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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inside inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt : facts and perceptions across people, time, and space (2014)
    Washington, DC : The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9781464801990
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: World Bank studies
    DDC: 305.50962
    Keywords: Equality ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0198-3
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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    Online Resource
    München BSB
    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    BVB
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The internal geography of trade : lagging regions and global markets (2013)
    Washington DC : The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821398937
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xviii, 278 pages) , illustrations , 25 cm
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 330.9
    Keywords: Economic development ; International economic integration ; International trade ; Regional economic disparities ; Regional economics ; Economic development ; International economic integration ; International trade ; Regional economic disparities ; Regional economics ; Economic development ; International economic integration ; International trade ; Regional economic disparities ; Regional economics ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Commerce ; Developing countries Commerce
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9893-7
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Gender and macroeconomic policy (2011)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821374344 , 9780821374351
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvi, 167 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: 2011 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 339.5082
    Keywords: Economic policy ; Income distribution Sex differences ; Macroeconomics ; Sex discrimination against women Economic aspects ; Sexual division of labor ; Women Economic conditions ; Economic policy ; Income distribution Sex differences ; Macroeconomics ; Sex discrimination against women Economic aspects ; Sexual division of labor ; Women Economic conditions ; Economic policy ; Income distribution ; Macroeconomics ; Sex differences ; Sex discrimination against women ; Sexual division of labor ; Economic aspects ; Women
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7434-4
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Managing openness : trade and outward-oriented growth after the crisis (2011)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821386316 , 9780821386323
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xx, 327 p) , ill , 28 cm
    Edition: 2015 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 382/.3
    Keywords: Balance of trade ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Balance of trade ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Balance of trade ; International economic relations ; International trade
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8631-6
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Trade and transport facilitation assessment : a practical toolkit for country implementation (2010)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821384120 , 9780821384121
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (ix, 93 p) , 26 cm.
    Additional Material: 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4in.)
    Edition: 2010 World Bank eLibrary
    Series Statement: World Bank study
    DDC: 657/.45
    Keywords: International trade Auditing ; Transportation Auditing ; International trade Auditing ; Transportation Auditing ; International trade ; Transportation
    Abstract: The Trade and Transport Facilitation audit toolkit provides a simple and cost-effective instrument to analyze bottlenecks in international supply chains and to prepare corrective measures. Its key insight is that considerable knowledge can be easily obtained by interviewing key participants in the commercial or procedural transactions that combine to form international supply chains. These participants include private service providers such as freight forwarders, exporters, transporters and bankers as well as public agencies such as customs, port authorities, and transport regulators. The first chapters introduce the conceptual framework and some of the reasons for conducting an audit. The third describes the implementation of the audit including planning and scheduling, resource requirements and organization of the analysis and preparation of the reports. The annexes provide additional information on the concept, the methodology and content of the audit. The Interview Guides provides the scope for the meetings and checklists for all categories of interviewees and field visits
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-92) , The first version of the Toolkit was developed by John Raven and Marc Juhel in 2001
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8412-1
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The regional dimension of North-South trade-related r&d spillover (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4826
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice W The regional dimension of North-South trade-related r&d spillover
    Keywords: Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity. i ; International trade ; Diffusion of innovations ; Industrial productivity. i ; International trade
    Abstract: "This paper examines the impact of trade with Japan, North America, and the European Union on technology diffusion and total factor productivity growth in Korea, Mexico, and Jordan. Measures of foreign research and development are constructed based on industry-specific research and development in the North, North-South trade patterns, and input-output relations in the South. The findings show that technology diffusion and productivity gains tend to be regional. Jordan benefits mainly from trade with the European Union, Korea from trade with Japan, and Mexico from trade with North America. In other words, the dynamic version of the "natural trading partners" hypothesis holds for these countries. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4826
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    May growth lead to higher deprivation despite higher satisfaction? (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4921
    Parallel Title: Wodon, Quentin May growth lead to higher deprivation despite higher satisfaction?
    Keywords: Economic development ; Income distribution ; Economic development ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "In a relative deprivation framework, unless inequality is reduced, growth is associated with both higher satisfaction and higher deprivation. This may help explain the discontent with growth despite its benefits. As is well known in the literature, knowledge of the population's mean income and Lorenz curve is all that is needed to analyze a distribution, so that this can also be used to assess the satisfaction and deprivation of each individual. Given the normalization used to derive the satisfaction and deprivation measures, satisfaction and deprivation add up to the mean income for the population as a whole as well as for each individual. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/7/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4921
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Main drivers of income inequality in Central European and Baltic countries : Some insights from recent household survey data (2009)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4815
    Parallel Title: Zaidi, Salman Main drivers of income inequality in Central European and Baltic countries
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "Present levels of income inequality in Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia remain considerably higher than their pre-transition levels, although the relative pace of change over time has varied quite a bit across countries. Using data from the 2006 European Union Survey of Income and Living Conditions, this paper finds that prevailing levels of income inequality in these countries continue to be low by international standards, and that this is in large part due to the very high redistributive impact of direct taxes and public transfers. In addition to the instrumental role of tax and transfer policies in redistributing income, the paper highlights the important role played by differences in education levels and labor market participation rates in explaining observed inequalities across people and across different regions (although not in explaining observed differences across countries). The paper includes an analysis of key factors that help explain observed variation across countries in the level of public support for redistribution, including peoples' economic background and relative success in life, whether they perceive poverty to be associated with factors within or outside the control of those it afflicts (for example, laziness/lack of willpower vs. injustice in society). "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2009 , Also available in print.
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4815
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Globalization, wages, and the quality of jobs : five country studies (2009)
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821379348 , 0821379550 , 9780821379349 , 9780821379554
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xvii, 282 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: 2009 World Bank eLibrary
    DDC: 331.1209172/4
    Keywords: International trade Social aspects ; Labor Social aspects ; Labor market ; International trade Social aspects ; Labor Social aspects ; Labor market ; International trade ; Labor ; Labor market ; Developing countries ; Developing countries Commerce ; Developing countries Commerce
    Description / Table of Contents: Overview: the promises and perils of globalization / Raymond Robertson ... [et al.]A review of the globailization literature: implications for employment, wages, and labor standards / Drusilla Brown -- Globalization and working conditions : a framework for county studies / Raymond Robertson -- Globalization and working conditions : evidence from Cambodia / Samsen Neak and Raymond Robertson -- The effect of globalization on working conditions: El Salvador, 1995-2005 -- Globalization and working conditions : evidence from Honduras / Douglas Marcouiller and Raymond Robertson -- Globalization and working conditions: evidence from Indonesia / Raymond Robertson ... [et al.] -- Export processing zones in Madagascar: the impact of the dismantling of clothing quotas on employment and labor standards / Jean-Pierre Cling, Mireille Razafindrakoto, and François Roubaud.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references and index
    DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7934-9
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Hunting for leopards : long run country income dynamics in Africa (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4715
    Parallel Title: Arbache, Jorge Saba Hunting for leopards
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "This paper examines the country-level dynamics of long-run growth in Africa between 1975 and 2005. The authors examine how growth has affected mobility and the distribution of income among countries. They analyze changes in cross-country income structure and convergence, and look for evidence of the formation of country groups or "clubs." Using a novel method of breaking up the growth histories of African economies into medium-term spells of growth accelerations and declines, the authors investigate whether a group of African "leopards" - the regional equivalent of Asia's "tigers" - is beginning to emerge. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is the developing world catching up? : global convergence and national rising dispersion (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4733
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Is the developing world catching up?
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Developing countries Economic conditions ; Developing countries Economic conditions
    Abstract: "The present study uses the GIDD, a CGE-microsimulation model for Global Income Distribution Dynamics, to understand the ex-ante dynamics of global income distribution. Three main robust results emerge. First, under a set of realistic assumptions, there will be a reduction in global income inequality by 2030. This potential reduction can be fully accounted for by the projected convergence in average incomes across countries, with poor and populous countries growing faster than the rest of the world. Second, this convergence process will be accompanied by a widening of income distribution in two-thirds of the developing countries; the main cause being increasing skill premia. Third, a trend that may counter-balance the potential anti-globalization sentiment is the emergence of a global middle class: a group of consumers who demand access to, and have the means to purchase, international goods and services. The results show that the share of these consumers in the global population is likely to more than double in the next 20 years. These ex-ante trends in global income distribution suggest that the mid-1990s could be seen as a turning point after which global inequality began showing a negative tendency. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/12/2009 , Also available in print.
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rising income inequality in China : a race to the top (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4700
    Parallel Title: Luo, Xubei Rising income inequality in China
    Keywords: Income Regional disparities ; Income distribution ; Income Regional disparities ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "Income inequality in China has risen rapidly in the past decades across regions, between rural and urban sectors, and within provinces. The dynamics of divergence across these sub-national areas have taken the form of a "race to the top" - meaning that all segments of the population, including the poor with low education in lagging inland rural areas, have experienced gains in average income. The largest gains have been registered by those with higher income and education in leading coastal urban areas. Using the China Economic, Population, Nutrition and Health Survey data of 1989 and 2004, we show that the most important factors explaining overall inequality are differential returns to schooling and sector of employment. A decomposition analysis based on household income determination shows that the increase in returns to education explains two-thirds of income changes in urban areas and one-sixth in rural areas. The widening income gaps are the consequence of higher growth in leading urban and coastal areas and that the skilled population has benefited more from the economic reforms carried out during the last 25 years. The authors argue that rising income inequality can be part of a normal process of development at a certain stage, and that the dynamics of spatial income divergence in the form of "a race to the top" can be desirable to some extent as it unleashes competitive pressure and creates incentives for investment in skills. Continuing to improve market efficiency and investing in people, in particular improving education service in lagging areas to poor people, are important for sustainable growth and equitable distribution in the long run. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infrastructure and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa (2008)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 4712
    Parallel Title: Calderán, César Infrastructure and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "An adequate supply of infrastructure services has long been viewed by both academics and policy makers as a key ingredient for economic development. Sub-Saharan Africa ranks consistently at the bottom of all developing regions in terms of infrastructure performance, and an increasing number of observers point to deficient infrastructure as a major obstacle for growth and poverty reduction across the region. This paper offers an empirical assessment of the impact of infrastructure development on growth and inequality, with a focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. The paper uses a comparative cross-regional perspective to place Africa's experience in the international context. Drawing from an updated data set of infrastructure quantity and quality indicators covering more than 100 countries and spanning the years 1960-2005, the paper estimates empirical growth and inequality equations including a standard set of control variables augmented by infrastructure quantity and quality measures, and controlling for the potential endogeneity of the latter. The estimates illustrate the potential contribution of infrastructure development to growth and equity across Africa. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/18/2009 , Also available in print.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    World trade indicators 2008 : benchmarking policy and performance (2008)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821375679 , 0821375687 , 9780821375679 , 9780821375686
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxiii, 121 p) , col. ill , 28 cm.
    Additional Material: CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.)
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 382.09/0511
    Keywords: Commercial statistics ; Commercial statistics Databases ; Economic indicators ; Economic indicators Databases ; International trade ; International trade Databases ; Commercial statistics ; Commercial statistics Databases ; Economic indicators ; Economic indicators Databases ; International trade ; International trade Databases ; Commercial statistics ; Commercial statistics ; Economic indicators ; Databases ; Economic indicators ; International trade ; Databases ; International trade
    Note: Errata slip inserted , Includes bibliographical references (p. [119]-121) and index
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    International trade and climate change : economic, legal, and institutional perspectives (2008)
    Washington D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 9780821372258 , 9780821372265
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xii, 144 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Environment and development (Washington, D.C.)
    DDC: 382
    RVK:
    QT 200
    Keywords: Climatic changes Economic aspects ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes Economic aspects ; International trade Environmental aspects ; Climatic changes ; International trade ; Welthandel ; Klimaschutz ; World Trade Organization ; Klimaänderung
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-138) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Globalization for development : trade, finance, aid, migration, and policy (2007)
    Washington, D.C : Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 0821369296 , 082136930X , 0821370308 , 9780821369296 , 9780821369302 , 9780821370308
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xix, 308 p) , ill , 25 cm
    Edition: Rev. ed
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 337
    Keywords: Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization ; Globalization ; International economic relations ; Economic aspects ; Economic aspects ; International trade ; Developing countries ; Poverty
    Description / Table of Contents: Background and context -- Globalization and poverty -- Trade -- Finance -- Aid -- Migration/with Andrew L. Beath -- Ideas -- Toward a policy agenda.
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-284) and index
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  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do minimum wages in Latin America and the Caribbean matter? : evidence from 19 countries (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3870
    Parallel Title: Cunningham, Wendy V Do minimum wages in Latin America and the Caribbean matter?
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Minimum wage ; Minimum wage ; Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Minimum wage ; Minimum wage
    Abstract: "Despite the existence of minimum wage legislation in most Latin American countries, there is little empirical evidence demonstrating its impact on the distribution of wages. In this study the authors analyze cross-country data for 19 Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries to gain an understanding of if and how minimum wages affect wage distributions in LAC countries. Although there is no single minimum wage institution in the LAC region, the authors find regional trends. Minimum wages affect the wage distribution in both the formal and, especially, the informal sector, both at the minimum wage and at multiples of the minimum. The minimum does not uniformly benefit low-wage workers: in countries where the minimum wage is relatively low compared to mean wages, the minimum wage affects the more disadvantaged segments of the labor force, namely informal sector workers, women, young and older workers, and the low skilled, but in countries where the minimum wage is relatively high compared to the wage distribution, it primarily affects wages of the high skilled. This indicates that the minimum does not generally lift the wages of all, but instead, it offers a wage into which employers can "lock in" wages that are already near that level. Thus, minimum wage legislation is more far-reaching than originally thought, affecting both the uncovered informal sector and those earning above the minimum. In addition, the relative level of the minimum wage is important for determining whose wages are affected. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/5/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Political institutions, inequality, and agricultural growth : the public expenditure connection (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3902
    Parallel Title: Lederman, Daniel Political institutions, inequality, and agricultural growth
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Subsidies ; Income distribution ; Subsidies ; Latin America Appropriations and expenditures ; Latin America Appropriations and expenditures
    Abstract: "This paper brings together the literatures on the political economy of public expenditures and the determinants of economic growth. Based on a new dataset of rural public expenditures in a panel of Latin American economies, the econometric evidence suggests that non-social subsidies reduce agricultural GDP. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that political and institutional factors as well as income inequality are determinants of the size and structure of rural public expenditures, through which they have large and significant effects on agricultural GDP. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/24/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Openness, inequality, and poverty : endowments matter (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3981
    Parallel Title: Gourdon, Julien Openness, inequality, and poverty
    Keywords: Equality ; Free trade ; Income distribution ; Equality ; Free trade ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "Using tariffs as a measure of openness, the authors find consistent evidence that the conditional effects of trade liberalization on inequality are correlated with relative factor endowments. Trade liberalization is associated with increases in inequality in countries well-endowed in highly skilled workers and capital or with workers that have very low education levels and in countries relatively well-endowed in mining and fuels. Trade liberalization is associated with decreases in inequality in countries that are well-endowed with primary-educated labor. Similar results are also apparent when decile data are used instead of the usual Gini coefficient. The results are strongly supportive of the factor-proportions theory of trade and suggest that trade liberalization in poor countries where the share of the labor force with very low education levels (likely employed in nontradable activities) is high raises inequality. In the sample, countries with low education levels also have relatively scarce endowments of capital. Quantitatively capital scarcity is the dominating effect so that trade liberalization is accompanied by reduced income inequality in low-income countries. Within-country inequality is also positively correlated with measures of macroeconomic instability. Simulation results suggest that relatively small changes in inequality as measured by aggregate measures of inequality like the Gini coefficient are magnified when estimates are carried out using decile data. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/21/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The rise and fall of Brazilian inequality, 1981-2004 (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3867
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H. G The rise and fall of Brazilian inequality, 1981-2004
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Inflation (Finance) ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Inflation (Finance) ; Poverty
    Abstract: "Measured by the Gini coefficient, income inequality in Brazil rose from 0.57 in 1981 to 0.63 in 1989, before falling back to 0.56 in 2004. This latest figure would lower Brazil's world inequality rank from 2nd (in 1989) to 10th (in 2004). Poverty incidence also followed an inverted U-curve over the past quarter century, rising from 0.30 in 1981 to 0.33 in 1993, before falling to 0.22 in 2004. Using standard decomposition techniques, this paper presents a preliminary investigation of the determinants of Brazil's distributional reversal over this period. The rise in inequality in the 1980s appears to have been driven by increases in the educational attainment of the population in a context of convex returns, and by high and accelerating inflation. While the secular decline in inequality, which began in 1993, is associated with declining inflation, it also appears to have been driven by four structural and policy changes which have so far not attracted sufficient attention in the literature, namely sharp declines in the returns to education; pronounced rural-urban convergence; increases in social assistance transfers targeted to the poor; and a possible decline in racial inequality. Although poverty dynamics since the Real Plan of 1994 have been driven primarily by economic growth, the decline in inequality has also made a substantial contribution to poverty reduction. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 21
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    Do regional trade pacts benefit the poor? : an illustration from the Dominican Republic-Central American free trade agreement in Nicaragua (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3850
    Parallel Title: Bussolo, Maurizio Do regional trade pacts benefit the poor?
    Keywords: Free trade ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Free trade ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The main objective of this paper is to provide an ex-ante assessment of the poverty and income distribution impacts of the Central American Free Trade Area agreement on Nicaragua. The authors use a general equilibrium macro model to simulate trade reform scenarios and estimate their price effects, while a micro-module maps these price changes into real income changes at the individual household level. A useful insight from this analysis is that even if the final total impact on poverty is not too large, its dispersion across households-due to their heterogeneity of factor endowments, inputs use, commodity production, and consumption preferences-is significant and should be taken into account when designing compensatory policies. Additionally, growth and redistribution decomposition show that, at least in the short to medium run, redistribution can be as important as growth. The main policy message that emerges from the paper is that Nicaragua should consider enlarging its own liberalization to countries other than the United States to boost trade-induced poverty reductions. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 22
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    Mexico : two decades of the evolution of education and inequality (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3919
    Parallel Title: Lopez Acevedo, Gladys Mexico
    Keywords: Educational equalization ; Income distribution ; Educational equalization ; Income distribution ; Mexico Economic conditions 1982-1994 ; Mexico Economic conditions 1994- ; Mexico Economic conditions 1982-1994 ; Mexico Economic conditions 1994-
    Abstract: "Mexico experienced a pronounced increase in the degree of inequality and earnings inequality over the 1980s and mid 1990s. Contrary to the trend in the distribution of total income inequality, there has been an improvement in the distribution of earnings inequality since 1996. This paper shows the following results. First, education has the highest gross contribution in explaining changes in earnings distribution. Second, both changes in the distribution of education and in the relative earnings among educational groups have always been in phase with the alterations in the earnings distribution. Specifically, when the income profile effect related to education became steeper and the inequality of education increased, the earnings distribution worsened (as in the 1988-96 period). Third, changes in the relative earnings among educational groups are always the leading force behind changes in inequality. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/17/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 23
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    Trends in tariff reforms and trends in wage inequality (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3905
    Parallel Title: Galiano, Sebastian Trends in tariff reforms and trends in wage inequality
    Keywords: Free trade ; Income distribution ; Wages ; Free trade ; Income distribution ; Wages
    Abstract: "The authors provide new evidence on the impacts of trade reforms on wages and wage inequality in developing countries. While most of the current literature on the topic achieves identification by comparing outcomes before and after one episode of trade liberalization across industries, they propose a stronger identifying strategy. The authors explore the recent historical record of policy changes adopted by Argentina: from significant protection in the early 1970s, to the first episode of liberalization during the late 1970s, back to a slowdown of reforms during the 1980s, to the second episode of liberalization in the 1990s. These swings in trade policy comprise broken trends in trade reforms that they can compare with observed trends in wages and wage inequality. After setting up unusual historical data sets of trends in tariffs, trends in wages, and trends in wage inequality, the evidence supports two well-known hypotheses: trade liberalization, other things being equal, (1) has reduced wages, and (2) has increased wage inequality. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 24
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    Global income inequality : what it is and why it matters (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3865
    Parallel Title: Milanovic, Branko Global income inequality
    Keywords: Equality ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Equality ; Globalization ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "The paper presents a nontechnical summary of the current state of debate on the measurement and implications of global inequality (inequality between citizens of the world). It discusses the relationship between globalization and global inequality. And it shows why global inequality matters and proposes a scheme for global redistribution. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 3/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 25
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    Inequality of opportunity and economic development (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3816
    Parallel Title: Ferreira, Francisco H. G Inequality of opportunity and economic development
    Keywords: Educational equalization ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Power (Social sciences) ; Wealth ; Educational equalization ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Power (Social sciences) ; Wealth
    Abstract: "Just as equality of opportunity becomes an increasingly prominent concept in normative economics, the authors argue that it is also a relevant concept for positive models of the links between distribution and aggregate efficiency. Persuasive microeconomic evidence suggests that inequalities in wealth, power, and status have efficiency costs. These variables capture different aspects of people's opportunity sets, for which observed income may be a poor proxy. One implication is that the cross-country literature on income inequality and growth may have been barking up the wrong tree, and that alternative measures of the relevant distributions are needed. The authors review some of the detailed microeconomic evidence, and then suggest three research areas where further work is needed. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/13/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 26
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    Trade, inequality, and the political economy of institutions (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3836
    Parallel Title: Do, Quy Toan Trade, inequality, and the political economy of institutions
    Keywords: Equality ; Income distribution ; International trade ; Equality ; Income distribution ; International trade
    Abstract: "The authors analyze the relationship between international trade and the quality of economic institutions such as contract enforcement, rule of law, or property rights. The literature on institutions has argued, both empirically and theoretically, that larger firms care less about good institutions and that higher inequality leads to worse institutions. Recent literature on international trade enables the authors to analyze economies with heterogeneous firms, and argue that trade opening leads to a reallocation of production in which large firms grow larger, while small firms become smaller or disappear. Combining these two strands of literature, the authors build a model that has two key features. First, preferences over institutional quality differ across firms and depend on firm size. Second, institutional quality is endogenously determined in a political economy framework. They show that trade opening can worsen institutions when it increases the political power of a small elite of large exporters that prefer to maintain bad institutions. The detrimental effect of trade on institutions is most likely to occur when a small country captures a sufficiently large share of world exports in sectors characterized by economic profits. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/7/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 27
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    Did growth become less pro-poor in the 1990s ? (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3931
    Parallel Title: Lopez, J. Humberto Did growth become less pro-poor in the 1990s ?
    Keywords: Economic development ; Economic history 1990- ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Economic development ; Economic history 1990- ; Equality ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "The author analyzes the stability of the empirical relationship between growth and changes in inequality over time. He concludes that while during the 1970s and 1980s the growth process was not accompanied by increases in inequality, during the 1990s a positive and significant correlation appears in the data. For this decade, he estimates that a 1 percent growth rate would be associated with an increase in the gini coefficient of between .3 to .5 percent. This positive correlation is hidden when one estimates the model without allowing for changes in the relationship over the different decades. The finding is robust to a number of departures from the basic specification including: (1) the use of alternative specifications to isolate decadal shifts; (2) the use of robust estimation techniques that address the potential influence of outliers; (3) restricting the sample to a balanced panel for the 1980s and 1990s to control for changes in the composition of the sample related to the unbalanced nature of the panel; and (4) considering the possibility of fixed effects in the data. The author also explores the impact of this structural change in the rate of poverty reduction and concludes that it is far from negligible. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/30/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 28
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    Entering the union : European accession and capacity-building priorities (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3832
    Parallel Title: Luo, Xubei Entering the union
    Keywords: International economic integration ; International trade ; International economic integration ; International trade ; Europe Commerce ; Europe Economic integration ; Europe Commerce ; Europe Economic integration
    Abstract: "The authors examine the impact of trade facilitation on bilateral trade flows. They examine trade facilitation and capacity-building priorities in 12 countries in the Europe and Central Asia region-eight of the current members of the European Union: Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia, and three candidate members: Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. The results suggest that behind-the-border factors play an important role in determining bilateral trade flows (controlling for the effects of tariffs, development levels, distance, and regional characteristics of exporters and importers, among other factors). The development of new data sets to expand work related to trade facilitation, including strengthening the empirical work explored here, is a key priority without which intelligent policy and priorities cannot be made. The authors' analysis is based on data from the World Economic Forum, Global Competitiveness Report 2001-2002, World Competitiveness Yearbook 2000, and Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobaton (2002). The results indicate that more gains in exports than in imports are expected should the values of three out of the four indicators (port efficiency, regulatory regimes, and information technology infrastructure) of the new and candidate member countries improve halfway to the EU15 average. These countries would expect large trade gains as well as improvements in trade balances as their integration into the EU continues. For example, the greatest absolute trade gains-
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 2/6/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 29
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    Trade and harmonization : if your institutions are good, does it matter if they are different ? (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3907
    Parallel Title: Reshef, Ariell Trade and harmonization
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics) ; International trade ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; International trade
    Abstract: "Good institutional quality (function) and similar institutional design (form) can promote international trade by reducing transactions costs. The authors evaluate the relative importance of function versus form in a gravity model, using an indicator of different legal systems as a proxy for differences in form, together with indicators of overall institutional quality. They find that good institutions promote trade much more than similar legal systems and have much more explanatory power. This effect is economically large-up to 10 times the effect of different legal systems. Moreover, better infrastructure matters as much as good institutions. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/8/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 30
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    Global redistribution of income (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3961
    Parallel Title: Bourguignon, François Global redistribution of income
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; Economic assistance ; Income distribution ; Commercial policy ; Economic assistance ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "The actual distribution of world income across countries is extremely unequal, much higher than the within country inequality faced by most countries. The question studied in this paper is: How do international policies on aid, trade, and factor movements affect the international distribution of income? To begin to answer this question, the authors calculate the impact by decile of the actual level of aid flows and the effect on potential income of merchandise trade restrictions by high-income countries. They find that aid's distributional impact is equality enhancing. While it is extremely small in terms of changes in standard inequality measures, it is of some importance for the lowest decile of the world's income distribution. The authors also find that some of this impact is counteracted by lost potential income in the lower deciles from merchandise trade barriers imposed by high-income countries. In brief, there is a contradiction in international policies where aid's equality-enhancing effect is somewhat offset by protectionism. They also discuss some of the analytical difficulties with extending this analysis of redistribution to other forms of international factor flows-more specifically, migrant worker and profit remittances. The analysis presented is partial and static and ignores within country distribution. As such, the authors suggest that future research should explore the distributional consequences of the broader general equilibrium effects, dynamic effects, and externalities associated with aid, trade, and factor flows. Future research should also analyze the within country distributional impacts of international policies. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 31
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    Trading on time (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3909
    Parallel Title: Djankov, Simeon Trading on time
    Keywords: International trade ; Time Economic aspects ; International trade ; Time Economic aspects
    Abstract: "The authors determine how time delays affect international trade using newly collected World Bank data on the days it takes to move standard cargo from the factory gate to the ship in 126 countries. They estimate a modified gravity equation, controlling for endogeneity and remoteness. On average, each additional day that a product is delayed prior to being shipped reduces trade by at least 1 percent. Put differently, each day is equivalent to a country distancing itself from its trade partners by 70 kilometers on average. Delays have an even greater impact on developing country exports and exports of time-sensitive goods, such as perishable agricultural products. In particular, a day's delay reduces a country's relative exports of time-sensitive to time-insensitive agricultural goods by 6 percent. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/10/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 32
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    Income diversification in Zimbabwe : welfare implications from urban and rural areas (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3964
    Parallel Title: Ersado, Lire Income diversification in Zimbabwe
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Zimbabwe Economic conditions 1980- ; Zimbabwe Economic conditions 1980-
    Abstract: "The author examines, taking into account the urban-rural divides, the changes and welfare implications of income diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy changes and droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national income, consumption and expenditure surveys in 1990-91 and 1995-96, which straddled a period of economic volatility and natural disasters, show that the percentage of households earning income from private and informal sources grew considerably, while that from government and formal sources declined in the aftermath of the drought and policy changes. The author finds that, in general, rural households tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income compared with their urban counterparts, and the degree of diversification decreases with the level of urbanization. However, there are important differences in the level of diversification within the rural and urban areas depending on wealth: While the relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base in rural areas, it is the poor who pursue multiple income sources in urban areas. A decomposition of changes in welfare indicates that the total contribution of income diversification is large and increased between 1990-91 and 1995-96 in both urban and rural areas. On the other hand, there were significant declines in returns to human and physical capital assets during the same period. The findings suggest that households with a more diversified income base are better able to withstand the unfavorable impacts of the policy and weather shocks. The fact that relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base following the shocks implies that the poor are more vulnerable to economic changes unaccompanied by well-designed safety nets. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/23/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 33
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    Local inequality and project choice : theory and evidence from Ecuador (2006)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3997
    Parallel Title: Araujo, M. Caridad Local inequality and project choice
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public investments ; Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Public investments
    Abstract: "This paper provides evidence consistent with elite capture of Social Fund investment projects in Ecuador. Exploiting a unique combination of data-sets on village-level income distributions, Social Fund project administration, and province level electoral results, the authors test a simple model of project choice when local political power is unequally distributed. In accordance with the predictions of the model, poorer villages are more likely to receive projects that provide excludable (private) goods to the poor, such as latrines. Controlling for poverty, more unequal communities are less likely to receive such projects. Consistent with the hypothesis of elite capture, these results are sensitive to the specific measure of inequality used in the empirical analysis, and are strongest for expenditure shares at the top of the distribution. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/6/2006 , Also available in print.
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  • 34
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    Globalization for development : trade, finance, aid, migration, and policy (2006)
    Washington, D.C : Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    ISBN: 0821362747 , 9780821362747
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xix, 308 p) , ill , 24 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 337
    Keywords: Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Globalization Economic aspects ; International economic relations ; International trade ; Poverty ; Capital movements ; Economic assistance ; Economic development ; Economic policy ; Emigration and immigration ; Globalization ; Globalization ; International economic relations ; Economic aspects ; Economic aspects ; International trade ; Developing countries ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-284) and index
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  • 35
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    Survey nonresponse and the distribution of income (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3543
    Parallel Title: Korinek, Anton Survey nonresponse and the distribution of income
    Keywords: Household surveys ; Income distribution ; Household surveys ; Income distribution
    Abstract: "The authors examine the distributional implications of selective compliance in sample surveys, whereby households with different incomes are not equally likely to participate. They discuss poverty and inequality measurement implications for monotonically decreasing and inverted-U compliance-income relationships. The authors demonstrate that the latent income effect on the probability of compliance can be estimated from information on response rates across geographic areas. On implementing the method on the Current Population Survey for the United States, they find that the compliance probability falls monotonically as income rises. Correcting for non-response appreciably increases mean income and inequality, but has only a small impact on poverty incidence up to poverty lines common in the United States. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 36
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    The impact of trade liberalization on household welfare in Vietnam (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3541
    Parallel Title: Seshan, Ganesh The impact of trade liberalization on household welfare in Vietnam
    Keywords: Cost and standard of living ; Free trade ; Households ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Cost and standard of living ; Free trade ; Households ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Abstract: "What is the effect of trade liberalization on households in developing countries? To what extent do the poor benefit when local markets are made more accommodative to international trade? The author empirically analyzes the distributional impact of trade policies on households in a low-income country with a large rural economy where labor markets are imperfect. The methodology in this paper, which can be applied to various types of labor market conditions, relates changes in prices attributed to trade reforms to changes in household welfare, income distribution, and poverty using theoretically consistent measures of producer and consumer welfare. The author investigates the effects on poverty and income distribution of national and international market integration in Vietnam's rice sector and fertilizer market between 1993 and 1998, a period of ongoing market reforms when the national poverty rate fell sharply from 59 percent to 37 percent. He finds that when the effects of opening the rice and fertilizer market are isolated, Vietnam's agricultural trade reforms did not contribute to a significant improvement in overall household welfare or decline in poverty over this period. Nonetheless, the liberalization exercise can explain about half of the reduction in poverty incidence among farm households. The results also show that liberalization did not exacerbate income inequality, but did generate gains for rural households across the distribution, particularly the poor, at the expense of urban households. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 37
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    Foreign aid and market-liberalizing reform (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3557
    Parallel Title: Heckelman, Jac C Foreign aid and market-liberalizing reform
    Keywords: Economic assistance ; Free enterprise ; Free trade ; International trade ; Economic assistance ; Free enterprise ; Free trade ; International trade
    Abstract: "Market-oriented economic policies-reflected in limited economic activity by government, protection of private property rights, sound monetary policy, outward orientation regarding trade and efficient tax and regulatory policy-have been strongly linked to faster rates of economic growth. Foreign aid is often provided in the belief that it encourages liberalizing reforms in these areas. This paper analyzes the impact of aid on market-liberalizing policy reform, correcting for the possible endogeneity of aid. Results indicate that higher aid slowed reform over the 1980-2000 period, as measured by a broad index of policies. Disaggregating policy into five areas, aid is significantly linked to slower reform in some policy areas but not in others. Disaggregating by decade, aid's adverse impact on policy reform is much more pronounced for the 1980s than for the 1990s. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/11/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 38
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    Global logistics indicators, supply chain metrics, and bilateral trade patterns (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3773
    Parallel Title: Hausman, Warren H Global logistics indicators, supply chain metrics, and bilateral trade patterns
    Keywords: International trade ; International trade
    Abstract: "Past research into the determinants of international trade highlighted the importance of the basic spatial gravity model augmented by additional variables representing sources of friction. Studies modeled many sources of friction using various proxies, including indices based on expert judgment in some cases. This paper focuses on logistics friction and draws on a data set recently compiled by the World Bank with specific quantitative metrics of logistics performance in terms of time, cost, and variability in time. It finds that the new variables that relate directly to logistics performance have a statistically significant relationship with the level of bilateral trade. It also finds that a single logistics index can capture virtually all of the explanatory power of multiple logistics indicators. The findings should spur public and private agencies that have direct or indirect power over logistics performance to focus attention on reducing sources of friction so as to improve their country's ability to compete in today's global economy. Moreover, since the logistics metrics are directly related to operational performance, countries can use these metrics to target actions to improve logistics and monitor their progress. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 39
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    Online Resource
    Banking sector crises and inequality (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3659
    Parallel Title: Honohan, Patrick Banking sector crises and inequality
    Keywords: Financial crises ; Income distribution ; Poor ; Financial crises ; Income distribution ; Poor
    Abstract: "An apparent temporary narrowing of income inequality has been observed during several recent banking crises. But it would be a mistake to conclude that such crises don't matter for the poor. For one thing, the correlation is not strong, and the opposite pattern has also been present. Besides, the poor are much less able to absorb a cut in income: safety-net policies are crucial during a downturn even if the gap between rich and poor has temporarily narrowed. More fundamentally, distributional shifts during the crisis may be less important than the fact that underlying financial policy and infrastructures conducive to crisis can also be associated with more unequal societies."--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/19/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 40
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    Services in a development round : three goals and three proposals (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3718
    Parallel Title: Mattoo, Aaditya Services in a development round
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; International trade ; Labor mobility ; Service industries Government policy ; International trade ; Labor mobility ; Service industries Government policy
    Abstract: "The benefits of services trade reform are huge but services negotiations in the World Trade Organization (WTO) are making little progress. A proximate cause is the current negotiating process, based on an inertial request-and-offer approach rather than a set of goals that would give direction and momentum to the negotiations. The paper suggests that WTO members should consider: (1) locking in the current openness of cross-border trade for a wide range of services; (2) eliminating barriers to foreign investment either immediately or in a phased manner where regulatory inadequacies need to be remedied; and (3) allowing greater freedom of international movement at least for intra-corporate transferees and for service providers to fulfill specific services contracts. A deeper problem is that WTO members have sought to negotiate market access in services without adequately addressing concerns that the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) commitments limit regulatory freedom unduly and unpredictably, that regulatory institutions in many countries are too weak to cope with liberalized markets, and that there is no provision for the regulatory cooperation that is necessary for successful liberalization, particularly of temporary labor mobility. Three types of actions are needed: (1) at the current stage of its development, the GATS must focus primarily on disciplines for measures that discriminate against foreign services and providers, rather than on politically sensitive and legally complex rules for nondiscriminatory measures; (2) a credible assistance mechanism must be established to help developing countries make the regulatory improvements needed for successful liberalization; and (3) where necessary, WTO members should make access commitments on labor mobility conditional on the fulfillment of specific conditions by source countries-to screen services providers, accept and facilitate their return, and combat illegal migration. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/16/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 41
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    Equity, welfare, and the setting of trade policy in general equilibrium (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3731
    Parallel Title: Francois, Joseph F Equity, welfare, and the setting of trade policy in general equilibrium
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; Equilibrium (Economics) ; Income distribution ; Welfare economics ; Commercial policy ; Equilibrium (Economics) ; Income distribution ; Welfare economics
    Abstract: "The authors analyze general equilibrium relationships between trade policy and the household distribution of income, decomposing social welfare into real income level and variance components and emphasizing Gini and Atkinson indexes. They embed these inequality-adjusted social welfare functions in a general equilibrium structure mapping from tariff protection to household inequality. This yields predictions regarding the linkages between trade protection, country characteristics, and inequality within a broad general equilibrium framework. In addition, the authors can separate the efficiency and equity effects of tariffs on welfare. They then examine endogenous tariff formation when policymakers care about both equity and special interests. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/29/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 42
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    Decomposing changes in income inequality into vertical and horizontal redistribution and reranking, with applications to China and Vietnam (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3559
    Parallel Title: Wagstaff, Adam Decomposing changes in income inequality into vertical and horizontal redistribution and reranking, with applications to China and Vietnam
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Progressive taxation ; Progressive taxation ; Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Progressive taxation ; Progressive taxation ; China Economic conditions 1976-2000 ; Vietnam Economic conditions 1975- ; China Economic conditions 1976-2000 ; Vietnam Economic conditions 1975-
    Abstract: "It is acknowledged that the lack of any systematic link between growth and income inequality does not necessarily mean that economic growth is not accompanied by major changes in the underlying income distribution. The author uses a method devised to decompose the redistributive effect of a tax to analyze the extent to which vertical redistribution associated with changing incomes over time is offset or reinforced by horizontal redistribution and re-ranking. He uses panel data from China and Vietnam over a period when both countries grew spectacularly as they transitioned from planned to market economies, and yet experienced smaller annual percentage increases in income inequality. The results suggest that substantial amounts of horizontal redistribution and re-ranking in both China-and to a lesser extent Vietnam-more than offset pro-poor vertical redistribution. Without the horizontal redistribution and re-ranking, the Gini coefficient for China might have fallen between 1989 and 1997-substantially so. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/25/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 43
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    Online Resource
    A poverty-inequality trade-off? (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3579
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin A poverty-inequality trade-off?
    Keywords: Equality ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Abstract: "The idea that developing countries face a trade-off between poverty and inequality has had considerable influence on thinking about development policy. The experience of developing countries in the 1990s does not, however, reveal any sign of a systematic trade-off between measures of absolute poverty and relative inequality. Indeed, falling inequality tends to come with falling poverty incidence. And rising inequality appears more likely to be putting a brake on poverty reduction than to be facilitating it. However, there is evidence of a trade-off for absolute inequality, suggesting that those who want a lower absolute gap between the rich and the poor must in general be willing to see lower absolute levels of living for poor people. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 5/6/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 44
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    Earnings mobility and measurement error : a pseudo-panel approach (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3745
    Parallel Title: Antman, Francisca Earnings mobility and measurement error
    Keywords: Equality ; Income distribution ; Labor market ; Social mobility ; Wages ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Labor market ; Social mobility ; Wages
    Abstract: "The degree of mobility in incomes is often seen as an important measure of the equality of opportunity in a society and of the flexibility and freedom of its labor market. But estimation of mobility using panel data is biased by the presence of measurement error and non-random attrition from the panel. This paper shows that dynamic pseudo-panel methods can be used to consistently estimate measures of absolute and conditional mobility in the presence of non-classical measurement errors. These methods are applied to data on earnings from a Mexican quarterly rotating panel. Absolute mobility in earnings is found to be very low in Mexico, suggesting that the high level of inequality found in the cross-section will persist over time. However, the paper finds conditional mobility to be high, so that households are able to recover quickly from earnings shocks. These findings suggest a role for policies which address underlying inequalities in earnings opportunities. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 10/7/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 45
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    Trade and employment : stylized facts and research findings (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3676
    Parallel Title: Hoekman, Bernard M Trade and employment
    Keywords: Free trade ; International trade ; Labor market ; Wages ; Free trade ; International trade ; Labor market ; Wages
    Abstract: "The substantial literature investigating the links between trade, trade policy, and labor market outcomes-both returns to labor and employment-has generated a number of stylized facts, but many open questions remain. This paper surveys the subset of the literature focusing on trade policy and integration into the world economy. Although in the longer run trade opportunities can have a major impact in creating more productive and higher paying jobs, this literature tends to take employment as given. A common finding is that much of the shorter run impacts of trade and reforms involve reallocation of labor or wage impacts within sectors. This reflects a pattern of expansion of more productive firms-especially export-oriented or suppliers to exporters-and contraction and adjustment of less productive enterprises in sectors that become subject to greater import competition. Wage responses to trade and trade reforms are generally greater than employment impacts, but trade can only explain a small fraction of the general increase in wage inequality observed in both industrial and developing countries in recent decades. A feature of the literature survey is that the focus is almost exclusively on industries producing goods. Given the importance of service industries as a source of employment and determinants of competitiveness, the paper argues that one priority area for future research is to study the employment effects of services trade and investment reforms. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/12/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 46
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    Inequality is bad for the poor (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3677
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Inequality is bad for the poor
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Poor ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Poor ; Poverty
    Abstract: "It has been argued that inequality should be of little concern in poor countries on the grounds that (1) absolute poverty in terms of consumption (or income) is the overriding issue in poor countries, and (2) the only thing that really matters to reducing absolute income poverty is the rate of economic growth. The author takes (1) as given but questions (2). He argues that there are a number of ways in which the extent of inequality in a society, and how it evolves over time, influences the extent of poverty today and the prospects for rapid poverty reduction in the future. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 8/18/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 47
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    Distortions to world trade : impacts on agricultural markets and farm incomes (2005)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3736
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym Distortions to world trade
    Keywords: Agriculture Economic aspects ; Farm produce ; International trade ; Agriculture Economic aspects ; Farm produce ; International trade
    Abstract: "The authors provide estimates of the impact that removing all merchandise trade distortions (including agricultural subsidies) would have on food and agricultural production, trade, and incomes. Using the latest versions of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database and the World Bank's LINKAGE model of the global economy (projected to 2015), their results suggest farm employment, the real value of agricultural output and exports, the real returns to farm land and unskilled labor, and real net farm incomes would all rise substantially in developing country regions with a move to free merchandise trade, thereby alleviating rural poverty-despite the decline in international terms of trade for developing countries that are net food importers or are enjoying preferential access to agricultural markets of high-income countries. "--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/30/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 48
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    Trade, environmental regulations, and the World Trade Organization : new empirical evidence (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3361
    Parallel Title: Busse, Matthias Trade, environmental regulations, and the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; Environmental law ; International trade ; Environmental law ; International trade
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 7/9/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 49
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    Globalization, poverty, and inequality since 1980 (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3333
    Parallel Title: Dollar, David Globalization, poverty, and inequality since 1980
    Keywords: Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 50
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    The effects of infrastructure development on growth and income distribution (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3400
    Parallel Title: Calderán, César The effects of infrastructure development on growth and income distribution
    Keywords: Economic development ; Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics) ; Economic development ; Income distribution ; Infrastructure (Economics)
    Abstract: "Calderán and Serven provide an empirical evaluation of the impact of infrastructure development on economic growth and income distribution using a large panel data set encompassing over 100 countries and spanning the years 1960-2000. The empirical strategy involves the estimation of simple equations for GDP growth and conventional inequality measures, augmented to include, among the regressors, infrastructure quantity and quality indicators, in addition to standard controls. To account for the potential endogeneity of infrastructure (as well as that of other regressors), the authors use a variety of generalized-method-of-moments (GMM) estimators based on both internal and external instruments and report results using both disaggregated and synthetic measures of infrastructure quantity and quality. The two robust results are: (1) growth is positively affected by the stock of infrastructure assets, and (2) income inequality declines with higher infrastructure quantity and quality. A variety of specification tests suggests that these results do capture the causal impact of the exogenous component of infrastructure quantity and quality on growth and inequality. These two results combined suggest that infrastructure development can be highly effective to combat poverty. Furthermore, illustrative simulations for Latin American countries suggest that these impacts are economically quite significant and highlight the growth acceleration and inequality reduction that would result from increased availability and quality of infrastructure. This paper a joint product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Department and the Office of the Chief Economist, Latin America and the Caribbean Region is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the effects of infrastructure development"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/8/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 51
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    Globalization and the gender wage gap (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3256
    Parallel Title: Oostendorp, R. H Globalization and the gender wage gap
    Keywords: Globalization ; International trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Sex discrimination against women ; Wage differentials ; Globalization ; International trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Sex discrimination against women ; Wage differentials
    Note: "March 24, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 26, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 52
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    Competing concepts of inequality in the globalization debate (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3243
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin Competing concepts of inequality in the globalization debate
    Keywords: Equality ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poor ; Equality ; Globalization ; Income distribution ; Poor
    Note: "March 17, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 17, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 53
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    Comparing land reform and land markets in Colombia : / impacts on equity and efficiency (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3258
    Parallel Title: Castagnini, Raffaella Comparing land reform and land markets in Colombia
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Land reform ; Rural development ; Income distribution ; Land reform ; Rural development
    Note: "March 26, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 29, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 54
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    Dynamics of income inequality and welfare in Latvia in the late 1990s (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3336
    Parallel Title: Monga, Célestin Dynamics of income inequality and welfare in Latvia in the late 1990s
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/4/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 55
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    The challenge of reducing subsidies and trade barriers (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3415
    Parallel Title: Anderson, Kym The challenge of reducing subsidies and trade barriers
    RVK:
    QB 910
    Keywords: Free trade ; International trade ; Subsidies ; Free trade ; International trade ; Subsidies
    Abstract: "This is one of 10 studies for the Copenhagen Consensus Project that sought to evaluate the most feasible opportunities to improve welfare globally and alleviate poverty in developing countries. Anderson argues that phasing out distortionary government subsidies and barriers to international trade will yield an extraordinarily high benefit-cost ratio. A survey is provided of recent estimates using global economywide simulation models of the benefits of doing that by way of the current Doha round of multilateral trade negotiations. Even if adjustment costs are several times as large as suggested by available estimates, the benefit-cost ratio from seizing this opportunity exceeds 20. That is much higher than the rewards from regional or bilateral trade agreements or from providing preferential access for least-developed countries' exports to high-income countries. Such reform would simultaneously contribute to alleviating several of the other key challenges reflected in the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals. This paper a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group is part of a larger effort in the group to better understand the likely consequences of further trade liberalization for global economic welfare and its distributional effects, particularly for the poor in developing countries"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 9/23/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 56
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    Economic growth, income distribution, and poverty in Poland during transition (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3467
    Parallel Title: Verbeek, Jos Economic growth, income distribution, and poverty in Poland during transition
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Poland Economic conditions 1990- ; Poland Economic policy 1990- ; Poland Economic conditions 1990- ; Poland Economic policy 1990-
    Abstract: "Paci, Sasin, and Verbeek attempt to analyze the linkages between macroeconomic policies and economic growth variables, their movement over time, and their impact on poverty in the case of Poland. Poland, a middle-income country, is of particular interest because its data sources allow for a relatively detailed analysis of such developments, and the macroeconomic environment and the economic growth variables show a relatively sizable degree of variance. In addition, Poland has struggled in the past few years to reduce poverty while still experiencing positive economic growth. The authors show that in Poland, poverty-reducing growth depends heavily on the ability of the economy to generate jobs. During the early years of transition, net job growth was positive, while after the Russian crisis of 1998, productivity gains were accomplished mostly through labor shedding, henceforth, increasing poverty in Poland. In addition, the authors identify how fiscal and social protection policies affect income distribution and poverty in Poland. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to analyze the links between post-transition economic growth and poverty reduction"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/3/2005 , Also available in print.
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  • 57
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    What are the right institutions in a globalizing world? and-- can we keep them if we've found them? (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3448
    Parallel Title: Islam, Roumeen What are the right institutions in a globalizing world? and-- can we keep them if we've found them?
    Keywords: Globalization ; International economic integration ; International trade ; Globalization ; International economic integration ; International trade
    Abstract: "Greater trade integration has often been viewed as requiring greater standardization in institutions, without which the benefits of trade do not materialize. There are many current debates concerning the degree and area of standardization needed and these debates are likely to continue for the foreseeable future. This paper, drawing on both the fiscal federalism and the trade literature, argues that increasing trade integration is consistent with a wide array of institutional choices. The final outcome, in terms of which institutions have prevailed, has depended substantially on political pressures for standardization and not necessarily on a clear assessment of economic gains. This paper--a product of the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division, World Bank Institute--is part of a larger effort in the institute to understand the concept of 'good' governance and to disseminate its work in this area"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 58
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    Government procurement : market access, transparency, and multilateral trade rules (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3195
    Parallel Title: Evenett, Simon J Government procurement
    Keywords: Free trade ; Government purchasing ; International trade ; Tariff ; Free trade ; Government purchasing ; International trade ; Tariff
    Note: "January 23, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 26, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 59
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    On the conservation of distance in international trade (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3293
    Parallel Title: Berthelon, Matias On the conservation of distance in international trade
    Keywords: International trade ; International trade
    Note: "May 6, 2004 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 10, 2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 60
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    On the unequal inequality of poor communities (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3313
    Parallel Title: Available in another form On the unequal inequality of poor communities
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 6/7/2004 , Also available in print.
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  • 61
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    Predicting the poverty impacts of trade reform (2004)
    [Washington, D.C] : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3444
    Parallel Title: Reimer, Jeffrey J Predicting the poverty impacts of trade reform
    Keywords: Commercial policy ; International trade ; Poor ; Commercial policy ; International trade ; Poor
    Abstract: "An important area of research in recent years involves assessing the microeconomic implications of macro-level policies--particularly those related to international trade. While a wide range of research methodologies are available for assessing the microeconomic incidence of micro-policies, as well as for assessing the effect of macro-level policies on markets and broad groups of households, there is a gap when it comes to eliciting the disaggregated household and firm level effects of trade policies. Recent research addresses this knowledge gap and the present survey offers an overview of this literature. The preponderance of the evidence from the studies encompassed by this survey points to the dominance of earnings-side effects over consumption-side effects of trade reform. This is problematic, since household surveys are notable for their underreporting of income. From the perspective of the poor, it is the market for unskilled labor that is most important. The poverty effects of trade policy often hinge crucially on how well the increased demand for labor in one part of the economy is transmitted to the rest of the economy by way of increased wages, increased employment, or both. Further econometric research aimed at discriminating between competing factor mobility hypotheses is urgently needed. This paper--a product of the Trade Team, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the poverty impacts of trade policies"--World Bank web site
    Note: Includes bibliographical references , Title from PDF file as viewed on 11/19/2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Inequality and economic development in Brazil (2004)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821358804
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (xxii, 281 p) , ill , 26 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: A World Bank country study
    DDC: 339.2/2/0981
    Keywords: Equality ; Income distribution ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Brazil ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985- ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985-
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 63
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    Online Resource
    Human capital and earnings inequality in Brazil, 1988-98 : / quantile regression evidence (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3147
    Parallel Title: Arabsheibani, G. R Human capital and earnings inequality in Brazil, 1988-98
    Keywords: Human capital ; Income distribution ; Rate of return ; Human capital ; Income distribution ; Rate of return
    Note: "September 26, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on September 29, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 64
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    Online Resource
    Regional, multilateral, and unilateral trade policies of MERCOSUR for growth and poverty reduction in Brazil (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3051
    Parallel Title: Available in another form Regional, multilateral, and unilateral trade policies of MERCOSUR for growth and poverty reduction in Brazil
    Keywords: Free trade ; International trade ; Poverty ; Free trade ; International trade ; Poverty ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985- ; Brazil Economic conditions 1985-
    Note: "May 8, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on May 14, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 65
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    Trade facilitation and economic development : measuring the impact (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2988
    Parallel Title: Mann, Catherine L Trade facilitation and economic development
    Keywords: Economic development ; Foreign trade promotion ; International trade ; Economic development ; Foreign trade promotion ; International trade
    Note: "March 7, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on March 12, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 66
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    Online Resource
    Using survey data to assess the distributional effects of trade policy (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3137
    Parallel Title: Porto, Guido G Using survey data to assess the distributional effects of trade policy
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Argentina Commercial policy ; Developing countries Commercial policy ; Argentina Commercial policy ; Developing countries Commercial policy
    Note: "September 17, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on September 22, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 67
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    Is inequality in Africa really different? (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3169
    Parallel Title: Milanovic, Branko Is inequality in Africa really different?
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Poverty ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: "November 18, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on November 18, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 68
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    Online Resource
    Distributional effects of crises : / the role of financial transfers (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3173
    Parallel Title: Halac, Marina Distributional effects of crises
    Keywords: Financial crises ; Income distribution ; Transfer payments ; Financial crises ; Income distribution ; Transfer payments
    Note: "November 20, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on November 24, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 69
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    Online Resource
    The debate on globalization, poverty, and inequality : why measurement matters (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3038
    Parallel Title: Ravallion, Martin The debate on globalization, poverty, and inequality
    Keywords: Globalization Economic aspects ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Globalization Economic aspects ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: "April 21, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on April 22, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 70
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    Online Resource
    Equitable provision of long-term public goods : the role of negotiation mandates (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3180
    Parallel Title: Hourcade, Jean Charles Equitable provision of long-term public goods
    Keywords: Equilibrium (Economics) ; Income distribution ; Public goods ; Equilibrium (Economics) ; Income distribution ; Public goods
    Note: "December 24, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on January 6, 2004 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 71
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Information diffusion in international markets (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3032
    Parallel Title: Morisset, Jacques Information diffusion in international markets
    Keywords: Information services ; International trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Information services ; International trade ; Investments, Foreign
    Note: "April 17, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on April 22, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 72
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    Income-related biases in international trade : what do trademark registration data tell us? (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3150
    Parallel Title: Fink, Carsten Income-related biases in international trade
    Keywords: Income distribution ; International trade ; Product differentiation ; Trademarks ; Income distribution ; International trade ; Product differentiation ; Trademarks
    Note: "October 2, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on October 2, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 73
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    Online Resource
    The political economy of public spending on education, inequality, and growth (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3162
    Parallel Title: Gradstein, Mark The political economy of public spending on education, inequality, and growth
    Keywords: Education Finance ; Equality ; Government aid to education ; Income distribution ; Education Finance ; Equality ; Government aid to education ; Income distribution
    Note: "November 6, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on November 6, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 74
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    Online Resource
    Inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunities in Brazil (2003)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 3174
    Parallel Title: Bourguignon, François Inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunities in Brazil
    Keywords: Equality ; Income distribution ; Poverty ; Equality ; Income distribution ; Poverty
    Note: "November 25, 2003 , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on December 2, 2003 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 75
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    Breaking the conflict trap : civil war and development policy (2003)
    Washington, D.C ; [New York] : Oxford University Press
    Details
    ISBN: 0821354817
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xv, 221 p) , ill , 24 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausgabe World Bank E-Library Archive Sonstige Standardnummer des Gesamttitels: 041181-4
    Series Statement: A World Bank policy research report
    Parallel Title: Reproduktion von Breaking the conflict trap
    DDC: 303.6/4/091724
    Keywords: Entwicklungsländer ; Gesellschaft ; Politik ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Bürgerkrieg ; Konfliktregelung ; Kriegsgefahr ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Developing countries Politics and government 21st century ; Entwicklungsländer ; Civil war ; Economic aspects ; Developing countries ; Civil war ; Social aspects ; Developing countries ; Economic development ; Income distribution ; Developing countries ; Mortality ; Developing countries ; Poverty ; Developing countries ; Public health ; Developing countries ; Entwicklungsländer ; Bürgerkrieg ; Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Entwicklungspolitik ; Entwicklungsländer ; Bürgerkrieg ; Kriegsgefahr ; Bürgerkrieg ; Konfliktregelung
    Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 200-221) , Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:c2003
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext
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    München BSB
    München UB
    Würzburg UB
    Regensburg UB
    KOBV
    BVB
    Bayreuth UB
  • 76
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    Market presence, contestability, and the terms-of-trade effects of regional integration (2001)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive Also available in print
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 2532
    Parallel Title: Schiff, Maurice W Market presence, contestability, and the terms-of-trade effects of regional integration
    Keywords: Competition, International ; International trade ; Regionalism ; Terms of trade ; Competition, International ; International trade ; Regionalism ; Terms of trade
    Abstract: How firms react to a given shock may depend on the degree to which rivals are present and on whether potentially viable entrants to that market exist. A preferred supplier market presence and threat of entry lessen a nonmember country's price reaction to most-favored-nation trade liberalization and increase its price reaction to preferential trade liberalization
    Note: "January 2001"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references , Title from title screen as viewed on Sept. 23, 2002 , Also available in print.
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 77
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    Making transition work for everyone : poverty and inequality in Europe and Central Asia (2000)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821347209
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (x, 524 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 362.5/7/0947
    Keywords: Income distribution ; Income distribution ; Post-communism ; Post-communism ; Poverty ; Poverty ; Europe, Eastern Economic conditions 1989- ; Europe, Eastern Economic policy 1989- ; Former Soviet republics Economic conditions ; Former Soviet republics Economic policy
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 78
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    Entering the 21st century : World development report, 1999/2000 (1999)
    New York : Published for the World Bank, Oxford University Press
    Details
    ISBN: 0195211243 , 0195211251
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (ix, 300 p) , col. ill., col. map , 27 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg.] World Bank E-Library Archive
    DDC: 337
    RVK:
    QG 000
    RVK:
    QG 020
    RVK:
    QM 353
    Keywords: Decentralization in government ; Economic development ; Economic indicators ; Free trade ; International finance ; International trade ; Investments, Foreign ; Urbanization Economic aspects
    Note: "This report has been prepared by a team led by Shahid Yusuf"--P. iv , "World Bank 2000"--Cover , Accompanied by:Entering the 21st century summary. iv, 11 p. :ill. ; 27 cm. 2000 , Includes bibliographical references (p. 190-211) and index
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 79
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    Online Resource
    Developing countries' participation in the World Trade Organization (1998)
    Washington, DC : World Bank and World Trade Organization
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (34 p) , 28 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Policy research working paper 1906
    Parallel Title: Michalopoulos, Constantine Developing countries' participation in the World Trade Organization
    Keywords: World Trade Organization ; World Trade Organization ; International trade ; International trade ; Developing countries Foreign economic relations ; Developing countries Foreign economic relations
    Note: "March 1998"--Cover , Includes bibliographical references (p. 34)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 80
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    Online Resource
    The Uruguay Round : widening and deepening the world trading system (1995)
    Washington, D.C : World Bank
    Details
    ISBN: 0821334883
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (vii, 31 p) , ill , 23 cm
    Edition: Online-Ausg. World Bank E-Library Archive
    Series Statement: Directions in development
    Keywords: Uruguay Round ; Uruguay Round ; International trade ; International trade ; Developing countries Commerce ; Developing countries Commerce
    Note: "A synopsis of the papers, feedback, and discussion from the World Bank's second conference on the Uruguay Round and the developing economies, held January 26-27, 1995"--P. v , Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-31)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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