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  • MPI Ethno. Forsch.  (2,801)
  • 2000-2004  (2,801)
  • Paris : OECD Publishing  (2,800)
  • Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
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Material
Language
Years
Year
Author, Corporation
Publisher
Keywords
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Journal/Serial
    Journal/Serial
    Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft (from 1991-)
    Wiesbaden : Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden | Opladen : Leske + Budrich | Wiesbaden : VS, Verl. f. Sozialwiss. | Pfaffenweiler : Centaurus-Verl. ; 1.1991 -
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-7548 , 2628-8133
    Language: German
    Dates of Publication: 1.1991 -
    Parallel Title: Erscheint auch als Stadt, Raum und Gesellschaft
    DDC: 300
    Keywords: Monografische Reihe
    Note: Teilweise ungezählt
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    Journal/Serial
    DNB
    MPI-MMG
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Insurance Regulation and Supervision in Latin America : A Comparative Assessment (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264104464
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (124 p.)
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réglementation et contrôle des assurances en Amérique latine ; Une analyse comparative
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réglementation et contrôle des assurances en Amérique latine : Une analyse comparative
    Keywords: Finance and Investment ; Lateinamerika ; Versicherungsbetrieb ; Liquiditätskontrolle ; Berichtspflicht ; Aufsichtsbehörde
    Abstract: This publication provides a comparative study of insurance regulation and supervision in nineteen Latin American countries. It also includes materials prepared for two policy dialogue meetings, in Honduras in 2002 and in the Dominican Republic in 2003, between OECD Member countries and partner countries in Latin America to facilitate the co-operation and co-ordination among insurance regulators and supervisors. This publication is a reference tool for experts and policy makers, working in the insurance field.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264104464-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Energy Statistics Manual (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264033986
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (196 p)
    Keywords: Energy ; Economics ; Energiewirtschaft ; Handbuch ; Statistik
    Abstract: Detailed, complete, timely and reliable statistics are essential to monitor the energy situation at a country level as well as at an international level. Energy statistics on supply, trade, stocks, transformation and demand are indeed the basis for any sound energy policy decision. This manual is designed to provide a basic understanding of energy statistics to the layman.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264033986-en
    URL: Volltext
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    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Territorial Reviews: Czech Republic 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264106413
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (142 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; République Tchèque 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE: République Tchèque 2004
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Czech Republic
    Abstract: One of the major challenges facing the Czech Republic is to preserve the role of the Capital city Region of Prague and its surroundings as growth engines for the national economy, while ensuring adequate development in other regions. This report examines the performance and potential of the various Czech regions, examines strategies and policies for fostering better regional peformance, and looks at the institutions involved and makes recommendations for their improvement.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264106413-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Patents and Innovation : Trends and Policy Challenges (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264026728
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Few systematic economic evaluations have been carried out on patent system to better inform policy choices. This report, which covers a range of areas, and highlights some issues that policy makers should address in the near future, including markets for technology, patenting by public reserach organisations, biotechnology, and software and services.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264026728-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: Italy 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264017047
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (130 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Italy
    Abstract: This report, part of a series covering around 20 OECD countries, contains a survey of the Italy's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners. These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264017047-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi: Norway 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020467
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (128 p.)
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies/Vieillissement et politiques de l'emploi
    Series Statement: Ageing and Employment Policies
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    DDC: 305.26
    RVK:
    QM 353
    RVK:
    QX 810
    RVK:
    QC 347
    RVK:
    QG 440
    Keywords: Employment ; Finance and Investment ; Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Norway ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Konferenzschrift 2003 ; Norwegen ; Älterer Arbeitnehmer ; Beschäftigungspolitik
    Abstract: This report, part of a series covering around 20 OECD countries, contains a survey of Norway's main barriers to employment for older workers, an assessment of the adequacy and effectiveness of existing measures to overcome these barriers, and a set of policy recommendations to further action by public authorities and social partners.  These recommendations are designed to alleviate some of the pension and health care pressures governments are facing because of ageing populations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020467-en
    URL: Volltext
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    URL: Volltext
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    BSZ
    GBV
    KOBV
    MPI Ethno. Forsch.
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Le secteur laitier (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015913
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (256 p.)
    Series Statement: Agriculture, échanges et environnement
    Parallel Title: Druckausg.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Dairy Sector
    Keywords: Agriculture and Food ; Environment ; Trade ; Milchwirtschaft ; Umweltbelastung ; Agrarhandel ; Liberalisierung ; Treibhauseffekt
    Abstract: Grâce à un regard approfondi sur le secteur laitier dans les pays de l'OCDE, cette étude permet de mieux analyser l'impact des subventions à l'agriculture et des politiques de l'environnement sur l'environnement et sur la compétitivité internationale des produits laitiers.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015913-fr
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    ECMT Annual Report 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (72 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Rapport annuel de la CEMT 2003
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This ECMT Annual Report 2003 provides information on the different modal and horizontal activities where ECMT tries to make a contribution to improving international policy reflection and formulation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123171-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    OECD Forum 2004 : Forum Highlights (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108479
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (24 p)
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This brochure presents highlights from OECD Forum 2004. It includes texts of keynote speeches and summaries of each session.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108479-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transport and Spatial Policies : The Role of Regulatory and Fiscal Incentives (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789282123232
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Series Statement: ECMT Round Tables no.124
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques spatiales et transports ; Le rôle des incitations réglementaires et fiscales
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Politiques spatiales et transports : Le rôle des incitations réglementaires et fiscales
    Keywords: Transport
    Abstract: This ECMT Round Table contains four papers that show how a disconnect between transport policy planning and spatial policy planning and measures have curtailed the effectiveness of transport policy. The papers discuss ways to overcome the lack of coordination between transport and spatial policies and formulate proposals on how fiscal incentives can help to avoid the failure of interjurisdictional co-ordination.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789282123232-en
    URL: Volltext
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  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Die OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen : Neufassung 2000 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108059
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (69 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises; Revision 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les Principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales ; Révision 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Revision 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les Principes directeurs de l'OCDE à l'intention des entreprises multinationales : Révision 2000
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Die OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen sind neben den ILO-Kernarbeitsnormen und dem UN Global Compact weltweit das wichtigste Instrument zur Förderung von verantwortungsvoller Unternehmensführung. Für Unternehmen bieten sie einen Verhaltenskodex bei Auslandsinvestitionen und für die Zusammenarbeit mit ausländischen Zulieferern. Die Leitsätze beschreiben, was von Unternehmen bei ihren weltweiten Aktivitäten im Umgang mit Gewerkschaften, im Umweltschutz, bei der Korruptionsbekämpfung oder der Wahrung von Verbraucherinteressen erwartet wird.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108059-de
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  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Descriptions of Selected Key Generic Terms used in Chemical Hazard/Risk Assessment (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264079120
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (92 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.44
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This paper presents internationally harmonised generic and technical terms used in chemical hazard/risk assessment which will help facilitate the mutual use and acceptance of the assessment of chemicals between countries, saving resources for both governments and industry.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264079120-en
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  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Governance im 21. Jahrhundert (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264589360
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (264 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Governance in the 21st Century
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La gouvernance au XXIe siècle
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Governance in the 21st Century (Korean version)
    Keywords: Governance ; Social Issues/Migration/Health
    Abstract: Mit dem Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts stehen weitere dramatische Umwälzungen in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft an der Tagesordnung. Das zunehmende Zusammenwachsen internationaler Märkte, die Einführung grundlegend neuer Technologien sowie eine sich verstärkende Wissensintensität menschlicher Tätigkeit deuten auf eine außerordentlich komplexe Welt von morgen. Aber wer soll diese Entwicklungen steuern? Und in welche Bahnen sollen sie gelenkt werden? Welche organisatorischen und institutionellen Voraussetzungen und welche Entscheidungsstrukturen und -prozesse werden auf lokaler, nationaler und globaler Ebene benötigt, um diesen Herausforderungen begegnen zu können?Diese Veröffentlichung untersucht die Chancen und Risiken wirtschaftlicher, gesellschaftlicher und technologischer Natur, denen sich die Entscheidungsträger in den kommenden Jahren zu stellen haben werden, und erforscht die Grundlagen, die es der Gesellschaft erlauben, die Zukunft flexibler und mit der Teilnahme aller gesellschaftlichen Kräfte zu gestalten.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264589360-de
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  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Essai n 431: Corrosion cutanée in vitro :Essai sur modèle de peau humaine (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071155
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (9 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 431; In Vitro Skin Corrosion; Human Skin Model Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Human Skin Model Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: L'essai décrit dans cette Ligne directrice permet l'identification des substances et des mélanges chimiques corrosifs ; et permet également d'identifier les substances et mélanges non-corrosifs. Le protocole d'essai peut également fournir une indication pour la distinction des substances plus ou moins corrosives pour la peau. Cette Ligne directrice n'exige pas l'utilisation de tissu d'animal ou d’animal vivant pour l'évaluation de la corrosivité cutanée. La substance d'essai (solide ou liquide) est appliquée localement et uniformément sur un modèle tridimensionnel de peau humaine, comportant au moins un épiderme reconstruit avec un stratum corneum fonctionnel. Deux réplicats sont employés pour chaque traitement (durée d'exposition), et pour les contrôles. Les substances corrosives sont identifiées sur la base de leur capacité à réduire la viabilité cellulaire en dessous des valeurs seuils définies pour des périodes d'exposition spécifiques. Le principe de l'essai sur modèle de peau humaine repose sur l'hypothèse que les produits chimiques corrosifs peuvent pénétrer le stratum corneum par diffusion ou érosion, et sont cytotoxiques pour les couches cellulaires sous-jacentes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071155-fr
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  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Estudios Económicos de la OCDE: México 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264018181
    Language: Spanish
    Pages: Online-Ressource (280 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys; Mexico 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE ; Mexique 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Economic Surveys: Mexico 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Études économiques de l'OCDE : Mexique 2003
    Keywords: Economics ; Mexico
    Abstract: Los Estudios Económicos que la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) elabora sobre sus países miembros son evaluaciones comprehensivas de sus circunstancias económicas y propuestas rigurosas de política para consolidar, corregir o poner en práctica soluciones en favor de un desarrollo económico real y perdurable. Los Estudios Económicos se preparan con base en los reportes que realiza el Secretariado de la OCDE para el examen que periódicamente lleva a cabo el Comité de Seguimiento al Desarrollo Económico para cada país. El Estudio Económico de México 2003 presenta una interesante radiografía de la economía mexicana, acompañada de una serie de propuestas de gran relevancia tanto para los estudiosos del tema, como para los diseñadores de políticas en México. En general, la OCDE afirma que la economía mexicana se encuentra "bien posicionada para retomar el rumbo de crecimiento sólido y sostenible, aunque el momento y la fortaleza de la recuperación dependerán en gran medida de factores externos fuera del control de los diseñadores de políticas" y sugiere que "aun si las condiciones macroeconómicas se muestran desfavorables, las autoridades necesitan continuar esforzándose por lograr los objetivos anunciados en términos de inflación y presupuesto, si se desea conservar la confianza". Este estudio contiene además un capítulo sobre las fuentes del crecimiento de la economía mexicana, un capítulo enfocado a las reformas estructurales y una sección en donde se abordan los efectos económicos de la migración en México.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264018181-es
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  • 17
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    Bildungs- und Berufsberatung : Bessere Verzahnung mit der öffentlichen Politik (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264015838
    Language: German
    Pages: Online-Ressource (200 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Career Guidance and Public Policy; Bridging the Gap
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Orientation professionnelle et politique publique ; comment combler l'écart
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Orientación profesional y políticas públicas ; Cómo acortar distancias
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Career Guidance and Public Policy: Bridging the Gap
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Orientation professionnelle et politique publique : comment combler l'écart
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Orientación profesional y políticas públicas : Cómo acortar distancias
    Keywords: Education ; Employment
    Abstract: Die OECD-Länder messen dem lebenslangen Lernen und der aktiven Beschäftigungspolitik als Instrumente zur Förderung von Wirtschaftswachstum und sozialer Gerechtigkeit zunehmende Bedeutung bei. Effektive Informations- und Beratungssysteme sind wesentliche Grundlagen für die Umsetzung dieser Maßnahmen, und alle Bürger müssen sich die notwendigen Kompetenzen aneignen, um ihre eigene berufliche Laufbahn steuern zu können. Zwischen diesen Politikzielen und den Kapazitäten der nationalen Bildungs- und Berufsberatungssysteme besteht aber noch eine große Kluft. So ist der Zugang zu Bildungs- und Berufsberatungsdiensten, vor allem für Erwachsene, begrenzt. Statt ihren Kunden die Fähigkeit zu vermitteln, ihre berufliche Entwicklung selbst in die Hand zu nehmen, konzentrieren sich die Beratungsstellen zu oft auf gerade anstehende Fragen und Entscheidungen. Ferner sind die Ausbildungs- und Qualifikationssysteme für die Anbieter der Beratungsdienste häufig unzureichend und unangemessen. Die Koordinierung zwischen den wichtigsten Ministerien und den übrigen Beteiligten lässt viel zu wünschen übrig. Die politischen Entscheidungsträger verfügen nicht über hinreichende Daten- und Erfahrungsgrundlagen, um die Bildungs- und Berufsberatungsdienste sachgerecht steuern zu können, wobei es an Daten sowohl zu Kosten und Nutzen als auch zu Kundenmerkmalen und Ergebnissen mangelt. Und was das konkrete Angebot an Beratungsdiensten betrifft, so wird zu wenig Gebrauch gemacht von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) und anderen kosteneffektiven Mitteln, um flexibler auf die Kundenbedürfnisse eingehen zu können. Ausgehend von einer in 14 OECD-Ländern durchgeführten Prüfung wird in dieser Veröffentlichung untersucht, wie die Kluft zwischen Bildungs- und Berufsberatungsdiensten einerseits und öffentlicher Politik andererseits verringert werden könnte. Es wird dafür plädiert, die Koordinierung auf nationaler Ebene zu verbessern und sich verstärkt um Forschung und Datenerfassung zu bemühen, um die politischen Entscheidungsträger mit hinreichenden Informationen versorgen zu können. In dem Bericht werden ferner bessere, fachspezifischere Ausbildungsprogramme für die Praktiker der Bildungs- und Berufsberatung sowie die Einrichtung stärker spezialisierter Einrichtungen für Bildungs- und Berufsberatungsdienste empfohlen.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264015838-de
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  • 18
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    La gestion des dépenses publiques en France (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.409
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Public Expenditure Management in France
    Keywords: Economics ; France
    Abstract: Depuis le début des années 90, lorsque le déficit des administrations publiques de la France avait atteint le niveau inquiétant de 6 pour cent du PIB, les finances publiques du pays se sont nettement redressées, même si de nouvelles améliorations substantielles sont nécessaires. Ce document examine les outils dont disposent les décideurs publics pour relever ce défi. Il en ressort clairement que, étant donné la part relativement réduite du budget de l’État dans les dépenses totales, le secteur de l’État ne peut à lui seul résoudre le problème. Le système de sécurité sociale, principale source de la poussée des dépenses, a un rôle à jouer, mais il en va de même des administrations infranationales – surtout si le transfert prévu de nouvelles compétences à l’échelon local se réalise. Pour pouvoir orienter la dépense publique de manière à créer des marges de manœuvre, les décideurs publics devront clarifier les structures de gouvernance de façon que les responsables de l’administration ...
    DOI: 10.1787/438352638072
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  • 19
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    Essai n 202: Daphnia sp., essai d'immobilisation immédiate (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264069954
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (12 p.)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 202; Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 202: Daphnia sp. Acute Immobilisation Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Cette Ligne directrice décrit une épreuve de toxicité aiguë pour évaluer des effets des produits chimiques sur les daphnies (habituellement Daphnia magna Staus). De jeunes daphnies, âgées de moins de 24 heures au début de l'essai, sont exposées à une gamme des concentrations de la substance d'essai (au moins cinq concentrations) pendant une période de 48 heures. L'immobilisation est enregistrée à 24 heures et à 48 heures et comparée aux valeurs contrôles. Les résultats sont analysés afin de calculer la CE50 à 48h. La détermination de la CE50 à 24h est facultative. Au moins 20 animaux, de préférence divisés en quatre groupes de cinq animaux chacun, devraient être employés à chaque concentration d'essai et pour les contrôles. Au moins 2 ml de solution d'essai devraient être prévus pour chaque animal (c.-à-d. un volume de 10 ml pour cinq daphnies par récipient d'essai). L'essai limite correspond à un niveau de dose de 100 mg/l. Le rapport d'étude inclut l'observation des daphnies immobilisées à 24 et 48 heures après le début de l'essai, et les mesures d'oxygène dissous, de pH, de la concentration de la substance d'essai, au début et à la fin de l'essai.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264069954-fr
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  • 20
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    Essai n 309: Minéralisation aérobie dans les eaux superficielles Essai de simulation de la biodégradation (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264070554
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (22 p)
    Series Statement: Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques, Section 3
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 309; Aerobic Mineralisation in Surface Water - Simulation Biodegradation Test
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Test No. 309: Aerobic Mineralisation in Surface Water Simulation Biodegradation Test
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: Le but de cet essai est de mesurer la biodégradation en fonction du temps d'une substance d'essai présente en faible concentration dans une eau naturelle aérobie et de quantifier les observations sous la forme d'expressions cinétiques. L'essai est réalisé par lots par « l'essai pélagique » ou « l'essai en suspension de sédiments » pour simuler un plan l'eau contenant des solides en suspension ou des sédiments resuspendus. Les flacons d'essai sont incubés dans l'obscurité, à la température environnementale, en aérobiose et sous agitation pendant normalement 60 jours. Au moins deux concentrations différentes de substance d'essai (organique non-volatile ou légèrement volatile) devraient être employées. La concentration maximum de la substance d’essai devrait être de moins de 100µg/L (biodégradation suivant une cinétique de premier ordre) et la plus basse concentration de substance d'essai de préférence comprise dans l’intervalle ‹1-10µg/L. Deux sous-échantillons sont prélevés de chaque flacon d'essai à chaque temps de prélèvement. La dégradation est suivie à intervalles de temps appropriés, en mesurant le 14C résiduel ou la concentration résiduelle de la substance d'essai. La minéralisation totale et la biodégradation primaire sont déterminées par le marquage au 14C de différentes parties de la molécule. Des mesures périodiques du pH et de la concentration en oxygène dans le système d'essai doivent être conduites.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264070554-fr
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  • 21
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    Libéralisation des échanges de services : Identification des possibilités et des avantages (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 149 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Services Trade Liberalisation: Identifying Opportunities and Gains
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Cette étude comporte deux volets : l'identification d'exemples concrets d'exportations de services par les pays en développement, et des études quantitatives sur les avantages de la libéralisation. Loin d'être exhaustive, elle est limitée à bien des égards, mais l'on peut néanmoins en dégager deux conclusions essentielles. Tout d'abord, comme l'illustre la première partie de l'étude, il apparaît clairement que le secteur des services présente pour les pays en développement un très grand intérêt du point de vue des exportations par-delà le mode 4 (mouvements temporaires de personnes physiques fournissant des services), dans la mesure où ces pays sont des acteurs mondiaux ou régionaux dans des secteurs comme les services aux entreprises (externalisation), les services portuaires et services de transport maritime, les services audiovisuels, les services de télécommunications, les services de construction et les services de santé. Deuxièmement, comme on le voit dans la seconde partie de l'étude, pour la plupart des pays dont beaucoup de pays en développement, les gains liés aux exportations résultant de la libéralisation du marché ne sont ni la seule ni la plus importante source de gains attendus. Les avantages de la libéralisation des services découlent, pour une bonne part, non de la recherche d'un meilleur accès aux marchés à l'étranger mais de l'accroissement de la compétitivité et de l'efficience du marché intérieur. Ensemble, les deux observations de cette étude mettent en évidence les avantages potentiels de la libéralisation du marché des services tant pour les pays développés que pour les pays en développement.
    DOI: 10.1787/750376550000
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  • 22
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    Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264016002
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (76 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance 2004 (Arabic version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD-Grundsätze der Corporate Governance 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Principios de Gobierno Corporativo de la OCDE 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance 2004 Edition (Japanese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Os Princípios da OCDE sobre o Governo das Sociedades 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance 2004 (Slovenian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance 2004 (Serbian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD Principles of Corporate Governance 2004 (Chinese version)
    RVK:
    QP 341
    Keywords: Governance ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Depuis leur publication en 1999, les Principes de gouvernement d'entreprise de l'OCDE sont devenus un outil de référence à l’échelle internationale en matière de gouvernement d'entreprise. Ils sont largement utilisés par les gouvernements, les organismes de régulation, les investisseurs, les entreprises et les parties prenantes tant dans les pays membres de l'OCDE que dans les pays non membres. Ils ont été adoptés par le Forum pour la Stabilité Financière comme l'une des douze normes fondamentales de la solidité des systèmes financiers. Cette version révisée prend en compte les évolutions intervenues depuis 1999 et inclut plusieurs modifications importantes.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264016002-fr
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  • 23
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    Comprendre la croissance économique : Analyse au niveau macroéconomique, au niveau sectoriel et au niveau de l'entreprise (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264020412
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Growth; A Macro-level, Industry-level, and Firm-level Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Was ist Wirtschaftswachstum?; Eine Betrachtung aus makroökonomischer, branchenbezogener und betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compreender o Crescimento Económico; Nível macro, nível industrial, nível empresarial
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Understanding Economic Growth: A Macro-level, Industry-level, and Firm-level Perspective
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Was ist Wirtschaftswachstum?: Eine Betrachtung aus makroökonomischer, branchenbezogener und betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Compreender o Crescimento Económico: Nível macro, nível industrial, nível empresarial
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Economics
    Abstract: Particulièrement riche en données factuelles et chiffrées, cet ouvrage est un instrument très précieux d’analyse de la croissance économique dans les pays de l'OCDE. Il examine le profil de croissance des pays de l'OCDE cette dernière décennie et identifie les facteurs fondamentaux de la croissance. Il montre en quoi (et pourquoi) les réactions de chaque économie diffèrent face à l’évolution de ces facteurs. L’ouvrage étudie la croissance au niveau macroéconomique, au niveau sectoriel et au niveau de l’entreprise. Il analyse également la contribution des technologies de l’information (TI) à chacun de ces niveaux.Étayé par plus de 50 tableaux et graphiques, l’ouvrage permet de mieux comprendre la véritable nature de la croissance économique. En 2000, à l’apogée de la nouvelle économie, on encensait les TI qui, croyait-on, transformeraient radicalement les économies de l'OCDE et auraient des effets bénéfiques considérables. Mais le récent ralentissement économique a détruit plusieurs des mythes qu’avaient suscités les TI. Quelle est la véritable contribution des TI à la croissance économique ? Comprendre la croissance économique traite de ces questions en profondeur et apporte un nouvel éclairage sur la croissance économique. Dans une nouvelle présentation agréable, l’ouvrage est une introduction idéale pour comprendre la genèse de la croissance économique. Il intéressera un large public d’économistes et d’étudiants en économie. Pour en savoir plus : Les Sources de la croissance économique dans les pays de l’OCDE (2003) et Les TIC et la croissance économique : panorama des industries, des entreprises et des pays de l'OCDE (2003).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264020412-fr
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  • 24
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    Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et non membres de l'OCDE : Supplément 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264016569
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (402 p.)
    Series Statement: Les systèmes de financement des crédits à l'exportation dans les pays membres et les économies non membres de l'OCDE
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: Les financements sont indispensables au commerce international ; aussi les organismes de crédit à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public jouent-ils un rôle crucial en accordant, assurant et garantissant ces financements. Cette publication offre une description détaillée des systèmes de crédit à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public qui sont en vigueur dans les pays de l’OCDE et dans certaines économies non membres. A l’échelle internationale, la très grande majorité des crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public est assurée par le biais de ces systèmes. Cette publication contient également la dernière version de l'Arrangement relatif aux lignes directrices pour les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public (le seul accord international à régir l'octroi de crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public). Les règles de l'Arrangement portent notamment sur le soutien financier public, le délai maximum de remboursement, la prime minimum de risque et l'aide relative aux échanges pour les projets, les biens et les services bénéficiant de crédits à l'exportation d'une durée minimum de deux ans. Le texte de l'accord complémentaire qui prévoit des conditions souples pour les opérations de financement de projets figure également dans cet ouvrage. En outre, cette publication présente pour la première fois des informations sur les études importantes entreprises par le Groupe de travail de l'OCDE sur les crédits et garanties de crédit à l'exportation. Ces études concernent notamment les liens entre les crédits à l'exportation bénéficiant d'un soutien public et les préoccupations plus larges des gouvernements et de la société civile des pays membres, qu’il s’agisse de problèmes environnementaux, d’efforts pour combattre la corruption ou de la viabilité de la dette des pays pauvres très endettés. Dans ce contexte, la Recommandation de l’OCDE sur l’environnement et les crédits à l’exportation bénéficiant d’un soutien public, adoptée par le Conseil de l’OCDE fin 2003, est également incluse dans cette publication.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264016569-fr
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  • 25
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    Compendium statistique 2004 de la science et de la technologie (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264026698
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (50 p)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Science and Technology Statistical Compendium 2004
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; Industry and Services
    Abstract: Le Compendium statistique 2004 de la science et de la technologie, établi pour la réunion au niveau Ministériel du Comité de la politique scientifique et technologique (CPST) de 2004, s’appuie sur les bases de données, les indicateurs et les méthodologies développés au sein du Groupe de travail des experts nationaux sur les indicateurs de science et de technologie (GENIST), et gérés par la Direction de la science, de la technologie et de l’industrie (DSTI). Il présente une large gamme d’indicateurs les plus pertinents pour les politiques et comparables au niveau international, disponibles à ce jour dans le domaine de la science et la technologie. Le compendium porte sur l’état de la science et la technologique dans la zone OCDE à travers quatre grands axes :• Section A : Innovation et R-D.• Section B : Ressources humaines consacrées à la science et à la technologie (RHST).• Section C : Brevets.• Section D : Autres domaines (TIC, mondialisation, structure industrielle).
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264026698-fr
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  • 26
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    OECD Territorial Reviews: Montreal, Canada 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264105980
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Territorial Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE ; Montréal, Canada 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Examens territoriaux de l'OCDE: Montréal, Canada 2004
    Keywords: Governance ; Urban, Rural and Regional Development ; Canada
    Abstract: Metropolitan areas in many OECD countries are fragmented into various territorial units, which do not correspond to the larger geography of economic and social problems. While the ensuing mismatch is not a new phenomenon, increasingly, fragmentation appears as one of the root causes of metropolitan dysfunctions, such as internal fiscal disparities, urban sprawl, and spatial polarisation, which in turn constitute an obstacle for competitiveness. This review examines the case of the metropolitan region of Montreal which has undergone one of the most radical institutional reforms in OECD countries. On the one hand, the amalgamations of municipalities led to the creation of the two new cities of Montreal and Longueuil. On the other hand, a new metropolitan body was set up to cover the whole functional and economic area — the Montreal Metropolitan Community (CMM). These institutional reforms provide a valuable opportunity to meet the challenges of Montreal's competitiveness. The new governance framework needs however to be consolidated, especially with regards to clarification of competencies and fiscal responsibilities and resources. Streamlining institutional structures and fiscal resources will not be enough. Implementing and not simply elaborating a comprehensive economic strategy for the whole metropolitan region will be the main challenge for Montreal in the following years.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264105980-en
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  • 27
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    Guidance Document on the Use of Multimedia Models for Estimating Overall Environmental Persistance and Long-Range Transport (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264079137
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (83 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Series on Testing and Assessment no.45
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Guidance Document is addressed to those who are involved in risk assessment and management of chemicals called POPs (persistent organic pollutants) or PBTs (persistent and bio-accumulating toxics). It is about using multimedia models, i.e. generic evaluative models that can calculate overall environmental persistence (Pov) and potential for long-range transport (LTRP) covering multiple compartments such as air, water, sediment and soil: what models you can use to identify and characterize POPs/PBTs, what data to use, and how to use model calculations.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264079137-en
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  • 28
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    La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE : Rapport sur la Finlande 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264105317
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (75 p.)
    Series Statement: La mise en œuvre de la Convention anti-corruption de l'OCDE
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention; Report on Finland 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg.: Implementing the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention: Report on Finland 2003
    Keywords: Governance ; Finland
    Abstract: C'est en décembre 1997 que la Finlande a signé, en compagnie de trente-trois autres pays, la Convention sur la lutte contre la corruption d'agents publics étrangers dans les transactions commerciales internationales (la Convention de l'OCDE). Après la promulgation de la loi de transposition nécessaire, la Finlande a ratifié la Convention de l'OCDE et déposé son instrument de ratification auprès de l'OCDE en décembre 1998. Sont étudiées dans ce rapport les dispositions juridiques et les institutions en place en Finlande pour combattre la corruption d'agents publics étrangers et mesurer l'efficacité de ce dispositif. On y examine les mécanismes introduits tant au sein des administrations publiques que dans le secteur privé pour prévenir et détecter des faits de corruption d'agents publics étrangers. Ce rapport traite aussi de l'efficacité des mécanismes d’enquête et de poursuite de l’infraction de corruption étrangère et des infractions connexes notamment en matière de fraude et de blanchiment d'argent. Le rapport se termine avec des recommandations spécifiques, aussi bien en ce qui concerne la prévention et la détection que les poursuites et les sanctions appliquées en pratique. On y trouvera également les prescriptions juridiques essentielles destinées à dissuader, prévenir et combattre la corruption telles qu’elles ont été communiquées par la Finlande lors du processus d’examen. L’examen de la mise en œuvre par la Finlande des dispositions anti-corruption de l’OCDE entre dans le cadre d’un mandat plus large du Groupe de travail de l’OCDE sur la corruption dans le cadre de transactions commerciales internationales. Ce groupe est chargé d’une surveillance et d’un suivi systématiques et détaillés de l’ensemble des pays signataires de la Convention de l’OCDE sur la lutte contre la corruption étrangère. Jusqu’ici, le Groupe de travail a examiné l’application et la mise en œuvre de la Convention en Bulgarie, en Finlande, en Allemagne, en Islande et aux États-Unis. D’ici 2007, les examens des 30 autres pays seront réalisés.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264105317-fr
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  • 29
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    A Building Development Plan at Laval University, Quebec (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 4 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2004/05
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. L'université Laval à Québec, un plan de développement immobilier
    Keywords: Education ; Canada
    Abstract: Laval University is launching a series of major development projects aimed at meeting the needs of an institution that currently offers over 350 academic programmes to more than 36 000 students. This article will focus on three of the most important construction projects that are already under way or about to start: the Wood Processing Centre, the Optics, Photonics and Laser Centre, and Ferdinand-Vandry Hall. A brief history of the Laval University campus is provided at the end of this article.
    DOI: 10.1787/624850564030
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  • 30
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    Fondations philanthropiques et coopération pour le développement (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 81-164
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 85 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Philanthropic Foundations and Development Co-operation
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 81-164
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Les fondations philanthropiques ont beaucoup apporté au développement, en particulier dans les domaines de l’agriculture, de la planification familiale et de la lutte contre les maladies infectueuses. Les interventions les plus efficaces sont des investissements à long terme fondés sur une vision d’avenir et de bonnes connaissances scientifiques, correspondant bien aux capacités locales. Les dépenses totales que consacrent les fondations à des activités de développement atteignent aujourd’hui 3 milliards d’USD environ, et sont essentiellement le fait de grandes fondations des États-Unis. Leurs activités s’inscrivent de plus en plus souvent dans le cadre de partenariats public/privé qui s’intéressent aussi bien aux productions végétales qu’à la recherche médicale ou à l’amélioration des infrastructures, en particulier pour l’approvisionnement en eau. Les fondations sont aussi à l’origine de stratégies novatrices pour le renforcement de la démocratie dans les pays en développement. L’amélioration des échanges d’information avec les organismes publics d’aide et la mise en place d’incitations fiscales visant à les encourager à poursuivre leurs activités peuvent contribuer à optimiser leur contribution au développement à l’avenir...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art23-fr
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  • 31
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    Teaching and Research: The Idea of a Nexus (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 16, no. 2, p. 19-30
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 15 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La relation enseignement-recherche
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 16, no. 2, p. 19-30
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The article explores whether the idea of a nexus between research and teaching is still influential, what meanings are attached to it and within what concepts of higher education. It draws on research into the perceptions of two groups of actors, academics and students, and some recent scholarly analyses of the issues. It argues that the idea of the nexus is still important to academics and a range of students. It is embedded in a world in which academic definitions of knowledge and higher education remain largely dominant. The recent writings examined are attempts to tighten the conceptual connections between teaching and research ...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v16-art14-en
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  • 32
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    Consolidations tarifaires, protection inutilisée et libéralisation des échanges agricoles (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue économique de l'OCDE Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 255-274
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3444
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Tariff Bindings, Unused Protection and Agricultural Trade Liberalisation
    Titel der Quelle: Revue économique de l'OCDE
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 1, p. 255-274
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Les précédentes évaluations quantitatives des effets de la libéralisation des échanges agricoles présumaient que les réductions négociées des tarifs consolidés se traduisent par une diminution correspondante des taux tarifaires effectivement appliqués. Toutefois, cette méthode surestime la réduction effective des tarifs appliqués et, partant, les avantages de la libéralisation des échanges, puisque les taux appliqués sont souvent très inférieurs aux tarifs consolidés dans les listes issues du cycle d’Uruguay. À l’aide de données sur les taux appliqués et consolidés et du modèle GTAP-CGE, les auteurs chiffrent l’ampleur du biais consécutif. Il apparaît que la distorsion des estimations est particulièrement prononcée pour les réductions tarifaires faibles et pour les pays où les écarts entre taux consolidés et taux appliqués sont importants. Afin d’éviter de formuler des avis erronés, les spécialistes de l’analyse quantitative des politiques soucieux d’informer les décideurs des effets probables de réductions tarifaires négociées devraient donc prendre en ...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art6-fr
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  • 33
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    Stakeholder participation in radiological decision making : processes and implications; third Villigen Workshop, Villigen, Switzerland, 21 - 23 October 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264108262
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Radiation protection
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Stakeholder participation in radiological decision making
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108264-en
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  • 34
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    DAC Peer Review of Ireland (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 177-266
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 91 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examen du CAD par les pairs : Irlande
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 177-266
    Keywords: Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: This review contains the Main Findings and Recommendations of the Development Assistance Committee and the report of the Secretariat. It was prepared with examiners from Belgium and Switzerland for the Peer Review on 17 November 2003. The principal issues covered were: building public ownership of Ireland's official development co-operation programme; providing a predictable growth path for the expansion in ODA required so as to reach an ODA/GNI ratio of 0.7% by 2007; planning now to manage a USD 1 billion ODA programme; remaining vigilant regarding human resource issues within Development Co-operation Ireland; maintaining a cautious approach to designating new programme countries; continuing to promote more strategic approaches by NGO partners; and enhancing Ireland's contribution to addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This report is published on the authority of the Secretary-General of the OECD...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art30-en
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    Examen du CAD par les pairs : Irlande (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 199-307
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 110 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Peer Review of Ireland
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 199-307
    Keywords: Development ; Ireland
    Abstract: Dans cet examen figurent les principales conclusions et recommandations du Comité d'aide au développement et le rapport du Secrétariat. Il a été établi en consultation avec les délégations de la Belgique et de la Suisse, qui ont été désignées pays examinateurs pour l'Examen de l'aide qui a eu lieu le 17 novembre 2003. Renforcer l'appropriation par le public du programme irlandais de coopération pour le développement, donner une orientation prévisible à l'expansion de l'APD nécessaire pour atteindre le pourcentage de 0.7 % du RNB d'ici 2007, prévoir aujourd'hui comment gérer un programme d'APD portant sur 1 milliard USD, continuer de faire preuve de vigilance quant aux questions de ressources humaines au sein de Development Co-operation Ireland, conserver une attitude prudente dans la désignation de nouveaux « pays de programme », continuer de promouvoir des approches plus stratégiques de la part des ONG partenaires, et renforcer la contribution de l'Irlande à la lutte contre la pandémie du VIH/sida, tels ont été les principaux points traités. Le rapport est publié sous l'autorité du Secrétaire général de l'OCDE....
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art30-fr
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  • 36
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    Analysis of Non-Tariff Measures : The Case of Prohibitions and Quotas (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.6
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.6
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analyse des mesures non tarifaires : Les interdictions et contingentements à l'importation
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study, that investigates two specific types of quantitative restrictions, namely import prohibitions and quotas, is part of a broad reflection aimed at learning more about the nature and scope of non-tariff measures. The analysis reviews information on these measures contained in the WTO Trade Policy Reviews, WTO notifications and in various other trade reports. The objective of the report is to contribute to discussions, particularly on market access for non-agricultural goods, at the WTO, or elsewhere. The research revealed that the use of quotas and prohibitions for economic reasons has declined, but most countries use prohibitions as part of their regulatory frameworks for protecting human safety and health or the environment, and this tendency appears to be increasing. Traders would benefit from greater transparency of these measures. Also, there are import bans hampering the international trade in used goods, whose circumstances and appropriateness in terms of regulatory efficiency merit scrutiny.
    DOI: 10.1787/650468803072
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    Pension reform in the Baltic countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 926402106X
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Private Pensions Series no.5
    Series Statement: Emerging economies transition
    Series Statement: Private pensions series
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Pension reform in the Baltic countries
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264021068-en
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  • 38
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    Proceedings of the sixth meeting of the Task Force on Shielding Aspects of Accelerators, Targets and Irradiation Facilities : Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Menlo Park, CA, USA 10-12 April 2002; [SATIF 6; workshop proceedings] (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9264017348
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Nuclear Science
    Series Statement: Nuclear science
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA, USA, 10 - 12 April 2002
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264017344-en
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  • 39
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    Evaluating local economic and employment development : how to assess what works among programmes and policies (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264017092 , 9264017097
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Series Statement: SourceOECD
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Evaluating local economic and employment development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. La evaluacion del desarrollo economico y del empleo a nivel local
    Keywords: Konferenzschrift ; Beschäftigungsprogramm ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264017092-en
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  • 40
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    Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264016705
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (244 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: School Safety and Security
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes; (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes: (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Earthquake-prone communities need earthquake-resistant schools. In 2002, a primary school in San Giuliano, Italy, collapsed killing 29 children and one teacher. In May 2003, a medium-sized earthquake in the city of Bingöl, Turkey, caused the collapse of three new schools and a dormitory, killing many children as they slept. All too frequently, earthquakes cause the collapse of school buildings and the injury and death of staff and students. Further, when schools are closed because of earthquake damage, education is hampered, community life disrupted, and potential emergency shelters unavailable. Where school attendance is compulsory, communities have an obligation to provide a safe study and work environment. Why do schools collapse even during moderate earthquakes? Experts agree that many collapse due to avoidable errors in design and construction. Often, the needed technology is not applied and laws and regulations are not sufficiently enforced. Application of existing knowledge can significantly lower the seismic risk of schools and help prevent further injury and death of school occupants during earthquakes. Moreover, this can be accomplished at reasonable cost and within a reasonable period. Keeping Schools Safe in Earthquakes presents expert knowledge, opinions and experiences, and provides valuable insight into the scope of problems involved in protecting schools and their occupants. Its recommendations are a call to action to all governments in OECD and partner countries to help facilitate their implementation.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264016705-en
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  • 41
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    What Makes School Systems Perform? : Seeing School Systems through the Prism of PISA (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264017726
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (74 p.)
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fatores que interferem no desempenho das escolas; Analisando sistemas escolares através do prisma do PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. What Makes School Systems Perform?; Seeing School Systems through the Prism of PISA (Slovenian version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Fatores que interferem no desempenho das escolas: Analisando sistemas escolares através do prisma do PISA 2000
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. What Makes School Systems Perform?: Seeing School Systems through the Prism of PISA (Slovenian version)
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: The report links the results from the OECD PISA 2000 survey to qualitative evidence on important public policy measures in six countries that performed well in PISA. These measures included strategies for educational reform and innovation; issues of governance and resource allocation; national approaches to standard-setting, assessment and system monitoring; the organisation of support systems; the professional development of teachers; and approaches to addressing socio-economic differences in students’ backgrounds. Countries covered: Canada, England, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Sweden.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264017726-en
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  • 42
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    OECD Environmental Performance Reviews: Spain 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264108639
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (214 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE ; Espagne 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analisis de los resultados medioambientales; España 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens environnementaux de l'OCDE : Espagne 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Analisis de los resultados medioambientales: España 2004
    Keywords: Environment ; Spain
    Abstract: This review of Spain’s environmental performance takes stock of Spain’s environmental performance since the last review done in 1997. It finds that despite substantial increases in GDP, tourism, construction, population density in coastal areas, and road freight transport, progress has been made in decoupling some environmental pressures from economic growth and in developing environmental infrastructure. Nevertheless, Spain faces important challenges related to high energy intensity, high water use intensity, and increasing CO2 emissions and municipal waste. This report makes 46 recommendations to help strengthen Spain’s environmental performance in the context of sustainable development.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264108639-en
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  • 43
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    OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform: Germany 2004 : Consolidating Economic and Social Renewal (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107861
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (198 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: OECD Reviews of Regulatory Reform
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation ; Allemagne 2004 ; consolider le renouveau économique et social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD-Prüfungen im Bereich Regulierungsreform; Deutschland; Konsolidierung der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Erneuerung
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens de l'OCDE de la réforme de la réglementation : Allemagne 2004 : consolider le renouveau économique et social
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. OECD-Prüfungen im Bereich Regulierungsreform: Deutschland: Konsolidierung der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Erneuerung
    Keywords: Governance ; Germany
    Abstract: This report argues for adjustments to regulatory governance traditions so that necessary changes can take place more quickly, at least cost to the economy and with the participation of all relevant stakeholders.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107861-en
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  • 44
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    Learning for Tomorrow's World : First Results from PISA 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264006416
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (478 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: PISA
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Apprendre aujourd'hui, réussir demain ; Premiers résultats de PISA 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lernen für die Welt von morgen; Erste Ergebnisse von PISA 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Informe PISA 2003 ; Aprender para el mundo del mañana
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aprendendo para o Mundo de Amanhã; Primeiros resultados do PISA 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Learning for Tomorrow's World; First Results from PISA 2003 (Chinese version)
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Apprendre aujourd'hui, réussir demain : Premiers résultats de PISA 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Lernen für die Welt von morgen: Erste Ergebnisse von PISA 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Informe PISA 2003 : Aprender para el mundo del mañana
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aprendendo para o Mundo de Amanhã: Primeiros resultados do PISA 2003
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Learning for Tomorrow's World: First Results from PISA 2003 (Chinese version)
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: This report presents the first internationally comparable results to OECD's 2003 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Survey of the educational performance of 15-year-olds in reading, mathematics, and science in 25 OECD countries. This year, the concentration was on mathematics. Beyond the examination of the relative standing of countries in mathematics, science and reading, the report also looks at a wider range of educational outcomes that include students’ motivation to learn, their beliefs about themselves, and their learning strategies. Furthermore, it examines how performance varies between the genders and between socio-economic groups; and it provides insights into some of the factors that influence the development of knowledge and skills at home and at school, how these factors interact and what the implications are for policy development. Most importantly, the report sheds light on countries that succeed in achieving high performance standards while, at the same time, providing an equitable distribution of learning opportunities. The report presents a wealth of indicators showing how countries compare in various measures of educational performance and factors that affect that performance.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264006416-en
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    Global knowledge flows and economic development (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264107687 , 9264107681
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)
    Series Statement: Local economic and employment development
    Parallel Title: Franz. Ausg. u.d.T. Les flux mondiaux de connaissances et le développement économique
    Parallel Title: Druckausg. u.d.T. Global knowledge flows and economic development
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les flux mondiaux de connaissances et le développement économique
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264107687-en
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  • 46
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    Réflexion du CAD sur la reconstruction en Irak (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 7-49
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 44 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. DAC Reflection on Reconstruction in Iraq
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 7-49
    Keywords: Development ; Iraq
    Abstract: Cette partie contient la note de référence, l’ordre du jour ainsi que les conclusions de la réflexion du CAD sur la reconstruction en Irak, tenue à Paris le 21 et 22 juillet, 2003. La réflexion a servi de cadre à la tenue d’un échange de vue informel sur les défis que posent les secours, le redressement et la reconstruction en Irak...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art27-fr
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  • 47
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    Les incidences des principes comptables généralement admis GAAP sur la prise de décision budgétaire : Bilan de douze années d'expérience de la budgétisation sur la base des droits constatés et des produits en Nouvelle-Zélande (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 7-46
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3525
    Language: French
    Pages: 40 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. The Impact of GAAP on Fiscal Decision Making: A Review of Twelve Years' Experience with Accrual and Output-based Budgets in New Zealand
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur la gestion budgétaire
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2001
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 3, no. 4, p. 7-46
    Keywords: Governance ; New Zealand
    Abstract: Le présent document passe en revue la théorie et la rhétorique en matière de comptabilité et de budgétisation sur la base des droits constatés de l’administration publique. Une présentation est faite des principes comptables généralement admis (GAAP) en Nouvelle-Zélande. Le document propose l’historique de 12 années de budgets établis sur la base des droits constatés et, partant de là, il évalue les avantages réels qui en ont été tirés...
    DOI: 10.1787/budget-v3-art21-fr
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  • 48
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    DAC Reflection on Reconstruction in Iraq (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal on development Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 7-42
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-580X
    Language: English
    Pages: 37 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Réflexion du CAD sur la reconstruction en Irak
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal on development
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 4, p. 7-42
    Keywords: Development ; Iraq
    Abstract: This part provides the background paper, the agenda and the summary of the OECD DAC meeting ‘Reflection on Reconstruction in Iraq’, held in Paris on 21-22 July 2003. The reflection provided a forum for an informal exchange of views on the challenges to relief, recovery and reconstruction in Iraq...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art27-en
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  • 49
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    Markov Switching Models for GDP Growth in a Small Open Economy : The New Zealand Experience (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2004, no. 2, p. 227-257
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Language: English
    Pages: 31 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2004, no. 2, p. 227-257
    Keywords: Economics ; New Zealand
    Abstract: This paper fits Markov switching models to quarterly New Zealand aggregate GDP growth rates for the period 1978:1 to 2003:2 in order to analyse changes in mean and volatility over time. The models considered are drawn from a simple class of parsimonious, four state, Markov switching models which encompass a wide range of stationary time series behaviour from linear AR(1) models to non-linear models with persistent cycles and outliers. An overall objective is to use the models to help understand and identify changes in the historical growth performance of New Zealand's small open economy, particularly pre and post wide ranging economic reforms. Conclusions to emerge are that, in contrast to the 1980s, New Zealand GDP growth experienced an unusually long period of time in high growth and low volatility regimes since the early 1990s. In addition, New Zealand does not appear to have ...
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2004-art13-en
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  • 50
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    Restructuring Russia's Electricity Sector : Towards Effective Competition or Faux Liberalisation? (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.403
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: Russia in 2003 embarked on the restructuring of its electricity sector. The reform is intended to introduce competition into electricity production and supply, leaving dispatch, transmission and distribution as regulated natural monopolies with non-discriminatory third-party access to the networks. The ultimate aim of the reform is to create conditions that will encourage both investment in new capacity and greater efficiency of both production and consumption. The overall approach embodied in the reform is promising. However, there remains a serious risk that its aims could be subverted by special-interest lobbying during the lengthy implementation phase. If the reform is to succeed, the marketised segments of the sector must be characterised by real competition based on economically meaningful prices. There are two dangers here. The first is that private-sector interests will secure strategic holdings that allow them to exercise market power or even local monopoly power. The ...
    DOI: 10.1787/271755770050
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  • 51
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    Generic Top Level Domain Names : Market Development and Allocation Issues (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.84
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: The Domain Name System’s need to have unique identifiers, and a consequent need for there to be a single registry for each name, means that any registry can exercise a degree of monopoly power over the domain for which it has responsibility.
    DOI: 10.1787/232630011251
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    Biometric-based Technologies (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 67 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.101
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Technologies fondées sur la biométrie
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This report is intended to provide an understanding of the benefits and limitations of biometric-based technologies. It also includes information on existing privacy and security methodologies for assessing biometrics.
    DOI: 10.1787/232075642747
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    Media Mergers: Background Note (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 79-146
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 69 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les fusions dans les médias : Note de référence
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 79-146
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: The question of who owns our newspapers, television and radio is vital to democracy. The information and opinion we draw on must reflect a range of different voices and views if we are to be able to understand and debate the issues of the day. The Government’s task is to create a framework for media ownership which protects that plurality of voices and encourages a diversity of content whilst, at the same time, promoting the most competitive market for media businesses and attracting new investment ...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art16-en
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  • 54
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    Les fusions dans les médias : Note de référence (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 89-164
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 77 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Media Mergers: Background Note
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 4, p. 89-164
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: La question de savoir à qui appartiennent nos journaux, notre télévision et notre radio est essentielle pour une démocratie. Les informations et les opinions dans lesquelles nous puisons doivent refléter une diversité de voix et de points de vue si nous voulons être en mesure de comprendre les problèmes de l’heure et d’en débattre. La mission des pouvoirs publics consiste à définir un régime de propriété des médias qui protège cette pluralité des voix et encourage une diversité de contenu tout en favorisant le marché le plus compétitif pour les entreprises des médias et en attirant de nouveaux investissements ...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art16-fr
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    Preventing Market Abuses and Promoting Economic Efficiency, Growth and Opportunity (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 6, no. 1, p. 7-108
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 100 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Prévention des abus sur le marché et promotion de l'efficacité économique et de la croissance
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 1, p. 7-108
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Effective competition law and policy are critical to achieving greater levels of economic efficiency, growth, employment and living standards. Pro-competitive reform and sound competition law enforcement have delivered dramatic price reductions, a proliferation of new products, superior quality and service and enhanced innovation wherever they have been embraced. Perhaps more importantly, they have strong links with key pillars of economic growth and development such as investment, governance, the cultivation of an entrepreneurial class, privatisation and trade. Achieving a better appreciation and understanding of these benefits and links is essential to making continued progress in removing ...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v6-art2-en
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Hungary (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.381
    Keywords: Economics ; Hungary
    Abstract: The establishment of competitive markets has been one of the cornerstones Hungarian economic policy over the past decade, alongside a successful strategy of attracting foreign investment. Broad statistical measures show no signs of endemically weak domestic competition, though the country’s relatively low productivity among domestic business likely signals some sheltering from international competition. The generally healthy level of competition is partly because competition legislation and its enforcement are of a good standard. Nevertheless, room for improvement is suggested in a number of areas. In particular, it is argued that individuals should be able to initiate legal actions directly, i.e. without having to proceed via the competition authority. And, it is suggested that sanctions against individuals in hard-core cartel cases are introduced. In examining specific sectors, this paper is critical of the pace of progress towards competition in the network industries. The rail ...
    DOI: 10.1787/222142524253
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  • 57
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    Questions de concurrence et de réglementation en matière de télécommunications : Synthèse (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 173-269
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 95 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Competition and Regulation Issues in Telecommunications: Synthesis
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 5, no. 3, p. 173-269
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Le secteur des télécommunications s’est transformé sous l’effet d’une activité concurrentielle de plus en plus vigoureuse dans un environnement qui connaissait des changements réglementaire et technique rapides. A mesure de la croissance des nouvelles technologies et de l’entrée de concurrents, les entreprises cherchent un accès aux réseaux de leurs concurrents. Les règles de connection des réseaux peuvent être essentielles au succès de réseaux, les nouveaux comme ceux déjà en place, et peuvent avoir des effets significatifs sur l’investissement. En fait, les questions les plus complexes auxquelles ont à répondre les régulateurs dans un marché des télécommunications potentiellement concurrentiel ont fréquemment trait aux conditions d’accès d’un réseau à un autre. L’une des raisons du caractère critique du problème tient à ce que aussi longtemps que les souscripteurs sont seulement connectés à un réseau, ce réseau là est en situation de monopole même si différents réseaux ont été en concurrence pour attirer le souscripteur...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v5-art12-fr
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    School Facility Projects in Latin America (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 13 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: PEB Exchange, Programme on Educational Building no.2004/15
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Projets d'installations scolaires en projets d'installations scolaires en Amérique latine
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: Many Latin American countries are undertaking projects, in line with practices disseminated by PEB, to share school facilities with the local community, to adapt traditional schools for students with disabilities, and to collaborate with private companies to finance educational buildings. The articles below describe current initiatives in five countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Venezuela.
    DOI: 10.1787/602116071456
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  • 59
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    Improving the Capacity to Innovate in Germany (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.407
    Keywords: Economics ; Germany ; Deutschland ; Innovationsfähigkeit
    Abstract: Key indicators show Germany belonging to the countries in the OECD with strong innovation activity even though some weakening in Germany’s position relative to other OECD countries has occurred recently. While the redirection of resources towards unification-related spending as well as low economic growth have contributed to this development, more fundamental structural issues have also played a role. Germany has benefited less than other high-performing countries from the surge in new technologies, such as ICT and biotechnology, as innovation activities continue to focus on sectors, such as machinery and automobiles, in which Germany has a long record of strong export performance. Some features of the regulation of capital, product and labour markets are hampering the supply of risk capital, the creation of new firms and the reallocation of labour. In addition, firms are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit highly qualified labour. Measures to improve the framework ...
    DOI: 10.1787/115685830744
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  • 60
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    Survey Expectations, Rationality and the Dynamics of Euro Area Inflation (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis Vol. 2004, no. 1, p. 13-41
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2899
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: journal of business cycle measurement and analysis
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2004, no. 1, p. 13-41
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper uses survey data in order to analyse and assess the empirical properties of consumers’ inflation expectations in the euro area and explores their role in explaining the observed dynamics of inflation. The probability approach is used to derive quantitative estimates of euro area inflation expectations from the qualitative data from the European Commission’s Consumer Survey. The paper subsequently analyses the empirical properties of the estimated inflation expectations by considering the extent to which they fulfil some of the necessary conditions for rationality. The results suggest an intermediate form of rationality. In particular, the surveyed expectations are an unbiased predictor of future price developments and they incorporate – though not always completely – the information contained in a broad set of macroeconomic variables. In addition, although persistent deviations between consumers’ expectations and the rational outcome have occurred, consumers are shown to rationally adjust their expectations in order to eventually “weed out” any systematic expectational errors...
    DOI: 10.1787/jbcma-v2004-art3-en
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  • 61
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    Autonomie institutionnelle ou tutelle gouvernementale ? La nouvelle loi sur les universités en Autriche (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 21-28
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 11 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Institutional Autonomy Versus Government Control The New University Act in Austria
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 21-28
    Keywords: Education ; Austria
    Abstract: A la suite de longs débats, le gouvernement de l’Autriche a établi un texte de loi qui accordera aux universités un statut de semi-autonomie. Cette réforme est le changement le plus marqué du système universitaire depuis 150 ans et a été précédée par un changement tout aussi essentiel du statut du corps enseignant et des autres catégories de personnel, qui prévoit la suppression du statut de fonctionnaire pour tous les futurs engagements. Parmi les principales questions ayant fait l’objet de discussions entre la Conférence des recteurs, les organisations représentant le corps enseignant et les autres catégories de personnel et le ministère, citons l’équilibre des pouvoirs entre les établissements, les représentants extérieurs et le ministère, ainsi que l’importance de la tutelle exercée par le ministère. De l’avis des établissements, ce texte de loi est très nettement favorable au ministère, et laisse au corps enseignant trop peu de possibilités de prendre des initiatives et de participer à des groupes centraux de pilotage...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v16-art3-fr
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    Differences in Resilience Between the Euro-Area and US Economies (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
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    Language: English
    Pages: 35 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.382
    Keywords: Economics ; Euro Area ; United States
    Abstract: This paper is concerned with how stylised differences in monetary policy transmission mechanisms and product and labour market rigidities between the US and euro-area economies affect their resilience to temporary shocks. To address this issue, a small general equilibrium model with long-run neoclassical and short-run neo-Keynesian features is calibrated to replicate the key properties of the US economy (as in the US Fed’s FRB-US model). To this model, features of the euro area’s financial and then product and labour markets are added sequentially with a view to replicating what is generally agreed are aspects of the functioning of the euro-area economy (as captured by the ECB’s Area-Wide Model). Most of the analysis is conducted assuming identical monetary policy reaction functions, although the sensitivity of the results to this assumption is tested. The results illustrate the importance of adjustment patterns in financial, product and labour markets for economies’ ...
    DOI: 10.1787/765432685773
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    Institutional Autonomy Versus Government Control The New University Act in Austria (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 19-26
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Autonomie institutionnelle ou tutelle gouvernementale ? La nouvelle loi sur les universités en Autriche
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 19-26
    Keywords: Education ; Austria
    Abstract: Following prolonged discussion, the Austrian government has passed a new University Act which will provide universities with a semiautonomous status. The reform is the most incisive change of the university system for the past 150 years and has been preceded by an equally momentous change in the status of the teaching faculty and staff, all future appointments no longer providing civil servant status any more. Major points in discussions between the Rectors Conference, the organizations representing the professoriate and staff, and the Ministry have been the balance of power between the institutions, representatives from outside, and the Ministry, as well as the amount of control to be exercised by the Ministry. In the view of the institutions, the legislation is heavily weighted towards the latter leaving too little room for initiatives from the faculties and participation in the central steering groups....
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v16-art3-en
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  • 64
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Norway (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.389
    Keywords: Economics ; Norway
    Abstract: Norwegian growth has been strong over the past decade. This development has been supported by the off-shore sector, but depleting oil reserves implies that growth will have to rely increasingly on the mainland economy. Empirical work shows that competition is important for promoting economic growth. Recognising the benefits of competition, the government wants to introduce regulatory reforms to stimulate economic growth. However, the promotion of competition has often conflicted with other policy objectives, such as maintaining a regionally dispersed population and a high degree of public ownership. This has lead to weak competition in a number of sectors, resulting in high prices, weak innovative activity and inefficient resource allocation. Reforms to promote product market competition in Norway should therefore inter alia focus on separating the public sector’s roles and functions as owner and regulator. This requires an increase in the independence of sector ...
    DOI: 10.1787/610454227534
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  • 65
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    Tax Treatment of Private Pension Savings in OECD Countries and the Net Tax Cost Per Unit of Contribution to Tax-Favoured Schemes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 108 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.406
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper provides, for all OECD countries, an estimate of the net tax cost per currency unit of contribution to a tax-favoured retirement savings plan, using a present-value methodology. The latter takes into account the future flows of revenues foregone on accrued income and of revenues collected on benefit withdrawals corresponding to a unit contribution made in a given year. The net tax cost is first calculated for nine (five-year) age groups, which have different relative income levels and investment time horizons, and is then averaged across age groups. In order to take into consideration the relevant country-specific features of savings taxation, the paper also provides an overview of the tax treatment of private pension arrangements and alternative savings vehicles. The results indicate that the size of tax subsidy varies significantly across countries, ranging from nearly 40 cents per unit of contribution (Czech Republic) to around zero (Mexico, New Zealand). Over half of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/387535760801
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    ICT, E-Business and Small and Medium Enterprises (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Digital Economy Papers no.86
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Les TIC, le commerce électronique et les PME
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Information and communication technology (ICT) connectivity (PCs and Internet) is very widespread in businesses of all sizes. As is the case with all technologies, small businesses are slower than large ones to adopt new ICTs. Commercial considerations and potential returns are the principal drivers of small business adoption and profitable use. Principal reasons for non-adoption are lack of applicability and little incentive to change business models when returns are unclear. SMEs also face generic barriers to adoption including trust and transaction security and IPR concerns, and challenges in areas of management skills, technological capabilities, productivity and competitiveness.
    DOI: 10.1787/232556551425
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Denmark : National Health Accounts 2000 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 39 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.3
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Denmark
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the third in this series, presenting the Danish SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/345241776865
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    Intégrer les TIC dans les programmes de développement : Forum Mondial conjoint OCDE/Nations unies/Banque mondiale sur l'économie du savoir, 4-5 mars 2003 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-27
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 29 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Integrating ICT in Development Programmes: Joint OECD/United Nations/World Bank Global Forum on the Knolwedge Economy, 4-5 March 2003
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 2, p. 5-27
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Un large accord se dégage pour dire que les technologies de l’information et des communications (TIC) peuvent apporter une grande contribution à la lutte contre la pauvreté et à la réalisation des objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD). IL s’agit maintenant de les intégrer efficacement dans les plans nationaux de développement et les programmes des donneurs, et de mieux coordonner les efforts déployés par les différents donneurs dans ce domaine. Il faudrait également assurer un partage des connaissances concernant les formules « qui marchent » et les raisons de leur succès...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art17-fr
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    Performance Indicators : Accountable to Whom? (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Higher education management and policy Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 41-48
    Details
    ISSN: 1726-9822
    Language: English
    Pages: 11 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Indicateurs de performance : À qui faut-il rendre des comptes?
    Titel der Quelle: Higher education management and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2002
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 41-48
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: In this paper the author examines the implementation of key performance indicators in Canadian post-secondary education institutions. More specifically he charts their implementation from the perspective of students and the effect they have on the quality and delivery of education. Key performance indicators (KPI) in Canada are administered by the ten provincial governments. In each of the jurisdictions in which they have been introduced KPIs have tied various forms of institutional performance to core funding and capital funding allocation.The paper offers a comparative analysis of how certain criteria are promoted by the establishment of KPIs. It examines the introduction of KPIs in three provinces: Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia. In each case the complex set of politics and institutional relations at stake in the establishment of KPIs are examined. A comparative examination of each case provides signposts for best practices as well as instructive lessons in where and how quickly the very definition of accountability becomes a highly politicised term of contention. Finally, the paper makes proactive policy suggestions, from the standpoint of students, about the criteria that should be used in the establishment of KPIs. At all points the paper (re) inserts the perspective of students into the ongoing dialogue about accountability and the changing identity of higher education....
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v16-art5-en
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    Highlights of Recent Trends in Financial Markets (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: financial market trends Vol. 2004, no. 1, p. 7-60
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2872
    Language: English
    Pages: 56 p
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: financial market trends
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2004, no. 1, p. 7-60
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: Background; Equity markets; Bond markets and interest rates; Foreign exchange markets; Emerging economies; Enlargement of the European Union...
    DOI: 10.1787/fmt-v2004-art2-en
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    Multinationals and U.S. Productivity Leadership : Evidence from Great Britain (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 45 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2004/05
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: US plant level studies show US multinational enterprises (MNE) are more productive than other MNEs. This could reflect US productivity leadership or could be due to the ease in which US firms operate in their home surroundings. The evidence would therefore be more compelling if US firms were leaders outside the US. We study the productivity of plants owned by US firms located in the UK. Our study differs from many studies of foreign owned plants in three ways. Firstly, using a newly available dataset we can identify not only foreign but also domestic MNEs. We find that UK MNEs are less productive than US owned plants, but as productive as non US foreign owned plants. Secondly, having a panel dataset we distinguish between different hypotheses regarding the nature of the US and MNE advantage. We find strong evidence that the US advantage lies in the ability to takeover already productive plants. Whereas we find some evidence for a shared asset effect for MNEs in general we do not find any evidence that the US advantage is driven by superior shares assets. Thirdly, this paper features a novel approach to TFP calculation.
    DOI: 10.1787/125181786028
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    La corruption dans l'enseignement supérieur : Enseignements tirés de la situation dans des États de l'ex-Union soviétique (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 93-111
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3592
    Language: French
    Pages: 20 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Corruption in Higher Education: Some Findings from the States of the Former Soviet Union
    Titel der Quelle: Politiques et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1998
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 16, no. 1, p. 93-111
    Keywords: Education
    Abstract: De nombreux observateurs ont noté l’existence d’une large corruption dans l’enseignement supérieur des États de l’ex-Union soviétique. Les preuves empiriques de cette situation sont cependant rares. Nous examinons dans cet article quelques approches théoriques pouvant présider à l’étude de la corruption, et présentons à la lumière de ces postulats théoriques les données empiriques sur la corruption dans l’enseignement supérieur de la Russie et de l’Azerbaïdjan que nous avons recueillies. Si les deux États examinés ici ont un héritage politique commun, la corruption dans leur enseignement supérieur semble diverger. Nous suggérons que le capital social constitue une théorie utile pour comprendre les différents niveaux de corruption que l’on y rencontre. Cette théorie du capital social permet peut-être aussi de conclure qu’on ne parviendra pas à une diminution palpable de l’ampleur de la corruption par des moyens purement techniques (tels que des changements organisationnels) : le renforcement de la société civile nécessitera une approche plus générale...
    DOI: 10.1787/hemp-v16-art8-fr
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Turkey : National Health Accounts 2000 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 42 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.13
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Turkey
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the thirteenth in this series, presenting the Turkish SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/512137774003
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    Overcoming Barriers to Competitiveness (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 64 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.239
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Raising manufacturing productivity is of central importance to the developing world and an essential element of policy making. Overcoming Barriers to Competitiveness is about establishing the most reliable analysis of manufacturing productivity possible and helping policy makers set their priorities. The paper demonstrates that productivity rests on five elements of the economy: infrastructure, capital, trade, education and aggregate efficiency. These factors, when multiplied together, give a true picture of a country’s situation on the productivity “league table”. More than a simple comparison, this ranking system allows the identification of which elements in each particular national or regional case require most attention. This approach can be viewed as another way of addressing the so-called “competitiveness problem” of poor countries. It does not say, however, that other areas can be totally neglected; one of the main points of the paper is that all five elements have to be ...
    DOI: 10.1787/580345651778
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    International Licensing and the Strengthening of Intellectual Property Rights in Developing Countries (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 49 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.10
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.10
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Licences internationales et renforcement des droits de propriété intellectuelle dans les pays en développement
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study presents an empirical analysis of the extent to which stronger intellectual property rights promote international technology transfer through licensing activities. The analysis focuses on licensing activities of U.S. multinationals as well as on international licensing alliances between firms in developing and developed nations. Both aggregate level data and firm level data are examined. The study provides general support for the proposition that the strengthening of intellectual property rights - as measured by selected indicators - has had a net positive effect on technology transfer via licensing during the 1990s. The general implication of this study for developing economies is that IPR reform should be one part of a general strategy for promoting economic development in combination with other complementary policy reforms. In particular, patent rights and effective enforcement can be instrumental in enabling firms in developing nations to access and exploit technologies and know-how through licensing agreements with parties in developed nations. Overall, the analysis presented here indicates that where developing countries have moved to address weaknesses in these areas in recent years, they have tended to experience enhanced access to technology through licensing.
    DOI: 10.1787/283275542181
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  • 76
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    Accounting for Russia's Post-Crisis Growth (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 50 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.404
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This paper provides an in depth analysis of Russia’s recent growth, with a view to understanding the prospects for its continuation. It examines in detail the main drivers of growth, as well as the main developments and policies that have been underlying it. A key finding is that the role of the oil sector, and particularly privately owned oil companies, has been vastly more important in driving economic growth since 2001 than most analyses have recognised. The oil sector’s contribution to growth has hitherto been severely underestimated as official data do not account for transfer pricing and thus fail to reflect fully the importance of the hydrocarbon sector in the Russian economy. The paper further argues that prudent postcrisis fiscal policy, by balancing the federal budget over the oil-price cycle, has also been essential for creating a macroeconomic environment conducive to strong growth. Looking forward, it is argued that - given its economic structure - Russia is bound to ...
    DOI: 10.1787/537250231174
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  • 77
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    Retirement Behaviour in OECD Countries : Impact of Old-Age Pension Schemes and other Social Transfer Programmes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: economic studies Vol. 2003, no. 2, p. 7-50
    Details
    ISSN: 1995-2856
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Comportement de départ à la retraite dans les pays de l'OCDE : L'impact des systèmes de pension de vieillesse et d'autres programmes de transferts sociaux
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: economic studies
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : Organisation for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2008
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 2003, no. 2, p. 7-50
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: This paper examines the impact of old-age pension systems and other social transfer programmes on the retirement decision of older males in OECD countries. For each of the 55-59, 60-64 and 65+ age groups, a new panel dataset of retirement incentives embedded in those schemes is constructed, focusing mainly on the implicit tax rate on continued work. These currently differ widely across OECD countries: they are high in most Continental European Countries, compared with Japan, Korea, English-speaking and Nordic countries. Simple cross-country correlations and panel data econometric estimates both show that implicit taxes on continued work have sizeable effects on the departure of older male workers from the labour force ...
    DOI: 10.1787/eco_studies-v2003-art8-en
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  • 78
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    Competition Policy in Subsidies and State Aid (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  OECD journal: competition law and policy Vol. 6, no. 1, p. 109-173
    Details
    ISSN: 1609-7521
    Language: English
    Pages: 63 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Concurrence, subventions et aides d'État
    Titel der Quelle: OECD journal: competition law and policy
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OECD Publ., 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 1, p. 109-173
    Keywords: Governance
    Abstract: Many sectors of OECD economies are strongly influenced by government policies, which provide financial support, assistance or aid to individual firms in an industry. Subsidies like regulations maybe either beneficial or harmful, either promoting welfare or distorting competition, depending on the circumstances. A roundtable discussion held in the Competition Committee in February 2001 focused on subsidies which arise whenever an enterprise or a consumer receives a benefit whose cost is wholly or partly, directly or indirectly, paid by the state. The roundtable discussed notably the different forms of control, and how they distinguish legitimate from illegitimate subsidies; it explored as well the nature of these controls, and in particular to what extent they are part of a broader system of ...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v6-art3-en
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  • 79
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    Business Dynamics in Europe (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 41 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2004/01
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This study presents evidence on firm entry and exit, growth and survival derived with new data from Eurostat, covering nine European Union member countries. One contribution of the study is an analysis of the role of data quality for studies of firm demographics. Confronting results obtained with the Eurostat data with those of a previous OECD cross-country firm-level data project reveals that different size thresholds and difficulties in distinguishing genuine firm entry and exit from mergers & acquisitions, ownership changes or changes in legal form can have sizeable impacts on results. Cross-country differences in firm entry and exit rates are analysed with a special emphasis on detailed information and communication technology (ICT) related sectors, which has not been possible with previously available cross-country data. After controlling for some basic factors, such as countries’ industry composition, crosscountry differences in entry and exit rates in mature sectors turn out ...
    DOI: 10.1787/250652270238
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  • 80
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Sweden (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.388
    Keywords: Economics ; Sweden
    Abstract: Vigorous product market competition plays a central role in bolstering productivity growth. Sweden has strengthened competition legislation and deregulated a number of sectors, including electricity, telecommunications and parts of transport, over the past 10 to 15 years. This paper examines the current state of product market competition and proposes further measures. A stronger institutional framework would facilitate identification and elimination of anti-competitive behaviour, such as hard-core cartels. Efforts to inject effective competition into a range of network industries have been broadly successful, but specific measures could increase competition in several sectors, such as retail and construction. There is also room to boost competition in Sweden’s large and decentralised public sector and in its interactions with the private sector, so that competitive neutrality applies to all public sector activities ...
    DOI: 10.1787/735381855384
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  • 81
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    Product Market Competition and Economic Performance in Finland (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 46 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.413
    Keywords: Wettbewerbspolitik ; Wettbewerbsrecht ; Deregulierung ; Finnland ; Economics ; Finland
    Abstract: Following the deep recession in the early 1990s growth has been strong, but the scope for economic catch-up remains considerable and cross-country empirical evidence suggests that enhancing competition is an important means of achieving this. Structural reforms to strengthen competition in the early 1990s did boost growth and were also ahead of similar developments in the EU. However, indicators suggest that relatively weak competition remains in a number of sectors. Moreover, potential competition is reduced by a sparse population and relative long distances to large markets, which together with the prevalence of local monopolies and public ownership in many network industries, point to the need for greater vigilance to sustain and promote competition. Further reforms to promote product market competition should focus on fundamental changes in the regulatory approach as well as more incremental measures to intensify competition. The competition authority should concentrate ...
    DOI: 10.1787/064577425651
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  • 82
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    Mobiliser l'opinion publique contre la pauvreté (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 5 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Centre de développement de l'OCDE - Repères no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Mobilising Public Opinion against Global Poverty
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Les citoyens des pays de l'OCDE soutiennent sans réserve les actions en faveur de davantage de solidarité et de justice à l'échelle mondiale. Cependant, et malgré l'adoption des Objectifs de développement du millénaire par leurs gouvernements en 2000, ils connaissent mal les questions de développement international. S'ils étaient mieux informés, ils pourraient apporter un soutien renforcé à l’adoption de politiques de développement plus efficaces et plus cohérentes, ainsi qu'à une hausse des financements. Les autorités nationales doivent donc mieux faire connaître tant les objectifs poursuivis que les résultats et l'efficacité de leurs politiques de développement international.
    DOI: 10.1787/015116868263
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  • 83
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    ODA and Investment for Development : What Guidance Can Be Drawn from Investment Climate Scoreboards? (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 51 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Working Papers on International Investment no.2004/05
    Keywords: Finance and Investment
    Abstract: The present paper was prepared in the context of a joint project between the OECD Investment Committee (IC) and Development Assistance Committee (DAC) on Official Development Assistance and Investment for Development. It responds to discussions at the IC-DAC Workshop on Synergies between ODA and Foreign Direct Investment on 11 March 2004, during which participants opined that development agencies lack information about the quality of the investment climate in developing countries and the likely repercussions for direct investment. The purpose of the present paper is threefold. First, it provides an overview of a variety of scoreboards for the investment climate that have been established by a number of actors, including the World Bank, UNCTAD and several private “think tanks”. Second, it documents their similarities and discrepancies in assessing the investment climates of developing, emerging and transition economies (henceforth jointly referred to as “developing countries”) ...
    DOI: 10.1787/337561142021
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  • 84
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    Reviews of National Policies for Education: Bulgaria 2004 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264105171
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Series Statement: Reviews of National Policies for Education
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation ; Bulgarie 2004
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Examens des politiques nationales d'éducation : Bulgarie 2004
    Keywords: Education ; Bulgaria
    Abstract: This book gives an overview of the Bulgarian education system and describes its development since its development over the past decade. It provides an analysis of the entire education system, and identifies key directions for the reinforcement of the reform process in light of the challenges encountered by officials, communities, enterprises, educators, parents and students under rather difficult conditions.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264105171-en
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  • 85
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    L'efficacité de l'aide et la sélectivité : Intégrer de multiples objectifs dans les décisions d'affectation de l'aide (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 7-46
    Details
    ISSN: 1996-5753
    Language: French
    Pages: 41 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Aid Effectiveness and Selectivity: Integrating Multiple Objectives into Aid Allocations
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le développement
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 2006
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 4, no. 3, p. 7-46
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: Ce rapport consacré à des travaux récents sur l'amélioration de l'efficacité de la répartition de l’aide élargit le champ de l'analyse qui, en plus des liens existant entre l'aide, l'action publique, la croissance et la pauvreté inclut maintenant trois éléments nouveaux, à savoir : un éventail plus large d'objectifs touchant à la réduction de la pauvreté et d'obstacles à l'efficacité de l'aide ; l'expériencepratique acquise dans le cadre de l'analyse quantitative des dotations; enfin, les approches analytiques permettant de déterminer les pourcentages de l'aide transitant par les canaux multilatéraux et réservés à la production de biens publics mondiaux. Il existe un large consensus sur les principaux critères d'affectation de l'aide propres à garantir l'efficacité de la lutte contre la pauvreté au moyen d'une croissance favorable aux pauvres : le niveau et l'incidence de la pauvreté, et les résultats obtenus par les pays partenaires en matière de développement. L'aide fournie aux pays vulnérables pour résister aux chocs, l'allégement de dette et la reconstruction au sortir d'un conflit sont d'autres éléments qui renforcent l'impact de l'aide sur la croissance. Si l'on veut atteindre des objectifs plus vastes sur les plans humanitaires et du développement, il faudrait aussi allouer une aide à la prévention des conflits violents et à l'amélioration de la gouvernance et de la situation sociale dans les cas de "partenariat difficile". De plus, les biens publics mondiaux sont loin d'être dotés de fonds suffisants et on constate également un déficit de financement des programmes multilatéraux...
    DOI: 10.1787/journal_dev-v4-art21-fr
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  • 86
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    Russian Industrial Restructuring : Trends in Productivity, Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 29 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.408
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This article investigates issues related to industrial restructuring in Russia. Based on extensive sectoral data it examines, more particularly, levels and changes in labour productivity, unit labour costs and revealed comparative advantages for a large number of Russian industrial sectors. The main findings are the following. First, impressive increases in labour productivity have been achieved since 1997, especially during the post-crisis period. Secondly, this has been true for all major sectors, with the exception of those which are still predominantly state controlled or which suffer from strong state interference. Thirdly, there have been significant relative adjustments within the industrial sector, as labour productivity increased more in less productive sectors. Since the crisis, relative unit labour costs have also adjusted considerably, as less competitive sectors experienced relatively slower wage growth and larger labour force reductions. Fourthly, international ...
    DOI: 10.1787/148133273748
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  • 87
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies - Spain : National Health Accounts 2001 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 44 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.11
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Spain
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the eleventh in this series, presenting the Spanish SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/472472858008
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  • 88
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    Policies Bearing on Product Market Competition and Growth in Europe (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.378
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: The strength of product market competition plays an important role in economic growth as it affects economic efficiency and the allocation of resources, and can also lead to improved labour market performance. This paper examines product market competition and economic performance in the European Union. The Community’s competition rules, which apply whenever anti-competitive practices have an implication for cross-border trade, are enforced primarily by the Commission’s Directorate General for Competition, and complement national competition legislation. Reforms have been adopted recently to sharpen the toolkit and to increase the role of national authorities in the enforcement process. However, the toolkit could still be made more effective. Competition policy is complemented by, and partly overlapping with, the regulation of newly liberalised network industries. Despite the EU’s commendable efforts in this area, competition is still undermined by dominant incumbents in some ...
    DOI: 10.1787/346707867476
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  • 89
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    Measuring atypical jobs : levels and changes (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten) , Diagramme, Tabellen
    Series Statement: OECD Statistics Working Papers no.2004/01
    Keywords: Economics
    Abstract: Over the past years, non-standard, flexible employment contracts have gained in importance in many OECD countries. This has made it difficult for statisticians to apply standard classifications of working arrangements to measure and analyse labour market developments. This paper presents a new classification of atypical working arrangements, developed by Istat, the Italian Statistical Institute. The paper also uses this classification to quantify the level of atypical jobs and their development between 1996 and 2002 ...
    DOI: 10.1787/304848747482
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 90
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    Public Opinion Polling and the Millennium Development Goals (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 53 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Development Centre Working Papers no.238
    Keywords: Development ; Millenniumsziele ; Demoskopie
    Abstract: Monitoring changes in public awareness and attitudes in rich countries towards aid and other international development policy issues is extremely difficult: due to lack of systematic polling or monitoring, there is no reliable, comparable data across DAC member countries. This paper suggests a way to address this problem: a common questionnaire for all DAC countries to use in their national surveys, centred on the Millennium Development Goals. It sums up the process that led to the setting up of this questionnaire, provides a short analysis of the main methodological issues and brings together three versions, respectively for face-to-face, phone or mail processing. These should allow information and communication professionals, as well as policy makers, to improve the comparability of public opinion surveys in OECD DAC member countries on development and the MDGs, especially if — as proposed by the European Commission’s Directorate General for Development — parts of the ...
    DOI: 10.1787/645770304446
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  • 91
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    SHA-Based Health Accounts in 13 OECD Countries - Country Studies Germany : National Health Accounts 2001 (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 40 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Health Technical Papers no.4
    Keywords: Social Issues/Migration/Health ; Germany
    Abstract: A project aimed at presenting initial results from the implementation of the System of Health Accounts has been carried by the Health Policy Unit at the OECD and experts from thirteen member countries. The results are presented in the form of a comparative study (OECD Health Working Papers No. 16) and a set of OECD Health Technical Papers presenting individual country studies. This volume is the fourth in this series, presenting the German SHA-based health accounts.
    DOI: 10.1787/353378157367
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  • 92
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    Examen des réformes sectorielles au Royaume-Uni : Énergie et professions libérales (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    In:  Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence Vol. 6, no. 1, p. 203-340
    Details
    ISSN: 1684-3452
    Language: French
    Pages: 138 p
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Review of Sectoral Reforms in the United Kingdom: Energy and the Professions
    Titel der Quelle: Revue de l'OCDE sur le droit et la politique de la concurrence
    Publ. der Quelle: Paris : OCDE, 1999
    Angaben zur Quelle: Vol. 6, no. 1, p. 203-340
    Keywords: Governance ; United Kingdom
    Abstract: Ce rapport analyse le cadre institutionnel et l’utilisation des instruments de politique sur la réforme réglementaire dans les secteurs du gaz et de l’électricité, ainsi que dans le secteur des professions libérales au Royaume Uni. Dans le secteur de l’énergie, le rythme et le champ de la réforme ont été, et continueront, à être très rapides. Cependant, il existe des tensions entre le régulateur compétent et l’autorité de concurrence, et certains problèmes particuliers de nature réglementaire résultent de l’extension d’un cadre de marché à des domaines précédemment contrôlés par une réglementation de monopole naturel traditionnel. De même l’interface entre la réglementation du marché de l’énergie et les questions sociales et d’environnement parait floue. Le rapport traite également des professions libérales, une composante significative du secteur des services qui est florissant au Royaume Uni. Il débat du processus et des résultats de la récente extension de la législation de la concurrence ...
    DOI: 10.1787/clp-v6-art4-fr
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  • 93
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    Test No. 432: In Vitro 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264071162
    Language: English
    Pages: Online-Ressource (15 p)
    Series Statement: OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 432; Essai de phototoxicité in vitro 3T3 NRU
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Essai n 432: Essai de phototoxicité in vitro 3T3 NRU
    Keywords: Environment
    Abstract: This Test Guideline describes a method to evaluate photo-cytotoxicity by the relative reduction in viability of cells exposed to the chemical in the presence versus absence of light. Balb/c 3T3 cells are maintained in culture for 24 h for formation of monolayers. Two 96-well plates are pre-incubated with eight different concentrations of the test substance for 1 h. Thereafter one of the two plates is exposed to the highest non-cytotoxic irradiation dose whereas the other plate is kept in the dark. Cytotoxicity in this test is expressed as a concentration-dependent reduction of the uptake of the Vital dye Neutral Red (NR) when measured 24 hours after treatment with the test chemical and irradiation. NR penetrates cell membranes by non-diffusion, accumulating in lysosomes. Alterations of the cell surface of the sensitive lysosomal membrane lead to lysosomal fragility and other changes that gradually become irreversible. Such changes result in a decreased uptake and binding of NR. It is thus possible to distinguish between viable, damaged or dead cells. To predict the phototoxic potential, the concentration responses obtained in the presence and in the absence of irradiation are compared, usually at the IC50 level, i.e., the concentration reducing cell viability to 50 % compared to the untreated controls. Software to be used with TG 425, 432, 455. Click here. Software not part of the Mutual Acceptance of Data.
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264071162-en
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  • 94
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    Managing Request-Offer Negotiations Under the GATS : The Case of Legal Services (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Working Papers no.2
    Series Statement: OECD Trade Policy Papers no.2
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Organisation des negociations fondées sur le principe des "offres et requêtes" dans le cadre de l'AGCS : Le cas des services juridiques
    Keywords: Trade
    Abstract: This study forms part of on-going OECD work on trade in services, in co-operation with UNCTAD, aimed at assisting WTO Members in managing request-offer negotiations under the GATS. The key objective is to help officials of WTO Members in both gaining a greater insight into the particular issues of importance in the legal services sector and how they might be approached in the negotiations. While only modest liberalisation of legal services trade was achieved during the Uruguay Round, the current negotiations offer the opportunity to achieve greater levels of liberalisation, which may lead to significant economic benefits to all countries. In addition, the peculiar characteristic of legal services is that the potential downsides stemming from liberalisation — both in terms of market failures to achieve social objectives and of the displacement of local suppliers — are likely to be less significant in these services.
    DOI: 10.1787/828686816540
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  • 95
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    Business Dynamics, Regulation and Performance (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 33 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2004/03
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: Building on an earlier study of patterns on firm entry, exit growth and survival based on new data from Eurostat covering nine European Union member countries (Brandt, 2004), this paper takes a closer look at the role of policies and institutions for firm entry and survival and at the link between new firm creation and economic performance. The earlier study revealed that firm entry rates, i.e. the number of new firms in a market in relation to all active enterprises, were particularly high in Information and Communication (ICT) related industries in recent years. This lends some support to the idea present in some theories of economic growth that new firms are important for the development and implementation of new technologies. This paper takes a closer look at the relationship between firm entry and economic performance. Results reveals that high rates of firm entry tend to coincide with rapid productivity, output and employment growth, especially in the ICT related services ...
    DOI: 10.1787/573033480640
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  • 96
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    Perspectives de l'investissement international (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    ISBN: 9789264299184
    Language: French
    Pages: Online-Ressource (180 p.) , ill.
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. International Investment Perspectives 2002
    DOI: 10.1787/9789264299184-fr
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  • 97
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    Banking Reform in Russia : Problems and Prospects (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 47 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Economics Department Working Papers no.410
    Keywords: Economics ; Russian Federation
    Abstract: This paper examines the state of the Russian banking sector in 2004 and assesses the most important reform initiatives of the last two years, including deposit insurance legislation, a major reform of the framework for prudential supervision, steps to increase transparency in the sector, and measures to facilitate the development of specific banking activities. The overall conclusion that emerges from this analysis is that the Russian authorities’ approach to banking reform is to be commended. The design of the reform strategy reflects an awareness of the need for a ‘good fit’ between its major elements, and the main lines of the reform address some of the principal problems of the sector. The major lacuna in the Russian bank reform strategy concerns the future of state-owned banks. Despite a long-standing official commitment to reducing the role of the state – and of the Bank of Russia in particular – in the ownership of credit institutions, there is still a need for a much more ...
    DOI: 10.1787/346560635401
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  • 98
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    Migration of Highly Skilled Indians: Case Studies of IT and the Health Professionals (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 54 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2004/06
    Keywords: Science and Technology
    Abstract: This paper describes the results of two specific primary surveys, one of IT professionals in the city of Bangalore and their role in making the city a corridor for international mobility of Indian professionals, and the second survey of health professionals (doctors and nurses) in the city of New Delhi. In these surveys, highly skilled Indians were asked about their motivations for emigrating, their experiences abroad, their reasons for coming back to India and their perception of their current situation. These surveys were carried out as a supplement to a study on estimating the stocks, flows and international mobility of human resources in science and technology (HRST) in India. The results of that work are reported in STI Working Paper 2004/7 (Khadria 2004.
    DOI: 10.1787/381236020703
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  • 99
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    Financer les objectifs du millénaire pour le développement : Nouvelles approches (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: French
    Pages: 43 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: Cahiers de politique économique du Centre de Développement de l'OCDE no.24
    Parallel Title: Parallelausg. Innovative Approaches to Funding the Millennium Development Goals
    Keywords: Development
    Abstract: • Après Monterrey, en dépit des initiatives des bailleurs de fonds, les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement manquent de financements. • Les critères de sélection de nouvelles ressources sont : leur rendement potentiel, leur complémentarité et la rapidité de leur mobilisation, ainsi que la faisabilité politique de cette mobilisation. • Au vu de ces conditions, il est peu probable qu’une taxation au niveau mondial puisse être mise en place à temps. • La Facilité de financement international, des garanties publiques et l’émission de titres obligataires au niveau mondial pourraient être utilisées conjointement et sont davantage susceptibles de procurer les fonds nécessaires à la réalisation des Objectifs du Millénaire. • Augmenter l’APD est le moyen le plus simple et le plus sûr d’éviter que les Objectifs manquent de ressources.
    DOI: 10.1787/576638758354
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  • 100
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    An Emerging Knowledge-Based Economy in China? : Indicators from OECD Databases (2004)
    Paris : OECD Publishing
    Details
    Language: English
    Pages: 77 p. , 21 x 29.7cm
    Series Statement: OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers no.2004/04
    Keywords: Science and Technology ; China, People’s Republic
    Abstract: This paper shows that China is catching up rapidly with other dynamic Asian economies and the Triad economies on a score of indicators relating to the knowledge-based economy. Taking into account that a number of measurement issues hamper international comparability to varying degrees, some of the main results are the following. • Economic growth in China has outpaced the other economies substantially. Nevertheless, GDP per capita is still considerably smaller than that of the other economies. • The main contributor to GDP in China is industry (mining; manufacturing; electricity, gas and water supply; and construction), which saw its share rise by 10 percentage points to 52% between 1990 and 2002. • Trade in goods as a percentage of GDP doubled between 1990 and 2002, reaching a level well above that of the Triad economies. The largest contribution to this expansion was made by...
    DOI: 10.1787/256502026705
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