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  • English  (349)
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  • 2000-2004  (352)
  • 2001  (352)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (352)
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  • 2000-2004  (352)
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  • 1
    ISBN: 9789264194755
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The DAC Guidelines
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Renforcer les capacités commerciales au service du développement
    Keywords: Development ; Trade
    Abstract: Developing countries want to join in the globalisation process. However, the increasing complexity of global markets, the new challenges of the multilateral trading system and the competing demands of regional, bilateral and multilateral trade agreements confront developing countries with an expanding array of competitiveness and policy challenges. And, in many cases, they lack the institutional and human resource capacity to meet these challenges. The DAC Guidelines on Strengthening Trade Capacity for Development have been prepared on the basis of an emerging international consensus and understanding of how the international community can work together more effectively. They intend to help developing countries enhance their capacity to trade and participate more effectively in the international rule-making and institutional mechanisms that shape the global trading system. They also provide a common reference point for the trade, aid and finance communities, putting trade capacity building in the context of comprehensive approaches to development and poverty reduction.
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  • 2
    ISBN: 9789264069909
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 1
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 121; Estimation du coefficient d'adsorption (Koc) sur le sol et les boues d'épuration par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (CLHP)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 121: Estimation du coefficient d'adsorption (Koc) sur le sol et les boues d'épuration par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute performance (CLHP)
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes an experimental method using HPLC for the estimation of the adsorption coefficient Koc in soil and in sewage sludge. The adsorption coefficient is defined as the ratio between the concentration of the substance in the soil/sludge and the concentration of the substance in the aqueous phase at adsorption equilibrium. The test substance is injected in the column packed with cyanopropyl solid phase containing lipophilic and polar moieties. As a result of partitioning between mobile and stationary phases the test substance is retarded. The retention time tR is determined in duplicate. The HPLC dead time t0 may be determined by two methods: the determination by means of a homologous series and the determination by inert substances which are not retained by the column. If the actual results show that the log Koc of the test substance is outside the calibration range the test should be repeated using different, more appropriate reference substances.
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  • 3
    ISBN: 9264195718
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Schooling for Tomorrow
    Series Statement: Schooling for tomorrow
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Learning to change; ICT in schools
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. ;Les nouvelles technologies à l'école
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les nouvelles technologies à l'école : Apprendre à changer
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Los Desafíos de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones en la Educación
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    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; Schule ; Informationstechnik
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  • 4
    ISBN: 9789264192133
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE 2001 ; Progrès dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE 2001 : Progrès dans les pays de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Coming at the end of the first round of Environmental Performance Reviews, this report summarises lessons learned during the round and presents a broad range of related comparative economic and environmental data.
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  • 5
    ISBN: 9264193081
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Radioactive waste management
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Gas generation and migration in radioactive waste disposal
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 2000 ; Radioaktiver Abfall ; Entsorgung ; Gasemission
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  • 6
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Nuclear science
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Utilisation and reliability of high power proton accelerators
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    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 1998 ; Teilchenbeschleuniger
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.55
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: The OECD has undertaken a comparison of the resources of older people in nine OECD countries – Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States – and has examined how the incomes of older people are influenced, directly and indirectly, by government policies. The study finds that a new policy agenda is emerging, one that is likely to focus on how policy can support: A transition from full-time work to retirement that is later, on average, than at present and that provides greater opportunities for more flexible and gradual pathways to full retirement. There would be a realistic possibility for many people to have a continued attachment to the labour force, and an active life in society, well into later life. However, highest priority would be on encouraging later retirement for those who now retire well before age 65. A diversified system of income support for older people during retirement (and the transition to ...
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  • 8
    ISBN: 9789264070424
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 303; Essai de simulation - Traitement aérobie des eaux usées - A; Unités de traitement par boues; B; Biofilms
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 303: Essai de simulation - Traitement aérobie des eaux usées - A: Unités de traitement par boues; B: Biofilms
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes two simulations tests used in the aerobic sewage treatment. Activated Sludge Units are designed to determine the elimination and the primary and/or ultimate biodegradation of water-soluble organic compounds by aerobic micro-organisms in a continuously operated test system simulating the activated sludge process. Two continuously operated test units are run in parallel under identical conditions. Normally the mean hydraulic retention time is 6 h and the mean sludge age is 6 to 10 days. Sludge is wasted by one of two methods, the test substance is normally added at a concentration of between 10 mg/l dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and 20 mg/l DOC, to the influent of only one of the units. The second unit is used as a control. The DOC, preferably, or chemical oxygen demand (COD) is determined, together with the concentration of the test substance by specific analysis, in the effluent from the unit receiving the test substance. In Biofilms, synthetic or domestic sewage, and the test substance, in admixture or alone, are applied to the internal surface of a slowly rotating inclined tube. A layer of microorganisms is built up on the internal surface. Effluent from the tube is collected and either settled and/or filtered before analysis for DOC and/or the test substance by a specific method. Control units are operated in parallel under the same conditions. The difference between the concentrations of DOC/COD in the effluent from the test and control units is assumed to be due to the test substance. This difference is compared with the concentration of the added test substance to calculate the elimination of the test substance. Biodegradation may normally be distinguished from bio-adsorption by careful examination of the elimination-time curve.
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  • 9
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.177
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Due to the substantial rise in the share of Emerging Markets (EM) in foreigncurrency debt markets during the nineties, country risk in EM has become an issue of increasing concern for both new bond issues and rescheduled non-performing loans. However, as recent episodes show, financial volatility has tended to leave those countries more prone to contagion effects and balance-of-payments crises. Consequently, international bond investors have required higher risk premia to balance the risk-return equation. In order to make Emerging Markets less vulnerable to external shocks, exchange-rate corner solutions such as dollarisation have been proposed. One of the main arguments put forth by the dollarisation supporters is the expected decrease in sovereign spreads, as currency risk will no longer hold. According to this “optimistic” view, which also relies on a credibility spillover effect, such a decrease could begin improving solvency weaknesses while boosting economic growth ...
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  • 10
    ISBN: 9789264184527
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (73 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Attribution de bénéfices aux établissements stables
    Keywords: Taxation
    Abstract: Currently, there is a lack of consensus amongst OECD Member countries as to how profits should be attributed to a permanent establishment (PE). As a first step in remedying this situation a working hypothesis has been developed as to the preferred approach for attributing profits to the PE. The basis for the working hypothesis is to examine how far the approach of treating the PE as a hypothetical distinct and separate enterprise can be taken and how the guidance in the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines could be applied, by analogy, to attribute profits to a PE. This discussion draft contains the results of testing the working hypothesis in general (Part I) and to PEs of banks (Part II). Public comments are invited in order to assist in the development of an OECD consensus on the attribution of profits to a PE.
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.173
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: The experience of newly-industrialised countries suggests the need for an analysis in which the pattern of comparative advantage is not set in stone but is potentially flexible, and in which less developed countries can develop and converge in both income and economic structure to industrial economies. The pattern of trade and development in the world economy clearly shows the key role played by history: cumulative causation has created concentrations of industrial activity in particular locations and left other areas more dependent on primary activities. By changing the attractiveness of countries as a base for manufacturing production, trading arrangements can potentially trigger or postpone industrial development. At the same time, cut-throat bidding war to attract FDI may have unintended negative consequences on recipient countries if they lead governments to offer excessive fiscal and financial subsidies and to disregard the protection of the investment and of workers’ rights ...
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9264189807
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Pensions Series no.2
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: Private pensions series
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Private pensions systems
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Rentenversicherung ; Privatversicherung ; Verwaltungskosten
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  • 13
    ISBN: 9789264189126
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Road Transport and Intermodal Linkages Research Programme
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport intermodal de marchandises ; Aspects institutionnels
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transport intermodal de marchandises : Aspects institutionnels
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: What is intermodal transport? What are its "institutional aspects"? What is effective intermodal transport policy and how does it differ from road transport policy or rail transport policy? Today's highly competitive global marketplace calls for a policy framework that can evolve to meet the expectations of users. This new report provides insight into these and other issues.
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264188525
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (179 p.)
    Keywords: Energy ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: This comprehensive overview explores the policy issues and other factors affecting the future of nuclear power in OECD countries. It provides a wealth of historical and current information of interest to both energy industry professionals and policy makers. Nuclear power has grown steadily since the early 1960s. Today it provides one quarter of OECD electricity supply from 300 GWe capacity. It is an important contributor to OECD energy security. Existing nuclear plants appear ready to meet the challenges of electricity market competition. The industry has experienced sustained improvements in technical and economic performance. A major advantage of nuclear power is that it produces none of the airborne pollutants or carbon dioxide that fossil-fuelled plants do. Nonetheless, nuclear power must cope with many challenges. New nuclear plants face formidable competition from fossil fuel generation, given nuclear power’s high capital cost and today’s fossil fuel prices. Almost half of OECD countries have placed restrictions on building nuclear power plants. Disposal facilities for high-level wastes are under development, but face technical and political hurdles before they can become operational. Can nuclear power meet these challenges and thrive in future energy markets? Or will its contribution to energy supply ebb in coming years? This book provides a critical assessment of the issues that will shape the answers to these questions.
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  • 15
    ISBN: 9264192212
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: Taxation
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Transfer pricing guidelines for multinational enterprises and tax administrations
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Principes applicables en matière de prix de transport à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principes applicables en matière de prix de transfert à l'intention des entreprises multinationales et des administrations fiscales 2001 : Édition de poche
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2001: Travel version (Turkish version)
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    Keywords: Multinationales Unternehmen ; Innerbetriebliche Leistungsverrechnung
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193208
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (88 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Road Transport and Intermodal Linkages Research Programme
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion du patrimoine d'infrastructure dans le secteur routier
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: What is asset management? How do road administrations achieve an integrated approach to asset management? How does this differ from the management of individual assets? What are the implications for data collection and management? What does it mean for road administrations and road sector policy? This report examines the requirements of asset management systems, the integration of existing component systems into a comprehensive approach to asset management, the incorporation of a business-like approach, performance monitoring and the implementation of such systems.
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  • 17
    ISBN: 9789264189515
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Du bien-être des nations ; Le rôle du capital humain et social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vom Wohlergehen der Nationen
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Du bien-être des nations : Le rôle du capital humain et social
    Keywords: Education ; Employment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: In a rapidly changing world, the success of nations, communities and individuals may be linked, more than ever before, to how they adapt to change, learn and share knowledge. This report helps clarify the concepts of human and social capital and evaluates their impact on economic growth and well-being. Although the evidence on social capital is less developed, reflecting the novelty of the concept in economic and social science, the report draws on a number of empirical studies which suggest potentially important linkages between human and social capital. The evidence suggests that human and social capital can be of key importance in contributing to a wide range of positive outcomes, including higher income, life satisfaction and social cohesion. Although there is no evidence for systematic "under-investment" in either human or social capital, concerns are expressed about the distribution and quality of each form of capital and how this might impact on future well-being. There is limited scope for public policy to change the quality, stock and distribution of human and social capital in the short-term. However, a number of areas are discussed in which public, private and voluntary actors may leverage long-term improvements in both human and social capital.
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  • 18
    ISBN: 9264195009
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Schooling for Tomorrow
    Series Statement: Schooling for tomorrow
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. What schools for the future?
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Quel avenir pour nos écoles?
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Quel avenir pour nos écoles ?
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    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 1996 ; Schule ; Zukunft
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  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193277
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (120 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Policies of IEA Countries
    Keywords: Energy ; Belgium
    Abstract: The International Energy Agency's 2001 review of Belgium's energy policies and programmes. It finds that due Belgium’s geographical setting, cross-border trade has a significant influence on the country’s energy policy. Belgium has actively increased its gas transmission capacity, and has become key player in the overall European gas markets. There is still room for improvement, however, in the electricity transmission capacity. Belgium has started to liberalise its electricity and gas market. But the traditional utilities Electrabel and Distrigas retain much influence. Further efforts are required to make a competitive market. Belgium has made the political decision to phase out nuclear power, closing down the existing units when they reach forty years of age and building no new units. The report recommends Belgium to look for realistic and economic alternatives for large-scale energy production. The recommendations made by the Ampere Commission on improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewables and co-generation provide only a partial solution for future energy needs. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions will be one of the major challenges for Belgian energy policy in this decade. In 1998, Belgium’s energy-related CO2 emissions were 15% above the 1990 level. The report identifies reasons for the growing emissions, analyses current policies and suggests additional measures to help in this challenging task. One of the most crucial elements is curbing the growth of energy consumption, which exceeded 20% in all sectors in the 1990s. Federal-regional co-operation is essential for successful energy-policy development and implementation in Belgium. The report makes recommendations in several areas where co-operative action appears necessary.
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  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264192768
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (85 p.)
    Series Statement: Energy Market Reform
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Most OECD countries, and many countries outside the OECD, are now deeply engaged in a reform of their electricity markets to stimulate competition and improve efficiency. This book considers the key elements of effective reform based on a review of experiences to date. A converging trend emerges, that emphasises competition in the generation, supply and trade of electricity, aimed at maximising consumer choice. It also highlights the development of new approaches to regulation of the transmission system, which remains monopolistic. This book is an invaluable guide and reference for energy policy makers. It examines the many issues and functions that define a modern, liberalised electricity supply industry, and the challenges posed by regulatory reform. It updates the 1999 IEA publication “Electricity Market Reform - an IEA Handbook”, and is the latest in a series of IEA publications on energy market reforms.
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  • 21
    ISBN: 9264192662
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Pensions Series no.3
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Series Statement: Private pensions series
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. OECD 2000 Private Pensions Conference
    RVK:
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift 2000 ; Rentenreform ; Internationaler Vergleich
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  • 22
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264192546
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (384 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Energy ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: This publication presents annual energy consumption data in manufacturing sectors. Over the last 25 years, energy consumption has become just as important as energy supply for policy makers. There is a need for energy efficiency indicators and data to monitor developments in energy consumption and energy efficiency trends as they affect the environment. In order to analyse energy use and energy efficiency, it is essential to have disaggregated industry level consumption data. This publication provides such data. Time series of annual energy consumption are provided at the disaggregated manufacturing industry level for most of the OECD countries from 1990 to 1999 where available.
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  • 23
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2001/02
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper provides a link between the degree of entrepreneurial activity in a country and the growth performance. While a recent wave of empirical evidence suggests that the extent to which countries have shifted towards an increased role of entrepreneurship varies considerably across countries, virtually nothing is known about the consequences of lagging behind in this process. Do countries that have shifted towards a greater role for entrepreneurship enjoy greater growth? This question is crucial to policy makers, because if the opportunity cost, measured in terms of forgone growth, of a slow adjustment towards a greater role for entrepreneurship is relatively low, the consequences of not engaging in a rapid adjustment process are relatively trivial. However, if the opportunity cost is high, the consequences are more alarming. This paper offers two distinct approaches, based on two different measures of entrepreneurship – the relative share of economic activity accounted for by ...
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  • 24
    Language: English
    Pages: 84 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.310
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides a mainly graphical summary of the trade matrices underlying the OECD’s international macroeconomic model Interlink. In doing so it gives a snapshot of the geographical nature of global trading relationships, in particular between individual OECD countries and the main non-OECD regions, distinguishing trade in manufactures non-manufactures and non-factor services. It also serves more broadly as a 'ready reckoner' guide to the sensitivity of shocks that are transmitted through trade. The sources and methods used to construct the matrices are also described in annexes ...
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  • 25
    Language: English
    Pages: 165 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Sigma Papers no.32
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: All Member States of the EU and countries from Central and Eastern Europe use agencies of various shapes and sizes as part of their system of public administration. The legal forms vary widely from country to country depending on the legal tradition and the system of administration. Public agencies, if properly designed and managed, provide an opportunity for decentralising public administration, achieving greater transparency in government operations, and improving the efficiency and effectiveness with which government services are delivered to end users. Agencies can thus be used for economically and socially beneficial reasons, and indeed are sometimes employed as a stepping stone to more radical options, e.g. the privatisation of government services. However, agencies can also be misused for purposes that contravene the tenets of good governance and sound financial management. They can be a source of inefficiency, unregulated and covert expenditures, political favouritism and corruption. This paper originated in a request from the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic for SIGMA advice in developing new legal provisions for the financial management of public agencies. However, this subject cannot be addressed without avoiding the broader context. This paper has expanded well beyond the scope of the original mandate. It highlights the practice and experience of five EU Member States with very different legal systems and administrative structures. It focuses on issues relating to the financial management of public agencies but also discusses, in less detail, other issues concerning legal structures and governance. No single good practice "model" exists in this complex field. International best practice is still evolving. Moreover, we recommend a cautious approach by countries that are tempted to transpose elements of the agency models applied in countries such as New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Would-be reformers should consider whether the legal and administrative structures are comparable, and the necessary systems of regulation, control and open reporting are in place and can be enforced. Whilst avoiding simplistic solutions, the paper includes recommendations that policy makers in Central and Eastern Europe should take into account before embarking on major reforms in this area.
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  • 26
    ISBN: 9789264194939
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.)
    Keywords: Energy
    Abstract: Transport is the fastest-growing energy sector world-wide. Every year increasing numbers of drivers at the wheels of ever larger vehicles burn more petroleum products and emit more carbon dioxide. The danger is clear. Nations around the world have taken up the challenge to reduce oil use and the CO2 that comes with it. This report examines the multiple policy approaches being taken by IEA Member countries to reduce transport-related carbon emissions. These include improving fuel economy in new cars and trucks, as well as reducing fuel consumption by vehicles already on the road. Also covered are the use of alternative fuel sources and ways to cut the growth in travel, such as by improving transit systems and using new technologies to reduce congestion. Energy-saving options in freight transport are also explored, such as making trucks and trucking systems more efficient and how to move more goods by rail and water-borne transport. More than twenty different approaches are developed, including some which have been neglected by most IEA countries. The study discusses the benefits and costs of each option, as well as obstacles it faces, and quantifies the effect of each option in reducing oil use and CO2 emissions. Success stories from IEA countries are presented, as well as some stories of failure.
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  • 27
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.185
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia have been touted as models for other developing countries of how liberalisation can bring faster growth and greater equity. In fact their performance has been mixed and often inferior to other Asian economies, notably in structural change, tax reform, industrialisation, education and democratisation. Liberalisation and globalisation in finance, trade and investment has harmed redistribution and growth, as well as a country’s ability to “catch up,” except where governments have successfully intervened. The Washington Consensus and its argument that there is no alternative must be rejected. A solution must be founded on greater government competence, transparency and accountability, along with technology and a revival of regional and international solidarity and co-operation ...
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  • 28
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 32 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2001/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper provides a perspective from evolutionary economic theory on recent growth differences in the OECD area. The empirical analysis contained in the paper offers a number of findings. First, the United States seems to be diverging from the other OECD countries, while the latter are still, by and large, converging to the OECD average. Second, the estimated model of evolutionary growth suggests that convergence based on the assimilation of foreign technology is becoming a more active process. R&D now seems to be crucial for catching-up and is no longer an activity that is unequivocally associated with moving the world technological frontier. Third, differences between countries in terms of pure technological competencies, i.e. patenting, have become more important in explaining growth differentials. These trends suggest that the absorption of foreign technology requires more active efforts, and that technological differences between countries translate more easily ...
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  • 29
    Language: English
    Pages: 14 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.55
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Coopération bilatérale pour combattre la fraude transfontière: l'expérience des Etats-Unis et du Canada
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Canada ; United States
    Abstract: On 22 March 2000 the CCP held a half-day Forum Session intended to explore the challenges and possibilities associated with international co-operation. Using the experience of the United States and Canada as a practical example, the session provided an overview of ongoing efforts to combat the growing problem of cross-border fraudulent, misleading and unfair commercial conduct. The delegations of Canada and the United States took the leading role in preparing for the session, giving the Committee a first-hand look at their experiences working together to facilitate communication, information sharing, and bilateral co-operation in certain cross-border enforcement actions. The following is a summary record of the Forum Session and the presentations given by representatives from the Competition Bureau of Industry Canada and the United States Federal Trade Commission. Copyright
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  • 30
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 30 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.188
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Differences in inequality between Latin American countries are not so much caused by globalisation as by a variety of political and economic structures and government policies. Hostile elites have made democracy fragile and are delaying the mass education and tax-driven income redistribution that democratisation and socialism produced in Europe over the past century. Trends in inequality in Latin America are governed by coups and democratic phases. Recent rising inequality in Argentina, Chile and Peru is mostly due to structural changes in the balance of political power triggered by policies of the military and the debt crisis. The demobilisation of labour and the left has led to new political coalitions that have seriously reduced the chances of democracy playing the key role it did in changing Europe. In theory, globalisation can increase inequality through its impact on prices or wages or by curbing the government’s ability to implement policies. In fact there is little evidence ...
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  • 31
    ISBN: 9789264034945
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (228 p)
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Evaluation is a key tool in improving the quality and effectiveness of development co-operation. The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Working Party in Aid Evaluation is the only international forum where bilateral and multilateral evaluation experts meet regularly. Its Members meet to improve evaluation practice and to learn lessons from development co-operation activities and experiences. A series "Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness" was launched to share selected pieces of work with a broader public. This study acknowledges the considerable progress made in terms of the growing mainstreaming of environmental issues and recognises the need for additional efforts in the context of widespread institutional capacity development. As such, this report shall be considered as a complement to the Committee's earlier publications and guidelines on CDE. These should guide both programme-level and specific project-level CDE assessments and serve as a source of general information for policy-makers as well as practitioners in donor agencies and developing countries. The print version of the above report is available free of charge from the Development Co-operation Directorate; please send an email to dac.contactoecd.org to get a copy.
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  • 32
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.170
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: ECOWAS, the Economic Community of Western Africa States, was set up in 1975 by 16 countries with the ultimate objective of forming an economic community. As in similar RTAs, that were best thought as extensions of ISI, early results have been rather discouraging, but the process of domestic liberalisation and trade reform initiated in the late 1980s led in 1992 to a new attempt to revamp the Community. There are at least two very interesting features of ECOWAS that indeed makes it a very interesting case study for the project. First, two of the most relevant Emerging Africa countries are located in the sub-region, namely Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, as is Nigeria, still embroiled in many economic woes, but that is regularly considered alongside South Africa as the key country to sustain the renaissance of Africa. Exploring how the smaller partners can provide a stimulus to Nigeria is therefore a first goal of the study. Second, the ineffectiveness of ECOWAS cannot mask the rich web of ...
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  • 33
    Language: English
    Pages: 82 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.313
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: There are only a few OECD Member countries with a lower tax take than the United States. Nonetheless there are a number of improvements that could help reduce the distortions that taxation creates in the economy and so boost long-run economic performance. The most noticeable gains could come from reforming the taxation of the income from capital. Savings are not always allocated to the area where they have the highest return, as there are large variations in the tax on capital income depending on the sector in which it is invested and the financing instruments that are used. In addition, taxation of capital income favours present over future consumption with a negative impact on savings and capital accumulation. In the past, a number of proposals have been made to reduce the tax burden on saving, by replacing the income tax with a consumption tax. While in many ways this would be the best approach, it is would represent a major change in a system that has evolved gradually ...
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  • 34
    Language: English
    Pages: 88 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.303
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Taxation is inevitable in modern economies to finance public spending, which is aimed at meeting fundamental economic and social objectives. However, efficiency losses associated with taxation need to be taken into account when the cost and benefits of public expenditure to be funded are being assessed. The public perception of the fairness of tax systems, the practical enforceability of tax rules and the cost arising from compliance are other important considerations. Against this backdrop, the OECD has reviewed in the past two years the tax systems of a number of Member countries in its periodical Economic Surveys. The analysis and policy recommendations emerging from these reviews may provide some useful lessons for other OECD countries, and these are pulled together in this paper ...
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  • 35
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.181
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Globalisation, governance and economic performance affect each other in very complex mutual relationships. In this paper, we establish a clear and well-circumscribed hypothesis: “is there an effect of globalisation on governance?” To test this hypothesis or, even more specifically, to test how openness can affect the quality of domestic institutions, we survey available theoretical explanations of causal relationships between globalisation and governance. Microeconomic theory helps us identify trade policy, competition by foreign producers and international investors, and openness-related differences in institution building costs and benefits, as three major transmission mechanisms through which openness affects a country’s corruption levels. Examining a large sample of countries covering a 20-year long period, we found robust empirical support for the fact that increases in import openness do indeed cause reductions in corruption, a crucial aspect of governance. The magnitude of ...
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  • 36
    ISBN: 9789264192607
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (504 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 336.39
    Keywords: Governance ; Osteuropa ; Öffentliche Ausgaben
    Abstract: Managing Public Expenditure presents a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of all aspects of public expenditure management from the preparation of the budget to the execution, control and audit stages. The book will be of general interest but is focused particularly on the needs of countries in transition, especially those in Central and Eastern Europe that seek to become members of the European Union. The book provides practical, operational information and guidance on all areas of public expenditure management, e.g. legal and institutional frameworks, preparation of the budget, implementation, cash management, performance management, accounting, financial information and reporting systems, internal control and internal audit, and external audit. Each part of the book ends with key points and directions for reform. The detailed questionnaire will help practitioners to identify the strong and weak elements in their budget systems so that they can take necessary remedial action. Managing Public Expenditure ends with a comprehensive glossary, bibliography and index. Richard Allen is an economist and spent most of his career at HM Treasury (the British Ministry of Finance), working mainly in the areas of fiscal policy, EU affairs, public expenditure management and international finance. He has also served as a diplomat in Washington DC and as a board member of the European Investment Bank. He was head of the budget and resource allocation team of the SIGMA Programme and is now adviser on governance at the Asian Development Bank. Daniel Tommasi is a Paris-based consultant in the the areas of fiscal policy, public expenditure management and macroeconomic management. He is an adviser to governments and a consultant for international organisations, including the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the United Nations Development Programme, and the European Union's Phare and Tacis Programmes. He has worked for over 25 years in some 30 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Asia, the Pacific and Africa.
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  • 37
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189867
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Responsabilité élargie des producteurs ; Manuel à l'intention des pouvoirs publics
    Keywords: Environment ; Governance ; Industry and Services ; OECD ; Umweltbelastung ; Umweltpolitik ; Abfallbeseitigung ; Produzent ; Verantwortung
    Abstract: Municipal waste has increased 22 % per capita from 1980 to 1997. At the same time, the difficulty of siting new waste disposal facilities has increased. While major progress has been made to lessen the per capita generation of air and water pollution over the past decades, waste generation is still on the rise. Faced with the increase of waste, many governments have reviewed available policy options and concluded that placing the responsibility for the post-consumer phase of certain goods on producers could provide a means to relieve certain environmental pressures, arising from post-consumer waste. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach under which producers accept significant responsibility - financial and/or physical - for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products. Assigning such responsibility could provide incentives to prevent wastes at the source, promote product design for the environment and support the achievement of public recycling and materials management goals. Within the OECD the trend is towards the extension of EPR to new products, product groups and waste streams such as electrical appliances and electronics. This guidance manual represents one means to inform national governments about the potential benefits and costs associated with EPR.
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  • 38
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264093010
    Language: English , French
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Edition: Edition 2001
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  • 39
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193079
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (150 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les technologies de l'information et de la communication et le développement rural
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Science and Technology
    Abstract: Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) introduce a new relationship between time and space. Do the nascent possibilities of tele-work, distant access to public services and e-commerce offer both realistic and innovating perspectives for rural development? Are ICTs a threat rather than an opportunity for rural areas? Will these technologies increase the attractiveness of rural and remote areas or will they reinforce the influence of urban ones? ICTs and Rural Development sets out to answer these questions. Field research conducted in Canada, France, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States shows that rural development projects organised around ICTs have facilitated job creation as well as the emergence of a new environment favourable to the development of the community. Nonetheless, the success of such projects depends on a number of conditions. They are presented and analysed in this report.
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  • 40
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193185
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Développement durable ; Les grandes questions
    DDC: 330
    RVK:
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Transport ; Economics ; Nachhaltigkeit
    Abstract: How can we meet the needs of today without diminishing the capacity of future generations to meet theirs? This is the central question posed by "sustainable development". OECD countries committed themselves to sustainable development at the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio, yet - almost ten years later - progress accomplished remains partial and uneven. Drawing on analysis carried forward in response to a mandate from OECD Ministers in 1998, this report stresses the urgency to address some of the most pressing challenges for sustainable development. It reviews the conceptual foundations of sustainable development, its measurement, and the institutional reforms needed to make it operational. It then discusses how international trade and investment, as well as development co-operation, can contribute to sustainable development on a global basis, and reviews the experience of OECD countries in using market-based, regulatory and technology policies to reach sustainability goals in a cost-effective way. The report also provides an in-depth analysis of policies designed to address key threats to sustainability in the areas of climate change and natural resource management, as well as of those that respond to sustainability concerns at the sectoral and sub-national level. The common thrust of the report is that substantial opportunities exist to make economic growth, environmental protection, and social development mutually reinforcing.
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  • 41
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195592
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vieillissement et revenus ; Les ressources des retraités dans 9 pays de l'OCDE
    DDC: 332.024/0565
    RVK:
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; OECD ; Altersversorgung
    Abstract: This landmark study of the material well-being of older people in nine OECD countries -- Canada, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States -- uses a wealth of new data to shed light on the challenges that face policy-makers as they anticipate the coming retirement of the baby-boom generation. The findings are often surprising. In all the countries surveyed, policies have been fundamentally successful: older people at all income levels tend to maintain or even increase their material standards of living once they stop working. This happens despite large differences in approaches to public policy, including the size of public pensions. The systems that provide resources to older people are considerably more complex than is usually taken into account in policy-making, and the effects of policy, while large, are less direct than often thought. Demography and changing labour market patterns make reforms to these systems imperative. The challenge is to make needed changes without undermining past success. This is difficult, but entirely possible; the payoffs from relatively small changes in the balance between work and retirement could be particularly large. The study examines the many diverse ways in which the nine countries are tackling this challenge and the lessons that have been learned from their experiences. It provides invaluable evidence for policy-makers, researchers and citizens concerned about the challenges posed for societies by ageing populations.
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  • 42
    ISBN: 9789264193130
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (428 p.)
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; France
    Abstract: Over the last 50 years particle accelerators have evolved from simple devices to powerful machines, and will continue to have an important impact on research, technology and lifestyle. Today, they cover a wide range of applications, from television and computer displays in households to investigating the origin and structure of matter. It has become common practice to use particle accelerators for material science and medical applications. In recent years, requirements from new technological and research applications have emerged, giving rise to new radiation shielding aspects and problems. These workshop proceedings review recent progress in radiation shielding of accelerator facilities, evaluating advancements and discussing further developments needed with respect to international co-operation in this field.
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  • 43
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264192669
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (452 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Private Pensions Series no.3
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Taxation
    Abstract: This conference proceedings examines private pension reform in OECD countries, covering regulatory and supervisory issues, benefits, and system structure and coverage.
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  • 44
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.287
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The paper looks at patterns of regulation in service industries and explores their implications for service performance. Focusing on restrictions to market mechanisms, a map of the state of service regulation in OECD countries is provided, based on data recently collected and summarised by the OECD. The paper also surveys the available cross-country empirical evidence on the effects of regulatory reform on service productivity, prices and innovation. Finally, it discusses ways in which regulation can encourage competition, efficiency and investment in those segments of the service industries where non-competitive elements persist. The main conclusions reached are: i) in the past two decades OECD governments extensively reformed regulatory environments in both competitive and network service industries, generally making them closer to market mechanisms; ii) however due to differences in initial conditions and in the pace of reform, within each service industry the dispersion of ...
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  • 45
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 6 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/01
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Architecture scolaire et pilotage des établissements : Trois cas concrets en France
    Keywords: Education ; France
    Abstract: What link can be established between successful teaching and learning, and school design? Three examples of large-scale school construction and renovation projects in France may go some way towards answering this question.
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  • 46
    ISBN: 9789264193550
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (68 p.) , ill.
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Biotechnology and the genomics revolution are changing our world’s scientific-technological and socio-economic framework. A new type of raw material – one invisible to the naked eye – will become the essential ingredient of the life sciences and biotechnology and of our future: it is the living cell – human, animal, plant or microbial – and the genes it contains. Who keeps, owns, distributes and sells this raw material? Who has access to it? What are the ethical implications of dealing with human cells and DNA? This book sheds light on many of these questions. It identifies the main challenges and how they can be met.
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  • 47
    ISBN: 926419293X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Radioactive waste management
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Using thermodynamic sorption models for guiding radioelement distribution coefficient (Kd) investigations
    RVK:
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Sorption ; Thermodynamik ; Radioaktiver Abfall
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  • 48
    ISBN: 9264193138
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Nuclear science
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Meeting on Shielding Aspects of Accelerators, Targets and Irradiation Facilities 〈5, 2000, Paris〉; Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the task force on Shielding Aspects of Accelerators, Targets and Irradiation Facilities
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Teilchenbeschleuniger ; Bestrahlungsanlage ; Abschirmung ; Strahlenschutz
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  • 49
    ISBN: 9789264061460
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.) , ill.
    DDC: 338.947
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Infrastructure sectors -- particularly railroads, telecommunications, electricity and natural gas -- are vital in providing necessities of life to the Russian Federation’s citizens and key inputs into the rest of the economy. A top priority of the current government in Russia is to reform the infrastructure sectors, specifically in such sectors as rail transport and electric power, to create an efficient and effective regulatory regime that supports the creation of competition where possible and provides more effective protection to consumers in those spheres where competition is not possible. This book compiles the proceedings of four meetings held at the request of the Minister for Antimonopoly Policy of the Russian Federation, on the reform of railroads, telecommunications, electricity and natural gas, during December 2000-September 2001. This review is part of the OECD's ongoing co-operation with non-Member economies around the world.
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  • 50
    ISBN: 9789264033832
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (40 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation et l'efficacité de l'aide n 4 ; Pratiques efficaces pour mener une évaluation conjointe associant plusieurs donneurs
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'évaluation et l'efficacité de l'aide n 4 : Pratiques efficaces pour mener une évaluation conjointe associant plusieurs donneurs
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Evaluation is a key tool in improving the quality and effectiveness of development co-operation. The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) Working Party in Aid Evaluation is the only international forum where bilateral and multilateral evaluation experts meet regularly. Its Members meet to improve evaluation practice and to learn lessons from development co-operation activities and experiences. A series "Evaluation and Aid Effectiveness" was launched to share selected pieces of work with a broader public. Joint multi-donor evaluations provide opportunities but also create challenges. The collaborative nature of such evaluations requires special attention and handling. This guide sets out the key steps to be taken when planning and implementing multi-donor evaluations. It draws upon experiences encountered in various types of multi-donor evaluations, some of which were conducted by the DAC Working Party on Aid Evaluation, while others were joint evaluations of multilateral agencies such as UNICEF, or more recently the European Commission's aid programmes and UNCDF. Insights have also been gained through joint evaluations by the Nordic countries. A print version of the above report is available free of charge from the Development Co-operation Directorate; please send an email to dac.contactoecd.org to get a copy.
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  • 51
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264194779
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (125 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The DAC Guidelines
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La réduction de la pauvreté
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Armutsbekämpfung
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Development
    Abstract: Developing countries, with the support of multilateral institutions, the bilateral development assistance community and civil society organisations, are focusing as never before on the development priority of reducing poverty by half by 2015. Country-led and country-owned poverty reduction strategies focusing on local needs and priorities as determined by stakeholders are now the focus of all development assistance efforts. The DAC Guidelines on Poverty Reduction provide practical information about the nature of poverty and best practice approaches, policies, instruments and channels for tackling it. They also break new ground in setting out the parameters for building effective partnerships with governments, civil society, and other development actors, and in describing how institutional change and development within bilateral agencies themselves could be undertaken for mainstreaming poverty reduction, partnership and policy coherence.
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  • 52
    ISBN: 9789264070820
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (11 p.)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 414; Étude de la toxicité pour le développement prénatal
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 414: Étude de la toxicité pour le développement prénatal
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline for developmental toxicity testing is designed to provide general information concerning the effects of prenatal exposure on the pregnant test animal and on the developing organism. The test substance is normally administered to pregnant animals at least from implantation to one day prior to the day of scheduled kill, which should be as close as possible to the normal day of delivery. This Test Guideline is intended for use with rodent (rat preferably) and non-rodent (rabbit preferably). Each test and control group should contain a sufficient number of females to result in approximately 20 female animals with implantation sites at necropsy. Three concentrations, at least, should be used. The test substance or vehicle is usually administered orally by intubation. A limit test may be performed if no effects would be expected at a dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/d. The results of this study include measurements (weighing) and clinical daily observations, each day preferably at the same time. Shortly before caesarean section, the females are killed (one day prior to the expected day of delivery), the uterine contents are examined, and the foetuses are evaluated for soft tissue and skeletal changes. A number of endocrine-related measurements in the dams and in the fetuses have been added in 2018. In any study which demonstrates an absence of toxic effects, further investigation to establish absorption and bioavailability of the test substance should be considered.
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  • 53
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 8 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/02
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Vers une société apprenante : LETA 2000
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: LETA 2000 was one of Australia’s most significant networking activities in educational technology last year. Moreover it provided an important opportunity to showcase Australia’s as well as other countries’ achievements in the application of information technology to learning. A unique system of planning and provision of educational facilities, involving the community of learners and teachers as well as the adult population in general and various authorities, was presented the impact of information and communication technology on learning was exemplified by the highly interesting and innovative Technology School of the Future.
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  • 54
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.53
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Significant changes in the structure of the telecommunication market have occurred since the introduction of competition in the sector. Now, companies are competing in all market segments and more importantly, competition is developing between companies, which use different network platforms such as fixed telecommunications networks, cable television networks and mobile networks. In terms of regulatory models, the development of inter-modal competition in the telecommunications sector requires the regulator to move forward to technology neutral regulation that is essential to maximise the welfare of consumers through innovative competition between different technology platforms.
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  • 55
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 52 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.294
    Keywords: Economics ; Italy
    Abstract: This paper discusses product market regulatory reforms in Italy over the past decade. Special attention is given to the underlying macroeconomic context for sectoral reforms and the role played by such reforms in consolidating the gains of macroeconomic convergence for entry into the European Monetary Union. The paper suggests that the shift towards more market-oriented and less interventionist policies, has allowed Italy’s legal and institutional framework to come closer to the mainstream of good regulatory practices in the OECD countries. With Italy having been initially a laggard on the regulatory reform front, recent achievements have been remarkable. They are, however, incomplete. A major challenge is the need to secure competition in the sheltered sectors of the economy, where inflation inertia raises costs and affects the exposed sectors, thereby weakening international competitiveness ...
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  • 56
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 81 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Labour Market and Social Policy Occasional Papers no.50
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: It is sometimes asserted that an era of faster economic growth has come about --the so-called New Economy. New technology, notably information and communications technology (ICT), is seen as a key factor at work, together with international economic integration. This report examines the issue from a labour market perspective. The findings suggest that sanguine predictions about the New Economy are unlikely to materialise unless the appropriate policy environment is in place, notably as regards employment and human capital development policies. New technology holds the promise of higher economic growth, ... True, new technologies hold the promise of higher economic growth and improved living standards. Besides the potential impact of technology on efficiency gains, ICT may provide opportunities for better utilising existing skills. In this regard, the availability of telework to groups so far underrepresented in the labour market is a positive phenomenon. Also, new technology will ...
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  • 57
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189959
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (156 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Teruel, Espagne 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE: Teruel, Espagne 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Spain
    Abstract: OECD's Territorial Review of the Teruel region of Spain. It finds that the region is a typical, albeit extreme, example of a low density remote area with an economic base facing serious challenges and little more than its own assets to rely on for its economic development. This book focuses mainly on how the area’s substantial natural and cultural resources can make a more important contribution in a forward-looking and integrated development strategy.
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  • 58
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195523
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (96 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Development Centre Studies
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taux de change ; Ni fixe, ni flottant
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Taux de change : Ni fixe, ni flottant
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Development
    Abstract: Don´t Fix, Don´t Float is a book about credibility, or lack thereof. It deals with questions pertaining to international financial architecture from the perspective of developing countries, emerging markets and transition economies. Should the monetary authority fix the exchange rate of the national currency? Should it instead let the currency float in foreign exchange markets? What about bands, baskets and crawls between the fix and the float corners? Answering these questions is of significance to the national economy involved and, with regard to global finance, often beyond. In the same way that there may never be a pure float, even among key currencies, an instant fix does not provide a fast lane to credibility. Credibility is earned abroad as the development process reinforces institution building in monetary, financial and budgetary matters. Indeed, rules for budgetary adjustment (such as the zero deficit in Argentina or the EU Stability and Growth Pact) are necessary for any exchange-rate regime to deliver economic growth and development. In Don´t Fix, Don´t Float, the case for intermediate regimes is made for five country groups in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Developing countries, emerging markets and transition economies, together with the OECD area, are facing the consequences of a worsening global economic outlook. In this environment, the development perspective underlying Don’t Fix, Don’t Float is clearly essential.
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  • 59
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.179
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper presents a new data set on human capital. It is based upon data released at the OECD for a subgroup of 38 member and non-member countries, and an effort performed at the Development Centre to expand this data set to other developing countries. The key to our methodology is to minimise the extrapolations and keep the data as close as possible to those directly available from national censuses (in the spirit of the work of De la Fuente and Doménech for OECD countries). We then use this new data set to test a neo-classical model in which human capital follows the Log-Linear formulation which is favoured by Mincerian approaches. We find both in levels and in first difference that the model performs extremely well. No externalities seem to manifest themselves, either on physical or on human capital accumulation. Total factor productivity (output net of the contribution of human and physical capital), however, do appear to be smaller, by about 45 per cent in average, in the ...
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  • 60
    ISBN: 9789264194953
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (62 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Foreign Direct Investment
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger ; Estonie 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE sur l'investissement direct étranger : Estonie 2001
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Estonia
    Abstract: OECD's review of foreign direct investment policy in Estonia. It finds that since regaining its independence in 1991, Estonia has undergone a remarkable economic transformation. By the end of 2000, it had received some US$2.65 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI), principally from European countries and the United States, and invested some US$443 million in the other Baltic countries. FDI has financed green-field investment, mergers and acquisitions, as well as the privatisation of state-owned-enterprises. Creating favourable conditions for FDI and openness to foreign trade have been key elements of Estonia’s economic strategy. Estonia has been included in the first wave of accession of new Members to the European Union and it joined the World Trade Organisation in 2000. The revamping of the old regime and privatisation are practically complete, and special attention is being given to reducing bureaucracy and regulation further. Very few restrictions to FDI remain. Estonia now faces the challenge of keeping up with the competition and catching up with the richer nations. On 26 July 2001, Estonia became eligible for adherence to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. This will help to consolidate Estonia's recent achievements and further expand its economic relations with OECD countries and other adherents to the Declaration.
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  • 61
    ISBN: 9789264194762
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (80 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: The DAC Guidelines
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Stratégies de développement durable
    Keywords: Environment ; Development
    Abstract: This publication provides policy guidance on good practice in developing and implementing strategies for sustainable development. While it focuses on the experience of developing countries, many of the issues covered and lessons drawn are of equal relevance to developed countries. It draws from international experience over the past two decades in both developed and developing countries as well as from a process of multi-stakeholders dialogue in Bolivia, Burkina-Faso, Ghana, Namibia, Nepal, Pakistan, Tanzania and Thailand, to assess their experience of country-level strategies for sustainable development. The DAC Guidelines on Strategies for Sustainable Development aim to provide guidance for development co-operation agencies in their efforts to assist developing countries towards sustainable development. They should also be of value to policy-makers, planners and development practitioners, as well as to academics, students and development analysts in all countries.
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  • 62
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2001/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper examines the roles of the ICT-producing sector and of key ICT-using industries in overall productivity growth in OECD countries. The ICT-producing sector provides a considerable contribution to productivity growth in several OECD countries and explains some of the pick-up in productivity growth in the United States in the second half of the 1990s. ICT manufacturing, in particular, has been characterised by very high rates of productivity growth in many countries. Some countries with a large ICT sector, such as Finland and Ireland, have experienced above-average multifactor productivity (MFP) growth in the second half of the 1990s. But some countries with a small ICT sector, such as Australia, have also observed rapid MFP growth, suggesting that a large ICT sector is no prerequisite for faster MFP growth. In some countries, notably Finland and the United States, certain ICT-using ...
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  • 63
    ISBN: 9789264294998 , 9264294996
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Series Statement: Nuclear development
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Management of depleted uranium
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Gestion de l'uranium appauvri
    Keywords: Uran ; Abreicherung
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  • 64
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.282
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper presents empirical estimates of human-capital augmented growth equations for a panel of 21 OECD countries over the period 1971-98. It uses an improved dataset on human capital and a novel econometric technique that reconciles growth model assumptions with the needs of panel data regressions. Unlike several previous studies, our results point to a positive and significant impact of human capital accumulation to output per capita growth. The estimated long-run effect on output of one additional year of education (about 6 per cent) is also consistent with microeconomic evidence on the private returns to schooling. We also found a significant growth effect from the accumulation of physical capital and a speed of convergence to the steady state of around 15 per cent per year. Taken together these results are not consistent with the human capital augmented version of the Solow model, but rather they support an endogenous growth model à la Uzawa-Lucas, with constant returns to ...
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  • 65
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.277
    Keywords: Economics ; Denmark
    Abstract: This paper analyses aspects of environmental policy in Denmark, including, among others, policy on surface water quality, clean air and support for renewable energy, waste disposal and transport policy. Environmental policies are an important priority in Denmark, with implementation often highly decentralised, but in some cases environmental objectives have been pursued at what seems a high price, perhaps through a wish to support the development of a domestic industry or to protect existing industry from loss of competitiveness. The paper criticises some of the arguments used in favour of this high cost approach in a number of contexts, including wind power subsidies, the carbon tax and the treatment of nutrient discharges from agriculture. The paper also discusses a number of innovative and efficient policies introduced or planned, for example the new approach to promoting renewable energy (including wind power) through tradable “green certificates” and a CO2 trading scheme in ...
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  • 66
    Language: English
    Pages: 24 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2001/02
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: In the ongoing public debate on globalisation, concerns have been expressed about the economic, social and environmental impacts of deepening international trade and investment ties and about the activities of the multinational enterprises. These concerns focus on a variety of issues including labour relations, human rights, environment, corruption, control of technology and consumer protection. The high profile of this debate means that most multinational enterprises now pay close attention to public perceptions of their activities in the societies in which they operate. Globalisation has also brought with it additional management challenges for firms in area that has come to be called “legal compliance”. Multinational enterprise are often present in dozens of jurisdictions covering many legal and regulatory areas. These companies need to keep themselves informed about the regulations affecting them and must take steps to ensure that they comply with law and regulation. Compliance ...
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  • 67
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 79 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.281
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: New Zealand’s tax system is one of the most neutral and efficient in the OECD. Bases are generally broad and rates are moderate. The full imputation system for dividend payments works to reduce tax distortions for corporate financing decisions, while efficiency in corporate investment decisions is encouraged by the low level of targeted tax incentives. The tax system is also more neutral vis-à-vis private saving than in most other countries, in particular because no general incentives are provided to private pension saving. There is hence no immediate need for major tax reform, but several second order issues should be addressed in order to reap the full benefit of an otherwise well-functioning system. The most important improvement would be to broaden the income tax base by including capital gains on a more comprehensive scale as well as introducing a tax on imputed rental income of owner-occupied housing. These two steps would not only reduce horisontal inequities and hence tax ...
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  • 68
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.289
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: This paper analyses Sweden’s policies for addressing a range of key environmental challenges. Although Sweden has a deliberately comprehensive approach to establishing its environmental objectives and policies, some issues have received particular attention. These include acidification and climate change arising from harmful cross-border and global air emissions, damage to waterways stemming from nutrient run-off from farming, and solid waste management. This review concentrates on the scope for Sweden to refine and extend the use of economic instruments to achieve better environmental outcomes in each of these areas. At the same time, more systematic and rigorous use of cost-benefit analysis in designing policies and in evaluating measures that have been put in place, would help Sweden to achieve its desired environmental objectives in the least costly way, or alternatively, to achieve the best environmental results for a given economic sacrifice ...
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  • 69
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.186
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Efforts to get Sub-Saharan Africa back into the world economy through internationally-backed reforms have largely failed due to lack of institutions, suitable local conditions or ability to negotiate effectively for foreign aid. Powerful interests or dominant communities distorted attempts at reform in some places. Success came when globalisation was made part of boosting social development and where it revived investment and growth, helping governments to start tackling poverty. It also worked best where economic chaos had decimated potential opposition. Democratic governments could probably not have got away with such drastic measures. But globalisation was not entirely to blame for increased poverty and inequality. Social and economic problems, disease, civil war, famine and external shocks played their part and in countries thus weakened, globalisation could not reverse the decline ...
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  • 70
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.278
    Keywords: Economics ; United States
    Abstract: This paper analyses aspects of US environmental policy, including, among others, policy on air and water quality, water supply in certain areas, climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. Particular attention is paid to certain policies in agriculture and road transport, sectors with an important influence on the environment, as well as to the use of cost-benefit analysis (and in some cases specific prohibitions on its use) and the role of the courts in designing and implementing policy. While “command and control” style regulations have produced significant improvements in environmental standards since the 1970s, increasing attention has been paid to the use of economic incentives - permit trading arrangements have been preferred to environmental taxes - and more flexibility in some regulatory policies. These trends towards more cost-effective policies should be extended to such areas as fuel economy, where increased fuel taxes would be more cost-effective than the “CAFE” ...
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  • 71
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2001/04
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Government involvement in “voluntary” initiatives for corporate responsibility has been extensive. This chapter reviews four main types of involvement -- legal and regulatory incentives, tax expenditures on the NGO sector, contributions to compliance expertise and moral suasion. The most influential government measures have been closely co-ordinated with broader public strategy, especially in relation to regulatory reform. Many of the private initiatives studied here are closely related to the legal and regulatory environments from which they emerge. Indeed, in some instances, these initiatives are so clearly a response to legal and regulatory incentives, that they could almost be called the extension or reflection into private management practices of public law and regulation. As a result, it is often difficult to analyse the impact or effectiveness of these initiatives independently of the legal and regulatory framework from which they emerge -- the two form an interdependent ...
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  • 72
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Policy Briefs no.18
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La libéralisation multilatérale des droits de douane et les pays en développement
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Tariffs still matter. • Full tariff liberalisation to 2010 would generate dynamic welfare gains of $1 200 billion (at 1995 prices), equivalent to 3 per cent of World GDP in 2010, from greater efficiency and higher productivity. • Developing countries stand to gain relatively more from multilateral tariff liberalisation, with aggregate gains amounting to nearly 5 per cent of their GDP in 2010. • The next WTO round will provide an opportunity for members to improve their living standards. Realising this potential, however, poses a major policy challenge to developing countries.
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  • 73
    ISBN: 9789264595903
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (380 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Knowledge and Skills for Life; First Results from PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Connaissances et compétences ; des atouts pour la vie ; Premiers résultats de PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conocimientos y aptitudes para la vida ; Primeros resultados del Programa Internacional de Evaluación de Estudiantes (PISA) 2000 de la OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Knowledge and Skills for Life: First Results from PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Connaissances et compétences : des atouts pour la vie : Premiers résultats de PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Conocimientos y aptitudes para la vida : Primeros resultados del Programa Internacional de Evaluación de Estudiantes (PISA) 2000 de la OCDE
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Sind die Schülerinnen und Schüler gut vorbereitet für die Herausforderungen der Zukunft? Sind sie in der Lage, ihre Ideen und Vorstellungen effektiv zu analysieren, zu begründen und zu kommunizieren? Verfügen sie über die notwendigen Kompetenzen für lebensbegleitendes Lernen? Der Bericht bewertet, inwieweit Schülerinnen und Schüler gegen Ender ihrer Pflichtschulzeit wesentliche Kompetenzen erworben haben, die für eine aktive Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft unerlässlich sind. Er enthält Angaben zu den Schülerleistungen in den Bereichen Lesekompetenz sowie mathematische und naturwissenschaftliche Grundbildung, deckt die Faktoren auf, die die Entwicklung dieser Kompetenzen im familiären und schulischen Kontext beeinflussen, und untersucht, welche Konsequenzen sich daraus für die Politikgestaltung ergeben. Die PISA-Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Niveau der Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten je nach Schülern, Schulen und Ländern erheblich variiert. Der sozioökonomische Hintergrund von Schülern und Schulen wirkt sich unterschiedlich stark auf die Schülerleistungen aus. Einigen Ländern ist es gelungen, den Einfluss dieser sozialen Faktoren abzuschwächen, und mache haben dabei zugleich ein insgesamt hohes durchschnittliches Leistungsniveau erreicht.
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  • 74
    Language: English
    Pages: 114 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2001/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This document reflects recent efforts made by the OECD to obtain an accurate assessment of the current state of biotechnology statistics in OECD Member and Observer countries. This project was realised thanks in large part to a voluntary contribution provided by the Government of Canada. The Compendium was prepared by Brigitte van Beuzekom of the OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. In addition, this Compendium benefited from the contribution of Anthony Arundel of MERIT, who served as an outside reviewer during the preparation of the Compendium and from delegates involved in the OECD ad hoc Meeting on Biotechnology Statistics. Thanks to Sandrine Kergroach-Connan for her help in the preparation of the Trade and Venture Capital sections. Comments are welcome and should be sent to Brigitte van Beuzekom, c/o OECD/DSTI OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris, Cedex 16, France ...
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  • 75
    Language: English
    Pages: 111 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.312
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper analyses several of the cross-market effects of policies aimed at influencing outcomes in product and labour markets. Focusing on subsets of OECD countries, we look at the implications of product market competition for industry wages and overall employment, and the implications of labour market arrangements for industrial structure and innovation potential. We also look at the potential implications of regulatory reform for employment security and income inequality. We provide empirical evidence on long-run policy interactions by exploiting the cross-country and intersectoral dimensions of the data, though the analysis of employment uses also the time-series dimension. To this end, we rely on a large set of indicators of (economy-wide) labour market policies and institutions and (economy-wide, industry-specific and time-varying) product market regulations. We find that: (a) anticompetitive product market regulations have significant negative effects on non-agricultural ...
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  • 76
    ISBN: 9789264193215
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (176 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Districts centraux de Valence, Espagne 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE : Districts centraux de Valence, Espagne 2001
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Spain
    Abstract: OECD's Territorial Review of the Valencian Central Districts of Spain. It finds that the future of the region in an era of globalisation is uncertain. At a time when producer services are becoming critical to the success of goods producing industries, will the small settlements that characterise the Valencian Central Districts be able to maintain their competitive position? And should they find new forms of partnership in order to increase their capacity to make investments? The aim of this Territorial Review is to provide practical policy advice on how the area can respond to new challenges by enhancing potential opportunities.
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  • 77
    Language: English
    Pages: 19 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2001/03
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Many companies have implemented programmes that help them to respond to societal concerns about the economic, social and environmental impacts of their activities. These help them to manage their compliance with legal or regulatory requirements and their response to “softer” forms of social control of business. These voluntary initiatives by companies have included public statements -- codes of conduct --in which they commit to behavioural norms in a variety of areas of business ethics (e.g. environment, anti-corruption, etc.). Some companies have backed these up with management systems designed to help them respect their commitments. Indeed, codes of conduct often represent just the first step in a process of improving management processes in support of legal and ethical compliance. Subsequent steps include the implementation of systems of management control designed to promote compliance. These systems typically employ a range of tools including accounting and record keeping ...
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  • 78
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 38 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.171
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: It is relatively easy to assess the progress, achievements, and possible future direction of an existing regional integration pact. However, evaluating the prospects for a successful revival of the East African Community (EAC), a regional integration scheme that collapsed in 1977, is arguably a more difficult task. This paper examines recent attempts to revive the EAC, especially as it concerns the harmonisation of macroeconomic policies, infrastructure services, and movement of people, goods and services. Despite the hopes of the different partner countries, it appears there are no easy solutions to the problems posed by regionalism in Eastern Africa, especially when one considers that the problems that led to the EAC’s collapse during the 1970s still exist today. Moreover, partners now have many options for multiple memberships: many East African nations are already members of COMESA, and SADC includes one East African member. The paper argues that the presence of these new ...
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  • 79
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/05
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les classes de l'avenir au Royaume-Uni
    Keywords: Education ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Last year the UK Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) developed proposals for an initiative in school building design that became known as Classrooms of the Future. Its objective is to develop a number of pilot projects which explore different design options for the delivery of education in the 21st century. The lessons learned from the projects will help shape guidance for the future design of schools.
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  • 80
    Language: English
    Pages: 17 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2001/05
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The OECD Guidelines are recommendations by governments to multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in or from the 33 countries that adhere to the Guidelines. The Guidelines help ensure that MNEs act in harmony with the policies of countries in which they operate and with societal expectations. They are the only comprehensive, multilaterally endorsed code of conduct for MNEs. They establish non-binding principles and standards covering a broad range of issues in business ethics. The basic premise of the Guidelines is that internationally agreed principles can help to prevent misunderstandings and build an atmosphere of confidence and predictability among business, labour, governments and society as a whole. The recent review of the Guidelines, concluded in June 2000, brought significant change to the contents of the Guidelines’ recommendations and sought to enhance their distinctive implementation procedures. At the time of the review, many participants noted the intense ...
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  • 81
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.169
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: This paper analyses the determinants of intra-African trade (IAT) to assess the potential obstacles to greater sub-regional trade. Both economic and political arguments suggest that increased IAT can foster a regional take-off. Trade linkages in Africa, however, are very weak. Official statistics show that IAT is a small fraction of each country’s total trade and has remained roughly constant over the years. The main obstacles suggested in the literature include trade policy, insufficient infrastructure, non-convertibility of currencies, ethnic, cultural and linguistic diversity and very high political instability. In order to rank such potential obstacles, the study develops an extended gravity model, using a new panel dataset for 41 African countries during the 1980-97 period. Bilateral trade flows between African countries and their major trading partners have been used to identify specific obstacles to IAT. Besides traditional gravity variables (income, income per capita ...
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  • 82
    ISBN: 9789264189447
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (236 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Allemagne 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte; Deutschland 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Allemagne 2001
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Umweltprüfberichte: Deutschland 2001
    Keywords: Environment ; Germany
    Abstract: This review of Germany's environmental conditions and policies evaluates progress in reducing the pollution burden, improving natural resource management, integrating environmental and economic policies, and strengthening international co-operation. The analyses presented are supported by a broad range of economic and environmental data.
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  • 83
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.175
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: In many developing countries, customs efficiency is hampered by widespread corruption. This creates a major disincentive and obstacle to trade expansion. It also leads to disastrous consequences in terms of national security and public finance. This OECD Development Centre Technical Paper examines the nature of customs corruption and suggests some practical paths to integrity. It is based on fact-finding studies of recent experience of customs reform in Bolivia, Pakistan and the Philippines. These studies were entrusted to experts, especially qualified, by personal, inside experience, to identify, describe and evaluate the problems and developments in each of the relevant customs services. They provide a detailed, objective and intimate account of the character of corruption practices, the forces at work for and against reform and the outcome in each of the three countries. Based on the analysis of the serious setbacks in Bolivia and Pakistan and relative success in the Philippines ...
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  • 84
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/09
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Étude comparative des équipements dans l'enseignement tertiaire : Etude de cas en Australie
    Keywords: Education ; Australia
    Abstract: Extensive efforts world-wide have been made to develop performance measures for the physical infrastructure of educational institutions. However, this issue is not easy to resolve given the differences in data collection and management within individual countries and between countries. The Australasian experience demonstrates that it is possible to collaborate in the development of performance measures if the will is there.
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  • 85
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 7 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/13
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'école du futur
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: On the occasion of its 30th anniversary, PEB invited experts to debate the continuing need for educational buildings at a one-day seminar in June 2001 entitled “Temples of Learning or White Elephants? What Future for Educational Buildings?” The OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presented possible scenarios for schools over the next 15 to 20 years. The effects of information and communication technologies (ICT) on the learning environment were addressed at both school and tertiary levels, as well as the views of teachers and other users of educational facilities.
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  • 86
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.56
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The development of broadband access to the Internet is gaining increasing prominence. This is occurring in fields that go well beyond communications policy. One reason for this is the role advanced communication capabilities may have played in generating higher growth in productivity rates, as well as new networkbased economic activities, in some countries over recent years. If, as many believe, new communication tools such as the Internet and wireless networks boosted growth in the latter half of the 1990s, and softened the current cyclical downturn, then the next steps toward broadband access are of critical importance that go beyond the communications sector. The current bottleneck to growth in the communications sector, and beyond for areas such as electronic commerce, is the limitations of local access networks. These limitations are not just technological. The inheritance of many decades of monopoly provision of access networks is that there is usually only one, or at best two, networks passing most homes and businesses in OECD countries. In some cases the same company still owns both these networks.
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  • 87
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 27 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2001/01
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper deals with the construction of statistics for area or zone totals for groups of countries. It discusses various ways to construct volume and value series and reviews some of the implications for resulting indirect price indices. The paper then takes a more specific look at the Euro area and provides an empirical example concerning the aggregation of private final consumption for the 12 countries of the Euro area ...
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  • 88
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 3 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2001/04
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'école du XXIe siècle : Êtes-vous prêts?
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Prakash Nair of the United States proposes the list below for evaluating how a school measures up to the most important requirements of the 21st century. It addresses architects, administrators, head teachers, pupils and others responsible for or interested in the design of a new school or the renovation of an existing building.
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  • 89
    Language: English
    Pages: 78 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.50
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The new global information infrastructure will prove effective only if it can guarantee high-speed transmission throughout the network of all kinds of data -- text, images, sound or video -- in a secure manner while preserving its integrity.
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  • 90
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.279
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper reviews the role of house prices in influencing private consumption and residential investment in OECD countries. Deregulation of the mortgage markets in most OECD countries since the 1970s has made it easier for households to borrow for current consumption on the basis of their housing wealth, and the easing of borrowing constraints has often been accompanied by sizeable withdrawal of housing equity. The analysis presented in the paper and a review of existing empirical work for the major OECD countries suggest that house prices have a significant positive impact on private consumption through wealth effects and/or an easing of liquidity constraints. House prices also influence the profitability of house building, and in many countries there is a close association between profitability of house construction and private residential investment. A corollary of these results is that residential property prices can be useful indicators of demand pressures in the economy ...
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  • 91
    ISBN: 9789264034785
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (47 p)
    Keywords: Taxation ; Lithuania
    Abstract: In accordance with decisions made by the FDI, the OECD has initiated surveys on fiscal decentralisation for the purpose of providing international comparisons on the design of fiscal systems across levels of government. The FDI is a joint initiative of the OECD, the World Bank, USAID, the Council of Europe, The Open Society Institute, UNDP and OECD Member countries to assist transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe in carrying out intergovernmental reforms. In 2000 the surveys took place in six countries: three OECD Member countries, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland, and the three Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In "Fiscal Design Surveys across Levels of Government" OECD Tax Policy Studies, no 7, 2001, the overall concept of the surveys and the comparative results for the six countries are brought. The full country reports are available through the OECD iLibrary, www.OECD-iLibrary.org, and the internet site of the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, www.oecd.org/daf/fa
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  • 92
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264192393
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (48 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les perspectives commerciales entre le Nigeria et ses voisins
    Keywords: Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Development ; Trade ; Nigeria
    Abstract: Economic integration in West Africa is a major political objective for all the States in the region and is supported by the main economic players in the region. The weight of Nigeria -- which accounts for 50% of the regional economy -- the many constraints to formal trade, linguistic barriers, these all raise as many hopes as fears among the economic players in neighbouring countries with respect to their future relations with this powerful neighbour. Prospects for Trade between Nigeria and its Neighbours, a study undertaken by the Laboratoire d’Analyse Regional et d’Expertise Sociale (LARES) in Cotonou, commissioned by the Club du Sahel, examines the issues. It describes the still largely informal trade in the region, analysing constraints to its growth and some possible future developments. Presented as a series of concise, well documented "fact sheets", this study will be of interest to those in both public and private spheres who believe that regional trade development is a necessary response to globalisation. Prospects for Trade between Nigeria and its Neighbours has formed the basis of a workshop organised by the Club du Sahel and the West African Enterprise Network for English and French entrepreneurs in December 2000 in Cotonou, Benin.
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  • 93
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189362
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (212 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance au XXIe siècle
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Governance im 21. Jahrhundert
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Governance in the 21st Century (Korean version)
    RVK:
    Keywords: Staat ; Regierung ; Ursache ; Gesellschaft ; Entwicklung ; Autorität ; Liberalisierung ; Ethik ; Demokratie ; Globalisierung ; Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Erde ; Politik ; Zukunft
    Abstract: As we move into the 21st century, the turbulent transformation of economy and society looks set to continue. Growing integration of markets, radical new technologies, the increasing knowledge intensity of human activity, all point to the emergence of an immensely complex world. But how will it be managed? And by whom? What forms of organisation and decision-making will be required at local, national and global levels to meet the challenges of the next decades? One thing seems certain: old forms of governance -- in the public sector, corporations and civil society -- are becoming increasingly ineffective. New forms of governance will be needed over the next few decades which will involve a much broader range of active players. Traditional hierarchical organisations and top-down control will give way more and more to a wider diffusion of responsibility and decision-making that builds on the talents for innovation and creativity of individuals and groups. This book explores some of the opportunities and risks -- economic, social and technological -- that decision-makers will have to address in the coming years, and outlines what needs to be done to foster society 's capacity to manage its future more flexibly and with broader participation of its citizens.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapt. 1: Michalski, Wolfgang ; Müller, Riel ; Stevens, Barrie: Governance in the 21st century : power in the global knowledge economy and society. - S. 7-26 Chapt. 2: Tarschys, Daniel: Wealth, values, institutions : trends in government and governance. - S. 27-44 Chapt. 3: Valaskakis, Kimon: Long-term trends in global governance : from "Westphalia" to "Seattle". - S. 45-66 Chapt. 4: Six, Perri: Governing by technique : judgement and the prospects for governance of and with technology. - S. 67-120 Chapt. 5: Sabel, Charles F.: A quiet revolution of democratic governance : towards democratic experimentalism. - S. 121-148 Chapt. 6: Albrow, Martin: Society as social diversity : the challenge for governance in the global age. - S. 149-182 Chapt. 7: Paquet, Gilles: The new governance, subsidiarity, and the strategic state. - S. 183-214
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  • 94
    ISBN: 9789264193239
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (272 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: The first OECD Conference on Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs in 1997 highlighted their contribution to innovation and job creation. Since that time, women’s entrepreneurship has been burgeoning. Women entrepreneurs constitute a growing share of SME owners, with higher than average start-up rates in several OECD Member and non-member countries. Eliminating obstacles to the creation and development of firms by women and creating a level playing field for women business owners is vital for a thriving entrepreneurial sector and important for national growth strategies. Women business owners are creating new niches for entrepreneurial activity and have the potential to become key players in the new, knowledge-based economy. However, they must adapt to profound changes in the way small enterprises do business, both locally and at the global level. The 2000 Conference aimed at finding ways to help women-owned SMEs seize the opportunities offered by globalisation, ICTs, changes in firm organisation, the increasing importance of the service sector, and other current developments. Cette publication est tirée de la conférence de l'OCDE sur « Les femmes entrepreneurs à la tête de PME : pour une participation dynamique à la mondialisation et à l'économie fondée sur le savoir ». Les lecteurs de langue française y trouveront une synthèse en français des présentations, discussions et conclusions de la conférence.
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  • 95
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264195035
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (104 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le secteur public au XXIème siècle ; repenser le leadership
    DDC: 350
    RVK:
    Keywords: Governance ; OECD ; Öffentlicher Sektor ; Führungskräfteentwicklung ; OECD ; Verwaltung ; Führungskraft ; Ausbildung
    Abstract: In an era of globalisation, decentralisation, and knowledge-based economies, governments are having to reshape public sector leadership to cope with new challenges. This environment requires new roles for public sector leaders including change agents, promoters of enhanced performance, co-ordinators of government policies, and keepers of public service values. Many governments of OECD Member countries are developing new public sector leadership models. This is the first report to examine key leadership issues across OECD Member countries, including the strategies and practices governments are adopting, and the lessons from country experiences so far.
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  • 96
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264193659
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (100 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les taxes liées à l'environnement dans les pays de l'OCDE ; Problèmes et stratégies
    DDC: 336.2/783337/09177
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Keywords: Environment ; Taxation ; OECD ; Mitgliedsstaaten ; Umweltsteuer
    Abstract: It is now widely recognised that a greater use of market based instruments is a key element of effective and economically efficient environmental policies, and an important framework condition for sustainable development. Hence, over the last decade, economic instruments have been playing a growing role in environmental policies of OECD countries. In this context, a distinctive feature is the increasing role of environmentally related taxes. All countries have introduced environmental taxes to a varying extent, and an increasing number of countries are implementing comprehensive green-tax reforms, while others are contemplating doing so. This report analyses current use of environmentally related taxes in OECD Member countries. Focus is given to their environmental effectiveness. The report identifies obstacles to a broader use of such taxes -- in particular the fear of loss of sectoral competitiveness -- and ways to overcome such problems.
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  • 97
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    ISBN: 9789264189461
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (305 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Des partenariats locaux pour une meilleure gouvernance
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Asociaciones locales para una mejor gobernabilidad
    RVK:
    Keywords: Employment ; Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Aufsatzsammlung ; OECD ; Regionale Wirtschaftskooperation ; Regionale Kooperation
    Abstract: To better respond to a new set of concerns of the population and promote sustainable development, governments today actively seek a broad partnership with civil society and the private sector. Yet, it is at local and regional levels, closer to the problems and the individuals, that partnerships are most often formed. Partnerships are being established throughout OECD countries to tackle issues of economic development, employment, social cohesion and the quality of life. What all partnerships share is a common desire to improve governance -- how society collectively solves its problems and meets its needs. Through partnerships, civil society and its NGOs, enterprises and government at different levels work together to design area-based strategies, adapt policies to local conditions and take initiatives consistent with shared priorities. An ambitious mission, which raises the challenge of harmonising public accountability and participatory democracy. Local Partnerships for Better Governance presents the lessons learnt from the most recent experiences in seven countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy and the United States. This book proposes a strategy that governments can implement to improve governance through partnerships. Applying this strategy will enforce local capacities in a globalising economy, and contribute to reconcile economic competitiveness, social cohesion and environmental progress.
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  • 98
    ISBN: 9789264192935
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (194 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Radioactive Waste Management
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Using thermodynamic sorption models for guiding radioelement distribution coefficient (Kd) investigations
    RVK:
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Konferenzschrift ; Radioaktiver Abfall ; Sicherheitsanalyse ; Entsorgung
    Abstract: A general consensus has been reached among technical experts that high-level radioactive waste can safely be disposed of in deep geological repositories. Safety studies are carried out to evaluate the overall capacity of a particular disposal site to confine waste and minimise radioactive releases. Since the principal way in which radioactive elements might eventually reach the biosphere is by transport of dissolved radionuclides in groundwater, the safety study calculations must be able to estimate their rate of transfer through each of the barriers surrounding the repository. It is well known that, for many radioelements, sorption reactions can lead to a reduction of the amount of radionuclides present in the solution phase. How best to take radionuclide sorption reactions into account in repository performance assessment models is the subject of this book.
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  • 99
    ISBN: 9789264196223
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (164 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Le cycle du combustible nucléaire ; Aspects économiques, environnementaux et sociaux
    Keywords: Environment ; Nuclear Energy
    Abstract: The role of nuclear energy in a sustainable development context has multiple facets, a significant number of which relate to the nuclear fuel cycle. This report provides a description of the developments and trends in the nuclear fuel cycle that may improve the competitiveness and sustainability of nuclear generating systems over the medium and long term. It also presents criteria and indicators for future nuclear energy systems. Prepared by experts from the nuclear industry, government agencies and research organisations, this report will be of interest to those involved in nuclear energy policy and decision making.
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  • 100
    ISBN: 9789264192782
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (440 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Keywords: Nuclear Energy ; Japan
    Abstract: It has been widely recognised among researchers that speciation data are essential for proper and reliable modelling of radionuclide behaviour, which is studied inter alia in the context of radioactive waste management. Participants at the OECD/NEA workshop on "Evaluation of Speciation Technology" reviewed the various techniques used to identify different species of actinide and fission product elements present in nuclear waste and nuclear reprocessing streams. The review takes into account the advantages, disadvantages and limitations of the various methods in relation to their field of application. Recommendations for future R&D are also provided. These proceedings will primarily be of interest to chemists specialised in separation techniques and radioactive waste management experts.
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