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  • Washington, D.C : The World Bank  (567)
  • Economic Theory and Research  (443)
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  • 1
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financing ; Infrastructure ; Mobility ; Road Pricing ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The document is structured into five chapters. Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical framework surrounding road pricing. It outlines the fundamental principles and characteristics of road pricing, while exploring the relationship between social equity and road pricing. Additionally, it addresses potential implementation challenges that may arise. The subsequent chapters offer summaries of international experiences in interurban pricing (Chapter.3) and urban pricing (Chapter 4). In the case of interurban pricing, a broad spectrum of approaches is examined, including traditional methods, concession tolls, and the latest trends in variable pricing within the European Union. Lastly, chapter 5 highlights the key trends in road pricing and provides recommendations based on the evidence presented throughout the document. This chapter serves to offer valuable insights for decision-makers, drawing from the comprehensive studies presented within the document
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  • 2
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other ESW Reports
    Keywords: Education For All ; Road Safety ; Speed Management ; Traffic ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Effectively managing traffic speeds is one of the most complex road safety challenges. To meet it, countries need to have key institutional and organizational arrangements in place, and to adopt and fund a systematic, evidence-based approach to speed management. To sustain speed management efforts and interventions, countries should develop a speed management strategy that aligns management activities across key institutions and organizations. A strategy also helps ensure robust and consistent speed limit setting and prioritizes changes with the greatest road safety impact. This guide can help governments at all levels develop speed management strategies that work
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Emissions and Transport ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Green Growth ; Rail Greenhouse Gas Analysis ; Railways ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Railways are a low carbon way to access opportunities and move goods to markets. To realize the benefits of railways in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), an estimated USD 25-80 billion of investment annually will be needed. Many organizations and investors want to support green activities and a variety of climate finance sources and instruments have been developed todo just that. However, railways have had limited success in accessing climate specific financing instruments. This report examines the experience in attracting financing from climate-specific financing instruments of railways in LMICs. The review encompasses private sector climate finance, whose resources could potentially meet the entire rail financing gap, as well as carbon markets, and other results-based climate finance and climate funds
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (26 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Thomas, Alastair VAT Rate Structures in Theory and Practice
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Law and Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Redistribution ; Reduced Rates ; Tax Law ; Tax Rate ; Tax Reform ; Value Added Tax (VAT)
    Abstract: Most countries' value-added tax (VAT) systems apply reduced VAT rates to a selection of expenditure items in order to achieve distributional goals, and (to a lesser extent) social and cultural objectives. This paper assesses the case for applying reduced VAT rates, with a particular focus on OECD countries where reduced rates feature prominently. It examines both the theoretical and empirical evidence, as well as practical considerations, and concludes that the case for reduced VAT rates is weak. In particular, the optimal indirect tax literature finds no redistributive role for reduced VAT rates when other more direct instruments are available. These theoretical findings are supported by the empirical literature that shows reduced VAT rates to be a poorly targeted means of supporting lower income households, particularly when compared to targeted cash transfer programs. Similarly, reduced VAT rates are unlikely to be a well-targeted way to encourage consumption of merit goods, while they also create significant administrative complexity. These findings have significant implications for tax reform in both developed and developing economies. In particular, where countries have the administrative capacity to implement effectively targeted cash transfer programs, they should use these programs to support poorer households instead of reduced VAT rates
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  • 5
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (34 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Himelein, Kristen Implications of Choice of Second Stage Selection Method on Sampling Error and Non-Sampling Error: Evidence from an IDP Camp in South Sudan
    Keywords: Cross-Sectional Household Survey ; Displacement ; Economic Theory and Research ; Estimation ; Household Survey Design ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Microeconomic Data ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Development ; Survey and Sampling Methods ; Voluntary and Involuntary Resettlement
    Abstract: The most common sampling approach for cross-sectional household surveys in the developing world is a stratified two-stage design, where the first stage is usually a sample from a census-based area frame, and the second stage is a random sample of households from each of the areas selected in the first stage. To overcome the problem of outdated census frame information, it is common to conduct a household listing operation within these areas. However, these listing operations come with severe implications for survey costs, timeframe, as well as quality. To avoid such second-stage operations, some surveys choose alternate approaches for their second-stage operation. This paper compares five of these approaches, namely, satellite mapping, segmentation, grid square, the north method, and random walk, through simulations based on a census conducted in a refugee camp in South Sudan. The paper compares the simulated approach with the estimates derived from the actual experiment and finds that all the resulting estimates are biased. Nevertheless, in addition to their practical challenges, the satellite mapping, segmentation, and grid square approaches exhibit the smallest bias. Although random walk shows the worst performance in the simulations, it regains ground in its implementation, especially vis-a-vis the north method, where implementation adds most significantly to its bias. In conclusion, most probability-based methods perform better than non-probability methods like random walk and are therefore preferrable when no traditional household listing can take place. Although it is important to consider the theoretical properties of sampling approaches, implementation is at least as important. Training, implementation modalities, and monitoring of compliance are key factors in the overall performance
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cavanagh, Jack A Metadata Schema for Data from Experiments in the Social Sciences
    Keywords: Data Publicaiton ; Economic Theory and Research ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Interoperable Social Sciences Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Metadata ; Population Sciences ; Program Evaluation ; Randomized Control Trial ; Secondary Research ; Social Sciences Research ; Technology Innovation ; Trial Registration
    Abstract: The use of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the social sciences has greatly expanded, resulting in newly abundant, high-quality data that can be reused to perform methods research in program evaluation, to systematize evidence for policymakers, and for replication and training purposes. However, potential users of RCT data often face significant barriers to discovery and reuse. This paper proposes a metadata schema that standardizes RCT data documentation and can serve as the basis for one-or many, interoperable -data catalogs that make such data easily findable, searchable, and comparable, and thus more readily reusable for secondary research. The schema is designed to document the unique properties of RCT data. Its set of fields and associated encoding schemes (acceptable formats and values) can be used to describe any dataset associated with a social science RCT. The paper also makes recommendations for implementing a catalog or database based on this metadata schema
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  • 7
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Adaptation to Climate Change ; Agricultural Sector Economics ; Agriculture ; Agriculture Infrastructure ; Climate Change ; Climate Resilient Investment ; Energy ; Energy Infrastructure ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Resilient Infrastructure ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Transport
    Abstract: This Compendium Volume presents a series of guidance notes and more detailed complementary technical notes that offer practical insights in support of enhancing the climate resilience of infrastructure investment projects in Sub-Saharan Africa. This first introductory chapter starts with an overview of the investment conditions and climatic context in the region, followed by a description of the scope of this Compendium Volume and individual notes, target audiences, and a roadmap for users of the contents covered in this Volume
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: IEG Independent Evaluations and Annual Reviews
    Keywords: Case Study Review ; Case-Based Evaluation ; Economic Theory and Research ; Evaluation Design ; Intervention Effectiveness ; Interventions and Outcomes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Impact Evaluation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; World Bank Support To Carbon Finance Case Study
    Abstract: Several myths persist within research and evaluation circles about the power and limitations of evaluation designs that use cases (or case studies) as their primary empirical material (case-based evaluation designs). Using a real-world application, this paper busts two myths regarding the use of case-based designs in evaluations that aim to answer effectiveness questions and unpack the relationships between interventions and observed changes in outcomes (broadly known as causal analysis): that case studies cannot be used for causal analysis and that it is impossible to generalize from case studies. Through a detailed demonstration of how the evaluation of the World Bank's support to carbon finance has been designed and implemented, the paper undoes these preconceived ideas about the inferential, explanatory, and generalizability power of case-based evaluation designs
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ashwin, Julian Using Large Language Models for Qualitative Analysis can Introduce Serious Bias
    Keywords: Annotation ; Chatgpt ; Economic Theory and Research ; ICT Applications ; ICT Policy and Strategies ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Large Language Models (LLMS) ; LLAMA 2 ; Machine Bias ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Qualitative Analysis ; Rohingya People ; Social Science Research ; Text as Data
    Abstract: Large Language Models (LLMs) are quickly becoming ubiquitous, but the implications for social science research are not yet well understood. This paper asks whether LLMs can help us analyse large-N qualitative data from open-ended interviews, with an application to transcripts of interviews with displaced Rohingya people in Cox's Bazaar, Bangladesh. The analysis finds that a great deal of caution is needed in using LLMs to annotate text as there is a risk of introducing biases that can lead to misleading inferences. Here this refers to bias in the technical sense, that the errors that LLMs make in annotating interview transcripts are not random with respect to the characteristics of the interview subjects. Training simpler supervised models on high-quality human annotations with flexible coding leads to less measurement error and bias than LLM annotations. Therefore, given that some high quality annotations are necessary in order to asses whether an LLM introduces bias, this paper argues that it is probably preferable to train a bespoke model on these annotations than it is to use an LLM for annotation
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 36277
    Keywords: Air Transport ; Airports and Air Services ; Connectivity ; Governance ; Infrastructure ; Resilience ; Tourism ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: The lack of land connectivity among the Caribbean Island nations and the growing significance of the tourism sector as a key economic pillar have underscored the importance of improved air connectivity for economic growth and shared prosperity in the region. On average, tourism's contribution to the gross domestic product (GDP) for the region rose from 12 percent in 2011 to 15.2 percent in 2017, accounting for 4.3 percent of the jobs (CIA, The World FactBook). Almost half these contributions can be traced to capital investments in the travel and tourism industry, while one-third is linked to tourism-related service industries. Overall, Caribbean origin and destination air passenger traffic grew by 50 percent between 2007 and 2017, from approximately 40 million to nearly 60 million passengers annually. However, intra-regional passenger traffic remained flat and declined in some countries, including in Grenada, Dominica, and Saint Lucia. While post-2017 regionwide data is limited, evidence indicates that these trends persist
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Doumbia, Djeneba Issuer Composition and Stock Market Growth
    Keywords: Domestic Stock Market Growth ; Economic Growth ; Economic Outcome of Stock Issuers ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equity Issuers ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Issuer Composition ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sectoral Diversity ; Stock Market
    Abstract: Does issuer composition change as stock markets grow, and, if so, how An increase in market capitalization may be driven by growth on the intensive or extensive margin. Such growth may also influence the level of market concentration and diversity among listed firms. Using a novel dataset, this paper examines how the number, concentration, and sectoral diversity of issuers change as domestic stock markets grow, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. The results show that an increase in stock market capitalization tends to be associated with only growth on the intensive margin. Greater market activity, however, is linked to entry of new issuers and for low- and middle-income countries, also to marginally lower market concentration. However, there is no evidence that sectoral diversity changes with market size or activity. These findings have important implications for firm financing as stock markets may not necessarily become more inclusive as they grow
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  • 12
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Steenbergen, Victor What Makes an Investment Promotion Agency Effective? Findings from a Structural Gravity Model
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Foreign Direct Investment ; Foreign Trade Promotion and Regulation ; Gravity Model ; International Economics and Trade ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Investment Promotion ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Sectoral Foreign Investment Data
    Abstract: Although many countries have established investment promotion agencies over the past two decades, there is little evidence on what characteristics make them effective in attracting foreign direct investment into their home country. To provide new insight into this question, this paper brings together sectoral foreign direct investment data with survey data on investment promotion agency characteristics. Using a structural gravity model framework, it explores the effect of investment promotion agencies' sectoral targeting on inward foreign direct investment stocks over 2013 to 2018, across a sample of 36 middle- and high-income countries. The study finds that investment promotion agency sectoral targeting provides a significant positive effect on the sector's foreign direct investment stock in that country. Yet, a gravity model with country-interaction effects suggests that not all countries are equally effective at promoting investment. The results from the model are used to define two groups: high-performing investment promotion agencies (those with positive, significant effects in attracting foreign direct investment) and other investment promotion agencies (those with insignificant or negative significant effects). Using t-tests, the study considers which investment promotion agency characteristics significantly differ between the two groups. The findings suggest that effective investment promotion agencies are more likely to be private or semi-private agencies. Their mandate tends to be focused narrowly on foreign investment and exclude responsibilities for domestic investment promotion. Such investment promotion agencies are more likely to have a board of directors, and their staff tends to be better compensated. Finally, high-performing investment promotion agencies tend to provide more investor services, partly by engaging smart, sectoral analytics and adopting systems for identifying investor complaints or disputes
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  • 13
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Majune, Socrates Trade Policies and Sea and Air Freight: The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Imports and Exports
    Keywords: Air Cargo ; COVID-19 Impact on Exports ; Export Competitiveness ; Imports ; International Economics and Trade ; Lockdown Impact ; Lockdown Policies ; Non-Tariff Measures ; Pandemic International Trade ; Sea Cargo ; Trade ; Trade Policy ; Transport
    Abstract: This study analyzes how Indonesia's international trade was affected by its own lockdown policies (domestic) and those of its trading partners (external) in response to COVID-19. The study differentiates between sea freight and air freight, as well as products affected by specific non-tariff measures. Event-study results show that the decline in imports (which were more negatively affected than exports) was mainly attributed to external lockdowns, the impacts of which were more pronounced and persistent for imports entering Indonesia by air (due to restrictions to international travel) and imports subject to port-related non-tariff measures. Domestic lockdowns adversely affected intermediate imports subject to non-tariff measures requiring physical inspection, testing, and approval processes. External lockdowns, which also had a larger impact on exports relative to domestic policies, affected sea and air exports evenly. Demand factors (specifically, workplace closures and stay-at-home orders) in the partner countries were the drivers of the decline in exports. Enhancing trade facilitation to keep goods moving as smoothly as possible, reforming specific non-tariff measures, and improving customs and other procedures would ensure fewer disruptions from shocks in a globally integrated world
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  • 14
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (68 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Iacovone, Leonardo Bayesian Impact Evaluation with Informative Priors: An Application to a Colombian Management and Export Improvement Program
    Keywords: Bayesian Impact Evaluation ; Competition Policy ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export Competitiveness ; International Economics and Trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Management ; Prior Elicitation ; Private Sector Development ; Randomized Experiment ; Social Policy Evaluation Method
    Abstract: Policymakers often test expensive new programs on relatively small samples. Formally incorporating informative Bayesian priors into impact evaluation offers the promise to learn more from these experiments. A Colombian government program which aimed to increase exporting was trialed experimentally on 200 firms with this goal in mind. Priors were elicited from academics, policymakers, and firms. Contrary to these priors, frequentist estimation can not reject 0 effects in 2019, and finds some negative impacts in 2020. For binary outcomes like whether firms export, frequentist estimates are relatively precise, and Bayesian credible posterior intervals update to overlap almost completely with standard confidence intervals. For outcomes like increasing export variety, where the priors align with the data, the value of these priors is seen in posterior intervals that are considerably narrower than frequentist confidence intervals. Finally, for noisy outcomes like export value, posterior intervals show almost no updating from the priors, highlighting how uninformative the data are about such outcomes
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  • 15
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (18 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stokenberga, Aiga A Net Cure or Curse? Tracking the Impact of E-Commerce on Urban Freight Transport Intensity in Bogota and Buenos Aires
    Keywords: Big Data ; E-Commerce ; Mobility ; Pandemic ; Retail Shopping Trips ; Transport ; Urban Freight
    Abstract: The growth of e-commerce has the potential to reduce shopping-related travel but brings with it additional freight vehicle trips for the delivery of online orders to consumers. Understanding the overall net effect of e-commerce on urban trip intensity is essential for planning transport infrastructure and services. The paper analyzes how the growth of e-commerce is impacting mobility in Bogota and Buenos Aires. The demand for e-commerce grew in both cities during the COVID-19 pandemic (2019-21), mostly among higher income groups. Despite the significant potential for replacing private vehicle trips, the analysis finds little evidence that the growth of e-commerce is having a significant substitution effect on shopping trips. Overall, e-commerce currently generates more traffic than it avoids in both Bogota and Buenos Aires, and, thus, is very likely to continue to add to the road traffic in the two metropolitan areas in the near future
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  • 16
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kraay, Aart A New Distribution Sensitive Index for Measuring Welfare, Poverty, and Inequality
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Inequality Index ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Index ; Poverty Informatics ; Poverty Reduction ; Shared Prosperity ; Welfare Index
    Abstract: Simple welfare indices such as mean income are ubiquitous but not distribution sensitive. In contrast, existing distribution sensitive welfare indices are rarely used, often because they are difficult to explain and/or lack intuitive units. This paper proposes a simple new distribution sensitive welfare index with intuitive units: the average factor by which individual incomes must be multiplied to attain a given reference level of income. This new index is subgroup decomposable with population weights and satisfies the three main definitions of distribution sensitivity in the literature. Variants on this index can be used as distribution sensitive poverty measures and as inequality measures, with the same simple intuitive units. The properties of the new index are illustrated using the global distribution of income across individuals between 1990 and 2019, as well as with selected country comparisons. Finally, the index can be used to define the "prosperity gap" as a proposed new measure of "shared prosperity," one of the twin goals of the World Bank
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  • 17
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Andree, Bo Pieter Johannes Machine Learning Imputation of High Frequency Price Surveys in Papua New Guinea
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Agriculture and Food Security ; Economic Shocks ; Economic Theory and Research ; Food Prices ; Inflation ; Machine Learning Advances ; Macroeconomic Monitoring ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Capabilities to track fast-moving economic developments re-main limited in many regions of the developing world. This complicates prioritizing policies aimed at supporting vulnerable populations. To gain insight into the evolution of fluid events in a data scarce context, this paper explores the ability of recent machine-learning advances to produce continuous data in near-real-time by imputing multiple entries in ongoing surveys. The paper attempts to track inflation in fresh produce prices at the local market level in Papua New Guinea, relying only on incomplete and intermittent survey data. This application is made challenging by high intra-month price volatility, low cross-market price correlations, and weak price trends. The modeling approach uses chained equations to produce an ensemble prediction for multiple price quotes simultaneously. The paper runs cross-validation of the prediction strategy under different designs in terms of markets, foods, and time periods covered. The results show that when the survey is well-designed, imputations can achieve accuracy that is attractive when compared to costly-and logistically often infeasible-direct measurement. The methods have wider applicability and could help to fill crucial data gaps in data scarce regions such as the Pacific Islands, especially in conjunction with specifically designed continuous surveys
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  • 18
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: 2209
    Keywords: COVID-19 Impact ; Economic Theory and Research ; Equity and Development ; Household Survey Data ; Household Survey Design ; Impact of Shocks on Households ; Living Standards ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Questionnaire Design ; Shocks and Household Welfare
    Abstract: Beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has experienced multiple global crises in the last few years. As countries adapt to a new normal, multi-topic household surveys should also be adapted to account for the impacts of shocks on household welfare. By reviewing the standard household survey questionnaires included in the guidebook, capturing what matters: essential guidelines for designing household surveys, the authors provide technical guidance on issues to consider when reviewing, designing, or updating questionnaires for household surveys during or after a major shock - relying on lessons learned from the World Bank's Living Standards Measurement Study program
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  • 19
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (35 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ablaza, Christine Indonesia's Informal Economy: Measurement, Evidence, and a Research Agenda
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Employment and Unemployment ; Informal Economy Literature Review ; Informal Economy Research ; Informal Employment ; Informal Sector Policy ; Informality Literature ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Social Protections and Labor ; Work and Working Conditions
    Abstract: Indonesia has made remarkable economic progress since the Asian Financial Crisis. To sustain its growth and achieve high-income status by 2045, it needs to address the long-standing challenge of informality. Doing so will require a coordinated policy approach informed by robust empirical evidence on the underlying causes and consequences of informality. This paper contributes to this agenda by reviewing the state of knowledge on the informal economy in Indonesia. The study focuses on three key areas of relevance to future policies on informality, namely: (1) key definitions and measures, (2) existing data sources, and (3) findings from previous research. The paper identifies remaining gaps in the existing data and empirical literature and uses this to construct an agenda for future work on the subject
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Climate Change ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Computable General Equilibrium ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Global Warming ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: Policymakers in developing countries face multiple challenges related to climate change. To provide policymakers with reliable recommendations on a variety of climate related policies, the WBG has a diverse and complementary set of models. The analytics range from evaluating the aggregate, sectoral, and welfare effects of mitigation measures to assessing country-specific adaptation needs, considering the impacts of extreme weather events as well as gradual global warming. Key indicators include macroeconomic outcomes, sectoral indicators, co-benefits and poverty and distributional issues. This report summarizes the range of climate and development issues addressed by each model in the WBG suite, revealing both strengths and limitations of individual models, as well as the complementarity among models
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  • 21
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Health Study
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Health Management Information System ; Health Systems Development and Reform ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Roads and Highways ; Transport
    Abstract: This report provides insights into the current situation and overall burden of trauma and RTCs in Malawi, shares what we have learned about how to effectively run a digital trauma registry in a low-resource setting, and highlights lessons learned from the implementation of the EMS pilot
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  • 22
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Ardelean, Adina Fathoming Shipping Costs: An Exploration of Recent Literature, Data, and Patterns
    Keywords: Cost of Transportation ; International Economics and Trade ; International Waters ; Maritime Freight Markets ; Maritime Shipping ; Shipping Rates ; Trade Facilitation ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Water Resources
    Abstract: Recent academic research on maritime shipping has been affected by two factors: (i) changes in shipping technology and market structure and (ii) the explosion of new micro data sets in shipping and international trade. This paper describes this research, focusing on containerized and dry-bulk shipping and emphasizing recent trends and determinants of freight rates. The findings are presented in a systematic set of stylized facts. Some of the important and perhaps underappreciated insights include discussion of the scale effects of utilizing fuel based on vessel size over different periods and comparison of different functional forms of transportation costs: per twenty-foot equivalent, per kilo, and ad-valorem. The paper also presents several novel empirical exercises to further the insights from the existing literature. It shows that the effect of sea distance on trade costs slowly "dies" over time, but its effect on seaborne trade volumes is both significant and persistent over time. Moreover, the paper documents the presence of substantial country- and product-level heterogeneity of the impact of sea distance on international maritime freight markets
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (87 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Zarate, Roman D Spatial Misallocation, Informality, and Transit Improvements: Evidence from Mexico City
    Keywords: Access To Employment ; Allocative Efficiency ; Formal Economy ; Informal Urban Economy ; Informality ; Inter-Urban Roads and Passenger Transport ; Labor Market Informality ; Labor Markets ; Public Transportation ; Social Protections and Labor ; Spatial Misallocation ; Transport ; Urban Infrastructure ; Urban Transport ; Urban Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: This paper proposes a new mechanism to explain resource misallocation in developing countries: the high commuting costs within cities that prevent workers from accessing formal employment. To test this mechanism, the paper combines a rich collection of microdata and exploits the opening of new subway lines in Mexico City. The findings show that transit improvements reduce informality by 7 percent in areas near the new stations. The paper develops a spatial model that accounts for the direct effects of infrastructure in perfectly economies and allocative efficiency. Changes in allocative efficiency driven by workers' reallocation to the formal sector amplify the gains by 20-25 percent
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  • 24
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (45 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Dasgupta, Kunal Trade, Transport, and Territorial Development
    Keywords: Domestic Trade Costs ; Export Competitiveness ; Freight Costs ; Golden Quadrilateral ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade ; Manufacturing Firms ; Shipping Cost ; Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity ; Territorial Development ; Trade Costs ; Trade Facilitation ; Transport
    Abstract: The spatial distribution of economic activity is known to depend on trade costs, both international and domestic. This paper examines the interplay between these external and internal trade costs using a model of trade and production that is tested with the organized manufacturing sector data for India from 1989 to 2009. The analysis establishes that the trade liberalization episode of the early 1990s helped spread manufacturing away from the primary region (districts closest to ports) to the secondary region between 1994 and 2000. Such dispersion of activity away from the primary to the secondary region was driven by high internal trade costs that insulated manufacturers from import competition. This trend reversed post-2000, a period of massive decline in internal trade costs, attributed to the Golden Quadrilateral highway upgrades. During this period, the districts along the highway network in the secondary region gained market access and manufacturing activity, while those off the network lost. Irrespective of the period, or the nature of trade costs, manufacturing activity in the interior region (districts farthest from ports) remained depressed, thereby emphasizing the importance of complementary conditions in driving territorial development
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urbanization
    Abstract: Across the developing world, countries are experiencing rapid growth in urbanization and motorization. While high motorization rates potentially meant hat more people will be able to claim the benefits of improved accessibility to goods and services as a consequence of enhanced mobility, there are questions about the sustainability of this future. Will countries be able to build and maintain infrastructure to accommodate increasing numbers of vehicles? Will the increasing number of vehicles and their characteristics support attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Will they put in jeopardy countries' ability to meet their climate commitments under their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)? From a development impact standpoint, the nature of a country's motor vehicle stock and how it grows affects three key and tangible outcomes. First, the quality of the motor vehicle stock affects road safety outcomes-that is, the number of people killed or seriously injured in motor vehicle crashes. The characteristics of vehicles and their fitness or roadworthiness can affect fatality and serious injury outcomes. Second, the quality of the motor vehicle fleet affects air quality, particularly in cities. Motor vehicles are a key source of harmful air pollution, including carbon monoxide (CO), fine particulates (PM2.5), sulfur oxides (SOx), and ozone precursors (oxides of nitrogen and various hydrocarbons), and the amount of these pollutants they emit is directly related to how the vehicle was built and how well it is maintained. Finally, the profile of the vehicle fleet-what is the size and weight of vehicles in the fleet, how big are their engines, what kind of power control technology do they use, and how did their manufacturers engineer the technology of the vehicle to balance power with efficiency-affects the (fossil) fuel consumption of the vehicle stock as a whole, and, consequently, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions profile of the road transport sector. This report presents the World Bank's Motorization Management (MM) framework, which is intended to support client countries in the development of policies and measures aimed at managing vehicle stocks in a proactive, phased, and systematic manner to make them safer, cleaner, and more fuel efficient. The MM framework reflects a series of policy considerations and programs that can be implemented to improve the quality of fuels and vehicles in a country's stock
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  • 26
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (74 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Kelse, Jack Multiple Price Lists for Willingness to Pay Elicitation
    Keywords: Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multiple Price List Survey Instrument ; Multiple Price Lists ; Preference Elicitation ; Social Analysis ; Social Development ; Survey Methods ; Surveycto ; Willingness To Pay
    Abstract: Multiple price lists are a convenient tool to elicit willingness to pay in surveys and experiments, but choice patterns such as "multiple switching" and "never switching" indicate high error rates. Existing measurement approaches often do not provide accurate standard errors and cannot correct for bias due to framing and order effects. This paper proposes to combine a randomization approach with a random-effects latent utility model to detect bias and account for error. Data from a choice experiment in South Africa shows that significant order effects exist which, if uncorrected, would lead to distorted conclusions about subjects' preferences. Templates are provided to create a multiple price list survey instrument in SurveyCTO and analyze the resulting data using the proposed methods
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  • 27
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Canavire-Bacarreza, Gustavo Recovering Income Distribution in the Presence of Interval-Censored Data
    Keywords: Econometrics ; Economic Forecasting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Heteroskedastic Interval Regression ; ICT Data and Statistics ; Income Distribution ; Interval-Censored Data ; Labor Income Data ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monte Carlo Simulation ; Poverty and Inequality Estimation ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Salary Data ; Wages ; Information and Communication Technologies
    Abstract: This paper proposes a method to analyze interval-censored data, using multiple imputation based on a heteroskedastic interval regression approach. The proposed model aims to obtain a synthetic data set that can be used for standard analysis, including standard linear regression, quantile regression, or poverty and inequality estimation. The paper presents two applications to show the performance of the method. First, it runs a Monte Carlo simulation to show the method's performance under the assumption of multiplicative heteroskedasticity, with and without conditional normality. Second, it uses the proposed methodology to analyze labor income data in Grenada for 2013-20, where the salary data are interval-censored according to the salary intervals prespecified in the survey questionnaire. The results obtained are consistent across both exercises
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  • 28
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transport
    Abstract: This policy paper explores airline restructuring and regulatory reform challenges and opportunities in the Southern African region with particular focus on Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Namibia and South Africa. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the air transport sector in the region faced multipronged challenges, including those related to economic regulation, profitability, safety, security, and sustainable financing of critical infrastructure. Much like the rest of Africa, the region is characterized by the dominance of troubled state-owned airlines which have been unable to generate meaningful positive returns for many years due to structural inefficiencies and weak governance. They faced elevated costs and needed several bailouts and turnaround strategies, albeit unsuccessful
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (59 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Cristea, Anca Toward a Competitive Air Transport Market in Africa: The Role of Bilateral Air Service Agreements Liberalization
    Keywords: Air Liberalization ; Air Service Agreement ; Air Transport Deregulation ; Air Transport Market Competition ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; International Economics and Trade ; Passenger Aviation ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Single Air Transport Market ; Transport ; Yamoussoukro Decision
    Abstract: This study examines the impact of bilateral air service agreements on air passenger transport in Africa and quantifies the consumer welfare effects associated with air transport liberalization. Using an unbalanced panel of 71 country pairs from Africa observed over 2011-19, the paper estimates the extent to which bilateral air service agreements liberalization affects the following: (1) passenger travel, (2) average airfares, (3) flight frequency, and (4) market competition within a country pair. The empirical analysis employs the difference-in-differences estimation method and pays close attention to the endogeneity concerns coming from the simultaneity and reverse causality surrounding the pricing, demand, and frequency decisions. The results indicate that both partial and full liberalization of bilateral air service agreements lead to a reduction in airfares and an increase in air travel demand and flight frequency, respectively. The analysis finds no evidence that market competition, as measured by the number of operating airlines, increases following liberalization. After quantifying all the channels through which the policy environment can affect air transport markets in Africa, the findings show that aviation liberalization generates consumer benefits that are equivalent to a 40-42 percent drop in airfares, that is, the price equivalent effect of air liberalization
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  • 30
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Fuels ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy ; Energy Production and Transportation ; Environment ; Greenhouse Gases ; Transport ; GHG Emissions ; Air Transportation ; SAF ; Sustainable Aviation Fuels ; Fuel ; Transportation
    Abstract: The air transport sector is an integral part of economic growth and development. As the only available means of transporting passengers and goods across the globe within a single day, air transport provides critical connectivity between regions and better access to global markets. The creation of these benefits, however, leads to detrimental impacts on the environment and public health, including the emissions of climate-warming greenhouse gases (GHGs). This report emphasizes SAF as the main mitigation option that can most readily realize substantial GHG emission savings for air transport in the medium term (for example, the next 5 to 10 years). Sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) is the term used by the aviation industry to describe a set of fuels that can be sustainably produced and generate lower CO2 emissions than conventional kerosene on a life-cycle basis. In the context of international regulation developed under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), SAF is defined more precisely as a renewable or waste-derived aviation fuel that meets a set of Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA) Sustainability Criteria, including a GHG emission reduction criterion. Finally, continued support for sustainable aviation-fuel research and development is needed. This should include the development of feedstock supply chains, new and innovative production technologies, and the development of innovative business models that increase the value of all products and by-products of SAF production operations. As the SAF production and distribution network becomes global, a deeper analysis is also needed to design the structure of biomass feedstock and refined fuel products transportation, whether distributed or centralized, in streamlined supply chains
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  • 31
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Lall, Somik Trucking Costs and the Margins of Internal Trade: Evidence from a Trucking Portal in India
    Keywords: Freight Rates ; Network Externalities ; Transaction Rates ; Transport ; Transportation Costs ; Trucking Costs
    Abstract: This paper uses data on nearly half a million actual shipments from a trucking portal in India to provide evidence on how trucking costs depend on route characteristics and affect the intensive and extensive margins of shipment flows. The empirical analysis using pre-pandemic data (before March 24, 2020) confirms the presence of thick market externalities along a route and spillovers across routes due to network externalities, both of which confer advantages to origins and destinations with larger market sizes. The paper utilizes exogenous variations in value-added tax on gasoline across states to provide causal estimates of the elasticity of shipment flows with respect to trucking costs. The empirical estimates suggest that a 1 percent increase in trucking unit costs reduces trade flows by 2.8?3.9 percent. On the extensive margin of trade, three eastern states and several smaller territories constitute isolated regions that were largely cut off from the trading networks during the pre-pandemic period. Trucking costs increased by 32 percent during the early post-lockdown period (June 2020 to February 2021). The increase was greater along longer routes. In the short run, the increase in freight rates led to a proportionate decrease in trade flows across states. It pushed a significant number of poorer and remoter states into the ranks of isolated regions
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  • 32
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (63 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Constantinescu, Cristina Globally Engaged Firms in the COVID-19 Crisis
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Business Disruption ; Coronavirus ; Covid Impact On Exporters ; COVID-19 ; Export ; Global Value Chains ; Globally Engaged Firms ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Pandemic Impact On Firms ; Recovery ; Supply Chain Disruption ; Trade ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: This paper analyzes the initial impact and recovery of globally engaged firms from the COVID-19 crisis. It uses rich survey data of nearly 65,000 firm-year observations in 45 countries spanning three waves of data collection. The findings are organized in a series of stylized facts, which suggest that although the pandemic had an immediate adverse impact on most firms, the globally engaged ones are recovering faster, possibly due to their higher capabilities. Among globally engaged firms, those directly involved with international markets show better recovery than the ones that were indirectly involved. These results mask wide variation by firm traits, sectoral attributes, and country characteristics. At the core of the recovery of globally engaged firms is their heightened response to the crisis by finding novel ways to adapt supply chains even in the presence of lockdowns and uncertainty. These firms swiftly digitalized, introduced new products and changed their markets and sources of inputs. Over and above their capabilities, global engagement cushions firms against shocks. Policymakers could therefore facilitate global linkages by providing information on potential markets and products, by making production flexible in terms of facilitating remote work, reducing the rigidity of contracts; and incentivizing financial institutions to issue instruments that reduce uncertainty risk
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Estrades Pineyrua, Carmen Estimating the Economic and Distributional Impacts of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
    Keywords: Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies ; Common Carriers Industry ; Computable General Equilibrium Model ; Construction Industry ; Electrical Equipment ; Food and Beverage Industry ; General Manufacturing ; Global Computable General Equilibrium ; Income per Capita ; Industry ; Inequality ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Meat Product ; Paper Product ; Plastics and Rubber Industry ; Pulp and Paper Industry ; Real Income ; Rules Of Origin ; Set Of Rules ; Textiles, Apparel and Leather Industry ; Trade Costs ; Trade Policy ; Trade-Weighted Average ; Transport
    Abstract: This paper applies a top-down, macro-micro modeling framework that links a computable general equilibrium model with the survey-based global income distribution dynamics model to assess the economic and distributional effects of the implementation of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Reductions of tariffs and non-tariff measures, implementation of a rule of origin, together with productivity gains stemming from trade cost reductions can strengthen regional trade and value chains among Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership members. The results of the analysis indicate that in an already deeply integrated region, tariff liberalization alone brings little benefit, with estimated real income gains of 0.21 percent relative to the baseline (without the RCEP) in 2035. With liberal rules of origin, the gains in real income could double to 0.49 percent. The biggest benefits accrue when the productivity gains are considered, increasing real income by as much as 2.5 percent for the trade bloc. In this scenario, trade among RCEP members increases by 12.3 percent in 2035 relative to the baseline. The RCEP also has the potential to lift 27 million additional people to middle-class status by 2035. It will also boost wages, with faster gains in sectors that employ larger shares of women. The aggregate effects mask large variety of outcomes across countries, with Vietnam expected to register the highest trade and income gains. Implementation of the RCEP help partially mitigate the negative economic impacts of COVID-19 in the East Asia and the Pacific region
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  • 34
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (57 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Esposito, Bruno Adaptive Experiments for Policy Choice: Phone Calls for Home Reading in Kenya
    Keywords: Adaptive Experiments ; Adaptive Sampling ; Automated Calls To Parents ; Early Literacy ; Economic Development Research ; Economic Policy Research Methods ; Economic Theory and Research ; Edtech Policy Choices ; Education ; Education Technology ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Multi-Armed Bandits ; Primary Education ; Research Design Parameters
    Abstract: Adaptive sampling in experiments with multiple waves can improve learning for "policy choice problems" where the goal is to select the optimal intervention or treatment among several options. This paper uses a real-world policy choice problem to demonstrate the advantages of adaptive sampling and propose solutions to common issues in applying the method. The application is a test of six formats for automated calls to parents in Kenya that encourage reading with children at home. The adaptive 'exploration sampling' algorithm is used to efficiently identify the call with the highest rate of engagement. Simulations show that adaptive sampling increased the posterior probability of the chosen arm being optimal from 86 to 93 percent and more than halved the posterior expected regret. The paper discusses a range of implementation aspects, including how to decide about research design parameters such as the number of experimental waves
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transport ; Ghg Emissions ; Green Transition ; Pricing Policy ; Rail ; Taxing Measures ; Decarbonization
    Abstract: Railways support green development. Governments in developing countries seek to provide transport infrastructure and services to enable inclusive economic development. Transport decarbonization is critical for mitigating climate change through near-term actions and long-term transitions. Railways have an important role in reducing transport emissions, while also supporting economic development and increased mobility. Structured around the avoid-shift-improve framework, this report provides a systematic review of potential contributions that railways can make to development and climate goals
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  • 36
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Financial Sector Study
    Keywords: Capital Markets ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance ; Finance and Development ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth
    Abstract: The halal economy (HE) plays an important role in Malaysia's economic growth, contributing 7.5 percent to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. Under the Twelfth Malaysia Plan, 2021-2025 (12MP), one of the key strategies to boost Malaysia's economic growth is enhancing the competitiveness of the halal industry to capture a more significant share of the global halal market. The term halal refers to anything that is permissible or lawful under Islamic Law that dictates the way of life of a Muslim (a follower of the Islamic faith). Hence, the scope of the HE is broad and can be defined as an industry that is involved in the provision of halal products and services, including food, clothing and fashion, cosmetics and personal care, travel, and financial services. Consequently, Islamic finance is both parts of the broader HE (Hassan and others, 2021) and can facilitate the development of the HE. This report requested by Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) explores the role of Islamic finance in supporting the development of Malaysia's HE with the objective of informing policy discourse on enhancing existing strategies to increase access to Islamic finance solutions to underserved HE enterprises. The report comprises the following chapters, (1) the current state of the HE; (2) the financing ecosystem of Malaysia's HE, (3) enhancing role of Islamic finance for the HE in Malaysia; and concludes in Chapter 4 with a set of recommendations for stakeholders in Malaysia. While the recommendations focus on Malaysia, they may also be relevant for other developing economies where the HE and Islamic finance are prominen
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  • 37
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (29 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Khan, Nazmus Sadat Spillover Effects of China's Trade and Growth Shocks on ASEAN Countries: Evidence from a GVAR Model
    Keywords: Asean Trading Partners ; Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) Countries ; Chinese Trade Shocks ; Consumption ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Growth ; Economic Integration ; Economic Theory and Research ; Global Vector Autoregression (GVAR) ; Growth Shock ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Trade Shock
    Abstract: The paper uses a global vector autoregression model with quarterly time series data from 1994 to 2016 to investigate the spillover effects of Chinese trade and growth shocks on 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries. Time varying trade weights are used to construct the foreign variables in individual country models and structural generalized impulse response functions are used to conduct the dynamic analysis. The results show that a positive shock to Chinese trade and growth has a positive effect on the growth of Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. The effect is much weaker and statistically insignificant for other countries
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Independent Evaluation Group Studies
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; Environment ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Transport is a priority action area under the World Bank's Climate Change Action Plan. Climate action in the transport sector is essential as the sector emits approximately 24 percent of the global total of energy-related carbon emissions and, without aggressive measures, the World Bank expects emissions from transport to grow 60 percent by 2050. This EIN was guided by the overall question: How has the World Bank been approaching transport decarbonization To answer this question, the note uses existing evidence from the self-evaluation system of the World Bank, including Implementation Completion and Results Reports prepared by the project teams and the associated Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) validations, relevant information from other project documents, literature from policy and academic sources, advisory services and analytics, country strategies, and existing IEG evaluations. This systematic review provided the basis for four main insights into the current patterns of World Bank work on transport decarbonization and the identification of a range of potential actions to exploit opportunities for decarbonization: (i) The World Bank has steadily increased the number of projects with decarbonization content, especially in low income countries, and has recently put together a strong knowledge base on transport decarbonization. (ii) Nevertheless, transport decarbonization in World Bank lending remains timid against the needed contributions to the Climate Change Action Plan. (iii) Country-specific decarbonization diagnostics and analytical work has been limited, and transport decarbonization seldom makes it onto the World Bank's strategic country agenda. (iv) The World Bank has rarely measured transport decarbonization directly
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  • 39
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Carbon Policy and Trading ; Environment ; Industry ; Transport
    Abstract: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is currently considering developing market-based measures to meet the objectives of its Initial Strategy on the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Ships (Initial IMO GHG Strategy). While market-based measures are to reduce GHG emissions from international shipping as a matter of priority, some types of market-based measures, e.g. carbon levies or a cap-and-trade scheme without free distribution of emissions allowances, can raise significant revenues-thereby enabling an additional set of actions. Strategically using these revenues also appears more favorable than applying exemptions to address important equity considerations. Hence, the study investigates the unique potential of revenue-raising market-based measures to enable an effective and equitable energy transition and explores three questions: What could carbon revenues from international shipping be used for, who could be the recipients of such revenues, and how can adequate management of carbon revenues from international shipping be imagined? The study considers seven main revenue use options, of which some revenue uses appear more aligned with guiding principles of the Initial IMO GHG Strategy and other key desirable features (e.g., ability to deliver greater climate and development outcomes) than others. The analysis also suggests that splitting carbon revenues between the shipping sector and the use outside the sector could be a viable way forward. As primary recipients of carbon revenues, governments appear to be most suitable given the often blurred links between companies and countries in international shipping. However, to maximize climate and development outcomes, a share of carbon revenues may also be channeled to the private sector, including the shipping industry. The report stresses that expertise and experience from existing climate finance funds and international development organizations offering trustee services could be leveraged to inform and operationalize the management of carbon revenues from international shipping and to minimize transaction costs
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Private Participation in Infrastructure ; Public Sector Development ; Public-Private Partnerships ; Roads ; Roads and Highways ; Transport
    Abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate non-traditional means to raise additional private financing for the upgrade and maintenance of developing countries' road networks. To achieve this goal, it combines an in-depth review of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries' road funds' (RF) performance and road public private partnerships (PPPs) to evaluate the potential for RFs to fund road PPPs when specific conditions are met. This report presents to explore how, in few selected cases, SSA RFs can be reformed to substantially increase the amount of public and private monies flowing towards the maintenance and or upgrade of the core road networks of SSA countries
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  • 41
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (61 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Xu, Gang Bureaucrats, Tournament Competition, and Performance Manipulation: Evidence from Chinese Cities
    Keywords: Amount Of Power ; Development ; Economic Development ; Economic Growth ; Economic Growth Rate ; Economic Theory and Research ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Gender and Development ; High Population Density ; Industrial Economics ; Industry ; Labor Markets ; Local Economic Growth ; Local Government ; Local Government Budget ; Open Door ; Prior Work Experience ; Public Sector Job ; Quality Of Bureaucracy ; Real Economic Activity ; Real GDP ; Regional Economic Performance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: Tournament competition is viewed as motivating bureaucrats in promoting growth. This paper examines how this incentive leads to economic performance manipulation. Using data from Chinese cities, the analysis shows that performance exaggeration increases over the course of the first term of the top bureaucrat, peaking in the last year of his or her term. Winning a tournament competition is behind this performance manipulation: political rivals reinforce each other in exaggerating performance, and political competition intensifies the tendency for manipulation. Performance exaggeration leads to higher chances of promotion, but the ratchet effect (that is, better performance today leading to a higher target tomorrow) and the potential to blame predecessors induce restraint. A good local institutional environment also restrains performance manipulation
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  • 42
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Road Safety ; Transport ; Urban Transport
    Abstract: This report explores how to establish important priorities in traffic management. It is neither a toolkit nor a quick fix; rather, it focuses on realistic options for traffic management policies and measures that can be used by local transport officials, international and national transport agencies, universities, and local entrepreneurs. Each theme explored in this report provides a roadmap and guidelines for traffic authorities to follow. The implementation of a Functional Road Hierarchy (FRH), for example, is animportant factor for determining the predominant function of a road within mixed functions, and achieving safe, efficient road use.This report also presents five separate and complementary themes that provide African policymakers with tools to develop a strongerinstitutional foundation for sustainable, safe, and affordable urban traffic management in Sub-Saharan African cities. Known as the "EASI" (Enable, Avoid, Shift, Improve) Framework, these themes emphasize a more people-centric approach to adopting non-motorized modes of transport and addressing parking challenges, while embracing Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) and technology to improve safety and efficiency across the board. See a comprehensive outline of the EASI principles below. The five themes are influenced by successful outcomes in European, South American, and Asian cities. These cities evolved in similar circumstances to Sub-Saharan African cities and crafted their own roadmaps to traffic management success. Moreover, these themes are entirely consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11: "Making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable." The proposals also build on some measures that are currently evolving in a few Sub-Saharan African cities
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (33 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Bas, Maria How Resilient was Trade to COVID-19?
    Keywords: Coronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Exchange Rate Shock ; Exports ; Global Supply Chain ; Health and Sanitation ; Health, Nutrition and Population ; High-Frequency Data ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Pandemic ; Production and Export ; Resilience ; Shock ; Transmission Of Shocks ; Transport ; Vulnerability
    Abstract: This paper examines which product supply-side characteristics affect the resilience of traded products to the COVID-19 pandemic. Relying on monthly product-level exports by all countries to the United States, Japan, and 27 European Union countries from January 2018 to December 2020, the paper estimates a difference-in-differences specification for the impact of COVID-19 incidence (deaths per capita) mediated by product characteristics, accounting for when exports reach their destination by relying on product transportation lags. Higher reliance on foreign inputs, China as an input supplier, and unskilled labor and a lower degree of complexity negatively affected exports as a result of COVID-19
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  • 44
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (36 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als He, Yiyi Mobility and Resilience: A Global Assessment of Flood Impacts on Road Transportation Networks
    Keywords: Flood Hazard Impacts ; Flood Impact ; Natural Disaster ; Resilient Road Network ; Road Flooding ; Road Transportation Risks ; Transport ; Urban Disaster Risk ; Urban Roads ; Vulnerable Infrastructure
    Abstract: This study provides the first global evaluation of both direct and indirect flood hazard impacts on road transportation networks. It constructs topological road networks for 2,564 human settlements, representing over 14 million kilometers of urban roads. It assesses their exposure to pluvial and fluvial flood risks under 10 scenarios, corresponding to different flood intensities (1:5 year to 1:1,000 year return periods). Under each scenario, the study analyzes direct infrastructure exposure and assesses the indirect effects of flood-induced mobility disruptions: route failures, travel delays, and travel distance increases. The results document a positive relationship between flood return period and flood impact (both direct and indirect). Compared with direct flood hazard exposure, the indirect impact of floods on mobility is more prominent and heterogeneous. The average share of the road network that is flooded by at least 0.3 meters is 3.64 percent (or 24.84 percent) under the 5-year (or 1,000-year) return period, yet 11.58 percent (or 65.67 percent) of the simulated trips fail in the same scenario. The results enable comparisons of exposure and vulnerability of road networks to flood hazards across countries, allowing the identification and prioritization of urban transport resilience measures
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Regulation ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Transport and logistics services in Myanmar have been substantially hit by the impacts of the February 2021 coup and the surge in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. Logistics companies have been affected by rising fuel prices, border closures, and a shortage of shipping containers. While the initial effects after the military coup on the transport sector were extremely severe, there have been signs of some recovery of transport services since May 2021. Public transport in Yangon experienced a significant reduction in passenger demand in early months after the coup, subsequently recovering some ground by December 2021. Higher fuel prices and currency liquidity shortages significantly increased the cost of inland transport services. Transportation and logistics services are expected to be severely impacted by continuing high fuel prices, mobility constrains, political instability, and evolution of the pandemic. The export and import via container are expected to recover gradually due to agricultural and garment industry-led demand. However, improvement of exports and imports in the medium term is uncertain given the complexity of trade relations with international trade partners. In addition to effects of the coup and political conflicts, risks related to the pandemic will also significantly impact logistics supply chains and mobility in the near to mid-term
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  • 46
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Transport Papers
    Keywords: Economic Development ; Export Competitiveness ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Logistics ; Social Development ; Transport
    Abstract: World Bank and S&P Global Market Intelligence container port performance index and underlying data are intended to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement that would benefit all key stakeholders in global trade, including governments, shipping lines, port and terminal operators, shippers, logistics companies and consumers. The ranking is based on time vessels needed to spend in port to complete workloads over the course of 2021, a year that saw unprecedented port congestion and disruption to global supply chains. The Container Port Performance Index is based on total port hours per ship call, defined as the elapsed time between when a ship reaches a port to its departure from the berth having completed its cargo exchange. Greater or lesser workloads are accounted for by examining the underlying data within ten different call size ranges. Five distinct ship size groups are accounted for in the methodology given the potential for greater fuel and emissions savings on larger vessels
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  • 47
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Capacity Building ; Economic Assistance ; Employment Opportunities ; Infrastructure Investment ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory Reform ; Transport
    Abstract: Air transport plays an important role in fostering development, particularly in facilitating economic integration, generating trade, promoting tourism, and creating employment opportunities. It facilitates integration into the global economy and provides vital connectivity on a national, regional, and international scale. However, in many countries, air transport equipment and infrastructure, regulat ory frameworks, and safety and security oversight systems are inefficient or inadequate. In view of these challenges and to assist clients in establishing a safe, secure, cost-efficient, accessible and reliable air transport network, the Bank is mandated to undertake the following major activities: (i) Operational work through projects and technical assistance; (ii) Economic sector work, research, and knowledge dissemination on air transport related issues; (iii) External relations and collaboration with partner organizations and (iv) External relations and collaboration with partner organizations. This report focuses on Air transport portfolio and project highlights for the year 2021
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  • 48
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Environmental Analysis
    Keywords: Adaptation To Climate Change ; Agriculture ; Climate Change and Agriculture ; Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Energy Sector ; Environment ; Human Capital ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transport
    Abstract: The welfare and economic growth of Azerbaijan's development trajectory based on fossil fuel extraction has come at the expense of the environment, other non-oil industries, and human capital growth. Due to its lack of economic diversification, the country is highly vulnerable to transition risks, volatility of fossil fuel markets, and climate change. This note, produced in support of Azerbaijan's ambition for green growth, identifies how increased climate action and greening of a number of sectors have the potential to spur diversification of Azerbaijan's economy, contribute to addressing sector- and country-specific environmental challenges and goals, reduce greenhouse (GHG) emissions, address the identified physical and transitional climate risks and vulnerabilities, and strengthen long-term climate resilience of the country. Investments in resource efficiency, sustainable intensification of agriculture, better land use and urban planning, water and waste management, switching to cost-effective renewable energy, and research on low-carbon hydrogen and Caspian maritime space are the green measures that can have an immediate positive impact on Azerbaijan's economy and the environment. The first stage in identifying areas for wealth development will be a comprehensive green growth and asset diversification strategy, informed by detailed sectoral analysis and supported by capable institutions. Once mobilized by public sector interventions through policies to enable and incentivize green investments and green finance instruments, private enterprises will take the lead in relocating capital to green supply chains, creating jobs and building human capital while increasing the focus on innovation and efficiency. Cutting system leak emissions in the oil and gas industry could contribute significantly to reducing GHG emissions at lower costs. Enhancing the environmental performance of enterprises will be made possible by promoting eco-efficient policies and investments in cleaner production and technologies. Beginning now and leveraging this transition to green growth and diversification through the use of public resources and revenues from fossil fuel exports, Azerbaijan can mitigate certain short-term difficulties and promote long-term sustainable growth to ensuring a cleaner environment and economic prosperity
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  • 49
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Economic and Sector Work Reports
    Keywords: Business Environment ; Competitiveness and Competition Policy ; Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development
    Abstract: This report provides detailed knowledge on firm-level technology sophistication in Poland, and, by identifying the main barriers and drivers to adoption, it delivers evidence-based policy recommendations to foster technology adoption across different firms and sectors. The analysis based on the TAS is divided into two parts. The main report first describes the new approach to measuring technology sophistication, the structure of the Technology Adoption Survey, and its implementation in Poland. Second, chapter 2 provides key insights from the results by linking technology adoption with productivity, managerial skills, and firms' capabilities. It also investigates heterogeneity in technology sophistication across firms with different characteristics and the main drivers and barriers to adoption. The analysis is enriched by providing an in-depth comparison of technology sophistication between Poland and Korea. Chapter 3 briefly explains the heterogeneity of technology sophistication across sectors in Poland. This report concludes with a policy recommendation chapter that is based on the results of the TAS and the assessment of current policies supporting technology adoption (chapter 4). The second separate report entitled Sectoral approach to the drivers of productivity growth in Polish sectors. A firm-level perspective on technology adoption and firm capabilities complements this report and focuses on the sectoral differences in technology adoption. Each sector, agriculture, food processing, wearing apparel, automotive, pharmaceuticals, trade, financial services, and land transport, is analyzed in detail, not only through the lens of the TAS but also from the perspective of the general economic situation in the sector. Moreover, the series also includes a policy note Do uslug (At your service) The promise of services-led development in Poland that describes the role that the service sector can play in spurring productivity growth
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  • 50
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (11 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Gajderowicz, Tomasz capturing the Educational and Economic Impacts of School Closures in Poland
    Keywords: COVID-19 Impact On Education ; COVID-19 Learning Loss ; Economic Impact of Learning Loss ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economics of Education ; Education ; Education Indicators and Statistics ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Primary Education ; School Closures ; Secondary Education
    Abstract: The effect of school closures in the spring of 2020 on the math, science, and reading skills of secondary school students in Poland is estimated. The COVID-19-induced school closures lasted 26 weeks in Poland, one of Europe's longest periods of shutdown. Comparison of the learning outcomes with pre- and post-COVID-19 samples shows that the learning loss was equal to more than one year of study. Assuming a 45-year working life of the total affected population, the economic loss in future student earnings may amount to 7.2 percent of Poland's gross domestic product
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  • 51
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Environmental Study
    Keywords: Air Pollution ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Brown Issues and Health ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Pollution Management and Control ; Public Transit ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Vehicle Emissions
    Abstract: Air pollution, exacerbated by urbanization and motorization, is a growing concern in Addis Ababa and many other SSA cities. In Addis Ababa, air pollution from the urban transport sector is attributable to rapid motorization, an aging vehicle fleet, high sulfur fuels, lack of emission standards, and inadequate vehicle inspection and enforcement, calling for a shift towards integrated transport and air quality management. The report is one of the deliverables of the World Bank's Advisory Services and Analytics program entitled "Ethiopia: Air Quality Management and Urban Mobility." It aims to assess mitigation options for transport emissions for Addis Ababa (AA) in the Ethiopian context and recommend priority measures for short- and mid-term actions. The formulation of potential mitigation options builds upon a review of relevant development strategies and ongoing initiatives of the Federal and AA governments and development partners, the Ethiopian and international experiences, the results of Addis Ababa's source apportionment study including vehicle emission inventory conducted for this ASA, and consultations with relevant stakeholders. A set of transport air pollution mitigation measures are assessed, prioritized and recommended for Addis Ababa
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  • 52
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: City Development Strategies ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Labor Mobility ; National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Railways Transport ; Roads and Highways ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Planning
    Abstract: In this paper, author provide an overview of the benefits and opportunities of active mobility for accessibility and climate and connect these elements to broader health and equity issues. We then briefly summarize effective active mobility infrastructure options and explore the ways that finance and investment in active mobility can be and has been achieved to increase or sustain significant rates of walking and cycling globally, particularly in developing countries. We examine finance assessment along: (i) local finance and policies that encourage investment in cycling and walking; (ii) national level finance initiatives; (iii) international and multilateral finance; and (iv) private sector funding sources that may support bicycle use and walking
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  • 53
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Green Issues ; Transport
    Abstract: Globally, the transport sector contributes almost one-fourth of total carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). The road transport sector is responsible for more than 77 percent of transport-related CO2 emissions globally, with light-duty road vehicles (LDVs) encompassing passenger cars, SUVs, and pickup trucks accounting for as much as 40 percent. Therefore, decarbonizing road transport is one of the most critical challenges of the coming decade. The development objectives that encompass sustainable mobility go well beyond mitigation and adaptation to climate change, including expanding access to economic opportunities and enhancing road safety, strengthening community resilience, and improving air quality, among others. Due to high levels of motor vehicle ownership and use, the transport sector's carbon footprint per capita in high-income countries (HICs) is an order of magnitude higher than in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Even as HICs are poised to adopt a less fossil fuel-intensive fleet in the coming years, the obsolete, less safe, and more polluting vehicles that are displaced may make their way to LMICs to meet their increasing demand for motorization. As motorization in LMICs increases, addressing the trade and quality of used vehicles and managing motorization throughout the vehicle lifecycle are critical for decarbonizing the road transport sector and achieving other sustainable development goals. If these impacts can be successfully managed, then the global trade in "good quality" used vehicles can be an important component in promoting sustainable transport and can also benefit the wider economy through industry and technological transition, job creation, and lowering vehicle operating and maintenance costs
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (53 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Dasgupta, Susmita Urban CO2 Emissions: A Global Analysis with New Satellite Data
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide Emissions ; City Carbon Performance ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Environment Kuznets Curve ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Greenhouse Gas Emissions ; Railways Transport ; Satellite Date ; Subway ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Pollution
    Abstract: This paper estimates an urban carbon dioxide emissions model using satellite-measured carbon dioxide concentrations from 2014 to 2020, for 1,236 cities in 138 countries. The model incorporates the global trend in carbon dioxide concentration, seasonal fluctuations by hemisphere, and a large set of georeferenced variables that incorporate carbon dioxide-intensive industry structure, emissions from agricultural and forest fires in neighboring areas, demography, the component of income that is uncorrelated with industry structure, and relevant geographic conditions. The income results provide the first test of an Environmental Kuznets Curve relationship for carbon dioxide based on actual observations. They suggest an environmental Kuznets curve that reaches a peak near or above USD 40,000 per capita, which is at the 90th percentile internationally. The research also finds that economic development has a significant effect on the direction of the relationship between population density and carbon dioxide emissions. The relationship is positive at very low incomes but becomes negative at higher incomes. The paper also uses cities' mean regression residuals to index their carbon dioxide emissions performance within and across regions, decomposes model carbon dioxide predictions into broad source categories for each city, and uses the regression residuals to explore the impact of subway systems. The findings show significantly lower carbon dioxide emissions for subway cities
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  • 55
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Gorton, Nicole Trade Networks in Latin America: Spatial Inefficiencies and Optimal Expansions
    Keywords: Andean Community ; Economic Geography ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Mercosur ; Regional Trade Integration ; Road Infrastructure ; Roads and Highways ; Spatial Equilibrium ; Trade ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade and Transport ; Transport ; Transport Network
    Abstract: How do trade connectivity issues affect the efficient spatial distribution of economic activity within and across countries in Latin America This paper uses a spatial general equilibrium framework to construct optimal transport networks and optimal expansions to existing networks in most Latin American countries, as well as within MERCOSUR and the Andean Community. The paper assesses the average annual welfare losses due to inefficient domestic road networks in Latin America at 1.7 percent, ranging from 2.5 percent in Brazil to 0.2 percent in El Salvador. Spatial misallocation of transnational road networks is associated with annual welfare losses of 1.8 percent in MERCOSUR and 1.6 percent in the Andean Community. Optimal investments in improvements and expansions of existing networks can correct these inefficiencies and reduce spatial inequality within countries. These investments correlate relatively well with World Bank road projects because both the model and the World Bank prioritize investments in high population areas. Transnational road improvements benefit the most the least developed country in each trade bloc. The results are robust to changes in data sources and model assumptions
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  • 56
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Digital Divide ; ICT Applications ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Economic Development
    Abstract: People living in cities have more mobility options than ever before. Making the most out of expanding travel choices for cities and their residents will require integration among different mobility services. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) can provide an organizing framework for integrating multiple mobility options and shaping how they can work together to provide a more seamless travel experience and support broader development outcomes in developing cities. This report contextualizes the concept of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) for cities in low- and middle-income countries, discussing how this powerful framework may advance sustainable mobility and development goals. To reap the greatest benefits, MaaS implementation requires government leadership, systematic thinking around societal goals, and new technical capabilities-all important capacities that may not be readily available in developing cities. To begin building these capacities, this publication discusses the critical issues involved in deploying MaaS from the perspectives of supply, demand, technology, business, and governance
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  • 57
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Mobility and Transport Connectivity
    Keywords: Mobility ; Roads and Highways ; Transport
    Abstract: In many countries around the world, deficiencies in data or data quality impair evidence-based road safety policy making. While many countries collect road safety data, the collection is not necessarily comprehensive. Further, many countries can be unaware of data gaps in their system, which prevents them from soundly analyzing their road safety problems. Therefore, road safety data definitions and collection methods must converge into standard international criteria, thus allowing for comparisons in space - across countries - and in time. This is the raison d'etre of regional road safety observatories, which have been developed, for example, in Latin America (OISEVI), Africa (ARSO), and Asia-Pacific (APRSO). They present an opportunity for joint regional efforts to improve, in a harmonized way, road safety data collection and analysis. Regional road safety observatories promote the adoption of a common set of road safety indicators based on common definitions and serve as an avenue to assist countries in improving the management of their crash data systems
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Air Quality ; Air Quality and Clean Air ; Carbon Intensity ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Freight Transport ; Logistics ; Maritime Transport ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: Freight and logistics are essential for economic and social development and are projected to grow significantly, but prevailing practices are unsustainable. This discussion paper explores the initiatives being adopted, implemented, and proposed in each of the three subsectors in a logistical chain, the maritime subsector, the interurban freight and logistics subsector, and the urban freight and logistics subsector. The paper describes the initiatives, and more importantly, how they may need to be adapted and financed to achieve the decarbonization of the freight and logistics sector, while meeting the needs, opportunities, constraints, and the broader climate change-related and development challenges of least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS). This report provides an overview of the main technical issues, commencing with the maritime subsector, then the interurban subsector, and finally the urban subsector. The report will highlight some of the interventions needed, and where possible the required policy actions and financial implications, with the final section proposing some final thoughts about the way forward and summarizing key recommendations
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  • 59
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Transport Papers
    Keywords: National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Roads and Highways ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Health
    Abstract: Significant research has been undertaken on how changes in speed limit-for example, the introduction of 30 kilometers per hour, or kph (20 miles per hour, or mph) speed limits-impact safety both when combined with, and without "traffic-calming" engineering treatments such as speed humps or raised platforms. However, most of the studies have been conducted in Australia or countries in Western Europe, with almost no recorded studies from Asia, Africa, the Americas and Eastern Europe. Though it may be reasonable, a well-developed infrastructural environment such as that found in Korea would expect similar results as that of the western countries, a study originating in Asia could have a strong demonstration effect and prove very convincing for many Asian countries
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  • 60
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Mobility ; Roads and Highways ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: This Road Safety Management Capacity Assessment (RSMCA) seeks to gain a broad understanding of the Government of Vanuatu's road safety management capacity to support its plans to improve road safety outcomes throughout the country. The RSMCA follows the seven critical road safety institutional management functions (Bliss and Breen 2013) to identify key challenges and provide recommendations for improvement in road safety management, and similarly addresses the Safe System pillars for the interventions level. The seven institutional management functions include: results focus, coordination, legislation, finance and resource allocation, promotion and advocacy, monitoring and evaluation, and research and development of knowledge transfer. The Safe System pillars include road safety management, safe roads and mobility, safe vehicles, safe road users, post-crash care, and safe speeds. The RSMCA's alignment with both the road safety institutional management functions and the Safe System Approach in turn aims to help the Government of Vanuatu to prioritize targeted next steps to address road crash death and serious injury in the country
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  • 61
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Trade Facilitation ; Transport
    Abstract: The resilience of the Lebanese port sector has proven to be low. The impact of the ongoing economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Port of Beirut (PoB) explosion has traumatized the sector and exposed its weaknesses and inabilities to predict, identify, and respond to external risks. Anticipated slow recovery is expected to intensify the burden on the economy while opportunity costs are high given the recent port developments in the Eastern Mediterranean region and globally. Digitalization is one of key foundational stones for reconstruction. The "Reforming and RebuildingLebanon's Port Sector " note that the World Bank published in January 2020 highlights that there is a unique opportunity for rebuilding better the PoB and recommends a roadmap around four key building blocks: i) a new governance structure based on the landlord port model; ii) efficient and modern trade compliance procedures; iii) open and transparent bidding processes for selecting investors, operators, or concessionaires; and iv) quality infrastructure contingent on a national port strategy and a revised PoB masterplan
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; National Urban Development Policies and Strategies ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Environment ; Urban Planning
    Abstract: Urban transport is a significant contributor to climate-warming greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cities, with most urban transport emissions coming from cars. More than seventy percent of global carbon dioxide emissions come from cities, making mitigation efforts at the local level an important contributor to decarbonization. Urban transport also plays a fundamental role in the economic activity and welfare of urban citizens. Therefore, developing cities must find a way to continue to improve accessibility, while decoupling growth in travel demand from growth in GHG emissions. Affordable, safe, and convenient urban passenger mobility systems are critical for the welfare of urban residents, connecting people to jobs, education, health care, and recreation. This paper argues that cities in developing countries have a unique opportunity to preserve and encourage sustainable urban passenger mobility by building on their existing modal shares in public transport, walking, and biking the low carbon modes. Section 2 of this paper provides additional detail on key mobility and land use challenges that developing cities are facing. Section 3 outlines strategies to overcome the challenges. Section 4 summarizes the high-level takeaways and suggests a way forward for the international community to support city governments in providing better transport infrastructure, services, and enabling environments to ensure their long-term financial and environmental sustainability
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  • 63
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Public Expenditure Review
    Keywords: Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Finance ; Public Sector Development ; Roads ; Roads and Highways ; Rural Development ; Rural Roads and Transport ; Transport
    Abstract: The report provides a detailed assessment of the road sector in Argentina, evaluating the expenditure of public resources in this context and informing possible improvements to the current situation. Given that the information available is limited, the report will mainly focus on the roads classified under the National Network, and will provide recommendations for the provincial and municipal roads when possible. The report starts with an introduction which serves to identify the context of the country and the main issues. This introduction describes the recent volatile financial periods in Argentina, with a macroeconomic context that has experimented several shocks in the recent decades and is currently impacted by the severe depreciation of the national currency and high inflation. This has led to higher transport costs, which are hampering potential growth, commercial exchanges and access to services. In addition, territorial inequalities in the country cause visible differences between regions, also in terms of the road network connectivity and logistics performance. Besides these factors, the road network is also affected by an increasingly more hazardous climate, as extreme natural episodes causing disruptions have been observed more frequently and intensely in Argentina in recent times. To face all these constraints, the Government of Argentina presented an ambitious National Plan over the period 2016-2019, with important public investments in road transport, but with a highly limited private participation due to the macroeconomic context and the lack of enabling policies
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  • 64
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Carbon Emissions ; Carbon Policy and Trading ; City Development Strategies ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Environment ; Green Issues ; Transport ; Urban Development
    Abstract: Transport is a key component to climate solution and therefore, pivotal to reach benchmarks established by the ambitious Paris Agreement. We have the technology, tools, and opportunities to advance markets, unlock investments, and scale up action. The climate action pathway - transport provides clear insights to advance and align transport with the objectives of the Paris Agreement, and is complemented by the global roadmap toward sustainable mobility. However, by most measures, action is well off-track, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transport are on the rise. At the same time, the momentum increases to drive action on transport and accelerate the transition to zero or low carbon transport modes. There are calls for decarbonizing transport and for improving the international community's understanding of how specific investments and innovative finance solutions can create the conditions for market uptake of climate-smart solutions across transport sectors. Policy, technology, and investment are all critical in accelerating the transition toward carbon neutral transport. This document is organized as follows. Chapter 2 describes the trends on greenhouse gas emissions while Chapter 3 reviews the challenge to reduce emissions in developing countries summarizing the findings on the other TDI notes. Chapter 4 discusses the experience and trends in funding public investments and policies in the transportation sector while Chapter 5 describes the architecture of climate finance for transport decarbonization. Chapter 6 presents some innovative financial approaches and finally, Chapter 7 develops a series of recommendations for a transition to a low carbon pathway in transport
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  • 65
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Electric Power ; Electricity ; Energy ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Internet ; Roads and Highways ; Transport
    Abstract: This paper focuses on the impact of infrastructure on economic development for the countries around the Lake Chad area, an economically- and socially-integrated area in north-west Africa that has development potential, but which has been undermined by multiple and interrelated drivers of fragility, conflict, and violence. The Lake Chad region comprises a set of administrative areas across Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria that surround Lake Chad, with an estimated 17 million to 19 million people, who are primarily involved in agriculture and fishing activities. The region has one of the largest concentrations of extreme poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa and the world and lags in human development outcomes and access to key public services. The paper analyzes the impact of infrastructure in Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria, from a national and regional perspective, and with a particular focus on the Lake Chad area. The paper is structured as follows. Section two presents the data. Section three presents the empirical strategy and results. Section four develops a spatial general-equilibrium model to produce counterfactuals for more regional integration. Section five concludes
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  • 66
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (46 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Herrera Dappe, Matias Infrastructure and Structural Change in the Horn of Africa
    Keywords: Electricity ; General Equilibrium Model ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Infrastructure Investment ; Internet Access ; Road Infrastructure ; Roads and Highways ; Structural Transformation ; Transport ; Transport Corridor
    Abstract: Access to infrastructure supports economic development through both capital accumulation and structural transformation. This paper investigates the links between investments in electricity, Internet, and road infrastructure, in isolation and bundled, and economic development in the Horn of Africa, a region that includes countries with different levels of infrastructure and economic development. Using data on the expansion of the road, electricity, and Internet networks over the past two decades, it provides reduced-form estimates of the impacts of infrastructure investments on the sectoral composition of employment. Bundled infrastructure investments cause different patterns of structural transformation than isolated infrastructure investments. The impact of bundled road and electricity investments on reducing the sectoral employment share in agriculture is found to be 2.5 times larger than the impact of roads alone. The paper then uses a spatial general equilibrium model to quantify the impacts of future regional Transport investments, bundled with electricity and trade facilitation measures, on economic development in countries in the Horn of Africa
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Crime and Society ; Human Trafficking ; Legal Reform ; Migration ; Mobility ; Poverty Reduction ; Roads and Highways ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Transport
    Abstract: Trafficking in persons is a serious crime and a grave violation of human rights. It is a form of modern-day slavery that involves the recruitment, harboring, or transportation of people into an exploitative situation by means of violence, deception, or coercion for the purpose of exploitation. In Nepal, the most widespread forms of human trafficking are for forced labor, domestic servitude, prostitution and sexual exploitation, and organ extraction. The country's open borders with India, and to some extent China, with limited border surveillance, have enabled transnational crimes such as human trafficking. The World Bank has extended technical and financial assistance to large-scale infrastructure projects in Nepal, some for improved transport connectivity and trade facilitation both within the country and within the region. The nature of these investments must be looked at through the lens of enhancing long-term economic growth and prosperity, which is jeopardized by human trafficking. As a result, this study was conducted to draw links between the various aspects of development projects, in particular, improved transport connectivity and migration, that either contribute, mitigate, facilitate, or prevent trafficking in men, women, and children
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  • 68
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Climate Change and Environment ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Environment ; Environmental Disasters and Degradation ; Hazard Risk Management ; Housing ; Roads and Highways ; Transport ; Urban Development ; Urban Housing
    Abstract: Tropical Cyclone (TC) Seroja impacted Timor-Leste with heavy torrential rains over a 24-hour period on April 4, 2021, with an average intensity of over 14 millimeters per hour and a peak intensity of over 70 millimeters per hour. The heavy precipitation and the country's natural topography led to flash floods, landslides, and liquefaction, causing significant damage. The disaster affected all 13 municipalities of Timor-Leste, caused at least 44 fatalities, damaged critical infrastructure such as roads, bridges, water supply infrastructure, schools, and health facilities, and impacted rural areas and agricultural assets. This report is part of the World Bank's response to the Government's request for support in assessing damages as well as longer-term implications for disaster risk management. It will serve as inputs to a more detailed Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) under development and could inform the methodology of future similar remote-based assessments. It is also a contribution to the policy dialogue with the Governmentand its partners about how to plan and invest more effectively to mitigate disasters in the future
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Private Sector Development ; Private Sector Economics ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics
    Abstract: This background paper systematically maps and assesses the connectivity of cities in the Horn of Africa (HoA) and uses the results to proposes a number of policy perspectives on how to strategically boost connectivity in different parts of the region. Analytically, this is achieved through network analysis of the directness, the diversity, topology and the density of HoA cities' transport infrastructure connections. Crucially, network analysis allows proxying HoA cities' potential to participate in value chains at various geographical scales and identifying key areas of possible intervention. Results can guide institutional and governance measures that can be taken to influence connectivity as a whole and for specific cities and transport corridors in particular. The output can thus help determine the interventions that are needed to tackle bottlenecks in corridors, addressing infrastructure, policy and regulatory constraints. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the rationale for an analysis of inter-urban connectivity in general and its linkages with the broader topic of regional integration and the economic geographies of the HoA in particular. Section 3 discusses our analytical framework, while Section 4 discusses the results. The paper is concluded with a discussion of key policy perspectives in section 5
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Economic Updates and Modeling
    Keywords: Inflation ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Transport
    Abstract: Severely impacted by the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020, Djibouti's economic activity has shown signs of recovery in 2021.This first edition of the Djibouti Economic Monitor (DEM) launches a program of reports with semi-annual frequency that analyze the trends and constraints to Djibouti's development. Each issue will provide an update of recent economic developments (Chapter 1) and present the outlook as forecast by World Bank Staff together with key risks surrounding the outlook (Chapter 2). In addition, the DEM will also include a Special Focus section where we will delve in more depth on a topic of interest to the public. The Special Focus of the first issue of the DEM discusses the impact of the COVID-19 on the labor market and household welfare (Chapter 3)
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (51 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Lebrand, Mathilde Corridors without Borders in West Africa
    Keywords: Economic Geography ; International Economics and Trade ; International Trade and Trade Rules ; Regional Corridor ; Roads and Highways ; Spatial General Equilibrium ; Trade and Regional Integration ; Trade Facilitation ; Transport ; Transport and Trade Logistics ; Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: This paper estimates the welfare gains from upgrading several major regional corridors in West Africa. It uses a quantitative economic geography framework with trade within and across countries and mobility of people within countries to assess the economic impacts of the reduction in trade costs from road and border infrastructure investments. The findings show that the upgrade of Dakar-Lagos regional road corridor brings sizable economic benefits relative to investment costs, with a benefit-cost ratio estimated around 3. The economic benefits of road corridor upgrades are doubled and more widely spread when combined with measures to reduce current massive border delays. The benefits are negligible for Nigeria, but large for small fragile states (Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Sierra Leone). The gains are highest for corridors connecting large economies, and smaller and more fragile countries gain proportionally more from accessing larger markets. Finally, regional investments, including border time reduction policies, will reduce spatial inequality in the whole region but might increase inequality in some countries
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (50 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Rentschler, Jun Floods and Their Impacts on Firms: Evidence from Tanzania
    Keywords: Business Support ; Conflict and Development ; Disaster Management ; Disaster Resilience ; Electricity Access ; Environment ; Flood Control ; Floods ; Hazard Risk Management ; Microenterprises ; Natural Disasters ; Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises ; Transport ; Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: This study explores how businesses in Tanzania are impacted by floods, and which strategies they use to cope and adapt. These insights are based on firm survey data collected in 2018 using a tailored questionnaire, covering a sample of more than 800 firms. To assess the impact of disasters on businesses, the study considers direct damages and indirect effects through infrastructure systems, supply chains, and workers. While direct on-site damages from flooding can be substantial, they tend to affect a relatively small share of firms. Indirect impacts of floods are more prevalent and sizable. Flood-induced infrastructure disruptions-especially electricity and transport-obstruct the operations of firms even when they are not directly located in flood zones. The effects of such disruptions are further propagated and multiplied along supply chains. The study estimates that supply chain multipliers are responsible for 30 to 50 percent of all flood-related delivery delays. To cope with these impacts, firms apply a variety of strategies. Firms mitigate supply disruptions by adjusting the size and geographical reach of their supply networks, and by adjusting inventory holdings. By investing in costly backup capacity (such as water tanks and electricity generators), firms mitigate the impact of infrastructure disruptions. The study estimates that only 13 percent of firms receive government support in the aftermath of floods
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  • 73
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Electric Power ; Energy ; Energy Demand ; Environment ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Transport
    Abstract: Mobility is essential for economic and social development, but the transport sector in most countries is not sustainable in its existing form. Reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and local pollutants in the transport sector will create a cleaner, healthier and more livable future for everyone. Electric mobility (e-mobility) represents a crucial opportunity to develop a more sustainable transport system. Electrification of transport offers significant environmental benefits and at the same time produces a long-lasting economic impact. E-mobility is an important way to mitigate air pollution by reducing carbon intensity of the transport sector as it has better efficiency than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and has zero tailpipe emissions. Through electrification of transport, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that electric vehicles can reduce GHG emissions by almost half compared to an equivalent fleet of ICE vehicles under existing government policies. The note identifies tangible actions and policies that governments can adopt to facilitate the adoption of e-mobility in passenger transport. In doing so, it identifies practical considerations that governments should keep in mind when facilitating e-mobility adoption. Passenger transport includes public, shared, and private transport. This technical note places a strong emphasis on public and shared transport as improving it: (i) helps make the transport system less congested, reducing the need for many separate trips by private vehicles; (ii) can benefit people across all income strata; and (iii) can, with higher utilization, harness the operational cost savings of electrification faster than relatively low utilization private vehicles
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other Infrastructure Study
    Keywords: Climate Change ; Climate Change and Environment ; Environment ; Natural Disasters ; Railways Transport ; Roads and Highways ; Transport
    Abstract: Argentina's vast networks of national, provincial, and rural roads, spanning more than 240,000 kilometers, are critical for the country's growth and development. However, climate change-induced hydrological extremes often disrupt road travel and raise logistics costs. The objective of this study is to quantify the impact of climate change induced flood risk on the transport network in Argentina. The study analyzes both current and future flooding scenarios, examines the resulting disruptions in the transport network, and estimates the direct and indirect macroeconomic losses. The study uses a system-of-systems approach, where network models are developed to suitably represent the transport system as nodes and links. For each node and link, the study analyzes criticality, vulnerability, and risk, and provides adaptation strategies. This paper is organized into four sections. Following the methodology and approach laid out in Section 2, the analysis and results are detailed in Section 3,Conclusions and policy recommendations are presented in Section 4
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  • 75
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Country Economic Memorandum
    Keywords: Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Transport
    Abstract: Access to infrastructure support economic development through both capital accumulation and structural transformation. This paper investigates the links between investments in electricity, Internet, and road infrastructure, in isolation and bundled, and economic development in the Horn of Africa, a region that includes countries with different levels of infrastructure and economic development. Using data on the expansion of the road, electricity, and Internet networks, it provides reduced-form estimates of the impacts of infrastructure investments on the sectoral composition of employment. It uses a spatial general equilibrium model, based on Moneke (2020), to quantify the impacts of future transport investments and trade facilitation measures on economic development in the Horn of Africa countries
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  • 76
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (30 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Jolliffe, Dean Under what Conditions are Data Valuable for Development?
    Keywords: Development Data ; Economic Theory and Research ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Information Technology ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Development ; Public Service Delivery ; Statistical and Mathematical Sciences ; Statistics
    Abstract: Data produced by the public sector can have transformational impacts on development outcomes through better targeting of resources, improved service delivery, cost savings in policy implementation, increased accountability, and more. Around the world, the amount of data produced by the public sector is increasing at a rapid pace, yet their transformational impacts have not been realized fully. Why has the full value of these data not been realized yet This paper outlines 12 conditions needed for the production and use of public sector data to generate value for development and presents case studies substantiating these conditions. The conditions are that data need to have adequate spatial and temporal coverage (are complete, frequent, and timely), are of high quality (are accurate, comparable, and granular), are easy to use (are accessible, understandable, and interoperable), and are safe to use (are impartial, confidential, and appropriate)
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (38 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Li, Shanjun The Global Diffusion of Electric Vehicles: Lessons from the First Decade
    Keywords: Air Quality and Clean Air ; Charging Infrastructure ; Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases ; Consumer Demand ; Electric Vehicle ; Energy ; Energy Policies and Economics ; Environment ; Environment and Energy Efficiency ; Incentives ; Pollution Management and Control ; Transport ; Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: Electrifying the transportation sector is key to reaching the goal of carbon neutrality. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the diffusion of passenger electric vehicles based on detailed data on model-level electrical vehicle sales across the world from 2013 to 2020. The analysis shows that the highly uneven electrical vehicle penetration across countries is partly driven by cross-country variation in incentives and especially in the availability of charging infrastructure. Investment in charging infrastructure would have been much more cost-effective than consumer purchase subsidies in promoting electrical vehicle adoption. This finding highlights the importance of expanding charging infrastructure in the next phase of deeper electrical vehicle diffusion
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  • 78
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (32 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Timilsina, Govinda How Much does Physical Infrastructure Contribute to Economic Growth? An Empirical Analysis
    Keywords: Economic Growth ; Economic Theory and Research ; Electricity ; Growth Drivers ; Infrastructure ; Infrastructure Economics ; Infrastructure Economics and Finance ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Mobile Phone ; Telecommunications ; Transport Infrastructure
    Abstract: Existing literature on the relationship between infrastructure and economic growth is inconclusive. This study evaluates the contributions to economic growth of three main categories of infrastructure-transport, electricity, and telecommunications-using data from 87 countries over 1992-2017. Compared with existing studies, this study uses more recent data, includes new types of infrastructure such as mobile phones, and provides separate estimates for developing and developed countries. The pooled mean group estimator, which tests for the weak exogeneity of the infrastructure variables, is employed. The key finding of the study is that an increase in infrastructure, especially electricity generation capacity and telecommunications, has significant positive effects on gross domestic product. Infrastructure has a larger effect in more recent years (1992-2017) than in earlier years (1970-1991), and the effects of infrastructure are higher in developing economies than in industrialized economies
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  • 79
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Sector Development, Privatization, and Industrial Policy
    Keywords: Accommodation and Tourism Industry ; Emerging Markets ; Equity and Development ; Industry ; Information and Communication Technologies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Transport
    Abstract: The Jordan Country Private Sector Diagnostic (CPSD) is a joint International Finance Corporation (IFC)-World Bank report that highlights the constraints as well as the opportunities facing the private sector in Jordan. It considers three sectors-tourism, logistics, and information and communication technology (ICT) - and the potential they offer for greater private sector contributions to the Jordanian economy, as well as the obstacles that they face from general or sector-specific policies and regulations. The CPSD also offers concrete recommendations to address some of these constraints. Although this report was largely prepared prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, its analysis and recommendations remain as, if not more, valid in the context of the pandemic and of an eventual recovery. A dynamic and resilient private sector is necessary if Jordan is to break the low-growth, high-unemployment trajectory it finds itself in today. The CPSD argues that tackling some of the major obstacles facing the private sector is essential to firm performance, investment, and productivity. These actions are as critical in times of crisis and especially afterwards to pave the way for a vigorous and sustainable recovery. Similarly, the sectors assessed by the CPSD continue to hold promise for the country. The pandemic has underscored the important role that digitalization, a strong ICT infrastructure, and supportive services have in creating a resilient economy and business continuity. E-commerce and logistics capabilities and services are an area put forward by the CPSD as an opportunity for Jordan in the coming years; they have boomed during the current crisis and are expected to be one of the post-pandemic growth sectors. Conversely, tourism, which had been experiencing a strong rebound in Jordan over the past few years, is one of the sectors hardest hit across the globe by the COVID-19 crisis. In Jordan the sector accounts for about 19.2 percent of gross domestic product and 32 percent of exports. Crafting a strategy that effectively addresses the many obstacles that prevent the tourism sector from attaining its potential is a necessary investment for a strong recovery - and a good use of what is likely to be a transitional period until travel re-commences
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  • 80
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (71 pages)
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Print Version: Borker, Girija Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women
    Keywords: Crime and Society ; Gender ; Gender and Education ; Safety ; Sexual Harassment ; Social Conflict and Violence ; Social Development ; Transport ; Urban ; Violence Against Women
    Abstract: This paper examines the long-term consequences of unsafe public spaces for women. It combines student-level survey data, a mapping of potential travel routes to all the colleges in the choice set, and crowdsourced mobile application safety data from Delhi. The findings show that women choose a college in the bottom half of the quality distribution over a college in the top quintile to feel safer while traveling, relative to men with comparable choice sets who choose a college in the top one-third of the distribution over a college in the top quintile. These findings have implications beyond women's human capital attainment, such as their participation in the labor force
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  • 81
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Other papers
    Keywords: Climate Change Economics ; Climate Change Impacts ; Debt ; Economic Growth ; Economic Recovery ; Economic Theory and Research ; Environment ; Industrial Economics ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Natural Disasters
    Abstract: This paper provides a review and assessment of the current literature on the macroeconomic impact of natural disasters in the Caribbean, including other non-Caribbean studies that may have implications for it. It also discusses, in view of existing studies, what factors may make Caribbean economies more resilient to these extreme events, as well as whether there are damage thresholds beyond which recovery will be more difficult. Finally, recommendations are provided for future data collection and research that might provide further light on the issues
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  • 82
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    ISBN: 9781464808715
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (206 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg.
    Series Statement: Directions in Development;Directions in Development - Countries and Regions
    Series Statement: Directions in Development - Countries and Regions
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Urbanisation ; Transport ; Habitat ; French Translation ; Climate Change ; Infrastructure ; Connecting ; Urban Policy
    Abstract: La Cote d'Ivoire est en quete d'une strategie de developpement qui lui permettra d'atteindre le statut de pays a revenu intermediaire, ce qui represente un defi qui necessiterait un taux de croissance annuel de 10 % pendant plus de 13 ans. L'experience des economies developpees et emergentes demontre que le produit interieur brut (PIB) par habitant augmente avec la progression de l'urbanisation. Neanmoins, l'economie de la Cote d'Ivoire affiche des performances insuffisantes sur le plan de l'urbanisation. L'urbanisation et le revenu par habitant ont une correlation negative depuis la fin des annees 1970, et la pauvrete augmente. Au lieu d'envisager le developpement des villes individuellement, un plan d'urbanisation reussie devrait considerer les villes de la Cote d'Ivoire comme un portefeuille d'actifs qui se distinguent les uns des autres par leur taille, leur emplacement et la densite de leur population. Les auteurs de L'Urbanisation diversifiee : Le cas de la Cote d'Ivoire identifient trois types de villes, fondees sur leurs contributions a la croissance et a la creation d'emplois : les connecteurs globaux ; les connecteurs regionaux, situees le long des corridors d'echanges et des transports regionaux ; et les connecteurs locaux, qui generent les economies de localisation necessaires a l'agro-industrie. Les parties prenantes des administrations nationales et infranationales et du secteur prive ont formule une vision commune de l'urbanisation en Cote d'Ivoire : villes planifiees, structurees, competitives, attractives, inclusives et organisees autour de poles de developpement. Afin de realiser cette vision et d'atteindre le statut de pays a revenu intermediaire, les decideurs politique ivoiriens doivent agir de toute urgence pour promouvoir une urbanisation diversifiee pour tous les types de villes. Cette presente etude identifie des contraintes principales et des enjeux dans quatre domaines : la planification, les connexions, l'ecologisation, et le financement des villes
    Note: Description based on print version record
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (44 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Timilsina, Govinda R Fiscal Policy Instruments For Reducing Congestion And Atmospheric Emissions In The Transport Sector
    Keywords: Atmospheric emissions ; Congestion ; Congestion charges ; Externalities ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport sector ; Vehicle ; Vehicle taxes ; Vehicle traffic ; Atmospheric emissions ; Congestion ; Congestion charges ; Externalities ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport sector ; Vehicle ; Vehicle taxes ; Vehicle traffic ; Atmospheric emissions ; Congestion ; Congestion charges ; Externalities ; Tax ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport sector ; Vehicle ; Vehicle taxes ; Vehicle traffic
    Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on the fiscal policy instruments commonly used to reduce transport sector externalities. The findings show that congestion charges would reduce vehicle traffic by 9 to 12 percent and significantly improve environmental quality. The vehicle tax literature suggests that every 1 percent increase in vehicle taxes would reduce vehicle miles by 0.22 to 0.45 percent and CO2 emissions by 0.19 percent. The fuel tax is the most common fiscal policy instrument; however its primary objective is to raise government revenues rather than to reduce emissions and traffic congestion. Although subsidizing public transportation is a common practice, reducing emissions has not been the primary objective of such subsidies. Nevertheless, it is shown that transport sector emissions would be higher in the absence of both public transportation subsidies and fuel taxation. Subsidies are also the main policy tool for the promotion of clean fuels and vehicles. Although some studies are very critical of biofuel subsidies, the literature is mostly supportive of clean vehicle
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  • 84
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (59 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Moreno-Dodson, Blanca Assessing the Impact of Public Spending on Growth
    Keywords: Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint ; Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint ; Allocation ; Composition of public spending ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Government expenditure ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public disclosure ; Public expenditure ; Public finance ; Public spending ; Uncertaint
    Abstract: The goal of this paper is to understand better, at the empirical level, how public spending contributes to growth by focusing on both the level and composition of public spending, in connection to the dynamics of GDP per capita growth. It attempts to answer two specific questions: (a) What are the policy conditions under which public spending contributes positively to growth? and (b) What are the public spending components that have a stronger and longer-lasting impact on growth? The analysis is applied to a sample of seven fast-growing developing countries: Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Botswana, and Mauritius, which have been among the top performers in the world in terms of GDP per capita growth during the period (1960-2006). The rationale for this country sample selection is twofold. The first hypothesis is that, given their positive growth achievements over a relatively long time period, perhaps it is more straightforward to establish a link to public spending in those countries. Second, it is expected that the findings of the analysis will provide lessons regarding the level and composition of public spending that can be useful for other countries where growth has been less rapid. Assessing what role public spending has played in a dynamic growth context may indeed be enlightening for other cases as well. The paper is structured as follows. The first section is an introduction that provides relevant facts and information about the seven countries during the period of analysis, based on seven individual country case studies. Section II presents the theoretical background behind the empirical analysis. Section III focuses on the empirical methodology, function specification, and variables selected. Section IV is dedicated to the results obtained with the cross-country analysis and some specific country results, as well as some comparisons with previous findings by other authors. Finally, Section V draws policy implications and concludes
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  • 85
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Beck, Thorsten Who Gets The Credit?
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies ; Access to Finance ; Bank ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Credit ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Enterprise ; Enterprise credit ; Finance ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Intermediation ; Financial systems ; Household ; Households ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regulatory policies
    Abstract: While the theoretical and empirical finance literature has focused almost exclusively on enterprise credit, about half of credit extended by banks to the private sector in a sample of 45 developing and developed countries is to households. The share of household credit in total credit increases as countries grow richer and financial systems develop. Cross-country regressions, however, suggest a positive and significant impact on gross domestic product per capita growth only of enterprise but not household credit. These two findings together partly explain why previous studies have found a small or insignificant effect of finance on growth in high-income countries. In addition, countries with a lower share of manufacturing, a higher degree of urbanization, and more market-oriented financial systems have a higher share of household credit. It is thus mostly socio-economic trends that determine credit composition, while policies influencing banking market structure and regulatory policies are not robustly related to credit composition
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (81 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Cakmak, Erol H Macro-Micro Feedback Links of Irrigation Water Management In Turkey
    Keywords: Agricultural production ; Agricultural uses ; Climate change ; Competition for water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Economic Development ; Rural Development ; Sectoral water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water C ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water availability ; Water management ; Water resource ; Water resources ; Water use ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural uses ; Climate change ; Competition for water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Economic Development ; Rural Development ; Sectoral water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water C ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water availability ; Water management ; Water resource ; Water resources ; Water use ; Agricultural production ; Agricultural uses ; Climate change ; Competition for water ; Economic Theory and Research ; Industry ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Regional Economic Development ; Rural Development ; Sectoral water ; Town Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water C ; Water Resources ; Water Supply and Sanitation ; Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions ; Water Supply and Systems ; Water and Industry ; Water availability ; Water management ; Water resource ; Water resources ; Water use
    Abstract: Agricultural production is heavily dependent on water availability in Turkey, where half the crop production relies on irrigation. Irrigated agriculture consumes about 75 percent of total water used, which is about 30 percent of renewable water availability. This study analyzes the likely effects of increased competition for water resources and changes in the Turkish economy. The analysis uses an economy-wide Walrasian Computable General Equilibrium model with a detailed account of the agricultural sector. The study investigated the economy-wide effects of two external shocks, namely a permanent increase in the world prices of agricultural commodities and climate change, along with the impact of the domestic reallocation of water between agricultural and non-agricultural uses. It was also recognized that because of spatial heterogeneity of the climate, the simulated scenarios have differential impact on the agricultural production and hence on the allocation of factors of production including water. The greatest effects on major macroeconomic indicators occur in the climate change simulations. As a result of the transfer of water from rural to urban areas, overall production of all crops declines. Although production on rainfed land increases, production on irrigated land declines, most notably the production of maize and fruits. The decrease in agricultural production, coupled with the domestic price increase, is further reflected in net trade. Agricultural imports increase with a greater decline in agricultural exports
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  • 87
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Yoshino, Yutaka Domestic Constraints, Firm Characteristics, And Geographical Diversification of Firm-Level Manufacturing Exports In Africa
    Keywords: Exportwirtschaft ; Exportdiversifizierung ; Internationaler Markt ; Region ; Theorie ; Subsahara-Afrika ; Commodity prices ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export markets ; Factor price ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market entry ; Market orientation ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Product quality ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Total sales ; Commodity prices ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export markets ; Factor price ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market entry ; Market orientation ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Product quality ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Total sales ; Commodity prices ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Export markets ; Factor price ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Free Trade ; International Economics & Trade ; International trade ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Market entry ; Market orientation ; Markets and Market Access ; Microfinance ; Product quality ; Supply chain ; Supply chains ; Total sales
    Abstract: Using firm-level data on manufacturing sectors in Africa, this paper addresses how domestic supply constraints and other firm characteristics explain the geographical orientation of firms' exports and the overall market diversification of African manufacturing exports. The degree of market diversification, measured by the number of export destinations, is highly correlated with export intensity at the firm level, and both embody strong scale effects. Technological factors, such as new vintage capital and Internet access, which improve production efficiency and lower export costs, show strong effects on the firm-level export intensity. Some qualitative differences exist between Africa's regional exports and exports to the global markets. Foreign ownership is a significant factor in characterizing the intensity of global exports but not regional exports. The technological factors are significant in both cases, but more so in global exports. Public infrastructure constraints, such as inferior power services and customs delays, seem to have more immediate impacts on regional exports in general, implying the relevance of addressing behind-the-border constraints in fostering regional integration in Africa. Customs efficiency does matter for textile exports to the global markets, underscoring the importance of improving trade facilitation in Africa for competitive participation of African producers in global supply chain industries
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  • 88
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (27 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Breceda, Karla Latin America And The Social Contract
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Economic performance ; Emerging Markets ; Housing ; Housing subsidies ; Income taxes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public resources ; Public spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Tax ; Tax revenues ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic performance ; Emerging Markets ; Housing ; Housing subsidies ; Income taxes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public resources ; Public spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Tax ; Tax revenues ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic performance ; Emerging Markets ; Housing ; Housing subsidies ; Income taxes ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Public ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public resources ; Public spending ; Services and Transfers to Poor ; Tax ; Tax revenues ; Taxation ; Taxation and Subsidies
    Abstract: This paper presents an incidence analysis of both social spending and taxation for seven Latin American countries, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The analysis shows that Latin American countries are headed de facto toward a minimalist welfare state similar to the one in the United States, rather than toward a stronger, European-like welfare state. Specifically, both in Latin America and in the United States, social spending remains fairly flat across income quintiles. On the taxation side, high income inequality causes the rich to bear most of the taxation burden. This causes a vicious cycle where the rich oppose the expansion of the welfare state (as they bear most of its burden without receiving much back), which in turn maintains long-term inequalities. The recent increased socioeconomic instability in many Latin American countries shows nonetheless a real need for a stronger welfare state, which, if unanswered, may degenerate into short-term and unsustainable policies. The case of Chile suggests that a way out from this apparent dead end can be found, as elites may be willing to raise their contribution to social spending if this can lead to a more stable social contract
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Aloy, Marcel Intertemporal Adjustment And Fiscal Policy Under A Fixed Exchange Rate Regime
    Keywords: Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate ; Currencies and Exchange Rates ; Currency ; Currency board ; Debt Markets ; Economic Stabilization ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal Policy ; Fixed Exchange Rate ; Fixed Exchange Rate Regime ; Macroeconomic stability ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Monetary policy ; Open economies ; Poverty Reduction ; Private Sector Development ; Real exchange rate
    Abstract: The paper presents a dynamic model for small to medium open economies operating under a fixed exchange rate regime. The model provides a partial explanation of the channels through which fiscal and monetary policy affects the real exchange rate. An empirical investigation is conducted for the case of Argentina during the currency board period of 1991-2001. Empirical estimates show that fiscal policy may indeed be an efficient instrument for promoting macroeconomic stability insofar as it encourages convergence toward long-run equilibrium and alters the long-term balance between exports and consumption, both private and public. The simulation applied to Argentina shows that if the share of public spending in the economy is higher than the share of imports, an increase in the tax rate will stimulate capital stock slightly, at least in the short term, and depreciate the real effective exchange rate. In the long run, the fiscal policy affects the value of the real exchange rate and consequently external competitiveness
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  • 90
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (36 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Deichmann, Uwe Spatial Specialization And Farm-Nonfarm Linkages
    DDC: 330
    Keywords: Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times ; Agglomeration economies ; Agriculture ; Airport ; Congestion ; Crops and Crop Management Systems ; Infrastructure development ; Labor Policies ; Poverty Reduction ; Road ; Road Infrastructure ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Rural roads ; Social Protections and Labor ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; Travel times
    Abstract: Using individual level employment data from Bangladesh, this paper presents empirical evidence on the relative importance of farm and urban linkages for rural nonfarm employment. The econometric results indicate that high return wage work and self-employment in nonfarm activities cluster around major urban centers. The negative effects of isolation on high return wage work and on self-employment are magnified in locations with higher agricultural potential. The low return nonfarm activities respond primarily to local demand displaying no significant spatial variation. The empirical results highlight the need for improved connectivity of regions with higher agricultural potential to urban centers for nonfarm development in Bangladesh
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  • 91
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (34 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Demirguc-Kunt, Asli Finance And Economic Opportunity
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Opportunity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Financial Sector ; Households ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Opportunity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Financial Sector ; Households ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises ; Access to Finance ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Economic Opportunities ; Economic Opportunity ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial Markets ; Financial Services ; Financial System ; Financial Systems ; Formal Financial Sector ; Households ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Small Enterprises
    Abstract: An influential body of theoretical research and an emerging line of empirical work suggest that the operation of the formal financial system affects the degree to which economic opportunities are defined by talent and initiative rather than by parental wealth and social connections. This paper discusses the theory of how financial markets influence economic opportunity and reviews recent empirical work on the relation between formal financial systems and poverty, income inequality, and economic opportunity. The authors consider recent efforts to measure the ability of households and small enterprises to access financial services, the impact of this access, and the mechanisms through which finance affects poverty and inequality. The authors argue that considerably more research is needed to identify which formal financial sector policies enhance the operation of the financial system in ways that expand the economic horizons of the economically disenfranchised
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (33 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Jacoby, Hanan G On Measuring The Benefits of Lower Transport Costs
    Keywords: High transport ; Infrastructure investment ; Road ; Road improvement ; Road projects ; Rural infrastructure ; Rural roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; High transport ; Infrastructure investment ; Road ; Road improvement ; Road projects ; Rural infrastructure ; Rural roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure ; High transport ; Infrastructure investment ; Road ; Road improvement ; Road projects ; Rural infrastructure ; Rural roads ; Transport ; Transport ; Transport Costs ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transport infrastructure
    Abstract: Despite large amounts invested in rural roads in developing countries, little is known about their benefits. This paper derives an expression for the willingness-to-pay for a reduction in transport costs from the canonical agricultural household model and uses it to estimate the benefits of a hypothetical road project. Estimation is based on novel cross-sectional data collected in a small region of Madagascar with enormous, yet plausibly exogenous, variation in transport cost. A road that essentially eliminated transport costs in the study area would boost the incomes of the remotest households-those facing transport costs of about USD 75/ton-by nearly half, mostly by raising non-farm earnings. This benefit estimate is contrasted to one based on a hedonic approach
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Porto, Guido Agro-Manufactured Export Prices, Wages And Unemployment
    Keywords: Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate ; Adjustment costs ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment probability ; Expected wages ; High unemployment ; High unemployment rates ; Labor Markets ; Labor Policies ; Labor demand ; Labor market ; Labor supply ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Social Protections and Labor ; Unemployment ; Unemployment rate
    Abstract: This paper estimates the impacts of world agricultural trade liberalization on wages, employment and unemployment in Argentina, a country with positive net agricultural exports and high unemployment rates. In the estimation of these wage and unemployment responses, the empirical model allows for individual labor supply responses and for adjustment costs in labor demand. The findings show that a 10 percent increase in the price of agricultural exports would cause an increase in the Argentine employment probability of 1.36 percentage points, matched by a decline in the unemployment probability of 0.75 percentage points and an increase in labor market participation of 0.61 percentage points. Further, the unemployment rate would decline by 1.23 percentage points (by almost 10 percent). Expected wages would increase by 10.3 percent, an effect that is mostly driven by higher employment probabilities. This indicates that the bulk of the impacts of trade reforms originates in household responses in the presence of adjustment costs, and that failure to account for them may lead to significant biases in the welfare evaluation of trade policy
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  • 94
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (41 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Lopez, J. Humberto Inequality In Latin America
    Keywords: Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Average income ; Economic Conditions and Volatility ; Economic Theory and Research ; Gini coefficient ; Impact of inequality ; Income ; Income inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality ; Inequality trends ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Output volatility ; Policy ReseaRch ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty levels ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction
    Abstract: Latin America is together with Sub-Saharan Africa the most unequal region of the world. This paper documents recent inequality trends in the Latin American region, going beyond traditional measures of income inequality. The paper also reviews some of the explanations that have been put forward to understand the current situation, and discusses why reducing income inequality should be an important policy priority. In particular, the authors discuss channels through which inequality can affect growth and output volatility. On the whole, the analysis suggests a two-pronged approach to reduce inequality in the region that combines policies aimed at improving the distribution of assets (especially education) with elements aimed at improving the capacity of the state to redistribute income through taxes and transfers
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  • 95
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (38 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Francisco, Manuela Measuring The Performance And Achievement of Social Objectives of Development Finance Institutions
    Keywords: Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Demand for credit ; Development Finance ; Development Finance Institutions ; Development finance institution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial intermediaries ; Financial sector development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social welfare ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Demand for credit ; Development Finance ; Development Finance Institutions ; Development finance institution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial intermediaries ; Financial sector development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social welfare ; Access to Finance ; Access to financial services ; Banks ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Debt Markets ; Demand for credit ; Development Finance ; Development Finance Institutions ; Development finance institution ; Economic Theory and Research ; Emerging Markets ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Financial intermediaries ; Financial sector development ; International Bank ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Private Sector Development ; Social welfare
    Abstract: This paper develops and tests a proposed methodology that puts forward a new integrated method for evaluating the performance of development finance institutions. This methodology applies assessment criteria that take into account both the social objective that the development finance institution addresses and the subsidies it received in order to achieve such an objective. This methodology is applied to two pilot case studies-Banadesa (Honduras) and Banrural (Guatemala). The authors calculate the previously tested subsidy dependence index, which measures the degree of an institution's subsidy dependence. The paper develops and estimates a new measure-the output index- which indicates the level to which the institution fulfills the social objectives of the state. The analysis integrates the subsidy dependence index and the output index to assess the effectiveness associated with meeting the social objective. The findings suggest that the integration of the two indexes can constitute the basis of a meaningful evaluation framework for the performance of development finance institutions. This new methodology can also be a useful metric for policy makers who are seeking to decide on an optimal allocation of scarce funds for development finance institutions that pursue social goals and for management that seeks improved performance outcomes
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  • 96
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Fujii, Tomoki How Does Vietnam's Accession To The World Trade Organization Change The Spatial Incidence of Poverty?
    Keywords: Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting ; Economic Theory and Research ; Incidence of Poverty ; Income ; Income distribution ; Inequality ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Poor ; Poor areas ; Poor households ; Poor people ; Poverty Monitoring and Analysis ; Poverty Reduction ; Poverty reduction ; Pro-Poor Growth ; Rural Development ; Rural Poverty Reduction ; Targeting
    Abstract: Trade policies can promote aggregate efficiency, but the ensuing structural adjustments generally create both winners and losers. From an incomes perspective, trade liberalization can raise gross domestic product per capita, but rates of emergence from poverty depend on individual household characteristics of economic participation and asset holding. To fully realize the growth potential of trade, while limiting the risk of rising inequality, policies need to better account for microeconomic heterogeneity. One approach to this is geographic targeting that shifts resources to poor areas. This study combines an integrated microsimulation-computable general equilibrium model with small area estimation to evaluate the spatial incidence of Vietnam's accession to the World Trade Organization. Provincial-level poverty reduction after full liberalization was heterogeneous, ranging from 2.2 percent to 14.3 percent. Full liberalization will benefit the poor on a national basis, but the northwestern area of Vietnam is likely to lag behind. Furthermore, poverty can be shown to increase under comparable scenarios
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (30 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Avalos, Marcos An Empirical Analysis of Mexican Merger Policy
    Keywords: Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competition law ; Competition policy ; Competitors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Foreign company ; Labor Policies ; Lawyers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Merger ; Merger control ; Mergers ; Microfinance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competition law ; Competition policy ; Competitors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Foreign company ; Labor Policies ; Lawyers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Merger ; Merger control ; Mergers ; Microfinance ; Social Protections and Labor ; Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress ; Competition law ; Competition policy ; Competitors ; Economic Theory and Research ; Employment ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Firms ; Foreign company ; Labor Policies ; Lawyers ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Markets and Market Access ; Merger ; Merger control ; Mergers ; Microfinance ; Social Protections and Labor
    Abstract: A newly created dataset including 239 decisions made by the Mexican Federal Competition Commission on horizontal mergers between 1997 and 2001 is used to estimate the different factors affecting the Commission's resolution. The paper approximates the decision making process using two different discrete choice models. The results indicate that, contrary to the Commission's objective, the presence of efficiency gains increases the probability of a case being issued. The findings also show that factors different from the ones explicitly mentioned by the Commission have a significant effect on the Commission's final decision. In particular, the presence of a foreign company among the would-be merger firms significantly increases the likelihood of observing an allowed merger
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  • 98
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (48 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Mundlak, Yair Heterogeneous Technology And Panel Data
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Elasticity of substitution ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Factor demand ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Production functions ; Productivity ; Productivity growth ; Total factor productivity ; Agriculture ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Elasticity of substitution ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Factor demand ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Production functions ; Productivity ; Productivity growth ; Total factor productivity ; Agriculture ; Economic Theory and Research ; Economic growth ; Elasticity ; Elasticity of substitution ; Environment ; Environmental Economics and Policies ; Factor demand ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Production Function ; Production functions ; Productivity ; Productivity growth ; Total factor productivity
    Abstract: The paper presents empirical analysis of a panel of countries to estimate an agricultural production function using a measure of capital in agriculture absent from most studies. The authors employ a heterogeneous technology framework where implemented technology is chosen jointly with inputs to interpret information obtained in the empirical analysis of panel data. The paper discusses the scope for replacing country and time effects by observed variables and the limitations of instrumental variables. The empirical results differ from those reported in the literature for cross-country studies, largely in augmenting the role of capital, in combination with productivity gains, as a driver of agricultural growth. The results indicate that total factor productivity increased at an average rate of 3.2 percent, accounting for 59 percent of overall growth. Most of the remaining gains stem from large inflows of fixed capital into agriculture. The results also suggest possible constraints to fertilizer use
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  • 99
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (35 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Ezemenari, Kene The Fiscal Impact of Foreign Aid In Rwanda
    Keywords: Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Foreign direct investment ; Government revenue ; International Bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public investment ; Public investments ; Tax ; Tax rate ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Foreign direct investment ; Government revenue ; International Bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public investment ; Public investments ; Tax ; Tax rate ; Debt ; Debt Markets ; Economic Theory and Research ; Expenditure ; Finance and Financial Sector Development ; Fiscal policy ; Foreign direct investment ; Government revenue ; International Bank ; Investment and Investment Climate ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Public Sector Economics and Finance ; Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management ; Public investment ; Public investments ; Tax ; Tax rate
    Abstract: The inflow of large quantities of foreign aid into Rwanda since 1994 can have potential adverse effects such as aid dependency via a significant negative effect on tax efforts and on public investments. This paper carries out a theoretical and empirical study to examine these issues. The theoretical part develops a model in which the recipient government decides on the optimal level of tax and optimally allocates total government revenue between current expenditure and public investment. The theoretical model makes it possible to empirically test whether an increase in aid is likely to reduce the optimal tax rate and the proportion of public expenditure allocated to public investment. The econometric analysis uses time series data on Rwanda to show, in line with other studies in the literature, a negative relationship between increased aid and the tax rate; but the magnitude of the effects are extremely small. In the case of Rwanda, reforms to the tax administration and expansion of the tax base have had mitigating effects. As far as the effect on public investment, the overall effect was negative in the past; however, since 1995 the direction of this effect has changed
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  • 100
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (1 online resource (46 p.))
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Parallel Title: Balistreri, Edward J Modeling Services Liberalization
    Keywords: Dienstleistungshandel ; Handelsliberalisierung ; Kleine offene Volkswirtschaft ; Allgemeines Gleichgewicht ; CGE-Modell ; Kenia ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services ; Air ; Banks and Banking Reform ; Economic Theory and Research ; Elasticities ; Elasticity ; Externalities ; Macroeconomics and Economic Growth ; Rail ; Road ; Transport ; Transport Economics, Policy and Planning ; Transportation ; Transportation costs ; Transportation network ; Transportation services
    Abstract: This paper employs a 55 sector small open economy computable general equilibrium model of the Kenyan economy to assess the impact of the liberalization of regulatory barriers against foreign and domestic business service providers in Kenya. The model incorporates productivity effects in both goods and services markets endogenously, through a Dixit-Stiglitz framework. It estimates the ad valorem equivalent of barriers to foreign direct investment based on detailed questionnaires completed by specialists in Kenya. The authors estimate that Kenya will gain about 11 percent of the value of Kenyan consumption in the medium run (or about 10 percent of gross domestic product) from a full reform package that also includes uniform tariffs. The estimated gains increase to 77 percent of consumption in the long-run steady-state model, where the impact on the accumulation of capital from an improvement in the productivity of capital is taken into account. Decomposition exercises reveal that the largest gains to Kenya will derive from liberalization of costly regulatory barriers that are non-discriminatory in their impacts between Kenyan and multinational service providers
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