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  • 2000-2004  (382)
  • 1995-1999
  • 2000  (382)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (381)
  • New York, NY : JSTOR
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Language
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  • 2000-2004  (382)
  • 1995-1999
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Tax System in the Czech Republic (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.245
    Keywords: Economics ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: This paper discusses the tax system in the Czech Republic and offers some specific suggestions for reform. Viewed in international context, the Czech system is broadly similar to those operated in other OECD countries. Like them, it exhibits a number of non-neutral features, some of which reflect the economy’s command and control past and others which reflect compromises between the desire to minimise economic distortions and the need to implement a system that is administratively and politically practical. The evidence, reviewed in this paper, suggests that the main priorities for reform should include: eliminating the tax bias in favour of self-employed work forms; substantially reducing the number of goods and services subject to the reduced VAT rate; lowering social security contributions and increasing reliance on the personal income tax system. In addition, more use of property taxes, in particular real estate, might be warranted from the points of view of revenue enhancement ...
    DOI: 10.1787/242706151678
    URL: Volltext
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Determinants of Long-Term Growth : A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (Bace) Approach (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.266
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the robustness of explanatory variables in cross-country economic growth regressions. It employs a novel approach, Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE), which constructs estimates as a weighted average of OLS estimates for every possible combination of included variables. The weights applied to individual regressions are justified on Bayesian grounds in a way similar to the well-known Schwarz criterion. Of 32 explanatory variables we find 11 to be robustly partially correlated with long-term growth and another five variables to be marginally related. Of all the variables considered, the strongest evidence is for the initial level of real GDP per capita ...
    DOI: 10.1787/834681262223
    URL: Volltext
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Tax System in Norway : Past Reforms and Future Challenges (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.244
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: This paper reviews tax policy initiatives and the scope for further reform in Norway. Norway faces the challenge of containing expenditure to at least avoid future increases in the tax burden, which is already above the OECD average. The favourable tax regimes for some industries imply that the fully taxed sectors carry a comparatively higher burden, distorting resource allocation. Norway has made considerable progress in easing the distortions that are typically associated with a high tax burden. The introduction in 1992 of a dual income tax system, taxing all capital income at a low flat rate and labour incoming at higher and progressive rates, has been the centrepiece of the reform process. However, the wide difference in marginal tax rate between imputed labour and capital income of self-employed and small business owners has prompted extensive tax planning by these groups. Moreover, the differences in the valuation of assets for the wealth and property tax leads to distortions ...
    DOI: 10.1787/630052088314
    URL: Volltext
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transborder Data Flow Contracts in the Wider Framework of Mechanisms for Privacy Protection on Global Networks (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 48 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.66
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport sur les contrats régissant les flux transfrontières de données dans le cadre plus général des mécanismes de protection de la vie privée sur les réseaux mondiaux
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This 1999 report aims at helping to develop a common understanding of the use of contractual solutions in the context of B2B and B2C transborder data flows.
    DOI: 10.1787/233311170363
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Ireland 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264187979
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (184 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Irlande 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Irlande 2000
    Keywords: Environment ; Ireland
    Abstract: This review of Ireland's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264187979-en
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    L' espace-sciences dans les établissements modernes d'enseignement secondaire (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Science Resource Area in the State-of-the-Art High School
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Dans l’enseignement des sciences, les lycées délaissent, semble-t-il, le cours magistral et l’expérience faite par le professeur devant la classe toute entière, au profit de projets pratiques, menés par les élèves individuellement ou en petits groupes. Les concepts définis dans le présent document ont pour beaucoup été mis en application dans des écoles aux États-Unis et au Canada, par divers architectes.
    DOI: 10.1787/818042815302
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Hungary 1999 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181014
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Hungary
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 1999 review of Hungary's energy policies and programmes. Hungary joined the International Energy Agency on 3 June 1997 as part of its transition toward a market economy and integration into the West that began after 1990. It also envisages accession to the European Union (EU) within the next three years. This will require further changes to the country’s energy sector that underwent considerable change during the transition years. Previously operated by the state-held body MVM, Hungary’s electricity supply industry was restructured and privatised, with generation, transmission and distribution now separate functions. But as the country’s wholesale company, MVM still dominates the industry. New legislation provides for regulated third party access and progressive market opening, starting with 10% by 2001. MOL is the sole domestic producer of oil and gas, but the oil retail market is now fully competitive. MOL and the gas distribution and supply companies have been privatised, and new legislation introducing competition into the gas market is to be completed by 2002. Hungary signed the Climate Convention in 1994 and is committed to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. The country’s total primary energy supply collapsed after 1989 and is not expected to recover to previous levels before 2010, so Hungary is certain to fulfil its obligations. But scope exists for major energy efficiency improvements.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181014-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Résoudre le problème de la dette : De l'initiative PPTE à Cologne (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.163
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This Paper surveys the external debt situation of Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Mali, Tanzania and Uganda. The first part uses a number of indicators, especially the ratio of the net current value of the debt to exports, in order to present the level of indebtedness of each country. The evolution of key indicators: the nature of the debt (bilateral vs multilateral); whether it is long- or short-term; the proportion which is concessional; and the extent of outstanding reimbursement, follows. A note is also made of previous debt reductions for each of the six countries. The second section demonstrates the consequences of over indebtedness and the traditional rescheduling techniques, before detailing the various stages of the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. This section also outlines criticisms of the initiative and the responses of the Bretton Woods institutions. Finally, the impact is calculated of the HIPC initiative on the four eligible countries of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/038104005863
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Entry, Exit, and Aggregate Productivity Growth : Micro Evidence on Korean Manufacturing (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.272
    Keywords: Economics ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: Using plant level panel data on Korean manufacturing during the 1990-98 period, this study tries to assess the role of entry and exit in enhancing aggregate productivity, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The main findings of this study are summarised as follows. First, plant entry and exit rates in Korean manufacturing seem quite high: they are higher than in both the United States and several developing countries for which comparable studies exist. Second, in line with existing studies on other countries, plant turnover reflects underlying productivity differentials in Korean manufacturing, with the “shadow of death” effect as well as selection and learning effects all present. Third, plant entry and exit account for as much as 45 and 65 per cent in manufacturing productivity growth during cyclical upturn and downturn, respectively. This study also shows that plant birth and death are mainly a process of resource reallocation from plants with relatively low and declining ...
    DOI: 10.1787/656402673613
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Investment Patterns in a Longer-Term Perspective (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2000/02
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Reports on trends in international direct investment tend to focus on recent developments. While such information is clearly of most relevance for policymakers and others interested in the pace and scale of globalisation, it fails to provide any perspective on the nature of globalisation itself. By their nature, recent developments give more weight to the cyclical element in global investment flows. A country’s performance in terms of annual inflows is often taken as a measure of the appropriateness of its policies and, by extension, of its relative attractiveness as a location for investment. Such important issues can only be assessed over a long time period and relying on more sources of information than simply flows of foreign direct investment (FDI). This study focuses on such long-term trends and includes, where appropriate, other estimates of multinational activity. By focusing on long-term patterns, this paper demonstrates how FDI has evolved from an activity largely ...
    DOI: 10.1787/150177306672
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    National Accounts for China : Sources and Methods (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264187948
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: China in the Global Economy
    Keywords: Economics ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This book gives detailed information about the methods and data sources used to estimate one of the most important statistics for China – the national accounts. For the first time detailed information of this kind is published outside China. The introduction summarises the strengths and weaknesses of the methods used.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264187948-en
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Economic Effects of the 1999 Turkish Earthquakes : An Interim Report (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.247
    Keywords: Economics ; Turkey
    Abstract: This Working Paper presents a cross-Directorate Report on the economic, budgetary, regulatory and urbanpolicy implications of the earthquakes which struck the Marmara and Bolu areas of Turkey on 17 August and 12 November 1999. The earthquakes caused high casualties and significant material damage to property, with severe effects on economic activity. The Report traces the factors underlying Turkey’s vulnerability to earthquake damage, along a known active fault line, to deficiencies in risk identification procedures and risk-reduction methods, as well as to the absence of risk transfer and financing techniques. It suggests that these deficiencies may stem from the nature of recent Turkish economic development, which has been driven by the need to assimilate a mass migration from the countryside to the cities and has been associated with extremely high and variable inflation. Ensuring a more orderly future development requires both an overhaul of governance structures in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/233456804045
    URL: Volltext
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  • 13
    Online Resource
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    The Response of Higher Education Institutions to Regional Needs (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180550
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les établissements d'enseignement supérieur face aux besoins régionaux
    DDC: 378
    RVK:
    QX 850
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The agenda of universities has moved on from a desire to simply increase the general education level of the population and the output of scientific research; there is now a greater concern to harness university education and research to specific economic and social objectives. Nowhere is this demand for specificity more clear than in the field of regional development. What contribution do universities make to the development of the regions they are located in? They certainly have passive impacts in terms of direct and indirect employment; yet, how can the resources of universities be mobilised to actively contribute to the development process? The challenge addressed in this book is how should higher education institutions respond to demands which are emanating from a set of actors and agencies concerned with regional development and thus help reach national objectives. This book is based on case studies presented at various conferences focusing on Australia, the Baltic States and Scandinavia, continental Europe, the United States and the United Kingdom. The case study material is supplemented by other sources of information about national higher education policy, including major national surveys of higher education in Australia, Finland and the United Kingdom each of which embrace the regional agenda.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180550-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pensions, Savings and Capital Flows : From Ageing to Emerging Markets (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181625
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (240 p)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    RVK:
    QK 550
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Pensionskasse ; Altersversorgung ; Kapitalmarkt ; Portfoliomanagement
    Abstract: This books explores the international aspects of pension reform, private savings and volatile capital markets and clarifies how they relate to each other. Building the case for the pension-improving benefits of global asset diversification, analysing the implications of financial reform for stimulating savings, and exploring both the benefits and risks of global capital flows to emerging markets, Pensions, Savings and Capital Flows will inform policy and academic debates on financial globalisation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181625-en
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  • 15
    Online Resource
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    Tax Burdens : Alternative Measures (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181588
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Tax Policy Studies no.2
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mesurer les charges fiscales ; Quels indicateurs pour demain?
    RVK:
    QL 600
    RVK:
    QL 400
    Keywords: Taxation ; Steuerbelastung ; Messung
    Abstract: In response to growing demand by policy-makers, various measures to assess tax burdens of households, individual firms and the business sector as a whole have been developed. This study reviews some of the most common measures used to gauge tax burdens of households and corporations. In addition, it provides some illustrative numbers from various sources on tax rates and tax burdens in OECD countries. The study concludes that all current measures reviewed have at least some important shortcomings. Results based on these measures should therefore be interpreted with their limitations in mind, and judged with due caution when used to address policy questions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181588-en
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  • 16
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Grèce 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281240
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Greece 2000
    Keywords: Environment ; Greece
    Abstract: Ce rapport consacré à la Grèce évalue les progrès accomplis ou à faire dans la réduction de la charge polluante, la gestion des ressources naturelles, l'intégration des politiques économique et environnementale et le renforcement de la coopération internationale. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large ensemble de données économiques et environnementales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264281240-fr
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  • 17
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    Economic Opening and Growth in China (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181076
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Ouverture économique et croissance en Chine
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QG 860
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development ; China, People’s Republic ; China ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; Investitionsförderung ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: China’s remarkable growth in recent years has been often rather arbitrarily ascribed to a number of politico-economic factors. In this volume, the specific effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows is measured quantitatively and estimated on a regional basis. The authors find that there is a much more complex relationship between such flows and growth overall than had hitherto been supposed. While growth associated with FDI flows and a consequent foreign technology input is clearly highest in the coastal, open provinces, geographical dispersion effects can also be identified. In order to avoid widening wealth inequalities, these dispersion effects should be encouraged. Large differences, however, in physical and human capital terms, exist between provinces located on the coast and in the interior of the country and these hinder redistribution of the growth effects of FDI inflows on a national scale. In addition, if China is to continue to benefit substantially from technological progress, domestic research and development capacity will need to be expanded to offset diminishing returns from foreign technology transfers. This implies the adoption of policies designed to increase human capacity development through education and training on a national scale.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181076-en
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  • 18
    Online Resource
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    OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment: Hungary 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264187993
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger ; Hongrie 2000
    DDC: 332.67309439
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Hungary ; Ungarn ; Direktinvestition
    Abstract: An OECD Member country since 1996, Hungary has for the past ten years pursued its economic transition process with extensive reforms encompassing an active and liberal foreign direct investment policy. It has become one of the most attractive environments and preferred destinations for investors in Eastern Europe, with one of the highest per capita FDI inflows in the region. Privatisation has played a key role in the transformation of the Hungarian economy and in attracting FDI. Now, with this process virtually completed, Hungary aims at achieving an FDI ratio of 20 to 25 per cent of total investment by developing further greenfield projects, encouraging reinvestments and promoting small and medium-sized enterprises. This study charts the rise of FDI in Hungary and examines its role in the transition process, assessing the degree of openness of the Hungarian economy to foreign direct investors.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264187993-en
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  • 19
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    Motivating Students for Lifelong Learning (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181830
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Motiver les élèves ; l'enjeu de l'apprentissage à vie
    DDC: 370.154
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: How to engage and maintain teenagers’ interest in school "work"? Young children rarely lack curiosity, but as they enter the teenage years their appetite for learning often appears to shrink. Many eventually drop out before the end of compulsory schooling. Others continue to turn up for school but make the minimum effort. They are present in body, but not in mind. Such problems are generally associated with Western countries but even Japan and Korea, two of the most academically successful Pacific Rim nations, are not immune. These figures take on new significance in an era when one of the essential survival tools for individuals -- and nations -- is a willingness to learn and re-learn. What can governments and education systems do to inculcate the "zest for learning" that young people will need if they are to thrive in 21st-century post-industrial societies? This is one of the key questions which is addressed in this review of eight countries offering innovative schemes that appear to be developing the skills and attitudes necessary for lifelong learning.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181830-en
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  • 20
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    The Polish Tax Reform (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 55 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.234
    Keywords: Economics ; Poland
    Abstract: The Polish tax system has commendable features, in particular a capacity to generate strong revenue on a continuous basis. But it also has a number of less desirable features, which could hamper growth in the future and come under increased criticism both domestically and internationally. The authorities have introduced in 2000 an ambitious tax reform package that addresses some of these weaknesses. The present working paper reviews the main features of the Polish tax system, the forces shaping tax policy, and the recently introduced reforms. It also suggests areas where further reform could be beneficial. One such reform relates to the personal income tax and to social security contributions, which are particularly high in Poland and lead, together with the rigid labour market, to a low employment rate and an oversized underground economy. Secondly, the paper argues that the various tax rates on capital incomes should be unified in order to reduce possible distortions in the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/638712271244
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  • 21
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    Care Allowances for the Frail Elderly and Their Impact on Women Care-Givers (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 76 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.41
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This report discusses the impact of care allowances on women care-givers. These programmes, involving some payment for care in informal care settings, have recently been introduced in several OECD Member countries. While their primary goal has been to help older persons in need of care, their consequences for the persons providing care also deserve to be analysed. The bulk of informal care is provided by women care-givers. In this respect, long-term care systems involve a partnership between formal care systems, the state, and the family, in order to provide a continuum of care. This also renders the analysis very complex. The main objective of the paper is to answer the question: what is the impact for women care-givers of various models of care allowances for the frail elderly? These care allowances have been primarily instituted to address the needs of older persons for care, as well as to offer some compensation for caring responsibilities. Apart from these initial goals ...
    DOI: 10.1787/414673405257
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  • 22
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    L' évolution des infrastructures de l'enseignement tertiaire (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 11 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/07
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Changing Infrastructure of Tertiary Education
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Les changements techniques, économiques et sociaux exercent sur les programmes et les méthodes d’apprentissage des pressions de plus en plus vives qui font émerger des tendances nouvelles dans l’enseignement tertiaire. Les infrastructures actuelles sont-elles assez souples pour répondre à l’évolution des besoins ? Quelles nouvelles formes de la gestion et du financement des équipements font preuve de réussite ? Quelle est l’influence de l’environnement du bâti et de la maintenance sur la réussite des étudiants ? Alors que les crédits destinés à la maintenance de parcs immobiliers se raréfient, alors que les déficits d’entretien s’accumulent, il est important de pouvoir qualifier et quantifier les performances ou contre-performances enregistrées dans ce secteur aux fins de comparaison entre institutions et avec d’autres secteurs d’activités. Ces sujets ont été traités lors du séminaire du PEB intitulé « L’évolution des infrastructures de l’enseignement tertiaire ».
    DOI: 10.1787/835552776885
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  • 23
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Greece 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181137
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (208 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Grèce 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Grèce 2000
    Keywords: Environment ; Greece
    Abstract: This review of Greece's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181137-en
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  • 24
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    Designing Schools for the Information Society : Libraries and Resource Centres (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 10 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concevoir les établissements scolaires pour la société de l'information : Bibliothèques et centres de documentation et d'information
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The roles and functions of the school library are changing rapidly and in fundamental ways. The aim of the report is to provide a set of guidelines for people involved in the design of new and existing schools – especially those involved with school libraries and their links with the local community.
    DOI: 10.1787/863265134828
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  • 25
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    Test No. 216: Soil Microorganisms: Nitrogen Transformation Test (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070226
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 216; Micro-organismes du sol ; essai de transformation de l'azote
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 216: Micro-organismes du sol : essai de transformation de l'azote
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a laboratory test method designed to investigate the long-term effects of chemicals, after a single exposure, on nitrogen transformation activity of soil microorganisms. Sieved soil is amended with powdered plant meal and either treated with the test substance or left untreated. For agrochemicals, a minimum of two test concentrations are recommended (five for non agrochemicals) and these should be chosen in relation to the highest concentration anticipated in the field. The soil is divided into three portions of equal weight (six for non agrochemicals). Two portions are mixed with the carrier containing the product (five for non agrochemicals), and the other is mixed with the carrier without the product (control). A minimum of three replicates for both treated and untreated soils is recommended. After 0, 7, 14 days and 28 days of incubation, samples of treated and control soils are extracted with an appropriate solvent, and the quantities of nitrate in the extracts are determined. All tests run for at least 28 days. If, on the 28th day, differences between treated and untreated soils are equal to or greater than 25%, measurements are continued to a maximum of 100 days. Results from tests with multiple concentrations are analysed using a regression model, and the ECx values are calculated.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070226-en
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  • 26
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    Public Expenditure Reform : The Health Care Sector in the United Kingdom (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.256
    Keywords: Economics ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Health services are largely tax-financed in the United Kingdom and account for 14 per cent of general government spending. This paper analyses how the National Health Service (NHS) has been dealing with the associated expenditure pressures in the pre-1990 set-up and during the “quasi-market” years and how it is to cope with them under the “co-operative” arrangements put in place since 1997. While the budget constraint was traditionally tight in the NHS, leading to pervasive rationing and queuing as well as diversion towards the private sector, it has been relaxed somewhat with the budgetary boost announced by the Government in March 2000. The challenge is now to make the best use of the new-found financial room for improvement ...
    DOI: 10.1787/207823881077
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology Statistics in OECD Member Countries : An Inventory (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2000/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document reflects recent efforts made by the OECD to obtain an accurate assessment of the current state of biotechnology statistics in OECD Member and Observer countries. The authors are grateful to Statistics Canada for the funding that made this project possible. The inventory was prepared by Brigitte van Beuzekom of the OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, and benefited from contributions from Bill Pattinson of the OECD Secretariat and delegates involved in the OECD Ad hoc Meeting on Biotechnology Statistics. This version of the inventory is provisional and subject to revisions; it is also available on Internet at http://www.oecd.org/s_t/biotech/stats/biotech_inventory.htm. Revisions will be posted on the Internet as they become available. Comments are welcome and should be sent by e-mail to Brigitte van Beuzekom [e-mail: brigitte.vanbeuzekomoecd.org] ...
    DOI: 10.1787/168436240651
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  • 28
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    Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation : Roumanie 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281738
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (188 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reviews of National Policies for Education; Romania 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Reviews of National Policies for Education: Romania 2000
    Keywords: Education ; Romania
    Abstract: La réforme de l’enseignement, de la formation et des ressources humaines fait partie intégrante de la transition vers une société démocratique et une économie de marché. La Roumanie a progressé dans tous ces domaines depuis le début de la réforme en 1990. Pourtant, le véritable élan de changement est plus récent puisqu'il date de la publication de La Réforme de l’éducation aujourd'hui par le ministère de l’Éducation nationale en 1997. Ce dernier s'est alors attelé à relever un défi : promouvoir et financer les changements satisfaisant les exigences d'une économie et d'une société nouvelles ainsi que les intérêts des jeunes et des adultes, et ce dans un contexte de pénurie en ressources financières et humaines. Ce livre fournit tout d'abord un bref historique de l’enseignement en Roumanie et décrit son évolution depuis les changements politiques. Il présente ensuite une analyse du système éducatif dans son ensemble tout en identifiant les directions majeures qu’il conviendrait de prendre pour renforcer les réformes à la lumière des défis auxquels doivent faire face les pouvoirs publics, les communautés, les entreprises, les éducateurs, les parents et les étudiants dans une période de rapides mutations et d'incertitude. Il conclut enfin sur une série de recommandations concernant les objectifs éducatifs et la transition ; l'efficacité de l’apprentissage, les résultats et les programmes d’études ; une gestion et une gouvernance gages de flexibilité et d'une meilleure capacité à réagir et évoluer ; ainsi que les ressources et le financement. Cet ouvrage s'adresse aussi bien aux professionnels roumains concernés qu'à leurs homologues internationaux.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264281738-fr
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  • 29
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    Comparing Semi-Structural Methods to Estimate Unobserved Variables : The HPMV and Kalman Filters Approaches (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 28 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.240
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Economists often seek to estimate unobserved variables, representing “equilibrium” or “expected” values of economic variables, as benchmarks against which observed, realised values of these variables may be evaluated. Such comparisons are often used as economic policy indicators, for example the output gap, as measured by the ratio of actual to potential GDP, is commonly used as a measure of excess demand in assessing inflation pressures. To estimate these unobserved variables, a popular approach is the so-called semi-structural approach which includes: the Hodrick Prescott multivariate filter (developed by Laxton and Tetlow, 1992) and the Kalman filter (see, among others Harvey, 1992 and Cuthberson et al., 1992). This paper shows that the two approaches are closely linked, and specifically, it explains how to reproduce theHodrick Prescott multivariate filter using the Kalman filter. Being able to do so has at least two possible advantages. First, while the traditional HPMV filter ...
    DOI: 10.1787/112875725526
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  • 30
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    School Premises and Violence (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Espaces scolaires et violence
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The eruption of violence in society is a natural phenomenon; its rise or fall depends on complex, interrelated social processes. The same applies to violence on school premises, any study of which must address the individual characteristics of young people who perpetrate violence and the specific social context of the school. Violence is a generic term, covering violence towards property as well as people.
    DOI: 10.1787/833054225153
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  • 31
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    The Tax System in Mexico : A Need for Strengthening the Revenue-Raising Capacity (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 80 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.233
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: The Mexican tax system encompasses a number of commendable features and disincentives to work, save and invest appear less severe than in most other OECD countries. However, the system also contains major deficiencies, which hampers the efficiency and equity of the system and contribute to the fact that Mexico has by far the lowest level of tax revenues in relation to GDP among the OECD countries. The main priorities for reform should be base broadening measures such as eliminating the tax preferences for agriculture, fisheries, publishing and land transportation; substantially reducing the vast number of zero-rated and exempted goods and services in the VAT system; and broadening the income base of individuals by taxing fringe benefits and eliminate the fiscal subsidy. Furthermore, increased taxation of property, in particular real estate, would be warranted from both a revenue-raising and distributional point of view. Finally, administration could be further improved through a ...
    DOI: 10.1787/713001800850
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  • 32
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    New Issues in Public Debt Management : Government Surpluses in Several OECD Countries, the Common Currency in Europe and Rapidly Rising Debt in Japan (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 34 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.239
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area ; Japan
    Abstract: This paper reviews some of the difficult challenges facing debt managers in the years to come. In countries experiencing a rapidly diminishing gross debt, particularly the United States, this raises the issue of whether private-sector securities can serve as a substitute for the traditionally important government debt market. In the euro area, following the creation of the common currency, the issue is how to avoid that independent debt management strategies hamper the creation of a more efficient euro-area financial market. Turning to Japan, the level of debt is projected to rise rapidly and there is a need to improve the liquidity of the Japanese government bond market. To this end, a number of measures could be introduced to make debt management more efficient, yielding significant cost saving ...
    DOI: 10.1787/071758446643
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  • 33
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    Trends and Driving Factors in Income Distribution and Poverty in the OECD Area (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 169 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.42
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: This paper summarises trends and driving factors in income distribution and poverty in 21 OECD Member countries analysing separately the working- and the retirement-age populations. Shifts in relative incomes in the past ten years generally favoured prime-age and elderly age groups. Persons living in multi-adult households have seen their income shares rise somewhat, especially in households without children, or when there are two or more earners present. On the other hand, younger age groups generally lost ground, and relative income levels of single parents and persons in households with no earners tended to weaken further in many countries. There has been no generalised long-term trend in the distribution of disposable household incomes since the mid-1970s. However, during the more recent period (mid-1980s to mid-1990s), income inequality has increased in about half of the OECD countries studied, while none of the remaining countries recorded an unambiguous decrease in ...
    DOI: 10.1787/488747757407
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  • 34
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    A Multi-Gas Assessment of the Kyoto Protocol (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.270
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The Kyoto Protocol covers emissions of a range of greenhouse gases. Yet, most attempts to quantify the economic impact of implementing the Protocol’s emission targets for the period 2008-12 have focused exclusively on CO2 emissions. This paper extends previous OECD analysis confined to CO2 alone so as to cover also emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. The paper concludes that the economic costs of implementing the targets in the Kyoto Protocol are lower than suggested by an analysis confined to CO2 alone. However, over the longer term, when larger cuts in greenhouse gas emissions are required in order to have any material effect on climate, most abatement will likely have to come from CO2 and the inclusion of other gases in the analysis may not substantially alter estimates of economic costs ...
    DOI: 10.1787/540631321683
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  • 35
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    Espaces scolaires et violence (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. School Premises and Violence
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: L’émergence de la violence dans une société est un phénomène naturel ; sa réduction et son accroissement sont liés à des processus sociaux complexes et intercorrélés. De même, dans les espaces scolaires, il faut examiner la violence en regard des éléments individuels des jeunes auteurs d’actes violents et du contexte social particulier de l’école. La violence est un terme générique qui englobe aussi bien les violences contre les biens que celles contre les personnes.
    DOI: 10.1787/821126760113
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  • 36
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    Human Capital in Growth Regressions : How much Difference Does Data Quality Make? (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 69 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.262
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We construct a revised version of the Barro and Lee (1996) data set for a sample of OECD countries using previously unexploited sources and following a heuristic approach to obtain plausible time profiles for attainment levels by removing sharp breaks in the data that seem to reflect changes in classification criteria. It is then shown that these revised data perform much better than the Barro and Lee (1996) or Nehru et al. (1995) series in a number of growth specifications. We interpret these results as an indication that poor data quality may be behind counterintuitive findings in the recent literature on the (lack of) relationship between educational investment and growth. Using our preferred empirical specification, we also show that the contribution of TFP to cross-country productivity differentials is substantial and that its importance relative to differences in factor stocks increases over time ...
    DOI: 10.1787/750033432084
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  • 37
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    The Size and Role of Automatic Fiscal Stabilizers in the 1990s and Beyond (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.230
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper assesses to what extent some components of government budgets affected by the macroeconomic situation operate to smooth the business cycle in individual OECD countries. It is shown that these automatic fiscal stabilisers have generally reduced cyclical volatility in the 1990s. However, in some countries the need to undertake fiscal consolidation in order to improve public finances has forced governments to take discretionary actions that have reduced, or even offset, the effect of automatic fiscal stabilisers. This paper also shows that, by preventing sharp economic fluctuations, fiscal stabilisers may raise long-term economic performance and avoid frequent changes in spending or tax rates. However, they should be employed symmetrically over the cycle in order to avoid costly debt accumulation ...
    DOI: 10.1787/816628410134
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  • 38
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    Wired Versus Wireless (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/08
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Avec ou sans fil ?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: What follows is an edited transcript of an interview with Glenn Meeks and Prakash Nair by Randall Fielding, U.S. architect and planner, contributing editor to “School Construction News” and the editor of “Design Share”.
    DOI: 10.1787/837864775744
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  • 39
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    The Tax System in Japan : A Need for Comprehensive Reform (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.231
    Keywords: Economics ; Japan
    Abstract: The Japanese tax system applies relatively low marginal tax rates on most economic activities which, in combination with moderate tax elasticities of the bases, indicate that the overall distortion from the tax system (the excess burden) is probably modest compared with other OECD countries. Recent sizeable reductions in statutory marginal tax rates in both the personal and the corporate tax system have strengthened this feature. However, significant loopholes and non-neutralities are in place in key parts of the tax system, leading to potentially substantial efficiency losses once the tax-to-GDP ratio starts rising to accommodate the restoration of public finances as well as the expenditure needs related to the ageing population. There is thus an immediate need to start broadening the tax base in major parts of the system, including reducing the vast allowances and credits in the personal income tax system; incorporating bonuses in the base for social security ...
    DOI: 10.1787/707611268636
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  • 40
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    Voluntary Approaches for Environmental Policy : An Assessment (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180260
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (144 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les approches volontaires dans les politiques de l'environnement ; Analyse et évaluation
    RVK:
    QT 200
    RVK:
    PS 4200
    RVK:
    PR 2359
    RVK:
    AR 28300
    Keywords: Environment ; OECD ; Selbstverpflichtung ; Mitgliedsstaaten
    Abstract: Voluntary approaches are schemes whereby firms make commitments to improve their environmental performance.They cover arrangements such as public voluntary programmes, negotiated agreements or unilateral commitments. Until recently, voluntary approaches have not been subject to systematic analysis, inasmuch as, unlike taxes and tradable permits, they have not been prescribed by economic theory. Voluntary approaches were "invented" by those who devise and implement them: policy-makers, business associations, individual firms, non-governmental associations, etc. The use of voluntary approaches in environmental policy (e.g.negotiated agreements between Government and industry) is spreading and attracting growing interest in OECD countries. This book provides a systematic analysis of the different types of voluntary approaches, their economic characteristics, their role and effectiveness.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180260-en
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  • 41
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    Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : La réforme de la réglementation aux États-Unis 1999 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273986
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform; Regulatory Reform in the United States 1999
    Keywords: Governance ; United States
    Abstract: Depuis un quart de siècle, les États-Unis jouent un rôle de pionnier dans le domaine de la réforme de la réglementation à l'échelle mondiale. Contrairement à l'opinion courante, les États-Unis ne sont pas moins réglementés que les autres pays mais ils sont réglementés différemment eu égard à l'orientation favorable à la concurrence des régimes réglementaires fédéraux, et à l'ouverture et à la contestabilité des processus de réglementation. Une déréglementation économique de grande envergure associée à des efforts pour améliorer la qualité de la réglementation sociale ont contribué à l'édification de l'une des économies les plus innovantes, les plus flexibles et les plus ouvertes de la zone OCDE, tout en maintenant des normes relativement élevées dans les domaines de la santé, de la sécurité et de l'environnement. Pourtant, d'importants problèmes liés à la réglementation persistent aux États-Unis. Un défi fondamental pour assurer sa qualité consiste à améliorer le rapport coût-efficacité et la performance de réglementations sociales et de formalités publiques coûteuses. En un mot, il s'agit moins de réglementer plus que de bien réglementer. Les États-Unis sont un des premiers pays à avoir demander à l'OCDE de procéder à un examen général de ses pratiques réglementaires et des réformes de la réglementation menées à l'échelon national. Cet ouvrage est le fruit de l'évaluation approfondie menée par l'OCDE et d'un examen par ses pays Membres. Il présente une évaluation sans équivalent de la réforme de la réglementation dans des domaines aussi essentiels que le contexte macro-économique, la qualité du secteur public, la politique de la concurrence et sa mise en oeuvre, ainsi que l'intégration des principes d'ouverture du marché dans les processus réglementaires et dans des secteurs tels que l'électricité et les télécommunications. Les politiques recommandées offrent un plan d'action équilibré à court et à plus long terme fondé sur les meilleures pratiques réglementaires à l'échelon international. Pour en savoir plus A lire dans la même collection : La réforme de la réglementation au Japon, La réforme de la réglementation aux Pays-Bas, La réforme de la réglementation au Mexique. L'analyse de fond dont découlent ces premiers examens par pays est présentée dans le Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Rapport de synthèse et dans les deux volumes du Rapport de l'OCDE sur la réforme de la réglementation : Études sectorielles et Études thématiques, publiés en 1997.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273986-fr
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  • 42
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    Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement : Norvège 1999 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264280564
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (132 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens en matière de coopération pour le développement no.36
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Development Co-operation Reviews; Norway 1999
    Keywords: Development ; Norway
    Abstract: L’effort d’aide de la Norvège place ce pays au deuxième rang des Membres du CAD pour ce qui est du rapport de l’APD au PNB. L’aide au développement bénéficie en Norvège d’un large consensus national dû au soutien sans réserve des églises et des ONG, et à une sensibilisation efficace aux problèmes de développement. Quelque 40 % du programme bilatéral administré par la Norvège transitent ainsi par des ONG norvégiennes. L’aide au développement à long terme de la Norvège est fortement orientée vers la réduction de la pauvreté, l’aide allant essentiellement aux pays pauvres menant de bonnes politiques. La Norvège suit à cet égard une triple approche : aider les pays concernés à promouvoir la croissance économique ; favoriser la mise en œuvre des programmes de développement social ; enfin, cibler l’aide sur les groupes vulnérables. Les approches opérationnelles de la Norvège et ses crédits budgétaires à l’appui de la réduction de la pauvreté peuvent, toutefois, être encore renforcés dans le cadre de l’effort général mené à l’échelle internationale pour réduire de moitié la proportion de pauvres d’ici 2015. Les ambitions de la Norvège en ce qui concerne la promotion des droits de l’homme, de la démocratie et de la paix, ont ouvert de nouveaux domaines d’action et généré des défis majeurs aux niveaux stratégique et organisationnel. De plus, si la Norvège s’attache à concentrer son aide bilatérale sur 12 pays prioritaires, les priorités politiques et humanitaires sont devenues un deuxième élément de l’aide norvégienne et en ont accru sa dispersion géographique. Les examens en matière de coopération pour le développement prévus pour l'an 2000 porteront sur les Membres du CAD suivants : la France, la Nouvelle-Zélande, l'Italie, la Suède, la Suisse et le Portugal.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264280564-fr
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    Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Irlande 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264287976
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Environmental Performance Reviews; Ireland 2000
    Keywords: Environment ; Ireland
    Abstract: Ce rapport consacré à l'Irlande évalue les progrès accomplis ou à faire dans la réduction de la charge polluante, la gestion des ressources naturelles, l'intégration des politiques économique et environnementale et le renforcement de la coopération internationale. Les analyses s'appuient sur un large ensemble de données économiques et environnementales.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287976-fr
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  • 44
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    Investment Guides: Investment Guide for Mongolia 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Investment Guides
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Mongolia
    Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an essential component in economic development, in particular for smaller transition economies like Mongolia. For this impact to be realised, the conditions to attract and retain FDI must be created. Despite its isolation and distance from export markets, FDI in Mongolia has been relatively dynamic, aided both by rich natural resources and by the pro-active policies pursued by the Mongolian government. All sectors of the Mongolian economy are open to foreign investors and foreign investment is protected from nationalisation or expropriation. Investment is promoted via a "one-stop shop" which provides a first point of contact and support for foreign investors. The operating environment in Mongolia is evolving to accommodate the requirements of modern businesses. Labour, raw materials and operating costs are competitive and the key legislative acts are in place. Work is progressing to modernise the tax administration. This Investment Guide, published by the OECD’s Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members, provides an overview of the conditions for foreign direct investment in Mongolia. Policy recommendations are made to enhance the attractiveness of the country as an investment venue, including strengthening the legal framework for foreign investment, restructuring the banking system and reinforcing the rule of law.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189607-en
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  • 45
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    Income Risk Management in Agriculture (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264189584
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (152 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion des risques en matière de revenu dans le secteur agricole
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food
    Abstract: Various risks affect the income and the welfare of farm households. A large number of strategies are available to deal specifically with income risk. They exist against a general background of widespread government intervention that modifies the risks faced by farmers. In the context of agricultural policy reform, a challenge for policy makers is to better define the role of public policy versus market-based mechanisms to deal with income risk in agriculture. The OECD workshop examined the various strategies used by farm households, in particular those attracting renewed interest such as diversification of income sources, vertical co-ordination, hedging on futures markets, insurance coverage and public safety-nets. It allowed participants from Member countries’ governments and private industries to share their experience. One of the main conclusions was that farmers, as managers, have the primary responsibility for risk management and that the optimal mix of tools and instruments depends on specific conditions. Government intervention in risk management, coming as a response to an identified market failure, should be in line with general reform principles shared by OECD Ministers for Agriculture, which include increasing the market orientation of agriculture and addressing legitimate domestic interests in ways that do not distort production and trade.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264189584-en
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  • 46
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    International Environmental Issues and the OECD 1950-2000 : An Historical Perspective, by Bill L. Long (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181113
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has long been recognised as one of the international community’s premier economic organisations. Less well known is its extensive work and achievements in the field of environment. Written by a former Director of Environment, this book describes the origins and evolution of the Organisation’s environmental work as well as its contributions to the resolution of major environmental issues which OECD Member nations have confronted over the second half of the Twentieth Century (e.g, acid rain, ozone depletion, chemical safety, hazardous waste management, and reconciliation of economic growth and environmental protection objectives). The author also sets out some of the key challenges that the OECD faces in maintaining a leadership role in international environmental affairs in the next millennium.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181113-en
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  • 47
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    Predicting The Evolution and Effects of The Asia Crisis from The OECD Perspective (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.236
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past two years, the key trading economies in SE Asia experienced major economic crises, involving financial turbulence, large capital outflows and currency depreciations. These, in turn, resulted in severe financial constraints and business failures and required major domestic adjustments and massive swings in their currentaccount balance of payments positions. The associated economic recessions had major effects on the economies in question and, because of constraints on their capacity to invest and import, a significant impact on the rest of the world, so that world trade and output growth slowed significantly and world commodity markets weakened substantially over the period. This paper looks at the wider macroeconomic consequences of the Asia crisis and their predictability from the perspective of the OECD countries. In doing so it examines some of the major aspects of the Asia crisis, its effects on the world situation and their predictability, assisted by the OECD’s ...
    DOI: 10.1787/422426214244
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  • 48
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    Turkey's Basic Education Programme (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2000/03
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Programme d'enseignement de base de la Turquie
    Keywords: Education ; Turkey
    Abstract: In August 1997, the Government of Turkey greatly increased its efforts to implement eight-year obligatory education, through parliamentary approval of Law No. 4306 for Basic Education. The law mobilises significant resources for a major investment in school facilities through earmarked taxes, establishes a timetable for the Basic Education Programme and streamlines procedures to allow for swift action and implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/862402283047
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  • 49
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    The HIPC Initiative : True and False Promises (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.166
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The paper develops the view that the perspective on the HIPC initiative is distorted by the fact that -contrary to the Brady deal itself- it lacks all perspective on the “market value” of the debt which is written down. The appropriate “market value” is one that takes account of the risk of non-payment: arrears, rescheduling and “constrained” refinancing of various sorts. Building upon econometric evidence that relies on middle income debtors in the eighties, the paper argues that the initiative is about ten times less generous than face value accounting would suggest ...
    DOI: 10.1787/333105728152
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  • 50
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    Recent Trends, Policies and Challenges in SEE Countries (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2000/05
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In the wake of the Balkan crisis, the Central and East European transition countries have been put into two groups, the seven South-East European countries (SEEC-7) and the five Central European countries (CEEC-5). SEEC-7 have not only been more immediately affected by the crisis but also show several common features of economic underdevelopment and distorted transition to a market economy. In order to help their future development, the Balkan Stability Pact has been set up. One of the aims of this internationally funded programme is to reduce investment risk in the region and lay the foundations for the inflow of private capital. This section looks at the main characteristics of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the region in comparison with CEECs. Further sections of the paper will provide a deeper insight into some crucial areas – foreign ...
    DOI: 10.1787/361306126481
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    The Great Reversals : The Politics of Financial Development in the 20th Century (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.265
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: We attempt to identify and explain the broad patterns of financial development in developed countries over the twentieth century. We find that, contrary to the predictions of most existing theories, indicators of financial development do not seem monotonic over time. In particular, we find that by most measures, countries were more financially developed in 1913 than in 1980 and that a major reversal took place between 1913 and 1950. To explain this we outline a simple theory of the political economy of financial development. Empirically, our analysis suggests that the forces opposing financial development will be weaker when a country is open to international trade and capital flows. We find this to be true both in the cross-section and over time. In periods of free capital movement world-wide, a country’s level of financial development is directly related to its openness to trade. Similarly, the low frequency movements of financial development over time appear to be correlated ...
    DOI: 10.1787/371486741616
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  • 52
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    Les centres de formation municipaux au XXIe siècle (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Échanges, Programme pour la construction et l'équipement de l'éducation no.2000/09
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. City Learning Centres for the 21st Century
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Le ministère anglais de l’Éducation et de l’Emploi a lancé le projet Excellence in Cities (EiC) qui a comme objectif d’améliorer les normes dans les établissements scolaires des vieux quartiers pauvres. Un élément essentiel de cette initiative est les City Learning Centres (centres de formation municipaux, CLC). Remarquablement bien équipés, les CLC vont certainement relever le niveau de formation et de qualification, multiplier les possibilités d’emploi et lutter contre l’exclusion sociale.
    DOI: 10.1787/825083333646
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  • 53
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    Dépenses d'éducation, qualité de l'éducation et pauvreté : L'exemple de cinq pays d'Afrique francophone (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 60 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.157
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: What are the most efficient means to ensure basic learning competencies for a high number of children? This question is analysed on the basis of the exceptionally rich data set provided by the Programme d'analyse des systèmes éducatifs des pays de la CONFEMEN (PASEC), standardised and comparable for Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Madagascar and Senegal. Within the analysis of the determinants of education quality, particular attention is paid to the situation of different social groups (poor/nonpoor, boys/girls). It turns out that poor children are disadvantaged with respect to their learning possibilities because they have a particularly high probability of the absence of certain factors, which are important for the learning of all children. These factors include the availability of books, the parents' literacy, access to radio and television, the possibility of studying at home, and the availability of meals on a regular basis. As to the distinction between boys and ...
    DOI: 10.1787/650713828042
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    Growth Effects of Education and Social Capital in the OECD Countries (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.263
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper surveys the empirical literature on the growth effects of education and social capital. The main focus is on the cross-country evidence for the OECD countries, but the paper also briefly reviews evidence from labour economics, to clarify where empirical work on education using macro data may be relatively useful. It is argued that on balance, the recent cross-country evidence points to productivity benefits of education that are at least as large as those identified by labour economists. The paper also discusses the implications of this finding. Finally, the paper reviews the emerging literature on the benefits of social capital. Since this literature is still in its early days, policy conclusions are accordingly harder to find ...
    DOI: 10.1787/882344562861
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  • 55
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    Summary of an Informal Workshop on the Causes of Economic Growth (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 21 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.260
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a summary of an OECD workshop on the causes of economic growth, held 6-7 July 2000. The topics covered include the recent growth resurgence in the United States, the potential importance of ICT and the Internet, and the part played by continual reallocation and restructuring. The paper also discusses the growth role of education, institutions, social capital, the financial sector, international trade and foreign direct investment, and indicates how research on these topics might inform policy ...
    DOI: 10.1787/685184050123
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    Converging European Transitions (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.159
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Expectations of a broader convergence of living standards worldwide have spread at the same time as emerging markets and mature democracies seek to attract foreign investment in order to accelerate economic growth. In this increasingly competitive global environment, the protection of property rights becomes a convergence criterion, together with openness to international markets for goods, services and assets, and a stable macroeconomy. In the EU, multilateral surveillance procedures and convergence programmes have been implemented to facilitate progress towards a medium-term orientation of macroeconomic policy. These practices may also provide benchmarks for emerging markets, blurring the difference between “transition” and “development”: in particular, they define “converging European transitions” for EU applicants. Given that emerging economies have experienced a substantial fall in their perceived standards of living after the financial crises of 1997-99, the ability to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/444427052842
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  • 57
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    Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions : Their Role in Industrial Globalisation (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2000/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines recent trends and drivers of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) which grew six-fold in 1991-98 and now account for more than 85% of foreign direct investment. They are prompted by a range of factors, including excess capacity and increased competition in traditional industries and new market opportunities in high-technology sectors. However, the main driver of M&As in place of greenfield investment is the need to acquire complementary intangible assets –technology, human resources, brand names, etc. In allowing for global industrial restructuring and efficiency gains, crossborder M&As can yield dividends in terms of company performance and profits. The extent to which they result in benefits for home and host countries is argued to be strongly influenced by policy frameworks ...
    DOI: 10.1787/137157251088
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  • 58
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    Negative Alchemy? : Corruption and Composition of Capital Flows (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.165
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Crony capitalism and self-fulfilling expectations by international creditors are often suggested as two rival explanations for currency crisis. This paper examines a possible linkage between the two that has so far not been explored: corruption may affect a country’s composition of capital inflows in a way that makes it more likely to experience a currency crisis that is triggered/aided by international investors’ self-fulfilling expectations. Using data on bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) and bilateral bank loans, this paper finds clear evidence that corrupt countries tend to have a particular composition of capital inflows that is relatively light in FDI. Earlier studies have indicated that a country that has such a capital inflow structure is more likely to run into a subsequent currency crisis (in part through self-fulfilling expectations of the international creditors). Thus, this paper has illustrated one particular channel through which crony capitalism can increase ...
    DOI: 10.1787/201684580375
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  • 59
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    International Trade and Core Labour Standards : A Survey of the Recent Literature (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 65 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.43
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical review of the current debate and recent literature on several aspects of international core labor standards. We attempt to address two basic issues. One strand of the literature examines the role that international trade plays in mediating international differences in wages, levels of development, labor law and cultural practices. In this context, we examine the theory and evidence concerning the impact of differing labor standards for international trade and whether such trade has implications for the income distribution in OECD countries. We also consider the impact of heterogeneous cross-country labor standards and practices for legal institutions relating to labor standards and industrial relations. In particular, we are interested in whether cross-country differences in labor standards must inevitably give rise to a race to the bottom in labor protections and what any consequent decline in standards might imply for broader ...
    DOI: 10.1787/677200103808
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    Towards Sustainable Consumption Patterns : A Progress Report on Member Country Initiatives (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264162662
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (56 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers des modes de consommation durables ; Le point sur les initiatives des pays Membres
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Towards sustainable consumption patterns
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Konsumentenverhalten ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Erneuerbare Ressourcen ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Verbraucherverhalten
    Abstract: Addressing unsustainable patterns of consumption is a crucial challenge for OECD Member countries in tackling environmental problems. However, measures to influence consumer demand have, in the past, received less attention than measures to influence production patterns. This progress report provides an initial overview of the broad array of policies and policy instruments which OECD Member countries are already using or considering to influence consumer demand for certain goods and services. These include a wide range of regulatory, economic and social policy instruments, as well as other actions by government, such as capital investment and the use of the land-use planning system. Such actions often form part of Member countries' strategies to tackle major environmental problems, such as climate change. This report reviews currently available information on the success of Member country initiatives in influencing consumption patterns. It finds that detailed information on the effectiveness of these policies is still limited, partly because many of the measures have only recently been put in place. It also identifies next steps for the OECD and for its Member countries, both to improve knowledge of policy initiatives and to take more effective action to influence consumption patterns.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Vers des modes de consommation durables
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264162662-en
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    Statistiques de la dette extérieure : 1997-1998 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264280472
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 1999
    Keywords: Mitgliedsstaaten ; Auslandsschulden
    DOI: 10.1787/extdebt_stat-1999-fr
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    National Accounts : Main Aggregates 1960/1997 Volume 1 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English , French
    Edition: Edition 1999
    Keywords: Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung
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    Intégrer les transports dans la ville : Réconcilier les dimensions économiques, sociales et environnementales (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789228280890
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Transport in the City; Reconciling the Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating Transport in the City: Reconciling the Economic, Social and Environmental Dimensions
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Transport ; Stadtentwicklung ; Verkehrsentwicklung
    Abstract: Les transports entraînent des problèmes de congestion urbaine de plus en plus préoccupants. Les nouvelles infrastructures de transport font par ailleurs naître des différends sur la façon d'imputer au public le coût des services nouveaux et de concilier la demande de déplacement avec les efforts pour améliorer la qualité de la vie urbaine dans ses dimensions sociale et environnementale. Si ces contradictions ne sont pas surmontées, les partenariats entre les secteurs public et privé auront du mal à se développer. La solution passe par la mise en oeuvre de toute une panoplie de stratégies reposant sur une politique d’information et de communication renforcée à destination du public, des projets mieux conçus pour prendre en compte les objectifs sociaux et environnementaux, une approche de l’aménagement urbain holistique plutôt que sectorielle et des échanges de compétences plus intenses entre les secteurs public et privé. Ce livre s’inspire d’une série d’études de cas, montrant aussi bien des réussites que des échecs, menées dans des pays tels que l'Australie, les Etats-Unis, la France, le Japon ou le Royaume-Uni. Afin d'éclairer ce débat majeur et faciliter la conception de nouvelles stratégies d'intégration des transports dans la ville, ce livre expose les voies les plus prometteuses pour : - répondre aux problèmes du transport urbain ; - améliorer les partenariats public/privé ; et - rendre socialement plus acceptables les nouveaux projets d'infrastructures et les péages routiers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789228280890-fr
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    Examen des pêcheries dans les pays de l'OCDE : Vol I: Politiques et statistiques de base - Vol II: Statistiques nationales (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281684
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 2000
    Keywords: Fischerei
    DOI: 10.1787/rev_fish_pol-2000-fr
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  • 65
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    Towards Sustainable Development : Indicators to Measure Progress (Proceedings of the Rome Conference) (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264187641
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Towards sustainable development: indicators to measure progress ; proceedings of the OECD Rome Conference
    DDC: 333.7/15
    RVK:
    QC 347
    Keywords: Wirtschaftsindikator ; Nachhaltige Entwicklung ; Umweltbericht ; Nationaleinkommen ; Wirtschaftswachstum ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Entwicklung ; International ; Nachhaltigkeit ; OECD ; Soziologie ; Wirtschaft ; Konferenzschrift 1999 ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Indikator
    Abstract: Until recently, governments have measured economic progress by tallying such statistics as GDP, inflation and balance of payments. Today they agree that economic expansion should be socially and environmentally sustainable. Hence measuring progress towards sustainable development is essential to support decision making and inform the public. How should environmental and social outcomes, such as clean air and water, full employment and good health be integrated with measures of economic progress? How will we know about progress towards sustainable transport, agriculture and energy production and use? Towards sustainable development: Indicators to Measure Progress addresses these fundamental questions. The book contains the proceedings of the OECD Conference that was held in Rome in December 1999. It presents the wide range of initiatives and indicators that are already in place, and outlines the challenges that remain in measuring progress towards sustainable development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264187641-en
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  • 66
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    Combattre la pauvreté dans le monde : Stratégies et études de cas (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264280373
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (260 p.)
    Series Statement: Séminaires du Centre de Développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Waging the Global War on Poverty; Strategies and Case Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Waging the Global War on Poverty: Strategies and Case Studies
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development ; Entwicklungsländer ; Armut ; Wirtschaftspolitik
    Abstract: Eradiquer la pauvreté est depuis longtemps une priorité de la coopération au développement. Mais en dépit des progrès incontestables déjà accomplis, les stratégies déployées au niveau international comme au niveau national continuent de faire l'objet de controverses. La lutte contre la pauvreté reste en effet une question complexe qui implique un grand nombre d'acteurs et recouvre une multitude de dimensions aussi bien économiques, sociales, politiques, qu'environnementales. L'originalité de cet ouvrage est d'adopter une approche aussi ouverte et complète que le permettent les connaissances actuelles pour identifier les pratiques les plus fructueuses. Est-il réaliste de vouloir réduire l'extrême pauvreté de moitié d'ici 2015 ? Quelles sont les stratégies les plus efficaces suivies par les donneurs, qu'il s'agisse des agences de développement ou des pays développés ? Quelles leçons peut-on tirer des expériences des pays en développement ? On le voit, les questions en suspens sont nombreuses. Pour y répondre, cet ouvrage donne un large panorama des stratégies et des objectifs globaux de la lutte contre la pauvreté. Il présente également cinq études de cas particulièrement éclairantes portant sur la Bolivie, la Côte d’Ivoire, l'Etat du Kerala en Inde, la Malaisie et l'Ouganda.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264280373-fr
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  • 67
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    Perspectives des technologies de l'information de l'OCDE : TIC, commerce électronique et économie de l'information 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281035
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 2000
    DOI: 10.1787/it_outlook-2000-fr
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  • 68
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    Circulation routière : la sécurité des usagers vulnérables (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281578
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (116 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Safety in Road Traffic for Vulnerable Users
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Circulation routière
    RVK:
    ZO 4870
    Keywords: Transport ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Radfahrer ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Fußgänger ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Mopedfahrer ; Straßenverkehr ; Verkehrssicherheit ; Motorradfahrer
    Abstract: De 1997 à 1999, la CEMT a consacré trois rapports et trois résolutions à la sécurité des usagers vulnérables, à savoir les cyclistes, les piétons et les utilisateurs de deux-roues motorisés (cyclomoteurs et motocyclettes). Ces études s’inscrivent dans un cadre plus large que celui de la seule sécurité routière puisqu’elles prennent en compte aussi bien l’évolution démographique des pays Membres de la CEMT -- vieillissement de la population -- que les problèmes désormais d’actualité de mobilité, d’aménagement du territoire, d’environnement et de santé publique. Les mesures préconisées (qu’elles soient globales ou spécifiques à chaque catégorie d’usagers concernée) montrent qu’il reste encore beaucoup à faire en faveur de la sécurité des usagers vulnérables. Il s’agit toutefois de ne pas promouvoir un modèle unique, mais de s’efforcer de développer plusieurs stratégies qui intègrent les particularités de chaque pays. Cette publication devrait permettre à chacun d'évaluer les différentes approches développées dans les pays de la CEMT et de s’inspirer de ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler les "bonnes pratiques".
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T: Safety in road traffic for vulnerable users , Engl. Ausg. u.d.T: Safety in road traffic for vulnerable users
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264281578-fr
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  • 69
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    La politique sociale et la politique du marché du travail en Roumanie (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281882
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Labour Market and Social Policies in Romania
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Romania ; Rumänien ; Arbeitsmarkt ; Sozialpolitik
    Abstract: La Roumanie est l’un des pays les plus pauvres d’Europe et elle rencontre de grandes difficultés dans ses tentatives pour mettre en place des politiques du marché du travail et des politiques sociales similaires à celles des pays plus développés. L’étendue de la pauvreté y est considérable et d’importantes restructurations de l’économie sont indispensables : la survie de nombreux ménages dépend encore de l’agriculture de subsistance ou d’autres activités économiques informelles. Mais augmenter les dépenses d’assurance sociale n’est pas une solution viable pour la Roumanie, car le taux de cotisation qu’elle impose est déjà l’un des plus élevés du monde. Quel rôle la politique sociale et la politique du marché du travail peuvent-elles et doivent-elles jouer dans le climat économique actuel ? Pour répondre à cette question, cet ouvrage présente une analyse approfondie et documentée du problème du sous-emploi et des difficultés sociales qui en résultent. Il démontre que les problèmes sociaux actuels sont étroitement liés aux graves distorsions économiques que connaît le pays. La priorité essentielle doit dès lors consister à promouvoir la modernisation de l’ensemble de l’économie, même si cela conduit à une augmentation du chômage. Cet ouvrage analyse les différentes questions relevant de la politique sociale et de la politique du marché du travail dans une telle perspective économique, et fournit de nombreuses comparaisons à l’échelle internationale.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264281882-fr
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  • 70
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    Approfondir les réformes en Corée : Politiques du marché du travail et protection sociale (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281929
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pushing Ahead with Reform in Korea; Labour Market and Social Safety-net Policies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pushing Ahead with Reform in Korea: Labour Market and Social Safety-net Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Korea, Republic of
    Abstract: A la fin de 1997, la Corée a été frappée par une grave crise économique et financière qui a notamment entraîné une forte hausse du chômage. Ni les institutions du marché du travail ni les institutions sociales n’avaient anticipé la crise, de sorte que de nombreux travailleurs ainsi que leurs familles ont été durement touchés.L’économie s’est maintenant redressée. Cet ouvrage montre que la politique du marché du travail et la politique sociale du gouvernement ont aidé à minimiser le coût de la crise et permis de la surmonter ; il en va de même des mesures destinées à renforcer les droits fondamentaux des travailleurs. Cependant, ce livre souligne également la nécessité de mettre en œuvre d'autres réformes afin que la croissance économique soit saine et durable sur le plan social : il s'agit plus que jamais de poursuivre l'élan des réformes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264281929-fr
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  • 71
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    Comment financer l'apprentissage à vie ? (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264061484
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Where are the Resources for Lifelong Learning?
    Keywords: Education ; Lebenslanges Lernen ; Bildungsökonomie ; Internationaler Vergleich
    Abstract: L'apprentissage tout au long de la vie bénéficie d'un large consensus politique : il est reconnu comme indispensable à la poursuite du progrès économique et au maintien de la cohésion sociale dans la « nouvelle économie ». Mais la concrétisation de cet objectif peut se révéler coûteuse et dépend de la rentabilité du processus d'apprentissage des apports financiers ou des dons en nature du secteur privé. Comment éviter que le coût de l'apprentissage à vie ne devienne prohibitif ? Comment s'assurer qu'il existe bien des mécanismes efficaces et transparents pour le promouvoir ? Cet ouvrage passe en revue les initiatives qu'ont prises certains pays de l’OCDE au cours de ces dernières années pour traduire leurs objectifs en véritables stratégies. Il examine les politiques et les pratiques qui ont un impact sur le rendement de l’investissement dans l'apprentissage tout au long de la vie, ainsi que les mécanismes mis en place pour drainer les capitaux nécessaires à son financement. Enfin, il montre quelles sont les questions budgétaires à régler si l’on veut que l'apprentissage tout au long de la vie soit un objectif à la fois réaliste et réalisable de l’action publique.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264061484-fr
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  • 72
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    Téléphonie mobile: structures et tendances en matière de prix (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264288232
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mobile Phones; Pricing Structures and Trends
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mobile Phones: Pricing Structures and Trends
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Telekommunikationsmarkt ; Handy
    Abstract: Les communications mobiles sont l'un des succès éclatants de l'industrie des télécommunications. Ainsi, en juin 1999, on dénombrait 293 millions d'abonnés mobiles dans la zone de l'OCDE, soit environ un téléphone mobile pour quatre habitants. La croissance actuelle continue d'être supérieure à la plupart des prévisions antérieures. Et les avantages procurés par la mobilité dans les télécommunications sont de plus en plus manifestes en termes de développement aussi bien économique que social. S'il y a une nuance à apporter à ce bilan exceptionnel, c'est que la croissance très rapide des communications mobiles a eu tendance à masquer de grandes disparités dans les performances à l'intérieur de la zone de l'OCDE. Aussi importe-t-il d'analyser ces performances en se référant à des critères internationaux qui progressent rapidement. Sans une telle analyse, la concrétisation des grands objectifs stratégiques en matière de commerce électronique et de concurrence dans l'infrastructure locale échappera à tout examen critique. De plus, les taux de croissance élevés ont eu tendance à occulter certains problèmes liés à une concurrence insuffisante par les prix. Dans de nombreux pays, les communications mobiles sont un secteur pionnier de la libéralisation. Il est cependant du devoir des décideurs politiques de réexaminer continuellement les cadres réglementaires. Cet ouvrage identifie plus particulièrement les domaines que les décideurs devront examiner avec attention.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264288232-fr
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  • 73
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    Gestion des risques en matière de revenu dans le secteur agricole (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264289581
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Income Risk Management in Agriculture
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Landwirtschaft ; Einkommenssicherung ; Risikomanagement
    Abstract: Les ménages agricoles sont confrontés à une série de risques qui affectent leur revenu et leur bien-être. Un grand nombre de stratégies sont à leur disposition pour gérer, en particulier, le risque relatif au revenu. Celles-ci prennent place dans un contexte d’intervention publique généralisée qui modifie les risques rencontrés par les agriculteurs. Dans le cadre de la réforme de la politique agricole, les pouvoirs publics vont devoir s'attacher à mieux définir le rôle des mécanismes d’intervention publique par rapport aux approches fondées sur le marché pour permettre aux agriculteurs de gérer le risque en matière de revenu. L’atelier de l’OCDE a examiné les différentes stratégies utilisées par les ménages agricoles, en particulier celles qui font l’objet d’un regain d’intérêt comme la diversification des sources de revenu, la coordination verticale, la couverture sur les marchés à terme, l’assurance et les filets de sécurité publics. Il a permis aux participants des pays Membres, du service public comme du secteur privé, de partager leurs expériences. C'est aux agriculteurs, en tant qu’entrepreneurs, qu'incombe en premier lieu la gestion du risque, et la combinaison optimale d’outils et d’instruments dépend des conditions spécifiques, telle est l'une des principales conclusions de cet atelier. L’intervention du gouvernement dans la gestion du risque, en réponse à une défaillance avérée du marché, devrait être conforme aux principes généraux de réforme tels qu'ils ont été définis par les ministres des pays de l’OCDE. Ceux-ci impliquent notamment une plus grande orientation de l’agriculture par le marché et la prise en compte des préoccupations nationales légitimes sans création de distorsions sur la production et les échanges.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264289581-fr
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  • 74
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    Glossaire des termes d'assurance (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264273214
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (140 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Glossary of Insurance Policy Terms
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Versicherungswirtschaft
    Abstract: Pour compléter une série de publications qui feront date sur les problèmes de la politique des assurances, l’OCDE a établi ce glossaire, unique en son genre, des termes de la politique des assurances. Les thèmes retenus vont de la réglementation et de la surveillance des assurances à des questions commerciales plus générales. Le glossaire comprend également des termes techniques concernant les sinistres, les primes et les provisions. Cet ouvrage est plus particulièrement destiné aux responsables de ce dossier dans les administrations publiques, aux chercheurs et aux entreprises dans le monde entier.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264273214-fr
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  • 75
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    Industrial Structure Statistics : Vol. 1: Core Data - Vol. 2: Energy Consumption (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264081055
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 1999
    Keywords: Industrie ; Struktur
    DOI: 10.1787/stat_indserv-1999-en-fr
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  • 76
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    Améliorer l'accès aux renseignements bancaires à des fins fiscales (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281264
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Access to Bank Information for Tax Purposes
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Verbesserung des Zugangs zu Bankinformationen für Besteuerungszwecke
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mejorar el acceso a la información bancaria por motivos fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Improving Access to Bank Information for Tax Purposes (Turkish Version)
    Keywords: Taxation ; Bankgeheimnis ; Steuerfahndung ; Bank ; Finanzbehörde ; Kriminalität ; Bekämpfung ; Internationale Kooperation
    Abstract: Ce rapport a été préparé par le Comité des affaires fiscales afin d'examiner les moyens d'améliorer la coopération internationale relative à l'échange, à des fins fiscales, de renseignements détenus par les banques et les autres institutions financières.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264281264-fr
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  • 77
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    Perspectives agricoles de l'OCDE : 2000/2005 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281530
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 2000
    DOI: 10.1787/agr_outlook-2000-fr
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  • 78
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    Rentabilité des banques : Notes méthodologiques par pays Edition 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264282179
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bank Profitability; Methodological Country Notes 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Bank Profitability: Methodological Country Notes 2000
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Bank ; Rechnungswesen ; Wirtschaftlichkeit ; Statistik
    Abstract: Les statistiques de l’OCDE sur les banques, publiées chaque année sous le titre Rentabilité des banques : Comptes des banques, fournissent un instrument sans équivalent pour analyser l’évolution de la rentabilité des banques dans les pays membres de l'OCDE. Les notes méthodologiques par pays, incluses dans ce volume, complètent la publication statistique et ont été préparées afin de faciliter la compréhension et l'interprétation des statistiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264282179-fr
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  • 79
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    Mesurer le rôle du tourisme dans les pays de l'OCDE : Manuel de l'OCDE sur les comptes satellites du tourisme et l'emploi (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264282315
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (296 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring the Role of Tourism in OECD Economies; The OECD Manual on Tourism Satellite Accounts and Employment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Measuring the Role of Tourism in OECD Economies: The OECD Manual on Tourism Satellite Accounts and Employment
    Keywords: Employment ; Industry and Services ; Tourismusindustrie ; Tourismus ; Messung
    Abstract: Le tourisme joue un rôle de plus en plus important dans les économies de nombreux pays de l'OCDE. Comment mesurer l'impact économique du tourisme et son potentiel de création d'emplois ? Le compte satellite du tourisme et le module emploi - deux nouveaux instruments économiques élaborés par le Comité du tourisme de l'OCDE - permettent de déterminer l'impact socio-économique, la structure et l'évolution des activités liées au tourisme. Pour la première fois, Mesurer le rôle du tourisme dans les pays de l’OCDE: Manuel de l’OCDE sur les comptes satellites du tourisme et l’emploi décrit les expériences nationales les plus récentes dans la mise en oeuvre des comptes satellites du tourisme et présente les résultats des efforts déployés au cours de la dernière décennie pour développer de nouvelles méthodes d'analyse du tourisme et de l'emploi touristique. A travers l’analyse des expériences de 16 pays de l’OCDE, ce document attire l'attention du lecteur sur l'importance économique croissante du tourisme et fournit des éléments pratiques pour la mise en place d'outils de mesure de l'impact du tourisme et pour l'interprétation des résultats.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264282315-fr
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  • 80
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    Législation nucléaire en Europe centrale et orientale et dans les NEI : Panorama 2000 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264287662
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (204 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Legislation in Central and Eastern Europe and the NIS; 2000 Overview
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Nuclear Legislation in Central and Eastern Europe and the NIS: 2000 Overview
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Osteuropa ; Atomrecht
    Abstract: Cette publication analyse la législation et la réglementation régissant les utilisations pacifiques de l’énergie nucléaire en Europe de l’Est. Elle couvre 11 pays d’Europe centrale et orientale et 11 pays des Nouveaux États indépendants. Tous les chapitres ont été rédigés selon un plan uniforme destiné à faciliter la recherche et la comparaison des informations. Cette publication continuera à faire l’objet de mises à jour régulières. Albanie Kazakhstan Arménie Lettonie Bélarus Lituanie Bosnie-Herzégovine Ouzbékistan Bulgarie Pologne Croatie République de Moldavie Estonie République slovaque Ex-République yougoslave de Macédoine République tchèque Fédération de Russie Roumanie Géorgie Slovénie Hongrie Ukraine
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287662-fr
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  • 81
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    L' évaluation des investissements en équipements éducatifs (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264280601
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Appraisal of Investments in Educational Facilities
    Keywords: Capital investments OECD countries ; Congresses ; Education Economic aspects ; OECD countries ; Congresses ; Education OECD countries ; Finance ; Congresses ; Education ; Bildungsinvestition
    Abstract: La question de l’évaluation des investissements en équipements éducatifs constitue un domaine de recherche encore largement inexploré. Comment parvenir à définir des critères d’évaluation fiables et efficaces, tenant compte des divers paramètres allant de la planification et de la rentabilité des équipements à la performance du système éducatif dans sa totalité ? Responsables des investissements et du financement, de la planification, de la conception et de la gestion dans le champ de l’éducation sont également concernés par ces questions auxquelles tous les systèmes éducatifs contemporains sont confrontés.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264280601-fr
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  • 82
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    Les échanges internationaux et les normes fondamentales du travail (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264288003
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (136 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Trade and Core Labour Standards
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comercio internacional y estándares laborales básicos
    Keywords: Employment ; Trade ; Welthandel ; Arbeitsbedingungen ; Arbeitsrecht
    Abstract: Quels sont les principaux événements intervenus sur le plan des échanges et des normes du travail depuis la parution en 1996 de l’étude de l’OCDE sur « Le commerce, l’emploi et les normes du travail » ? Que fait-on pour promouvoir ces normes ? Quels ont été les progrès enregistrés ? Quelles sont les interactions possibles entre normes fondamentales du travail, échanges, investissement direct étranger, développement économique et emploi ? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions auxquelles s’efforce de répondre cette étude sur «Les échanges internationaux et les normes fondamentales du travail». L’ouvrage passe également en revue les principales préoccupations liées à ces normes et à leurs interactions avec les échanges et l’emploi, s’efforçant de définir un terrain d’entente sur lequel pourra s’édifier à l’avenir un dialogue constructif entre l’ensemble des parties concernées.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264288003-fr
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  • 83
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    Greener Public Purchasing : Issues and Practical Solutions (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264187573
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (112 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Marchés publics et environnement ; Problèmes et solutions pratiques
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Umweltorientierte öffentliche Beschaffung; Probleme und praktische Lösungen
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Greener public purchasing
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QP 240
    Keywords: Öffentlicher Auftrag ; Öko-Produkt ; Umweltzeichen ; OECD-Staaten ; Environment ; Governance ; Umweltverträgliches Produkt ; Öffentliche Beschaffung
    Abstract: Government consumption of products and services in OECD Member countries is estimated to be responsible for 9 to 25% of GDP. Given the importance of public purchasing, national and local authorities have been paying increasing attention to the opportunities to improve the environment by selecting environmentally sounder products. This publication describes the successes, the efforts and the difficulties encountered within Member countries by focusing on the role and concerns of the officials that operate purchasing. Also, it shows how greener public purchasing can support a number of other crucial policy objectives such as the reduction of government operating costs, the improvement of governance, and the reduction of greenhouse gases.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264187573-en
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  • 84
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    Hongrie (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Edition: Edition 2000
    Series Statement: Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment: Hungary 2000
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287990-fr
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  • 85
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    Pour des pêcheries responsables : Implications économiques et politiques (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264288027
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (300 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transition to Responsible Fisheries; Economic and Policy Implications
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transition to Responsible Fisheries: Economic and Policy Implications
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Fischwirtschaft ; Politik ; Wirtschaft ; Empfehlung
    Abstract: Si l'industrie de la pêche veut survivre sur le long terme, il lui faudra adopter des pratiques et des approches plus « responsables ». Il s’agira de revoir non seulement les pratiques mêmes de l'industrie mais également les politiques du secteur public et notamment les approches en matière de gestion des pêches. Cet ouvrage montre quelles voies pourrait prendre une véritable transition vers des pêcheries responsables; il examine les conséquences possibles et recommande une série de mesures visant à accroître la prospérité dans ce secteur. Le travail analytique de l'OCDE sur les pêcheries est mené par le Comité des pêcheries et couvre un large éventail de questions relatives à la gestion, à la conservation des ressources, aux échanges et au développement durable.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264288027-fr
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  • 86
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    Transport et vieillissement de la population (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264287730
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Tables Rondes CEMT no.112
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport and Ageing of the Population
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Avec les progrès de la médecine, le vieillissement des populations est inéluctable dans les pays développés. Or, ces populations présenteront des caractéristiques nouvelles, notamment dans le domaine des transports où, à la différence des générations précédentes, elles auront fait un large usage de l'automobile. Comment satisferont-elles à l'avenir leurs besoins de déplacement ? Jusqu'à présent, le transport ferroviaire a perdu la clientèle du troisième âge, contrairement à la voiture et même aux autobus. Pourra-t-on inverser cette tendance ? Pour le quatrième âge, dont les besoins sont proches de ceux de personnes souffrant de handicaps, il n'existe pas encore de services adaptés. Comment satisfaire à l'avenir les besoins de mobilité de cette tranche d'âge dont la population ne fera qu‘augmenter ? L'habitat dispersé, la concentration du commerce dans les hypercentres à la périphérie des villes, soulèveront également des problèmes aigus avec le vieillissement des populations. La sécurité routière elle-même pourra souffrir de l'inaptitude croissante des personnes âgées à conduire… Incontestablement, le problème de la mobilité des populations vieillissantes présente de multiples facettes qu'il n'est plus possible d'ignorer. Cette Table Ronde fait le point sur l'expérience de divers pays et formule des recommandations utiles aux décideurs politiques soucieux d'aborder le problème dans toute sa plénitude.
    Note: Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: Transport and ageing of the population
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287730-fr
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  • 87
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    Transition to Responsible Fisheries : Economic and Policy Implications (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188020
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (276 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour des pêcheries responsables ; Implications économiques et politiques
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Transition to responsible fisheries
    DDC: 333.95616
    RVK:
    ZD 43500
    Keywords: Fischerei ; Fischwirtschaft ; Fischereipolitik ; Branchenentwicklung ; OECD-Staaten ; Fisheries Economic aspects ; Fishery policy ; Sustainable fisheries Government policy ; Agriculture and Food ; OECD ; Fischwirtschaft ; Politik ; Wirtschaft ; Empfehlung
    Abstract: If the fishing industry is to survive in the long term, more responsible practices and approaches need to be adopted. This involves not only the industry’s own practices, but also public sector policies and in particular fisheries management approaches. This book identifies possible transition paths to responsible fisheries, assesses their consequences and provides policy recommendations on how to enhance prosperity in this sector.
    Note: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Pour des pêcheries responsables
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188020-en
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  • 88
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    Special Needs Education : Statistics and Indicators (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188105
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (160 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Besoins éducatifs particuliers ; Statistiques et indicateurs
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Special needs education
    DDC: 370
    RVK:
    QX 860
    Keywords: Schüler ; Behinderte ; Statistische Grunddaten ; Lehrplan ; Lehrmaterial ; OECD-Staaten ; Education ; Ausbildungsziel ; Internationaler Vergleich ; Datenerhebung ; Kennzahl
    Abstract: This book provides a full account of a totally new approach to making international comparisons in the field of special needs education. It makes comparisons of students with disabilities, learning or behaviour difficulties and disadvantages on the basis of the additional resources made available to them to access the curriculum, which in some countries covers some 35% of school-age students. To improve the quality of the comparisons made countries re-classified their own classification schemes and data into a new tri-partite cross-national classification system:-Category A covers those students whose disabilities have clear biological causes.-Category B covers those students who are experiencing learning and behaviour difficulties for no particular reason. -Category C covers those students who have difficulties arising from disadvantages.Among the many analyses provided, the book highlights the numbers of students involved, where they are educated (special schools, special classes and regular schools), and a breakdown by gender. Data has been provided by 23 countries: Austria, Belgium (Flemish Community), Canada (New Brunswick), the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188105-en
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  • 89
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    Sustainable Recovery in Asia : Mobilising Resources for Development (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264188181
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (192 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Seminars
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Pour une relance durable en Asie ; Mobiliser des ressources pour le développement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. Sustainable recovery in Asia
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    QG 800
    Keywords: Entwicklung ; Entwicklungsfinanzierung ; Ostasien ; Asien ; Development ; Konferenzschrift 2000 ; Asien ; Nachhaltigkeit ; Ressourcenökonomie
    Abstract: Two-thirds of the world's poor live in Asia. The major objective for the region, therefore, must be to reduce poverty. It has become clear in the wake of the crisis that the public sector can no longer shoulder the burden of financing pro-poor growth alone. At the same time, it is also clear that official aid flows throughout the world, and particularly in Asia, have been declining since the middle of the 1990s. Therefore, the private sector must be encouraged to provide at least part of the financing. This is the major message of the book. Two ways of achieving this are proposed. One is to attract more foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, rather than to rely on borrowing, to reduce financial vulnerability. The other is to promote partnerships between the state and the private sector, rather than simply to privatise the more lucrative branches of publicly owned and operated services. This book, co-edited by the OECD Development Centre and the Asian Development Bank, presents an original and comprehensive approach to the problem of obtaining support for maintaining development projects in the wake of the global financial crisis. The book brings together varied and complementary opinions from participants -- from the worlds of business, finance, government, academia and the media -- in the sixth annual International Forum on Asian Perspectives, held in Paris in July 2000. Sustainable Recovery in Asia: Mobilising Resources for Development constitutes a reference work on Asia and provides an excellent basis for policy advice for governments and policy makers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264188181-en
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  • 90
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    Essai n 216: Micro-organismes du sol : essai de transformation de l'azote (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070233
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (10 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 216; Soil Microorganisms; Nitrogen Transformation Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 216: Soil Microorganisms: Nitrogen Transformation Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit une méthode d'essai conçue pour étudier en laboratoire les effets à long terme des produits chimiques, après une exposition simple, sur l'activité de transformation de l'azote par les micro-organismes du sol. Le sol tamisé est modifié avec l’ajout de la farine de plante en poudre, et traité avec la substance d'essai d’une part, non traité d’autre part. Pour les produits agrochimiques, deux concentrations au minimum d'essai sont recommandées (cinq pour les substances autres que des produits agrochimiques) ; celles-ci devraient être choisies par rapport à la concentration la plus élevée prévue sur le terrain. Le sol est divisé en trois parties de poids égal (six pour les substances autres que des produits agrochimiques). Deux parties sont mélangées au véhicule contenant le produit (cinq pour les substances autres que des produits agrochimiques), et l'autre est mélangée au véhicule sans produit (témoin). Trois réplicats au minimum pour les sols traités et non traités sont recommandés. Après 0, 7, 14 jours et 28 jours d'incubation, des échantillons de sols traité et du témoin sont extraits au moyen d’un dissolvant approprié, et les quantités de nitrate extraites sont déterminées. Tous les essais durent pendant au moins 28 jours. Si, le 28ème jour, les différences entre les sols traités et non traités sont égales ou supérieures à 25%, les mesures sont continuées jusqu’à un maximum de 100 jours. Les résultats sont analysés à l’aide d’un modèle par régression et les valeurs CEx sont calculées.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070233-fr
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  • 91
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    Trade Measures in Multilateral Environmental Agreements (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180611
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (216 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les mesures commerciales dans les accords multilatéraux sur l'environnement
    RVK:
    QT 000
    Keywords: Environment ; Trade ; Forschungsbericht ; Umweltpolitik ; Außenhandel ; Handelshemmnis ; Umwelt ; Vereinbarung ; Handelsabkommen ; Regelung
    Abstract: International conventions designed to combat global environmental problems -- known as Multilateral Environmental Agreements or MEAs -- often use trade measures, among other instruments. But in fact the term trade measures covers a variety of provisions, ranging from simple reporting requirements of transboundary movements to the use of trade sanctions imposed to change a country’s environmental behaviour. MEA use of trade measures has not been without controversy in both trade policy and environment policy circles. In order to try and disentangle the various strands of this important set of trade and environment issues, the OECD Joint Session of Trade and Environment Experts focused on the actual experience with the use of trade measures in three universally subscribed MEAs -- CITES (on endangered species), the Montreal Protocol (on ozone layer depleting substances) and the Basel Convention (on hazardous wastes). Whilst the case studies unsurprisingly reveal varying experiences, common issues and main themes, as well as a series of lessons learned, could nonetheless be drawn together from the case study analyses and have been assembled in the concluding chapter of this volume.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180611-en
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  • 92
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    Les pouvoirs fiscaux des administrations infranationales (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Series Statement: Etudes de politique fiscale de l'OCDE 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taxing Powers of State and Local Government
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264274037-fr
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  • 93
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    Redes de empresas y desarrollo local (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264180819
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development
    Abstract: Los sistemas productivos locales no son recientes, pero están siendo anunciados por muchos como la solución a la crisis de las estructuras industriales tradicionales. Conforme el desempleo aumenta, estas agrupaciones de empresas han demostrado ser notablemente exitosas en la retención e incremento de su participación en el empleo. Muchos países de la OCDE cuentan con regiones innovadoras donde las empresas han aprendido a sacar provecho de los beneficios mutuos hechos posibles por la densidad de los vínculos verticales y horizontales. ¿El éxito de estas agrupaciones representará acaso la existencia de una nueva y valiosa herramienta para crear empleo, o son únicamente las condiciones económicas, sociales y de un zona en particular las que explican este fenómeno? Esta publicación analiza las experiencias de trabajo en redes y concentraciones en una amplia variedad de países. ¿Serán capaces estas experiencias de ser aplicadas en otros lugares? Mucho depende de la respuesta a esta pregunta.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264180819-es
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  • 94
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    Roumanie (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Edition: Edition 2000
    Series Statement: Examen des politiques agricoles
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Review of Agricultural Policies: Romania 2000
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287822-fr
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  • 95
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    Essai n 215: Poisson, essai sur la croissance des juvéniles (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070219
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 215; Fish, Juvenile Growth Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 215: Fish, Juvenile Growth Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette méthode d’essai est conçue pour évaluer les effets d’une exposition prolongée à des produits chimiques sur la croissance des poissons au stade juvénile. Des juvéniles en phase de croissance exponentielle sont placés, après avoir été pesés, dans des enceintes d'essai et sont normalement exposés à cinq concentrations sublétales de la substance d'essai dissoute dans l'eau, de préférence selon une méthode dynamique ou dans des conditions semi-statiques appropriées (renouvellement discontinu). La durée d'essai est de 28 jours. La ration alimentaire quotidienne est basée sur le poids initial des poissons et peut être recalculée après 14 jours. Le rapport d'étude inclut la mesure de concentration de la substance d'essai, l'observation des anomalies externes et comportements anormaux et le poids des poissons à la fin de l'essai. Les effets sur des taux de croissance sont analysés à l’aide d’un modèle de régression afin d'estimer la concentration qui causerait une variation de x % du taux de croissance (CEx). Alternativement, les données peuvent être comparées aux valeurs témoins afin de déterminer la concentration minimale avec effet observé (CMEO) et, de là, la concentration (maximale) sans effet observé (CSEO).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070219-fr
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  • 96
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    Politiques de transport durable (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264287693
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (39 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Sustainable Transport Policies
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: Des progrès réels ont été réalisés dans l’amélioration des transports durables en Europe dans plusieurs domaines, et ils sont signalés dans cette brochure. Il faut reconnaître qu’il subsiste encore d’importants problèmes et défis à surmonter, consistant en: - une croissance de la circulation routière qui est incompatible avec la durabilité, que ce soit à l’échelle locale et dans certains cas régionale ou internationale ; - parfois de graves nuisances sonores, ainsi que des effets de coupure et de gêne provoqués par la circulation dans les zones construites ; - une augmentation persistante des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans le secteur des transports routiers et aériens; - une qualité de l’air médiocre dans certaines localités malgré des progrès considérables dans le contrôle des émissions des véhicules ; - des atteintes aux paysages et à la biodiversité. - La Conférence Européenne des Ministres des Transports travaille à l’amélioration des politiques et tend vers des solutions dans beaucoup de ces domaines. Cette brochure gratuite présente une approche commune destinée à faire évoluer les politiques vers des systèmes de transport durable. Son contenu, approuvé par les Ministres de la CEMT lors de sa session ministérielle à Prague en mai 2000, présente une synthèse de plusieurs rapports détaillés qui seront publiés prochainement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264287693-fr
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  • 97
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    EMU : One Year on (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264181205
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'UEM ; An 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'UEM : An 1
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: Europe's single currency was launched a bit more than a year ago for eleven of the fifteen countries of the Union. This study assesses economic developments and policies during the inaugural year of the new regime. It analyses the economic performance and prospects of the euro area as a whole, and highlights to what extent aggregate trends are shaped by convergence or divergence at national or regional levels. Macroeconomic policies are discussed in depth. The common monetary policy carried out by the Eurosystem and the underlying framework are scrutinised, as is the co-ordination of national fiscal policies against the background of the Stability and Growth Pact. A special chapter is devoted to the links between structural features and policies on the one hand and macroeconomic performance on the other. It argues that broad-based and properly designed structural reforms would boost Europe's economic potential significantly and ease macroeconomic policy trade-offs. A number of highly topical issues are addressed, such as: - How fast is growth picking up and unemployment declining in the euro area? - Why did the euro weaken in 1999 and does it matter? - How effectively was monetary policy conducted? - What degree of fiscal prudence is needed over the next few years? - Which rigidities continue to stunt growth in Europe? This is the second OECD study on EMU, following the one published in early 1999 under the title EMU: Facts, Challenges and Policies.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264181205-en
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  • 98
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    L' UEM : An 1 (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264281202
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (220 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU; One Year on
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. EMU: One Year on
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Economics
    Abstract: La monnaie unique européenne a été lancée il y a un peu plus d'un an dans onze des quinze pays de l'Union. Cette étude évalue les tendances et politiques économiques durant l'année inaugurale du nouveau régime. Elle analyse la performance et les perspectives économiques de la zone euro dans son ensemble, soulignant dans quelle mesure les évolutions au niveau agrégé sont influencées par les convergences ou divergences nationales ou régionales. Cet ouvrage fournit un examen approfondi des politiques macroéconomiques. La politique monétaire commune menée par l'Eurosystème et son cadre analytique et institutionnel sont passés au crible, comme l'est la coordination des politiques budgétaires nationales dans le contexte du Pacte de stabilité et de croissance. Un chapitre spécial est consacré aux liens entre caractéristiques et politiques structurelles d'une part, et performance macroéconomique de l'autre. Il en ressort que des réformes structurelles amples et bien conçues renforceraient notablement le potentiel économique de l'Europe et rendraient moins douloureux certains arbitrages de politique macroéconomique. Ce livre aborde des questions qui sont au coeur de l’actualité : - Quelles sont les perspectives d'accélération de la croissance et de chute du chômage dans la zone euro? - Pourquoi l'euro s'est-il affaibli en 1999 et cela a-t-il une importance? - La politique monétaire a-t-elle été menée de façon efficace ? - Quel sera le degré de prudence budgétaire requis dans les années à venir ? - Quelles sont les rigidités qui continuent de limiter la croissance en Europe ? * Il s’agit de la seconde étude de l'OCDE sur l'UEM. La première fut publiée début 1999 sous le titre UEM: faits, défis et politiques.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264281202-fr
    URL: Volltext
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  • 99
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    Test No. 215: Fish, Juvenile Growth Test (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070202
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (16 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 215; Poisson, essai sur la croissance des juvéniles
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 215: Poisson, essai sur la croissance des juvéniles
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline is designed to assess the effects of prolonged exposure to chemicals on the growth of juvenile fish. Juvenile fish in exponential growth phase are placed, after being weighed, in test chambers and are normally exposed to five sublethal concentrations of the test substance dissolved in water preferably under flowthrough, or, if not possible, under appropriate semi static (static-renewal) conditions. The test duration is 28 days. The daily food ration is based on initial fish weights and may be recalculated after 14 days. The study report should include the concentration measurement of the test substance, the observation of external abnormalities and abnormal behavior and the fish weighting at the end of the test. Effects on growth rates are analyzed using a regression model in order to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % variation in growth rate, i.e. ECx. Alternatively, the data may be compared with control values in order to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070202-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 100
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    Un monde meilleur pour tous : Poursuite des objectifs internationaux de développement (2000)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264282568
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Better World for All; Progress Towards the International Development Goals
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Un mundo mejor para todos ; Consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo internacional
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. A Better World for All: Progress Towards the International Development Goals
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Un mundo mejor para todos : Consecución de los objetivos de desarrollo internacional
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Dans ce rapport, le premier à voir le jour sous les auspices des Nations unies, de l'OCDE, de la Banque mondiale et du FMI, les quatre principales institutions de développement évaluent les progrès accomplis en matière de réduction de la pauvreté et conviennent d'une vision commune pour l'avenir. Les objectifs du développement international sont ceux qui visent à la réalisation des désirs humains les plus fondamentaux - un monde délivré de la pauvreté et de la misère qu’engendre la pauvreté. Le présent rapport a mis l’accent sur sept objectifs qui, s’ils sont réalisés d’ici les 15 années à venir, permettront d’améliorer la vie de millions de personnes. Sous forme de mots et d’images, et à l’aide de chiffres et de diagrammes, on y décrit les progrès accomplis vers la réalisation de ces objectifs, les résultats obtenus et les efforts à déployer pour les atteindre.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264282568-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: lizenzpflichtig
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