrounded by a fiscal event. Moreover, the probability of occurrence of a growth event in the years following a fiscal event is greater the lower is the associated fiscal deficit, confirming that success of a growth-oriented fiscal expenditure reform hinges on a stabilized macroeconomic environment (through a limited primary fiscal deficit)
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Li, Ying Aid Inflows And The Real Effective Exchange Rate In Tanzania
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Economic Policy ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Export Competitiveness ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; International Competitiveness ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real Effective Exchange Rate ; Real Exchange Rate ; Trade Liberalization ; Trade Movements
    Abstract: Tanzania is well placed to receive a significant increase in aid inflows in coming years. Despite the potential for the additional aid inflows to raise income levels in the country, increasing them may bring about structural changes in the economy that may be unwelcome. One such change is an appreciation of the real exchange rate that leads to a contraction of traditional export sectors and a loss of export competitiveness. This paper employs a reduced-form equilibrium real exchange rate approach to explain movements in Tanzania's real effective exchange in recent decades. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between aid inflows and the real effective exchange rate. The authors find that the long-run behavior of the real effective exchange rate is influenced by terms of trade movements, the government's trade liberalization efforts, and aid inflows. Positive terms-of-trade movements are associated with an appreciation, periods of improving trade liberalization are associated with a depreciation, and increases in aid inflows are associated with a depreciation in the real effective exchange rate. Although the last result is non-standard, it is not empirically unique and does have theoretical underpinnings. A detailed analysis of this relationship over the last decade shows that the Bank of Tanzania's response to aid inflows is likely the main reason for the finding
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Are There Lessons For Africa From China's Success Against Poverty?
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture ; Absolute Poverty ; Extreme Poverty ; Inequality ; National Poverty ; National Poverty Line ; Poor ; Poverty Line ; Poverty Rates ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Smallholder Agriculture
    Abstract: At the outset of China's reform period, the country had a far higher poverty rate than for Africa as a whole. Within five years that was no longer true. This paper tries to explain how China escaped from a situation in which extreme poverty persisted due to failed and unpopular policies. While acknowledging that Africa faces constraints that China did not, and that context matters, two lessons stand out. The first is the importance of productivity growth in smallholder agriculture, which will require both market-based incentives and public support. The second is the role played by strong leadership and a capable public administration at all levels of government
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  • 21
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (20 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Chen, Shaohua China Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful In The Fight Against Poverty
    Keywords: Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Extreme poverty ; Global poverty ; Incidence of poverty ; Income ; Income poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty measures ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In 2005, China participated for the first time in the International Comparison Program (ICP), which collects primary data across countries on the prices for an internationally comparable list of goods and services. This paper examines the implications of the new Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rate (derived by the ICP) for China's poverty rate (by international standards) and how it has changed over time. We provide estimates with and without adjustment for a likely sampling bias in the ICP data. Using an international poverty line of USD 1.25 at 2005 PPP, we find a substantially higher poverty rate for China than past estimates, with about 15% of the population living in consumption poverty, implying about 130 million more poor by this standard. The income poverty rate in 2005 is 10%, implying about 65 million more people living in poverty. However, the new ICP data suggest an even larger reduction in the number of poor since 1981
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Byrd, William A Responding To Afghanistan's Opium Economy Challenge
    Keywords: Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population ; Agricultural products ; Agriculture ; Alcohol and Substance Abuse ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farm-gate ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Opium ; Opium Economy ; Opium poppy ; Opium production ; Poppy cultivation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural households ; Rural population
    Abstract: Opium, Afghanistan's leading economic activity, lies at the heart of the challenges the country faces in state building, governance, security, and development. With their narrow law enforcement focus and limited recognition of development, security, and political implications, current global counter-narcotics polices impose a heavy burden on Afghanistan. This paper first provides a summary overview of Afghanistan's opium economy and the factors determining rural households' decisions on cultivating opium poppy. It then discusses the dynamic evolution of the Afghan drug industry in recent years, in particular its consolidation around fewer, powerful, politically-connected actors and the associated compromising of parts of some government agencies by drug industry interests. The paper reviews the experience with different counter-narcotics interventions, analyzes some proposals not yet tried in Afghanistan, and draws lessons and policy implications. Unfortunately there are no "silver bullets"-easy, quick, or one-dimensional solutions, and a longer-term horizon along with sustained commitment and resources will be required in order to phase out the opium economy over time. The paper concludes by putting forward some broad principles and approaches of a "smart strategy" against drugs in Afghanistan
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  • 23
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (56 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verner, Dorte Making Poor Haitians Count
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Agricultural development ; Extreme poverty ; Extreme poverty line ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural area ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Agricultural development ; Extreme poverty ; Extreme poverty line ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural area ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Agricultural development ; Extreme poverty ; Extreme poverty line ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural area ; Rural areas
    Abstract: This paper analyzes poverty in Haiti based on the first Living Conditions Survey of 7,186 households covering the whole country and representative at the regional level. Using a USD1 a day extreme poverty line, the analysis reveals that 49 percent of Haitian households live in absolute poverty. Twenty, 56, and 58 percent of households in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively, are poor. At the regional level, poverty is especially extensive in the northeastern and northwestern regions. Access to assets such as education and infrastructure services is highly unequal and strongly correlated with poverty. Moreover, children in indigent households attain less education than children in nonpoor households. Controlling for individual and household characteristics, location, and region, living in a rural area does not by itself affect the probability of being poor. But in rural areas female headed households are more likely to experience poverty than male headed households. Domestic migration and education are both key factors that reduce the likelihood of falling into poverty. Employment is essential to improve livelihoods and both the farm and nonfarm sector play a key role
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin On The Welfarist Rationale For Relative Poverty Lines
    Keywords: Armut ; Messung ; Theorie ; Malawi ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas ; Absolute poverty ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food items ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor people ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty measurement ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Risk sharing ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural areas
    Abstract: The theory and evidence supporting a relativist approach to poverty measurement are critically reviewed. Various sources of welfare interdependence are identified, including the idea of "relative deprivation" as well other (positive and negative) welfare effects for poor people of belonging to a better-off group. An economic model combines informal risk sharing with the idea of a "positional good," and conditions are derived in which the relative deprivation effect dominates, implying a relative poverty measure. The paper then reviews the problems encountered in testing for welfare effects of relative deprivation and discusses the implications of micro evidence from Malawi. The results are consistent with the emphasis given to absolute level of living in development policy discussions. However, relative deprivation is still evident in the data from this poor but unequal country, and it is likely to become a more important factor as the country develops
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ventura, Luigi Risk Sharing Opportunities And Macroeconomic Factors In Latin American And Caribbean Countries
    Keywords: Aggregate consumption ; Aggregate income ; Consumption ; Consumption growth ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Growth rates ; Income growth ; Inequality ; Levels of investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National income ; Poverty Reduction ; Public expenditure ; Trade openness ; Aggregate consumption ; Aggregate income ; Consumption ; Consumption growth ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Growth rates ; Income growth ; Inequality ; Levels of investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National income ; Poverty Reduction ; Public expenditure ; Trade openness ; Aggregate consumption ; Aggregate income ; Consumption ; Consumption growth ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Domestic consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Growth rates ; Income growth ; Inequality ; Levels of investments ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; National income ; Poverty Reduction ; Public expenditure ; Trade openness
    Abstract: This paper evaluates the degree of consumption insurance enjoyed by Latin American and Caribbean countries, with respect to various reference areas, by estimating a parameter expressing the sensitivity of a country's consumption growth to a measure of idiosyncratic shocks to income. The paper surveys common econometric implementations of "consumption insurance tests." The author proposes some econometric procedures in order to detect the actual presence of international risk sharing, as well as to assess the relative impact of idiosyncratic versus aggregate shocks. The evidence suggests that Latin American and Caribbean economies have been hit by non-diversifiable income shocks, that idiosyncratic risk is relatively more important than aggregate risk, and that some countries in the region appear to enjoy a certain amount of international risk diversification. The paper also identifies some macroeconomic factors that may be responsible for a higher or lower degree of risk pooling (such as international openness, financial depth, and credit availability). The findings show that the financial development of an economy is a crucial factor in determining the amount of risk sharing opportunities, as well as public expenditure. The preliminary results also suggest that trade openness and shocks to terms of trade play an important role in determining the degree of insurability of such risks
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  • 26
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (71 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Saleth, R. Maria Quantifying Institutional Impacts And Development Synergies In Water Resource Programs
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Development policy ; E-Business ; Econometric Analysis ; Econometric models ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic implications ; Environment ; Equations ; Externalities ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Trade policy ; Utility maximization
    Abstract: The success of development programs, including water resource projects, depends on two key factors: the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from other closely related programs. Existing methodologies have limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which quantifies both the roles that institutions play in impact generation and the extent of impact synergies that flows from closely related programs within a unified framework. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka in order to evaluate the impacts of three water-related programs and the roles of 11 institutions in the context of food security. The results provide considerable insights on the relative role of institutions and the flow of development synergies both within and across different impact pathways. The methodology can also be used to locate slack in impact chains and identify policy options to enhance the impact flows
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten The Econometrics of Finance And Growth
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; External finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial sector development ; Information asymmetries ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payment services ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Transaction costs ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; External finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial sector development ; Information asymmetries ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payment services ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Transaction costs ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; External finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial development ; Financial institutions ; Financial sector development ; Information asymmetries ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Payment services ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Science and Technology Development ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Transaction costs
    Abstract: This paper reviews different econometric methodologies to assess the relationship between financial development and growth. It illustrates the identification problem, which is at the center of the finance and growth literature, using the example of a simple Ordinary Least Squares estimation. It discusses cross-sectional and panel instrumental variable approaches to overcome the identification problem. It presents the time-series approach, which focuses on the forecast capacity of financial development for future growth rates, and differences-in-differences techniques that try to overcome the identification problem by assessing the differential effect of financial sector development across states with different policies or across industries with different needs for external finance. Finally, it discusses firm-level and household approaches that allow analysts to dig deeper into the channels and mechanisms through which financial development enhances growth and welfare, but pose their own methodological challenges
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Shilpi, Forhad Migration, Sorting And Regional Inequality
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household level ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Human capital ; Important policy ; Living standards ; Migration ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy ReseaRch WoRking PaPeR ; Population Policies ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Using household level data from Bangladesh, this paper examines the differences in the rates of return to household attributes over the entire welfare distribution. The empirical evidence uncovers substantial differences in returns between an integrated region contiguous to the country's main growth centers, and a less integrated region cut-off from those centers by major rivers. The evidence suggests that households with better observed and unobserved attributes (such as education and ability) are concentrated in the integrated region where returns are higher. Within each region, mobility of workers seems to equalize returns at the lower half of the distribution. The natural border created by the rivers appears to hinder migration, causing returns differences between the regions to persist. To reduce regional inequality in welfare in Bangladesh, the results highlight the need for improving connectivity between the regions, and for investing in portable assets of the poor (such as human capital)
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Oosterbeek, Hessel The Impact of Cash Transfers On School Enrollment
    Keywords: Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs ; Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs ; Cash transfer programs ; Cash transfers ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Poor ; Poor families ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction Strategies ; Poverty index ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social programs
    Abstract: This paper presents evidence about the impact on school enrollment of a program in Ecuador that gives cash transfers to the 40 percent poorest families. The evaluation design consists of a randomized experiment for families around the first quintile of the poverty index and of a regression discontinuity design for families around the second quintile of this index, which is the program's eligibility threshold. This allows us to compare results from two different credible identification methods, and to investigate whether the impact varies with families' poverty level. Around the first quintile of the poverty index the impact is positive while it is equal to zero around the second quintile. This suggests that for the poorest families the program lifts a credit constraint while this is not the case for families close to the eligibility threshold
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bundervoet, Tom Health And Civil War In Rural Burundi
    Keywords: Child development ; Child labor ; Children and Youth ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic shocks ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Income ; Malnutrition ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Violence ; War ; Youth and Government ; Child development ; Child labor ; Children and Youth ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic shocks ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Income ; Malnutrition ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Violence ; War ; Youth and Government ; Child development ; Child labor ; Children and Youth ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Economic shocks ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Income ; Malnutrition ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Violence ; War ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: This paper combines household survey data with event data on the timing and location of armed conflicts to examine the impact of Burundi's civil war on children's health status. The identification strategy exploits exogenous variation in the war's timing across provinces and the exposure of children's birth cohorts to the fighting. After controlling for province of residence, birth cohort, individual and household characteristics, and province-specific time trends, the authors find that children exposed to the war have on average 0.515 standard deviations lower height-for-age z-scores than non-exposed children. This negative effect is robust to specifications exploiting alternative sources of exogenous variation
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Amurgo-Pacheco, Alberto Patterns of Export Diversification In Developing Countries
    Keywords: Econometric Analysis ; Economic Structure ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Future Research ; GDP ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Underestimates ; Econometric Analysis ; Economic Structure ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Future Research ; GDP ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Underestimates ; Econometric Analysis ; Economic Structure ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Export Growth ; Exports ; Free Trade ; Free Trade ; Future Research ; GDP ; Industrialization ; International Economics & Trade ; International Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Trade Policy ; Underestimates
    Abstract: This paper uses highly disaggregated trade data to investigate geographic and product diversification patterns across a group of developing nations for the period from 1990 to 2005. The econometric investigation shows that the gravity equation fits the observed differences in diversification across nations. The analysis shows that exports at the intensive margin account for the most important share of overall trade growth. At the extensive margin, geographic diversification is more important than product diversification, especially for developing countries. Taking part in free trade agreements, thereby reducing trade costs, and trading with countries in the North are also found to have positive impacts on export diversification for developing countries
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ashraf, Nava Finding Missing Markets (And A Disturbing Epilogue)
    Keywords: Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Inputs ; Agricultural Technology ; Agriculture ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Cash Crops ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Crops ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Food Safety ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In much of the developing world, many farmers grow crops for local or personal consumption despite export options that appear to be more profitable. Thus many conjecture that one or several markets are missing. This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial conducted by DrumNet in Kenya that attempts to help farmers adopt and market export crops. DrumNet provides smallholder farmers with information about how to switch to export crops, makes in-kind loans for the purchase of the agricultural inputs, and provides marketing services by facilitating the transaction with exporters. The experimental evaluation design randomly assigns pre-existing farmer self-help groups to one of three groups: (1) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services, (2) a treatment group that receives all DrumNet services except credit, or (3) a control group. After one year, DrumNet services led to an increase in production of export oriented crops and lower marketing costs; this translated into household income gains for new adopters. However, one year after the study ended, the exporter refused to continue buying the cash crops from the farmers because the conditions of the farms did not satisfy European export requirements. DrumNet collapsed in this region as farmers were forced to sell to middlemen and defaulted on their loans. The risk of such events may explain, at least partly, why many seemingly more profitable export crops are not adopted
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (26 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bogetic, Zeljko Achieving Accelerated And Shared Growth In Ghana
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Development Goals ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy packages ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rapid growth ; Unskilled labor ; Development Economics ; Development Goals ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy packages ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rapid growth ; Unskilled labor ; Development Economics ; Development Goals ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy ReseaRch ; Policy packages ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Rapid growth ; Unskilled labor
    Abstract: This paper relies on the recently developed Maquette for Millennium Development Goals Simulations (MAMS) model to assess the consistency of alternative scaling-up and policy packages for growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Ghana. In the baseline scenario, Ghana's strong near and medium-term growth outlook puts it in a good position to achieve the poverty Millennium Development Goal ahead of schedule, but other goals are likely to remain elusive before 2015. In the accelerated growth scenario-which addresses the major gaps in water and sanitation and other infrastructure-even more rapid growth and poverty reduction are possible, but important targets in the areas of education, health, and environment remain unattainable. Although growth is complementary to achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, the authors also find important growth-human development trade-offs in the near term. The estimates show that the resource requirements for achieving the key Millennium Development Goals by 2015 are large, reaching US
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Straub, Stephane Infrastructure And Economic Growth In East Asia
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Bottlenecks ; Capital investment ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies of scale ; Externalities ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Highway ; Infrastructure investment ; Infrastructure policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Non Bank Financial Institutions ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper examines whether infrastructure investment has contributed to East Asia's economic growth using both a growth accounting framework and cross-country regressions. For most of the variables used, both the growth accounting exercise and cross-country regressions fail to find a significant link between infrastructure, productivity and growth. These conclusions contrast strongly with previous studies finding positive and significant effect for all infrastructure variables in the context of a production function study. This leads us to conclude that results from studies using macro-level data should be considered with extreme caution. The Authors suggest that infrastructure investment may have had the primary function of relieving constraints and bottlenecks as they arose, as opposed to directly encouraging growth
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zhu, Nong The Impact of Remittances On Rural Poverty And Inequality In China
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Counterfactual ; Farm income ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural household ; Rural household income ; Rural income ; Rural poverty ; Access to Finance ; Counterfactual ; Farm income ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural household ; Rural household income ; Rural income ; Rural poverty ; Access to Finance ; Counterfactual ; Farm income ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household survey ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural household ; Rural household income ; Rural income ; Rural poverty
    Abstract: Large numbers of agricultural labor moved from the countryside to cities after the economic reforms in China. Migration and remittances play an important role in transforming the structure of rural household income. This paper examines the impact of rural-to-urban migration on rural poverty and inequality in the case of Hubei province using the data of a 2002 household survey. Since remittances are a potential substitute for farm income, the paper presents counterfactual scenarios of what rural income, poverty, and inequality would have been in the absence of migration. The results show that, by providing alternatives to households with lower marginal labor productivity in agriculture, migration leads to an increase in rural income. In contrast to many studies that suggest the increasing share of non-farm income in total income widens inequality, this paper offers support for the hypothesis that migration tends to have egalitarian effects on rural income for three reasons: (i) migration is rational self-selection - farmers with higher agricultural productivities choose to remain in local agricultural production while those with higher expected return in urban non-farm sectors migrate; (ii) poorer households facing binding constraints of land shortage are more likely to migrate; and (iii) the poorest poor benefit disproportionately from remittances
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  • 36
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Moreno-Dodson, Blanca Assessing the Impact of Public Spending on Growth
    Keywords: Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint ; Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint ; Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint
    Abstract: The goal of this paper is to understand better, at the empirical level, how public spending contributes to growth by focusing on both the level and composition of public spending, in connection to the dynamics of GDP per capita growth. It attempts to answer two specific questions: (a) What are the policy conditions under which public spending contributes positively to growth? and (b) What are the public spending components that have a stronger and longer-lasting impact on growth? The analysis is applied to a sample of seven fast-growing developing countries: Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Botswana, and Mauritius, which have been among the top performers in the world in terms of GDP per capita growth during the period (1960-2006). The rationale for this country sample selection is twofold. The first hypothesis is that, given their positive growth achievements over a relatively long time period, perhaps it is more straightforward to establish a link to public spending in those countries. Second, it is expected that the findings of the analysis will provide lessons regarding the level and composition of public spending that can be useful for other countries where growth has been less rapid. Assessing what role public spending has played in a dynamic growth context may indeed be enlightening for other cases as well. The paper is structured as follows. The first section is an introduction that provides relevant facts and information about the seven countries during the period of analysis, based on seven individual country case studies. Section II presents the theoretical background behind the empirical analysis. Section III focuses on the empirical methodology, function specification, and variables selected. Section IV is dedicated to the results obtained with the cross-country analysis and some specific country results, as well as some comparisons with previous findings by other authors. Finally, Section V draws policy implications and concludes
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (51 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Skoufias, Emmanuel The Impacts of Cash And In-Kind Transfers On Consumption And Labor Supply
    Keywords: Agricultural activities ; Corn ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food stamps ; Food transfers ; Foods ; Fruits ; Industry ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agricultural activities ; Corn ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food stamps ; Food transfers ; Foods ; Fruits ; Industry ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agricultural activities ; Corn ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food stamps ; Food transfers ; Foods ; Fruits ; Industry ; Poverty Lines ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Vegetables ; Wheat
    Abstract: The authors use the unique experimental design of the Food Support Program (Programa Apoyo Alimentario) to analyze in-kind and cash transfers in the poor rural areas of southern states of Mexico. They compare the impacts of monthly in-kind and cash transfers of equivalent value (mean share 11.5 percent of pre-program consumption) on household welfare as measured by food and total consumption, adult labor supply, and poverty. The results show that approximately two years later the transfer has a large and positive impact on total and food consumption. There are no differences in the size of the effect of transfer in cash versus transfers in-kind on consumption. The transfer, irrespective of type, does not affect overall participation in labor market activities but induces beneficiary households to switch their labor allocation from agricultural to nonagricultural activities. The analysis finds that the program leads to a significant reduction in poverty. Overall, the findings suggest that the Food Support Program intervention is able to relax the binding liquidity constraints faced by poor agricultural households, and thus increases both equity and efficiency
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  • 38
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (29 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dessus, Sebastien Migration And Education Decisions In A Dynamic General Equilibrium Framework
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Debt Markets ; Dependency ratios ; Economic Theory and Research ; Education ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Investm ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy research ; Policy research working paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Progress ; Remittances ; Skilled workers ; Social Protections and Labor ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: With growing international skilled labor mobility, education and migration decisions have become increasingly inter-related, and potentially have a large impact on the growth trajectories of source countries, through their effects on labor supply, savings, or the cost of education. The authors develop a generic dynamic general equilibrium model to analyze the education-migration nexus in a consistent framework. They use the model as a laboratory to test empirical conditions for the existence of net brain gain, that is, greater domestic accumulation of human capital (in per capita terms) with greater migration of skilled workers. The results suggest that although some structural parameters can favor simultaneously greater human capital accumulation and greater skilled migration - such as high ratio of remittances over domestic incomes, high dependency ratios in migrant households, low dependency ratios in source countries, increasing returns to scale in the education sector, technological transfers and export market access with Diasporas, and efficient financial markets - this does not necessarily mean that greater migration encourages the constitution of greater stocks of human capital in source countries
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Milanovic, Branko Reform And Inequality During The Transition
    Keywords: Country fixed effects ; Debt Markets ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic reform ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Globalization ; Income ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor markets ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market economy ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Transition countries ; Country fixed effects ; Debt Markets ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic reform ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Globalization ; Income ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor markets ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market economy ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Transition countries ; Country fixed effects ; Debt Markets ; Distribution of income ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic reform ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Globalization ; Income ; Inequality ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Labor markets ; Liberalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market economy ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Transition countries
    Abstract: Using for the first time household survey data from 26 post-Communist countries, covering the period 1990-2005, this paper examines correlates of unprecedented increases in inequality registered by most of the economies. The analysis shows, after controlling for country fixed effects and type of survey used, that economic reform is strongly negatively associated with the income share of the bottom decile, and positively with the income shares of the top two deciles. However, breaking economic reform into its component parts, the picture is more nuanced. Large-scale privatization and infrastructure reform (mostly consisting of privatization and higher fees) are responsible for the pro-inequality effect; small-scale privatization tends to raise the income shares of the bottom deciles. Acceleration in growth is also pro-rich. But democratization is strongly pro-poor, as is lower inflation. Somewhat surprisingly, the analysis finds no evidence that greater government spending as share of gross domestic income reduces inequality
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lokshin, Michael Does Poverty Research In Russia Follow The Scientific Method?
    Keywords: Education ; Information Security and Privacy ; Literature ; Papers ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Research findings ; Researchers ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Scientific journals ; Scientific knowledge ; Scientific papers ; Scientific research ; Scientists ; Social science ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Information Security and Privacy ; Literature ; Papers ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Research findings ; Researchers ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Scientific journals ; Scientific knowledge ; Scientific papers ; Scientific research ; Scientists ; Social science ; Tertiary Education ; Education ; Information Security and Privacy ; Literature ; Papers ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Research findings ; Researchers ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Scientific journals ; Scientific knowledge ; Scientific papers ; Scientific research ; Scientists ; Social science ; Tertiary Education
    Abstract: This paper presents the first critical review of literature on poverty published in Russia between 1992 and 2006. Using a dataset of about 250 publications in Russian scientific journals, the authors assess whether the poverty research in Russia satisfies the general criteria of a scientific publication and if such studies could provide reliable guidance to the Russian government as it maps out its anti-poverty policies. The findings indicate that only a small proportion of papers on poverty published in Russia in 1992-2006 follow the universally-recognized principles of the scientific method. The utility of policy advice based on such research is questionable. The authors also suggest steps that could, in their view, improve the quality of poverty research in Russia
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Brownbridge, Martin Fiscal Policy For Growth And Development In Tajikistan
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fiscal deficit ; Fiscal sustainability ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public debt ; Public financial management ; Public provision ; Public spending
    Abstract: Tajikistan's economy has recovered strongly after the collapse of the 1990s, but sustaining rapid economic growth over the long term and reducing poverty present major challenges for policymakers. This paper contributes to the debate over the strategic role for fiscal policy to play in meeting these challenges, utilizing the "fiscal space" approach to assess the long-term potential for expanding public provision of growth-promoting goods and services and evaluating the priorities for public spending. It also analyzes the long-term risks to fiscal sustainability, from external public debt and the quasi fiscal deficit of the electricity sector. The paper contends that institutional reforms in key areas, notably public financial management, tax administration, and the energy sector, are crucial for generating fiscal space and for ensuring that higher levels of public spending are translated into stronger economic growth and poverty reduction. The priorities for government spending should be education, health, and the maintenance of the core networks of the existing infrastructure for energy and transport, rather than new public investment projects
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fafchamps, Marcel Isolation And Subjective Welfare
    DDC: 360
    Keywords: Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True ; Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True ; Air ; Consumption ; Economic Theory and Research ; Externalities ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport costs ; Travel time ; Travel times ; True
    Abstract: Using detailed geographical and household survey data from Nepal, this article investigates the relationship between isolation and subjective welfare. This is achieved by examining how distance to markets and proximity to large urban centers are associated with responses to questions about income and consumption adequacy. Results show that isolation is associated with a significant reduction in subjective assessments of income and consumption adequacy, even after controlling for consumption expenditures and other factors. The reduction in subjective welfare associated with isolation is much larger for households that are already relatively close to markets. These findings suggest that welfare assessments based on monetary income and consumption may seriously underestimate the subjective welfare cost of isolation, and hence will tend to bias downward the assessment of benefits to isolation-reducing investments such as roads and communication infrastructure
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fofack, Hippolyte Technology Trap And Poverty Trap In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Basic ; Components ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Engineering ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovations ; Inventions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; New technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Semiconductors ; Simulation ; Technological infrastructure ; Technological innovations ; Technology Industry ; Basic ; Components ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Engineering ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovations ; Inventions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; New technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Semiconductors ; Simulation ; Technological infrastructure ; Technological innovations ; Technology Industry ; Basic ; Components ; E-Business ; Economic Theory and Research ; Engineering ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Innovations ; Inventions ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; New technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Semiconductors ; Simulation ; Technological infrastructure ; Technological innovations ; Technology Industry
    Abstract: Since the industrial revolution, advances in science and technology have continuously accounted for most of the growth and wealth accumulation in leading industrialized economies. In recent years, the contribution of technological progress to growth and welfare improvement has increased even further, especially with the globalization process which has been characterized by exponential growth in exports of manufactured goods. This paper establishes the existence of a technology trap in Sub-Saharan Africa. It shows that the widening income and welfare gap between Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of world is largely accounted for by the technology trap responsible for the poverty trap. This result is supported by empirical evidence which suggests that if countries in Sub-Saharan Africa were using the same level of technology enjoyed by industrialized countries income levels in Sub-Saharan Africa would be significantly higher. The result is robust, even after controlling for institutional, macroeconomic instability and volatility factors. Consistent with standard one-sector neoclassical growth models, this suggests that uniform convergence to a worldwide technology frontier may lead to income convergence in the spherical space. Overcoming the technology trap in Sub-Saharan Africa may therefore be essential to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and evolving toward global convergence in the process of economic development
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ivanic, Maros Implications of Higher Global Food Prices For Poverty In Low-Income Countries
    Keywords: Food Prices ; Food commodities ; Food consumers ; Impact on poverty ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Food Prices ; Food commodities ; Food consumers ; Impact on poverty ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Food Prices ; Food commodities ; Food consumers ; Impact on poverty ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty rates ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: In many poor countries, the recent increases in prices of staple foods raise the real incomes of those selling food, many of whom are relatively poor, while hurting net food consumers, many of whom are also relatively poor. The impacts on poverty will certainly be very diverse, but the average impact on poverty depends upon the balance between these two effects, and can only be determined by looking at real-world data. Results using household data for ten observations on nine low-income countries show that the short-run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty differ considerably by commodity and by country, but, that poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low income countries substantially
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arbache, Jorge Is Africa's Economy at a Turning Point?
    Keywords: Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; economic expansion, economic growth, economic performance, External Shocks, growth performance, growth rates, income, inflation, low-income countries, middle-income economies ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; economic expansion, economic growth, economic performance, External Shocks, growth performance, growth rates, income, inflation, low-income countries, middle-income economies ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; economic expansion, economic growth, economic performance, External Shocks, growth performance, growth rates, income, inflation, low-income countries, middle-income economies
    Abstract: In this paper, Arbache, Go, and Page examine the recent acceleration of growth in Africa. Unlike the past, the performance is now registered broadly across several types of countries-particularly the oil-exporting and resource-intensive countries and, in more recent years, the large- and middle-income economies, as well as coastal and low-income countries. The analysis confirms a trend break in the mid-1990s, identifying a growth acceleration that is due not only to favorable terms of trade and greater aid, but also to better policy. Indeed, the growth diagnostics show that more and more African countries have been able to avoid mistakes with better macropolicy, better governance, and fewer conflicts; as a result, the likelihood of growth decelerations has declined significantly. Nonetheless, the sustainability of that growth is fragile, because economic fundamentals, such as savings, investment, productivity, and export diversification, remain stagnant. The good news in the story is that African economies appear to have learned how to avoid the mistakes that led to the frequent growth collapses between 1975 and 1995. The bad news is that much less is known about the recipes for long-term success in development, such as developing the right institutions and the policies to raise savings and diversify exports, than about how to avoid economic bad times
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  • 46
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Verme, Paolo Social Assistance and Poverty Reduction in Moldova, 2001-2004
    Keywords: Cash benefits ; Financial crisis ; Household welfare ; Incidence analysis ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social assistance ; Social benefits ; Unemployment ; Cash benefits ; Financial crisis ; Household welfare ; Incidence analysis ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social assistance ; Social benefits ; Unemployment ; Cash benefits ; Financial crisis ; Household welfare ; Incidence analysis ; Living standards ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social assistance ; Social benefits ; Unemployment
    Abstract: This paper assesses the impact of social assistance benefits on household welfare in Moldova. Ignoring standard issues of impact evaluations such as selection bias, behavioral responses, unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity, an incidence analysis suggests that increased spending on social assistance enhances the probability of moving out of poverty and reduces the probability of moving into poverty. However, double difference estimates (based on a mimicked randomized experiment) and parametric estimates (based on panel data) indicate that social benefits have not contributed to improve household welfare or reduce poverty. Double difference estimates point to a negative impact on welfare. Parametric estimates do not yield any consistent significant impact on welfare or poverty. The author concludes that the growth in population coverage and expenditure on cash benefits that characterized social assistance policies in recent years has not resulted in a significant improvement in welfare, all other factors being equal
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  • 47
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dessus, Sebastien The Impact of Food Inflation On Urban Poverty And Its Monetary Cost
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food prices ; Income ; Industry ; New poor ; Poor ; Poor households ; Poverty ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty gap ; Poverty line ; Poverty threshold ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting
    Abstract: This paper uses a sample of 73 developing countries to estimate the change in the cost of alleviating urban poverty brought about by the recent increase in food prices. This cost is approximated by the change in the poverty deficit, that is, the variation in financial resources required to eliminate poverty under perfect targeting. The results show that, for most countries, the cost represents less than 0.1 percent of gross domestic product. However, in the most severely affected, it may exceed 3 percent. In all countries, the change in the poverty deficit is mostly due to the negative real income effect of those households that were poor before the price shock, while the cost attributable to new households falling into poverty is negligible. Thus, in countries where transfer mechanisms with effective targeting already exist, the most cost-effective strategy would be to scale up such programs rather than designing tools to identify the new poor
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  • 48
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deichmann, Uwe Spatial Specialization And Farm-Nonfarm Linkages
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times
    Abstract: Using individual level employment data from Bangladesh, this paper presents empirical evidence on the relative importance of farm and urban linkages for rural nonfarm employment. The econometric results indicate that high return wage work and self-employment in nonfarm activities cluster around major urban centers. The negative effects of isolation on high return wage work and on self-employment are magnified in locations with higher agricultural potential. The low return nonfarm activities respond primarily to local demand displaying no significant spatial variation. The empirical results highlight the need for improved connectivity of regions with higher agricultural potential to urban centers for nonfarm development in Bangladesh
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H.G Global Poverty And Inequality
    Keywords: Developing countries ; Distributional change ; Equity and Development ; Growth elasticity ; Household surveys ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Mean income ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing countries ; Distributional change ; Equity and Development ; Growth elasticity ; Household surveys ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Mean income ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Developing countries ; Distributional change ; Equity and Development ; Growth elasticity ; Household surveys ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Mean income ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: Drawing on a compilation of data from household surveys representing 130 countries, many over a period of 25 years, this paper reviews the evidence on levels and recent trends in global poverty and income inequality. It documents the negative correlations between both poverty and inequality indices, on the one hand, and mean income per capita on the other. It points to the dominant role of Asia in accounting for the bulk of the world's poverty reduction since 1981. The evolution of global inequality in the last decades is also described, with special emphasis on the different trends of inequality within and between countries. The statistical relationships between growth, inequality and poverty are discussed, as is the correlation between inequality and the growth elasticity of poverty reduction. Some of the recent literature on the drivers of distributional change in developing countries is also reviewed
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Wang, Jinxia How China's Farmers Adapt To Climate Change
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat ; Agriculture ; Climate Change ; Common Property Resource Development ; Cotton ; Crop ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Farmers ; Maize ; Oil crops ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Sugar ; Vegetables ; Wheat
    Abstract: This paper uses a cross sectional method to analyze irrigation choice and crop choice across 8,405 farmers in 28 provinces in China. The findings show that Chinese farmers are more likely to irrigate when facing lower temperatures and less precipitation. Farmers in warmer places are more likely to choose oil crops, maize, and especially cotton and wheat, and are less likely to choose vegetables, potatoes, sugar, and especially rice and soybeans. In wetter locations, farmers are more likely to choose soybeans, oil crops, sugar, vegetables, cotton, and especially rice, and they are less likely to choose potatoes, wheat, and especially maize. The analysis of how Chinese farmers have adapted to current climate, provides insight into how they will likely adapt when climate changes. Future climate scenarios will cause farmers in China to want to reduce irrigation and shift toward oil crops, wheat, and especially cotton. In turn, farmers will shift away from potatoes, rice, vegetables, and soybeans. However, adaptation will likely vary greatly from region to region. Policy makers should anticipate that adaptation is important, that the magnitude of changes depends on the climate scenario, and that the desired changes depend on the location of each farm
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Bailing Out The World's Poorest
    Keywords: Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection ; Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection ; Economic growth ; Financial crisis ; Income ; Income support ; Poor ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Safety Nets and Transfers ; Safety net ; Safety net programs ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Social policy ; Social protection
    Abstract: While the 2008 financial crisis is global in nature, it is likely to have heterogeneous welfare impacts within the developing world, with some countries, and some people, more vulnerable than others. It also threatens to have lasting impacts for some of those affected, notably through the nutrition and schooling of children in poor families. These features point to the need for a differentiated social policy response, aiming to provide rapid income support to those in most need, while preserving the key physical and human assets of poor people and their communities. The paper points out some mistakes in past crisis responses and identifies key design features for safety net programs that can help compensate for the likely welfare losses in the short-term while also promoting longer-term recovery
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (55 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dabalen, Andrew Social Transfers, Labor Supply And Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Income support ; Income support program ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor force ; Labor supply ; Laid-off workers ; Persistent unemployment ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Price controls ; Public services ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment benefits ; Unintended consequ
    Abstract: In 1993, in response to persistent unemployment, and rising poverty and social unrest, the government of Albania introduced an anti-poverty program, namely Ndihma Ekonomike; in 1995 it was extended to all poor households. This paper estimates the separate effects of participation in this income support program and the old-age pension program on objective and subjective measures of household poverty. The analysis uses the nationally representative Albanian Living Standards Measurement Surveys carried out in 2002 and 2005. Using propensity score matching methods, the paper finds that Ndihma Ekonomike households, particularly urban residents, have lower per capita consumption and are more likely to be discontented with their lives, financial situation, and consumption levels than their matched comparators. In contrast, households receiving pensions are not significantly different from their matched comparators in reference to the same set of outcomes. The paper finds that the negative impact of Ndihma Ekonomike participation on welfare is driven by a negative labor supply response among work-eligible individuals. This negative labor response is larger among women and urban residents. In contrast to Ndihma Ekonomike, the receipt of old-age pension income transfers does not significantly impact the labor supply of prime-age individuals living in pension households
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Toto Same, Achille Windfall Management For Poverty Reduction
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget Execution ; Cash Flow ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Expenditure ; Expenditure Framework ; Expenditure Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Access to Finance ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget Execution ; Cash Flow ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Expenditure ; Expenditure Framework ; Expenditure Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Access to Finance ; Accountability ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Budget Execution ; Cash Flow ; Debt Markets ; Economic growth ; Expenditure ; Expenditure Framework ; Expenditure Management ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Disclosure ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management
    Abstract: This paper aims at providing a guide to ensure efficiency in the management of Chad's windfall to support the development process and poverty reduction. The analysis is based on the lessons and experience of countries that have successfully used natural-resource-generated windfalls to launch their development process while avoiding the natural resource curse. The paper also discusses the petroleum management arrangements in place in Chad for poverty reduction. The author argues that the successful management of Chad's windfall for poverty reduction will depend on the effectiveness of oil revenue management arrangements in place in Chad and the government's willingness to improve public finance management (PFM)
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  • 54
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Breceda, Karla Latin America And The Social Contract
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Economic performance ; Emerging Markets ; Housing ; Housing subsidies ; Income taxes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public resources ; Public spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Tax ; Tax revenues ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic performance ; Emerging Markets ; Housing ; Housing subsidies ; Income taxes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public resources ; Public spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Tax ; Tax revenues ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic performance ; Emerging Markets ; Housing ; Housing subsidies ; Income taxes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public resources ; Public spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Tax ; Tax revenues ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This paper presents an incidence analysis of both social spending and taxation for seven Latin American countries, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The analysis shows that Latin American countries are headed de facto toward a minimalist welfare state similar to the one in the United States, rather than toward a stronger, European-like welfare state. Specifically, both in Latin America and in the United States, social spending remains fairly flat across income quintiles. On the taxation side, high income inequality causes the rich to bear most of the taxation burden. This causes a vicious cycle where the rich oppose the expansion of the welfare state (as they bear most of its burden without receiving much back), which in turn maintains long-term inequalities. The recent increased socioeconomic instability in many Latin American countries shows nonetheless a real need for a stronger welfare state, which, if unanswered, may degenerate into short-term and unsustainable policies. The case of Chile suggests that a way out from this apparent dead end can be found, as elites may be willing to raise their contribution to social spending if this can lead to a more stable social contract
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Dollar A Day Revisited
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute poverty ; Global poverty ; International poverty line ; National poverty ; National poverty lines ; Poor ; Poor countries ; Poor person ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Poverty measurement ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The paper presents the first major update of the international "USD 1 a day" poverty line, first proposed in 1990 for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new data set of national poverty lines we find that a marked economic gradient only emerges when consumption per person is above about USD 2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is USD 1.25, which we propose as the new international poverty line. Relative poverty appears to matter more to developing countries than has been thought. Our proposed schedule of relative poverty lines is bounded below by USD 1.25, and rises at a gradient of USD 1 in USD 3 when mean consumption is above USD 2.00 a day
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Agricultural Study
    Keywords: Accountability ; Audits ; Capacity Building ; Communications Technology ; Communities ; Concessional Lending ; Corruption ; Data Collection ; Developing Countries ; Development Outcomes ; Development Policy ; E-Business ; Economic Development ; Financial Management ; Flexibility ; Food Security ; GDP ; Good Governance ; Gross Domestic Product ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ; Household Surveys ; Industry ; Innovation ; Living Standards ; Low-Income Countries ; Millennium Development Goals ; Population Policies ; Poverty Assessments ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Project Management ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Smallholders ; Social Development ; Technology Development ; Technology Industry ; Technology Transfer ; Transparency ; Web Sites
    Abstract: The purpose of this sourcebook is to pull together into a single document a collection of common sense tips and recommendations based on actual practices and experience around the world. The sourcebook aims first and foremost to help strengthen Monitoring and Evaluation (MandE) capacity at the national and sub-national levels, and to ensure a consistency of approach and methodology so that, at the global level, sufficient reliable and timely information can be accessed from the different countries and used to make cross-country comparisons and to calculate development indicators at the global level. The sourcebook is specifically targeted towards countries where conditions are less-than-ideal, particularly with respect to the availability of relevant information. The sourcebook also shows how a service delivery approach can be used to select indicators which can generate useful, easy-to-measure early outcome measures. It suggests that greater use be made of qualitative indicators, such as access, use and satisfaction. The sourcebook devotes considerable attention to the need for a strong statistical infrastructure and reviews the range of different statistical instruments available
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (50 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timmer, C. Peter Pathways Out of Poverty During An Economic Crisis
    Keywords: Agricultural Output ; Agricultural Prices ; Commercial Farmers ; Commercial Farms ; Economic Growth ; Farm Activities ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Growth ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Output ; Agricultural Prices ; Commercial Farmers ; Commercial Farms ; Economic Growth ; Farm Activities ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Growth ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Agricultural Output ; Agricultural Prices ; Commercial Farmers ; Commercial Farms ; Economic Growth ; Farm Activities ; Farmers ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Income ; Income Growth ; Poor ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Most poor people in developing countries still live in rural areas and are primarily engaged in low productivity farming activities. Thus pathways out of poverty are likely to be strongly connected to productivity increases in the rural economy, whether they are realized in farming, in rural nonfarm enterprises, or by way of rural-urban migration. The authors use cross-sectional data from the Central Statistical Board for 1993 and 2002, as well as a panel data set from the Indonesia Family Life Survey for 1993 and 2000, to show which pathways out of poverty were most successful over this period. The findings suggest that increased engagement of farmers in rural nonfarm enterprises is an important route out of rural poverty, but that most of the rural agricultural poor that exit poverty still do so while remaining rural and agricultural. So changes in agricultural prices, wages, and productivity still play a critical role in moving people out of poverty
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  • 58
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Isik-Dikmelik, Aylin The Role of Services In Rural Income
    Keywords: Alternative Transport ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Good Transport ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Changes ; Public Transport ; Public Transportation ; Quality of Transport ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Quality ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Alternative Transport ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Good Transport ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Changes ; Public Transport ; Public Transportation ; Quality of Transport ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Quality ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Alternative Transport ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Good Transport ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Infrastructure ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Price Changes ; Public Transport ; Public Transportation ; Quality of Transport ; Road ; Road Network ; Road Quality ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning
    Abstract: This paper investigates the role of services in the household response to trade reforms in Vietnam. The relative response of the households and income growth after a major trade liberalization in rice are analyzed aiming to answer the following questions: What type of households, in which locations, having access to what type of services, benefited more from the reforms? It focuses on services that have an impact on transaction costs (roads or quality of roads, public transportation, access to credit, extension services, and availability of markets in communication services) because transaction costs are often cited as a barrier to rural households in responding to the price changes and increased incentives offered by trade and other policy reforms. The results suggest that availability of production related services contributes positively to the impact of trade reforms. Although most of the service variables have a positive and significant effect on growth in income, some that are expected to have an impact are not significant. This may be explained by the exceptional coverage of infrastructure services in Vietnam even before the reforms. When service availability is very similar across different localities, household characteristics become more important in determining the response
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ostby, Gudrun Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, And Civil Conflict
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Boundary ; Civil War ; Civil Wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Constraints ; Criminality ; Education ; Education and Society ; Elections ; Exploitation ; Gender ; Genocide ; Governance ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Security ; Independence ; Industry ; Law and Development ; Parliamentary Government ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter. In fact it seems that the conflict potential of horizontal inequalities increases with more inclusive electoral systems. Finally, the presence of both regional inequalities and political exclusion of minority groups seems to make countries particularly at risk for conflict. The main policy implication of these findings is that the combination of politically and economically inclusive government is required to secure peace in developing countries
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  • 60
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ouda, Samiha A Assessing the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Egypt
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Impacts ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Marginal analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water use ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Impacts ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Marginal analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water use ; Agriculture ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Impacts ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Marginal analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water use
    Abstract: This study employed the Ricardian approach to measure the economic impacts of climate change on farm net revenue in Egypt. Farm net revenue were regressed against climate, soil, socioeconomic and hydrological variables to determine which factors influence the variability of farm net revenues. 900 households from 20 governorates were interviewed. The standard Ricardian model was applied, in addition to three other models, each representing an adaptation option that could be used to reduce the harmful effects of temperature stress. A further adaptation strategy was tested: raising livestock on the farm to cope with the harmful effects of climate change. Besides this, the effects of two climate change scenarios (using MAGICC/SCENGEN and GCMs-General Circulation Models) were considered. The results from the two climate change scenarios showed that high temperatures will constrain agricultural production in Egypt. Irrigation and technology are therefore the recommended adaptation options. However, warming may also affect water resources and that would pose another problem for agricultural production. A policy should be developed to cope with the adverse effects of climate change on agriculture. It should focus on three areas: crop management, water management, and land management. The favored option for adapting to increased temperatures is irrigation. Some farmers adjust their crop sowing dates to avoid the expected high temperatures. To adjust to shortages in rainfall, farmers use crop varieties with high water use efficiency and early maturing varieties
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (39 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Keefer, Philip Beyond Legal Origin And Checks And Balances
    Keywords: Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bank Accounts ; Bank Balance Sheets ; Bank Policy ; Checks ; Contract ; Contract Rights ; Credibility ; Debt Markets ; Depositors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exchange ; Expropriation ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Literacy ; Financial Markets ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Law and Development ; Legal Products ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political Economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Privatization ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The existing literature emphasizes and contrasts the role of political checks and balances and legal origin in determining the pace of financial sector development. This paper expands substantially on one aspect of this debate: the fact that government actions that promote financial sector development, whether prudent financial regulation or secure property and contract rights, are public goods and sensitive to political incentives to provide public goods. Tests of hypotheses emanating from this argument yield four new conclusions. First, two key determinants of those incentives-the credibility of pre-electoral political promises and citizen information about politician decisions-systematically promote financial sector development. Second, these political factors, along with political checks and balances, operate in part through their influence on the security of property rights, an argument asserted but not previously tested. Third, contrary to findings elsewhere in the literature, the political determinants of financial sector development are significant even in the presence of controls for legal origin. Finally, and again in contrast to the literature, the evidence here suggests that legal origin primarily proxies for political phenomena. Legal origin is a largely insignificant determinant of financial sector development when those phenomena are fully taken into account
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Seo, Niggol An Analysis of Crop Choice
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Choice of Crops ; Climate Change ; Crop ; Crops ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Environment ; Fao ; Farm ; Farmer ; Farmers ; Farms ; Fruits ; Maize ; Planning ; Potatoes ; Poverty Reduction ; Reports ; Rice ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Single Crop ; Soil Types
    Abstract: The authors explore how Latin American farmers adapt to climate by changing crops. They develop a multinomial choice model of farmer's choice of crops. Estimating the model across over 2,000 farmers in seven countries, they find that both temperature and precipitation affects the crops that Latin American farmers choose. Farmers choose fruits and vegetables in warmer locations and wheat and potatoes in cooler locations. Farms in wetter locations are more likely to grow rice, fruits, and squash, and in dryer locations maize and potatoes. Global warming will cause Latin American farmers to switch away from wheat and potatoes toward fruits and vegetables. Predictions of the impact of climate change must reflect not only changes in yields or net revenues per crop but also crop switching
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (52 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Arbache, Jorge Saba Patterns of Long Term Growth In Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Average Growth Rate ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Performance ; Growth Volatility ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Long-Run Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity ; Average Growth Rate ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Performance ; Growth Volatility ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Long-Run Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity ; Average Growth Rate ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Performance ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gross Domestic Product ; Growth Performance ; Growth Volatility ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Inequality ; Long-Run Growth ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Purchasing Power ; Purchasing Power Parity
    Abstract: Using the most recent purchasing power parity data for 44 sub-Saharan African countries, this paper examines the characteristics of long run growth in Africa between 1975 and 2005. The authors investigate the following issues: cross-country income structure, income convergence, the country level distribution of income, growth and income persistence, and formation of convergence clubs
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Jensen, Nathan M Heard Melodies Are Sweet, But Those Unheard Are Sweeter
    Keywords: Bribery ; Corruption ; Embezzlement ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Government Officials ; Kickbacks ; Microfinance ; Nepotism ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Gains ; Procurement ; Public Officials ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transparency ; Bribery ; Corruption ; Embezzlement ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Government Officials ; Kickbacks ; Microfinance ; Nepotism ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Gains ; Procurement ; Public Officials ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transparency ; Bribery ; Corruption ; Embezzlement ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Government Officials ; Kickbacks ; Microfinance ; Nepotism ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Gains ; Procurement ; Public Officials ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Social Accountability ; Social Development ; Transparency
    Abstract: Since the early 1990s, a large number of studies have been undertaken to understand the causes and consequences of corruption. Many of these studies have employed firm-level survey data from various countries. While insightful, these analyses based on firm-level surveys have largely ignored two important potential problems: nonresponse and false response by the firms. Treating firms' responses on a sensitive issue like corruption at their face value could produce incorrect inferences and erroneous policy recommendations. We argue that the data generation of nonresponse and false response is a function of the political environment in which the firms operate. In a politically repressive environment, firms use nonresponse and false response as self-protection mechanisms. Corruption is understated as a result. We test our arguments using the World Bank enterprise survey data of more than 44,000 firms in 72 countries for the period 2000-2005 and find that firms in countries with less press freedom are more likely to provide nonresponse or false response on the issue of corruption. Therefore, ignoring this systematic bias in firms' responses could result in underestimation of the severity of corruption in politically repressive countries. More important, this bias is a rich and underutilized source of information on the political constraints faced by the firms. Nonresponse and false response, like unheard melodies, could be more informative than the heard melodies in the available truthful responses in firm surveys
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (24 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Absolute Poverty Measures For The Developing World, 1981-2004
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Child Mortality ; Food Consumption ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Size ; Household Surveys ; Household Welfare ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Inequality ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors report new estimates of measures of absolute poverty for the developing world over 1981-2004. A clear trend decline in the percentage of people who are absolutely poor is evident, although with uneven progress across regions. They find more mixed success in reducing the total number of poor. Indeed, the developing world outside China has seen little or no sustained progress in reducing the number of poor, with rising poverty counts in some regions, notably Sub-Saharan Africa. There are encouraging signs of progress in reducing the incidence of poverty in all regions after 2000, although it is too early to say if this is a new trend
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Galasso, Emanuela Jump-Starting Self-Employment ?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Beneficiaries ; Debt Markets ; Descriptive statistics ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexibility ; Impact evaluation ; Income ; Intervention ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Nonexperimental methods ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Program implementation ; Programs ; Social Protections and Labor ; Targeting ; Access to Finance ; Beneficiaries ; Debt Markets ; Descriptive statistics ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexibility ; Impact evaluation ; Income ; Intervention ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Nonexperimental methods ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Program implementation ; Programs ; Social Protections and Labor ; Targeting ; Access to Finance ; Beneficiaries ; Debt Markets ; Descriptive statistics ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Flexibility ; Impact evaluation ; Income ; Intervention ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Nonexperimental methods ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Program implementation ; Programs ; Social Protections and Labor ; Targeting
    Abstract: One important concern of governments in developing countries is how to phase out large safety net programs. The authors evaluate the short-run effects of one possible exit strategy-programs that promote self-employment-in Argentina. They provide evidence that a small fraction of beneficiaries were attracted by this program. Overall, potential participants to self-employment are more likely to be female household heads and more educated beneficiaries relative to the average Jefes beneficiaries. Using nonexperimental methods, the authors show that participation in the program does affect the labor supply of participants, by reducing the probability of having an outside job, especially for males, and increasing the total number of hours worked. But the intervention fails to produce on average income gains to participating individuals and households in the short run. The fact that a small subset of former welfare beneficiaries are attracted to the program, coupled with the fact that only a subset of participants (younger and more educated beneficiaries, and with previous self-employment experience) benefited from participation has important implications for this intervention to represent a viable exit strategy from welfare
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  • 67
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yao, Yang Local Elections And Consumption Insurance
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Administrative Costs ; Consumption ; Consumption Insurance ; Consumption Smoothing ; Currencies and Exchange ; E-Government ; Economic Theory and Research ; Farmers ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Governance ; Household Consumption ; Household Head ; Household Income ; Household Size ; Idiosyncratic Shocks ; Income ; Inequality ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: While the literature on consumption insurance is growing fast, little research has been conducted on how rural consumption insurance is affected by democracy. In this paper the authors examine how consumption insurance of Chinese rural residents is affected if the local leader is democratically elected. Exploring a unique panel data set of 1,400 households from 1987 to 2002, they find that consumption insurance is more complete when the households are in villages with elected village leaders. Furthermore, democracy improves consumption insurance only for the poor and middle-income farmers, but not for the rich. These findings underline the importance of democratic governance for ensuring better rural consumption insurance and poverty reduction
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B A Poverty
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food expenditure ; Human capital ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty eradication ; Poverty measures ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty reduction strategy ; Private Sector Development ; Public spending ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food expenditure ; Human capital ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty eradication ; Poverty measures ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty reduction strategy ; Private Sector Development ; Public spending ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food expenditure ; Human capital ; Income ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor policy ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty eradication ; Poverty measures ; Poverty reduction ; Poverty reduction strategy ; Private Sector Development ; Public spending ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The difficulties faced by many developing countries in raising revenue from direct taxes have forced them to rely heavily on indirect taxes to finance development interventions. The purpose of this paper is to show how to identify socially desirable options for commodity taxation in the context of a poverty reduction strategy. Within the logic of social evaluation the author assesses tax options on the basis of value judgments underlying members of the additively separable class of poverty measures. The criterion hinges on both the pattern of consumption of each commodity and the price elasticity of the poverty measure used. An application of this methodology to data for Guinea shows that many components of food expenditure (particularly cereals, grains, and roots) would be good candidates for exemption from value-added tax. Even though expenditure on health and education is distributed in favor of the non-poor, their importance for human capital development argues for a program of targeted subsidies in a broader context of cost recovery
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  • 69
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Varoudakis, Aristomene Public Finance, Governance, And Growth In Transition Economies
    Keywords: Economic growth ; Fiscal balance ; Fiscal policy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomic stability ; National Governance ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public expenditure ; Public sector ; Size of government ; Structural reform ; Transition Economies ; Economic growth ; Fiscal balance ; Fiscal policy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomic stability ; National Governance ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public expenditure ; Public sector ; Size of government ; Structural reform ; Transition Economies ; Economic growth ; Fiscal balance ; Fiscal policy ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; Macroeconomic stability ; National Governance ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Finance ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public expenditure ; Public sector ; Size of government ; Structural reform ; Transition Economies
    Abstract: This paper revisits the early empirical literature on economic growth in transition economies, with particular focus on fiscal policy variables-fiscal balance and the size of government. The baseline model uses a parsimonious specification, drawn from Fischer and Sahay (2000), of economic growth as a function of initial conditions, stabilization, liberalization, and structural reform. The paper expands the data used in previous analyses by up to 10 years and finds unambiguous evidence that fiscal balance matters for growth, while confirming other previous findings on the correlates of economic growth in transition economies. In addition, the paper extends the baseline model and explores potential sources of nonlinearities in the relationship between growth and public finance. A key finding is that determinants of growth may vary in relative importance, depending on the underlying institutional quality. The evidence indicates that there could be higher growth payoffs from macroeconomic stability and public expenditure in countries characterized by relatively better public sector governance as measured by relevant indicators. In addition, the size of government matters for growth in a nonlinear manner: Beyond indicative thresholds of expenditure levels, public spending has a negative impact, while at levels below the threshold, there is no measurable impact on economic growth
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  • 70
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bundervoet, Tom Civil War, Crop Failure, And Child Stunting In Rwanda
    Keywords: Adolescent Health ; Age ; Boys ; Child Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Early Childhood ; Education ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level ; Infant ; Information Systems ; Policy ; Policy Makers ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Age ; Boys ; Child Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Early Childhood ; Education ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level ; Infant ; Information Systems ; Policy ; Policy Makers ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government ; Adolescent Health ; Age ; Boys ; Child Health ; Children ; Children and Youth ; Civil Conflict ; Civil War ; Conflict and Development ; Early Childhood ; Education ; Health, Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Level ; Infant ; Information Systems ; Policy ; Policy Makers ; Policy Research ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Street Children ; Urban Development ; Youth and Government
    Abstract: Economic shocks at birth have lasting effects on children's health several years after the shock. The authors calculate height for age z-scores for children under age five using data from a Rwandan nationally representative household survey conducted in 1992. They exploit district and time variation in crop failure and civil conflict to measure the impact of exogenous shocks that children experience at birth on their height several years later. They find that boys and girls born after the shock in regions experiencing civil conflict are both negatively affected with height for age z-scores 0.30 and 0.72 standard deviations lower, respectively. Conversely, only girls are negatively affected by crop failure, with these girls exhibiting 0.41 standard deviation lower height for age z-scores and the impact is worse for girls in poor households. Results are robust to using sibling difference estimators, household level production, and rainfall shocks as alternative measures of crop failure
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (37 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Woolcock, Michael Local Conflict And Development Projects In Indonesia
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conflict Mediation ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Consultants ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Project ; Development Projects ; Dispute Resolution ; Economic Development ; Economies ; Education ; Education and Society ; Ethnic Diversity ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Accountability ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conflict Mediation ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Consultants ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Project ; Development Projects ; Dispute Resolution ; Economic Development ; Economies ; Education ; Education and Society ; Ethnic Diversity ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Accountability ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Armed Conflict ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Conflict Mediation ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Consultants ; Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness ; Development Project ; Development Projects ; Dispute Resolution ; Economic Development ; Economies ; Education ; Education and Society ; Ethnic Diversity ; International Community ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Post Conflict Reintegration ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Accountability ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: Drawing on an integrated mixed methods research design, the authors explore the dynamics of the development-conflict nexus in rural Indonesia, and the specific role of development projects in shaping the nature, extent, and trajectories of "everyday" conflicts. They find that projects that give inadequate attention to dispute resolution mechanisms in many cases stimulate local conflict, either through the injection of development resources themselves or less directly by exacerbating preexisting tensions in target communities. But projects that have explicit and accessible procedures for managing disputes arising from the development process are much less likely to lead to violent outcomes. The authors argue that such projects are more successful in addressing project-related conflicts because they establish direct procedures (such as forums, facilitators, and complaints mechanisms) for dealing with tensions as they arise. These direct mechanisms are less successful in addressing broader social tensions elicited by, or external to, the development process, though program mechanisms can ameliorate conflict indirectly through changing norms and networks of interaction
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (54 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lecocq, Franck How Might Climate Change Affect Economic Growth In Developing Countries ?
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Forestry ; Greenhouse gases ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Resource allocation ; Returns to scale ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Forestry ; Greenhouse gases ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Resource allocation ; Returns to scale ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic development ; Economics ; Emissions ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Equilibrium ; Forestry ; Greenhouse gases ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Resource allocation ; Returns to scale
    Abstract: This paper reviews the empirical and theoretical literature on economic growth to examine how the four components of the climate change bill, namely mitigation, proactive (ex ante) adaptation, reactive (ex post) adaptation, and ultimate damages of climate change affect growth, especially in developing countries. The authors consider successively the Cass-Koopmans growth model and three major strands of the subsequent literature on growth: with multiple sectors, with rigidities, and with increasing returns. The paper finds that although the growth literature rarely addresses climate change per se, some issues discussed in the growth literature are directly relevant for climate change analysis. Notably, destruction of production factors, or decrease in factor productivity may strongly affect long-run equilibrium growth even in one-sector neoclassical growth models; climatic shocks have had large impacts on growth in developing countries because of rigidities; and the introducing increasing returns has a major impact on growth dynamics, in particular through induced technical change, poverty traps, or lock-ins. Among the most important gaps identified in the literature are lack of understanding of the channels by which shocks affect economic growth, lack of understanding of lock-ins, heavy reliance of numerical models assessing climate policies on neoclassical-type growth frameworks, and frequent use of an inappropriate "without climate change" counterfactual
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez, Humberto What Is The Impact of International Remittances On Poverty And Inequality In Latin America ?
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrants ; Official development assistance ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Progress ; Rates of growth ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrants ; Official development assistance ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Progress ; Rates of growth ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Developing countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrants ; Official development assistance ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Practitioners ; Progress ; Rates of growth ; Remittance ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Workers' remittances have become a major source of income for developing countries. However, little is still known about their impact on poverty and inequality. Using a large cross-country panel dataset, the authors find that remittances in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries have increased growth and reduced inequality and poverty. These results are robust to the use of different instruments that attempt to correct for the potential endogeneity of remittances. Household survey-based estimates for 10 LAC countries confirm that remittances have negative albeit relatively small inequality and poverty-reducing effects, even after imputations for the potential home earnings of migrants
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (47 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Nhemachena, Charles Assessment of the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Zimbabwe
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Economic Impacts ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Economic Impacts ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature ; Agriculture ; Agriculture and Farming Systems ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Drought ; Economic Impacts ; Elasticity ; Environment ; Irrigation ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rainfall ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Soil ; Temperature
    Abstract: This study uses the Ricardian approach to examine the economic impact of climate change on agriculture in Zimbabwe. Net farm revenue is regressed against various climate, soil, hydrological and socio-economic variables to help determine the factors that influence variability in net farm revenues. The study is based on data from a survey of 700 smallholder farming households interviewed across the country. The empirical results show that climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) have significant effects on net farm revenues in Zimbabwe. In addition to the analysis of all farms, the study also analyzes the effects on dryland farms and farms with irrigation. The analysis indicates that net farm revenues are affected negatively by increases in temperature and positively by increases in precipitation. The results from sensitivity analysis suggest that agricultural production in Zimbabwe's smallholder farming system is significantly constrained by climatic factors (high temperature and low rainfall). The elasticity results show that the changes in net revenue are high for dryland farming compared to farms with irrigation. The results show that farms with irrigation are more resistant to changes in climate, indicating that irrigation is an important adaptation option to help reduce the impact of further changes in climate. An overview of farmer adaptation to changing climate indicates that farmers are already using some adaptation strategies-such as dry and early planting, growing drought resistant crops, changing planting dates, and using irrigation-to cushion themselves against further anticipated adverse climatic conditions. An important policy message from the empirical findings is that there is a need to provide adequate extension information services to ensure that farmers receive up-to-date information about rainfall patterns in the forthcoming season so that they make well-informed decisions on their planting dates. Policies that increase farmer training and access to credit and aid facilities and help farmers acquire livestock and other important farm assets can help improve net farm performance. Ensuring the availability and accessibility of fertilizers and crop seeds before the onset of the next cropping season can also significantly improve net farm performance across households
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (53 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Maddison, David The Perception of And Adaptation To Climate Change In Africa
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Carbon dioxide ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate changes ; Climate warming ; Environment ; Fertilization ; Global climate change ; Hazard Risk Management ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Temperature ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Carbon dioxide ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate changes ; Climate warming ; Environment ; Fertilization ; Global climate change ; Hazard Risk Management ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Temperature ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Carbon dioxide ; Climate ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Climate change research ; Climate changes ; Climate warming ; Environment ; Fertilization ; Global climate change ; Hazard Risk Management ; Poverty Reduction ; Precipitation ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Temperature ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The objective of this paper is to determine the ability of farmers in Africa to detect climate change, and to ascertain how they have adapted to whatever climate change they believe has occurred. The paper also asks farmers whether they perceive any barriers to adaptation and attempts to determine the characteristics of those farmers who, despite claiming to have witnessed climate change, have not yet responded to it. The study is based on a large-scale survey of agriculturalists in 11 African countries. The survey reveals that significant numbers of farmers believe that temperatures have already increased and that precipitation has declined. Those with the greatest experience of farming are more likely to notice climate change. Further, neighboring farmers tell a consistent story. There are important differences in the propensity of farmers living in different locations to adapt and there may be institutional impediments to adaptation in some countries. Although large numbers of farmers perceive no barriers to adaptation, those that do perceive them tend to cite their poverty and inability to borrow. Few if any farmers mentioned lack of appropriate seed, security of tenure, or market accessibility as problems. Those farmers who perceive climate change but fail to respond may require particular incentives or assistance to do what is ultimately in their own best interests. Although experienced farmers are more likely to perceive climate change, it is educated farmers who are more likely to respond by making at least one adaptation
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  • 76
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Hayami, Yujiro An Emerging Agricultural Problem In High-Performing Asian Economies
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Agriculture ; Comparative advantage ; Consumers ; Disequilibrium ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Emerging Markets ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Income ; Industrialization ; Industry ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Political economy ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rapid industrialization ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Policies to tax farmers in low-income countries and policies to subsidize them in high-income countries have been identified as a major source of the disequilibrium of world agriculture. Recently, as many high-performing economies in Asia advanced from the low-income to the middle-income stage through successful industrialization, they have been confronted with the problem of a widening income gap between farm and non-farm workers corresponding to rapid shifts in comparative advantage from agriculture to manufacturing. In order to prevent this disparity from culminating in serious social and political instability, policies have been reoriented toward supporting the income of farmers. At the same time, governments in middle-income countries must continue to secure low-cost food for the urban poor who are still large in number. The need to achieve the two conflicting goals under the still weak fiscal capacity of governments tends to make agricultural policies in the middle-income stage tinkering and ineffective. Greater research inputs in this area are called for in order to prevent the growth momentum of high-performing economies in Asia from being disrupted by political crises
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Christiaensen, Luc Gauging The Welfare Effects of Shocks In Rural Tanzania
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Crime ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Holistic Approach ; Hospitalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Quality Of Life ; Risk Factors ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Unemployment ; Agriculture ; Crime ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Holistic Approach ; Hospitalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Quality Of Life ; Risk Factors ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Unemployment ; Agriculture ; Crime ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Economic Theory and Research ; Families ; Health Care ; Health Monitoring and Evaluation ; Health Services ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Holistic Approach ; Hospitalization ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mortality ; Poverty Reduction ; Quality Of Life ; Risk Factors ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Unemployment
    Abstract: Studies of risk and its consequences tend to focus on one risk factor, such as a drought or an economic crisis. Yet 2003 household surveys in rural Kilimanjaro and Ruvuma, two cash-crop-growing regions in Tanzania that experienced a precipitous coffee price decline around the turn of the millennium, identified health and drought shocks as well as commodity price declines as major risk factors, suggesting the need for a comprehensive approach to analyzing household vulnerability. In fact, most coffee growers, except the smaller ones in Kilimanjaro, weathered the coffee price declines rather well, at least to the point of not being worse off than non-coffee growers. Conversely, improving health conditions and reducing the effect of droughts emerge as critical to reduce vulnerability. One-third of the rural households in Kilimanjaro experienced a drought or health shocks, resulting in an estimated 8 percent welfare loss on average, after using savings and aid. Rainfall is more reliable in Ruvuma, and drought there did not affect welfare. Surprisingly, neither did health shocks, plausibly because of lower medical expenditures given limited health care provisions
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (45 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bogetic, Zeljko Cote d'Ivoire
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Growth ; Economic History ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overvaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity ; Real GDP ; Total Factor Productivity ; Total Factor Productivity Analysis ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Growth ; Economic History ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overvaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity ; Real GDP ; Total Factor Productivity ; Total Factor Productivity Analysis ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Growth ; Economic History ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Exports ; GDP ; GDP Per Capita ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Overvaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Productivity ; Real GDP ; Total Factor Productivity ; Total Factor Productivity Analysis
    Abstract: Real GDP per capita and capital stock in Cote d'Ivoire grew strongly from 1960 to 1979, but have declined ever since, for twenty-five years. As a result, the country has traveled a full circle from economic success to failure in little more than a generation. What are the long-term factors behind this dismal growth story? Are the Ivorian development problems mostly of recent origin? Or there are more fundamental, economic factors that explain its long term performance? Four principal conclusions are as follows: First, Cote d'Ivoire's long-term growth performance is not fully explained by temporary factors (e.g., CFA overvaluation or recent conflict). Longer term factors such as capital accumulation, productivity, and terms of trade are key to understanding the country's performance as is the policy of specialization in a single commodity--cocoa. Second, the long-term decline in per capita output started well before the currency overvaluation, and at a time of political stability, and is related to a major, secular deterioration in terms of trade that started after 1976. Third, total factor productivity estimates indicate that TFP per capita also grew until it hit a plateau in 1976-78, and then shrank thereafter, despite gains in human capital accumulation. Fourth, Cote d'Ivoire has pursued a policy of specialization in cocoa beans but this bet on a single commodity has ultimately failed. The strategy that brought prosperity during the 1970s resulted in a growth failure when cocoa prices began declining since 1976
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lunde, Trine Indigenous Peoples In Latin America
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Anthropology ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Culture & Development ; Discrimination ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Future generations ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Human development ; Indigenous Peoples ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Poor health ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Despite significant changes in poverty overall in Latin America, the proportion of indigenous peoples living in poverty did not change much from the early 1990s to the present. While earlier work focused on human development, much less has been done on the distribution and returns to income-generating assets and the effect these have on income generation strategies. The authors show that low income and low assets are mutually reinforcing. For instance, low education levels translate into low income, resulting in poor health and reduced schooling for future generations. Social networks affect the economic opportunities of individuals through two important channels-information and norms. However, the analysis shows that the networks available to indigenous peoples do not facilitate employment in nontraditional sectors
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Patterns of Rainfall Insurance Participation In Rural India
    Keywords: Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance ; Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance ; Accounting ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Federal Reserve Bank Of New York ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fixed Costs ; Insurance ; Insurance and Risk Mitigation ; Labor Policies ; Liquid Assets ; Local Financial Institutions ; Microfinance ; Moral Hazard ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Savings ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical Assistance
    Abstract: This paper describes the contract design and institutional features of an innovative rainfall insurance policy offered to smallholder farmers in rural India, and presents preliminary evidence on the determinants of insurance participation. Insurance takeup is found to be decreasing in basis risk between insurance payouts and income fluctuations, increasing in household wealth and decreasing in the extent to which credit constraints bind. These results match with predictions of a simple neoclassical model appended with borrowing constraints. Other patterns are less consistent with the "benchmark" model; namely, participation in village networks and measures of familiarity with the insurance vendor are strongly correlated with insurance takeup decisions, and risk-averse households are found to be less, not more, likely to purchase insurance. We suggest that these results reflect household uncertainty about the product itself, given their limited experience with it
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Schmidt-Hebbel, Klaus Post-Conflict Aid, Real Exchange Rate Adjustment, And Catch-Up Growth
    Keywords: Absorptive Capacities ; Assets ; Conflict and Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Current Account ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Development Economics and Aims ; Domestic-Currency ; Dutch Disease ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Equilibrium Level ; Export ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Absorptive Capacities ; Assets ; Conflict and Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Current Account ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Development Economics and Aims ; Domestic-Currency ; Dutch Disease ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Equilibrium Level ; Export ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Absorptive Capacities ; Assets ; Conflict and Development ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Current Account ; Debt Markets ; Depreciation ; Development Economics and Aims ; Domestic-Currency ; Dutch Disease ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economies ; Economy ; Emerging Markets ; Equilibrium ; Equilibrium Level ; Export ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development
    Abstract: Post-conflict countries receive substantial aid flows after the start of peace. While post-conflict countries' capacity to absorb aid (that is, the quality of their policies and institutions) is built up only gradually after the onset of peace, the evidence suggests that aid tends to peak immediately after peace is attained and decline thereafter. Aid composition broadly reflects post-conflict priorities, with large parts of aid financing social expenditure and infrastructure investment. Aid has significant short-term effects on the real exchange rate (RER), as inferred from the behavior of RER in the world. While moderate RER overvaluation is observed in post-conflicts, it cannot be traced down to the aid flows. The empirical evidence on world growth reveals new findings about the pattern of catch-up growth during post-conflicts and the role of key growth determinants on post-conflict growth. Aid is an important determinant of growth, both generally and more strongly during post-conflict periods. Because RER misalignment reduces growth, RER overvaluation during post-conflicts reduces catch-up growth. Aid and RER overvaluation combined also lower growth. But the negative growth effect of RER overvaluation declines with financial development
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  • 82
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demombynes, Gabriel How Good A Map ?
    Keywords: Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Capital Expenditure ; Degrees of Freedom ; Delta Method ; Econometrics ; Education ; Estimates of Poverty ; Explanatory Variables ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Survey ; Household Survey Data ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Parameter Estimates ; Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Profit ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Science Education ; Science and Technology Development ; Scientific Research and Science Parks ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences
    Abstract: The authors examine the performance of small area welfare estimation. The method combines census and survey data to produce spatially disaggregated poverty and inequality estimates. To test the method, they compare predicted welfare indicators for a set of target populations with their true values. They construct target populations using actual data from a census of households in a set of rural Mexican communities. They examine estimates along three criteria: accuracy of confidence intervals, bias, and correlation with true values. The authors find that while point estimates are very stable, the precision of the estimates varies with alternative simulation methods. While the original approach of numerical gradient estimation yields standard errors that seem appropriate, some computationally less-intensive simulation procedures yield confidence intervals that are slightly too narrow. The precision of estimates is shown to diminish markedly if unobserved location effects at the village level are not well captured in underlying consumption models. With well specified models there is only slight evidence of bias, but the authors show that bias increases if underlying models fail to capture latent location effects. Correlations between estimated and true welfare at the local level are highest for mean expenditure and poverty measures and lower for inequality measures
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Geographic Inequity In A Decentralized Anti-Poverty Program
    Keywords: Absolute poverty ; Anti-poverty programs ; Data set ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mean incomes ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poor areas ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty lines ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Redistributive policies ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Absolute poverty ; Anti-poverty programs ; Data set ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mean incomes ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poor areas ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty lines ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Redistributive policies ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Absolute poverty ; Anti-poverty programs ; Data set ; Developing countries ; Economic Theory and Research ; Income ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mean incomes ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poor areas ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty lines ; Public Sector Management and Reform ; Redistributive policies ; Services and Transfers to Poor
    Abstract: The central governments of many developing countries have chosen to decentralize their anti-poverty programs, in the expectation that local agents are better informed about local needs. The paper shows that this potential advantage of decentralized eligibility criteria can come at a large cost, to the extent that the induced geographic inequities undermine performance in reaching the income- poor nationally. These issues are studied empirically for (probably) the largest transfer-based poverty program in the world, namely China's Di Bao program, which aims to assure a minimum income through means-tested transfers. Poor municipalities are found to adopt systematically lower eligibility thresholds, reducing the program's ability to reach poor areas, and generating considerable horizontal inequity
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: De Hoyos, Rafael E Accounting For Mexican Income Inequality During The 1990s
    Keywords: Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor ; Household income ; Income ; Income ; Income Inequality ; Income differences ; Income disparities ; Income source ; Income sources ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality decomposition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Policy Research ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: The author implements several inequality decomposition methods to measure the extent to which total household income disparities can be attributable to sectoral asymmetries and differences in skill endowments. The results show that at least half of total household inequality in Mexico is attributable to incomes derived from entrepreneurial activities, an income source rarely scrutinized in the inequality literature. He shows that education (skills) endowments are unevenly distributed among the Mexican population, with positive shifts in the market returns to schooling associated with increases in inequality. Asymmetries in the allocation of education explain around 20 percent of overall household income disparities in Mexico during the 1990s. Moreover, the proportion of inequality attributable to education endowments increases during stable periods and reduces during the crisis. This pattern is explained by shifts in returns to schooling rather than changes in the distribution of skills. Applying the same techniques to decompose within-sector income differences, the author finds that skill endowments can account for as much as 25 percent of earnings disparities but as little as 5 percent of dispersion in other income sources
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (40 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Iyer, Lakshmi Poverty, Social Divisions, And Conflict In Nepal
    DDC: 360
    Keywords: Armed Conflict ; Civil war ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Deaths ; Economic development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Polarization ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Violence ; Violent conflict ; Armed Conflict ; Civil war ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Deaths ; Economic development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Polarization ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Violence ; Violent conflict ; Armed Conflict ; Civil war ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflicts ; Deaths ; Economic development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Polarization ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Violence ; Violent conflict
    Abstract: The authors conduct an econometric analysis of the economic and social factors which contributed to the spread of violent conflict in Nepal. They find that conflict intensity is significantly higher in places with greater poverty and lower levels of economic development. Violence is higher in locations that favor insurgents, such as mountains and forests. The authors find weaker evidence that caste divisions in society are correlated with the intensity of civil conflict, while linguistic diversity has little impact
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  • 86
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (21 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: David, Antonio C HIV/AIDS And Social Capital In A Cross-Section of Countries
    Keywords: AIDS HIV ; Communities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Epidemic ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rule of law ; Social Capital ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Development ; Social cohesion ; Social networks ; Social norms ; AIDS HIV ; Communities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Epidemic ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rule of law ; Social Capital ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Development ; Social cohesion ; Social networks ; Social norms ; AIDS HIV ; Communities ; Economic Theory and Research ; Epidemic ; HIV ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human capital ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rule of law ; Social Capital ; Social Capital ; Social Development ; Social Development ; Social cohesion ; Social networks ; Social norms
    Abstract: This paper attempts to quantify the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on social capital with cross-country data. It estimates reduced-form regressions of the main determinants of social capital controlling for HIV prevalence, institutional quality, social distance, and economic indicators using data from the World Values Survey. The results obtained indicate that HIV prevalence affects social capital negatively. The empirical estimates suggest that a one standard deviation increase in HIV prevalence will lead to a 1 percent decline in trust, controlling for other determinants of social capital. If one moves from a country with a relatively low level of HIV prevalence such as Estonia, to a country with a high level such as Zimbabwe, one would observe an approximate 8 percent decline in social capital. These results are robust in a number of dimensions and highlight the empirical importance of an additional mechanism through which HIV/AIDS hinders the development process
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gutierrez, Catalina Does Employment Generation Really Matter For Poverty Reduction ?
    Keywords: Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Developing Countries ; Growth Pattern ; Growth Policies ; Labor Market ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Policy Research ; Poverty Increases ; Poverty Reducing ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Reducing Poverty ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Short-Run Growth ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: This paper analyzes how the employment/productivity profile of growth and its sectoral pattern are correlated with poverty reduction. The authors use a sample of 104 short-run growth spells in developing countries, between 1980 and 2001. They also identify some conditions of the labor market and the economic environment that are associated with employment-intensive growth or specific sectoral growth. The results show that, in the short run, although the aggregate employment-rate intensity of growth does not matter for poverty reduction any more than the aggregate productivity intensity of growth, the sectoral pattern of employment growth and productivity growth is important. Employment-intensive growth in the secondary sector is associated with decreases in poverty, while employment-intensive growth in agriculture is correlated with poverty increases. Similarly, productivity-intensive growth in agriculture is associated with decreases in poverty. Although the study does not address causality, coincidence of these phenomena in this large sample of heterogeneous countries and periods suggests that, in the short run, the sectoral productivity and employment pattern of growth may have important implications for poverty alleviation. Therefore, policies for reducing poverty should not overlook the sectoral productivity and employment implications of different growth policies
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (57 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Essama-Nssah, B Economy-Wide And Distributional Impacts of An Oil Price Shock On The South African Economy
    Keywords: Adverse impact ; Declining wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Equilibrium ; GDP ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical assistance ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Adverse impact ; Declining wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Equilibrium ; GDP ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical assistance ; Unemployment ; Wages ; Adverse impact ; Declining wages ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic research ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Equilibrium ; GDP ; Income ; Labor Policies ; Macroeconomics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Technical assistance ; Unemployment ; Wages
    Abstract: As crude oil prices reach new highs, there is renewed concern about how external shocks will affect growth and poverty in developing countries. This paper describes a macro-micro framework for examining the structural and distributional consequences of a significant external shock-an increase in the world price of oil-on the South African economy. The authors merge results from a highly disaggregative computable general equilibrium model and a micro-simulation analysis of earnings and occupational choice based on socio-demographic characteristics of the household. The model provides changes in employment, wages, and prices that are used in the micro-simulation. The analysis finds that a 125 percent increase in the price of crude oil and refined petroleum reduces employment and GDP by approximately 2 percent, and reduces household consumption by approximately 7 percent. The oil price shock tends to increase the disparity between rich and poor. The adverse impact of the oil price shock is felt by the poorer segment of the formal labor market in the form of declining wages and increased unemployment. Unemployment hits mostly low and medium-skilled workers in the services sector. High-skilled households, on average, gain from the oil price shock. Their income rises and their spending basket is less skewed toward food and other goods that are most affected by changes in oil prices
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (42 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lambert, Sylvie A Micro-Decomposition Analysis of The Macroeconomic Determinants of Human Development
    Keywords: Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education for All ; Enrollment ; Enrollment rate ; Gender gap ; Gender of teachers ; Girls ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Human Development ; Inequality ; Literacy ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Primary Education ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Schooling ; Schools
    Abstract: This paper shows how differences in aggregate human development outcomes over time and space can be additively decomposed into a pure economic-growth component, a component attributed to differences in the distribution of income, and components attributed to "non-income" factors and differences in the model linking outcomes to income or non-income characteristics. The income effect at the micro level is modeled non-parametrically, so as to flexibly reflect distributional changes. The paper illustrates the decomposition using data for Morocco and Vietnam, and the results offer some surprising insights into the observed aggregate gains in schooling attainments. A user friendly STATA program is available to implement the method in other settings
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Global Growth And Distribution
    Keywords: Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Development Economics ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; General Equilibrium Model ; Growth Rates ; High Growth ; Income ; Income Distribution ; Incomes ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Middle Class ; Policy Research ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Over the past 20 years, aggregate measures of global inequality have changed little even if significant structural changes have been observed. High growth rates of China and India lifted millions out of poverty, while the stagnation in many African countries caused them to fall behind. Using the World Bank's LINKAGE global general equilibrium model and the newly developed Global Income Distribution Dynamics (GIDD) tool, this paper assesses the distribution and poverty effects of a scenario where these trends continue in the future. Even by anticipating a deceleration, growth in China and India is a key force behind the expected convergence of per-capita incomes at the global level. Millions of Chinese and Indian consumers will enter into a rapidly emerging global middle class-a group of people who can afford, and demand access to, the standards of living previously reserved mainly for the residents of developed countries. Notwithstanding these positive developments, fast growth is often characterized by high urbanization and growing demand for skills, both of which result in widening of income distribution within countries. These opposing distributional effects highlight the importance of analyzing global disparities by taking into account - as the GIDD does - income dynamics between and within countries
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  • 91
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (23 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Patt, Anthony G Perceptions of Environmental Risks In Mozambique
    Keywords: Banks ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Disaster ; Early Warning ; Emergency Assistance ; Environment ; Farmers ; Flood ; Flooded ; Floods ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Slums ; Urban Development ; Banks ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Disaster ; Early Warning ; Emergency Assistance ; Environment ; Farmers ; Flood ; Flooded ; Floods ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Slums ; Urban Development ; Banks ; Climate Change ; Climate Change ; Disaster ; Early Warning ; Emergency Assistance ; Environment ; Farmers ; Flood ; Flooded ; Floods ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Slums ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Policies to promote adaptation climate risks often rely on the willing cooperation of the intended beneficiaries. If these beneficiaries disagree with policy makers and programme managers about the need for adaptation, or the effectiveness of the measures they are being asked to undertake, then implementation of the policies will fail. A case study of a resettlement programme in Mozambique shows this to be the case. Farmers and policy-maker disagreed about the seriousness of climate risks, and the potential negative consequences of proposed adaptive measures. A project to provide more information about climate change to farmers did not change their beliefs. The results highlight the need for active dialog across stakeholder groups, as a necessary condition for formulating policies that can then be successfully implemented
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  • 92
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Gine, Xavier Insurance, Credit, And Technology Adoption
    Keywords: Access To Information ; Agriculture ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit Constraints ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policy ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Access To Information ; Agriculture ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit Constraints ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policy ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development ; Access To Information ; Agriculture ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Credit Constraints ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Debt Markets ; Developing Countries ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Support ; Hazard Risk Management ; Insurance ; Insurance Policy ; International Bank ; Loan ; Microfinance ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The adoption of new agricultural technologies may be discouraged because of their inherent riskiness. This study implemented a randomized field experiment to ask whether the provision of insurance against a major source of production risk induces farmers to take out loans to invest in a new crop variety. The study sample was composed of roughly 800 maize and groundnut farmers in Malawi, where by far the dominant source of production risk is the level of rainfall. We randomly selected half of the farmers to be offered credit to purchase high-yielding hybrid maize and improved groundnut seeds for planting in the November 2006 crop season. The other half of the farmers were offered a similar credit package but were also required to purchase (at actuarially fair rates) a weather insurance policy that partially or fully forgave the loan in the event of poor rainfall. Surprisingly, take up was lower by 13 percentage points among farmers offered insurance with the loan. Take-up was 33.0 percent for farmers who were offered the uninsured loan. There is suggestive evidence that the reduced take-up of the insured loan was due to the high cognitive cost of evaluating the insurance: insured loan take-up was positively correlated with farmer education levels. By contrast, the take-up of the uninsured loan was uncorrelated with farmer education
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  • 93
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Sangraula, Prem New Evidence On The Urbanization of Global Poverty
    Keywords: Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Absolute Poverty ; Agricultural Production ; Economic Growth ; Global Poverty ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; International Poverty Lines ; Local Poverty Lines ; Measures ; National Poverty ; Poor ; Poor Living ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: The authors provide new evidence on the extent to which absolute poverty has urbanized in the developing world, and the role that population urbanization has played in overall poverty reduction. They find that one-quarter of the world's consumption poor live in urban areas and that the proportion has been rising over time. By fostering economic growth, urbanization helped reduce absolute poverty in the aggregate but did little for urban poverty. Over 1993-2002, the count of the
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez, J. Humberto The Impact of Remittances On Poverty And Human Capital
    Keywords: Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Recipient countries ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Recipient countries ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Household Surveys ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Migrant ; Migration ; Policy Research ; Policy Research Working Paper ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Progress ; Recipient countries ; Remittances ; Remittances ; Respect ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: This paper explores the impact of remittances on poverty, education, and health in 11 Latin American countries using nationally representative household surveys and making an explicit attempt to account for one of the inherent costs associated with migration-the potential income that the migrant may have made at home. The main findings of the study are the following: (1) regardless of the counterfactual used remittances appear to lower poverty levels in most recipient countries; (2) yet despite this general tendency, the estimated impacts tend to be modest; and (3) there is significant country heterogeneity in the poverty reduction impact of remittances' flows. Among the aspects that have been identified in the paper that may lead to varying outcomes across countries are the percentage of households reporting remittances income, the share of remittances of recipient households belonging to the lowest quintiles of the income distribution, and the relative importance of remittances flows with respect to GDP. While remittances tend to have positive effects on education and health, this impact is often restricted to specific groups of the population
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (28 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Poverty, Inequality, And Social Disparities During China's Economic Reform
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income gap ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Private Sector Development ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural population ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income gap ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Private Sector Development ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural population ; Access to Finance ; Debt Markets ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Income ; Income gap ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Population Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty line ; Private Sector Development ; Rural ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural population
    Abstract: China has been the most rapidly growing economy in the world over the past 25 years. This growth has fueled a remarkable increase in per capita income and a decline in the poverty rate from 64 percent at the beginning of reform to 10 percent in 2004. At the same time, however, different kinds of disparities have increased. Income inequality has risen, propelled by the rural-urban income gap and by the growing disparity between highly educated urban professionals and the urban working class. There have also been increases in inequality of health and education outcomes. Some rise in inequality was inevitable as China introduced a market system, but inequality may have been exacerbated rather than mitigated by a number of policy features. Restrictions on rural-urban migration have limited opportunities for the relatively poor rural population. The inability to sell or mortgage rural land has further reduced opportunities. China has a uniquely decentralized fiscal system that has relied on local government to fund basic health and education. The result has been that poor villages could not afford to provide good services, and poor households could not afford the high private costs of basic public services. Ironically, the large trade surplus that China has built up in recent years is a further problem, in that it stimulates an urban industrial sector that no longer creates many jobs while restricting the government's ability to increase spending to improve services and address disparities. The government's recent policy shift to encourage migration, fund education and health for poor areas and poor households, and rebalance the economy away from investment and exports toward domestic consumption and public services should help reduce social disparities
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Rosero, Jose Are cash transfers made to women spent like other sources of income?
    Keywords: Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food Policy ; Food Policy Research ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food supplements ; Fruits ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Hygiene ; Industry ; International Food Policy Research Institute ; Labeling ; Meat ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Vegetables ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food Policy ; Food Policy Research ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food supplements ; Fruits ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Hygiene ; Industry ; International Food Policy Research Institute ; Labeling ; Meat ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Vegetables ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Debt Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Food Policy ; Food Policy Research ; Food and Beverage Industry ; Food consumption ; Food supplements ; Fruits ; Housing and Human Habitats ; Hygiene ; Industry ; International Food Policy Research Institute ; Labeling ; Meat ; Poverty Reduction ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Small Area Estimation Poverty Mapping ; Vegetables
    Abstract: How cash transfers made to women are used has important implications for models of household behavior and for the design of social programs. In this paper, the authors use the randomized introduction of an unconditional cash transfer to poor women in rural Ecuador to analyze the effect of transfers on the food Engel curve. There are two main findings. First, the authors show that households randomly assigned to receive Bono de Desarrollo Humano (BDH) transfers have a significantly higher food share in expenditures than those that were randomly assigned to the control group. Second, they show that the rising food share among BDH beneficiaries is found among households that have both adult males and females, but not among households that only have adult females. Bargaining power between men and women is likely to be important in mixed-adult households, but not among female-only households, where there are no men to bargain with. Finally, the authors show that within mixed-adult households, program effects are only significant in households in which the initial bargaining capacity of women was likely to be weak. This pattern of results is consistent with an increase in the bargaining power of women in households that received BDH transfers
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin How Relevant Is Targeting To The Success of An Antipoverty Program ?
    Keywords: Administrative Costs ; Cash Transfers ; Counterfactual ; Household Income ; Political Economy ; Political Support ; Poor ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting ; Administrative Costs ; Cash Transfers ; Counterfactual ; Household Income ; Political Economy ; Political Support ; Poor ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting ; Administrative Costs ; Cash Transfers ; Counterfactual ; Household Income ; Political Economy ; Political Support ; Poor ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty Reduction ; Public Spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Targeting
    Abstract: Policy-oriented discussions often assume that "better targeting" implies larger impacts on poverty or more cost-effective interventions. The literature on the economics of targeting warns against that assumption, but evidence has been scarce. The paper begins with a critical review of the strengths and weaknesses of the targeting measures found in practice. It then exploits an unusually large micro data set for China to estimate aggregate and local-level poverty impacts of the country's main urban antipoverty program. Standard measures of targeting are found to be uninformative, or even deceptive, about impacts on poverty and cost-effectiveness in reducing poverty. In program design and evaluation, it would be better to focus directly on the program's outcomes for poor people than to rely on prevailing measures of targeting
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  • 98
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Raleigh, Clionadh Civil War Risk In Democratic And Non-Democratic Neighborhoods
    Keywords: Civil War ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflict prevention ; Dependence ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Interdependences ; Member states ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Refugee ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Urban Development ; Civil War ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflict prevention ; Dependence ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Interdependences ; Member states ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Refugee ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Urban Development ; Civil War ; Civil wars ; Conflict ; Conflict and Development ; Conflict prevention ; Dependence ; Hazard Risk Management ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Interdependences ; Member states ; Peace ; Peace and Peacekeeping ; Population Policies ; Post Conflict Reconstruction ; Poverty Reduction ; Rebel ; Refugee ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This study questions the extent to which domestic conflict is influenced by national, regional, and international relationships. It is designed to answer specific questions relating to the effects of neighboring characteristics on a state's risk of conflict and instability: What is the interaction between neighboring conflict and political disorder? Do democratic neighborhoods have different conflict trajectories than non-democratic neighborhoods and if so, where and why? Given that most poor countries are located in poor and conflictual neighborhoods, to what extent is there a relationship between poverty and political disorder in different regime neighborhoods? Using spatial lag terms to specify neighboring regime characteristics and multilevel models to differentiate between explanatory levels, this study reiterates the importance of domestic and neighboring factors in promoting or diminishing the risk of instability and conflict. However, the pronounced negative effects of autocratic and anocratic neighborhoods are mitigated by a growing domestic GDP. This study also finds that democratic neighborhoods are more stable, regardless of income level. Research presented here is unique in its contribution on how regime type is a significant development indicator, which in turn is salient in determining the risks of civil war across states
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  • 99
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (32 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Kenny, Charles Construction, Corruption, And Developing Countries
    Keywords: Accounting ; Anticorruption ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Bribe ; Bribes ; Corrupt ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; National Governance ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Procurement ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public officials ; Transparency ; Accounting ; Anticorruption ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Bribe ; Bribes ; Corrupt ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; National Governance ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Procurement ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public officials ; Transparency ; Accounting ; Anticorruption ; Assets ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Bribe ; Bribes ; Corrupt ; Corruption ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Governance ; Governance Indicators ; National Governance ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Procurement ; Public Sector Corruption and Anticorruption Measures ; Public officials ; Transparency
    Abstract: The construction industry accounts for about one-third of gross capital formation. Governments have major roles as clients, regulators, and owners of construction companies. The industry is consistently ranked as one of the most corrupt: large payments to gain or alter contracts and circumvent regulations are common. The impact of corruption goes beyond bribe payments to poor quality construction of infrastructure with low economic returns alongside low funding for maintenance-and this is where the major impact of corruption is felt. Regulation of the sector is necessary, but simplicity, transparency, enforcement, and a focus on the outcomes of poor construction are likely to have a larger impact than voluminous but poorly enforced regulation of the construction process. Where government is the client, attempts to counter corruption need to begin at the level of planning and budgeting. Output-based and community-driven approaches show some promise as tools to reduce corruption. At the same time they will need to be complimented by a range of other interventions including publication of procurement documents, independent and community oversight, physical audit, and public-private anticorruption partnerships
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (31 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Zevenbergen, Jaap Rural Land Certification In Ethiopia
    Keywords: Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development ; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems ; Agriculture ; Common Property ; Common Property Resource Development ; Common Property Resources ; Communities & Human Settlements ; Compensation ; E-Business ; Enforcement ; Enforcement Mechanisms ; Environment ; Environments ; Land ; Land Administration ; Land Grabbing ; Land Use and Policies ; Municipal Housing and Land ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development ; Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Although many African countries have recently adopted highly innovative and pro-poor land laws, lack of implementation thwarts their potentially far-reaching impact on productivity, poverty reduction, and governance. The authors use a representative household survey from Ethiopia where, over a short period, certificates to more than 20 million plots were issued to describe the certification process, explore its incidence and preliminary impact, and quantify the costs. While this provides many suggestions to ensure sustainability and enhance impact, Ethiopia's highly cost-effective first-time registration process provides important lessons
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